Written by: - SHAHZAD IFTIKHAR Contact # 0313-5665666 Website: www.linkspk.

net
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CHEMISTRY FOR 9TH CLASS (UNIT # 2)
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SHORT QUESTIONS
QUESTIONS
Define Atom
Define Subatomic particles

Who was Rutherford?

Who was Neil Bohr?

What are isotopes?

Name the isotopes of Hydrogen
Name the isotopes of Carbon
Name the isotopes of Chlorine
Name the isotopes of Uranium
Define Electronic Configuration
How many sub shells are present and
what is maximum no. of electrons in
them?
An atom is electrically neutral. Why?
Can you identify an atom without knowing
number of neutrons in it?
Alpha particles () were used by
Rutherford in his experiment. What was
the source of these particles?

ANSWERS
It is the smallest particle of an element
which retains all properties of element.
An atom is composed of several
subatomic particles. Electron, Proton and
Neutron are very important. These are
also called fundamental particles.
He was a British physicist. He performed
many experiments using alphaparticles.
He proposed a planetary atomic model.
He was a Danish physicist. He proposed
an atomic model in 1913. His structure of
an atom nicely explains the observed ion
spectrum of the hydrogen atom.
Atoms having same atomic number but
different mass numbers called isotopes.
Protium (1H1)
Deuterium (1H2 or D)
Tritium (1H3 or T)
12
6C
13
6C
14
6C
35
17Cl
37
17Cl
234
92U
235
92U
238
92U
Electronic Configuration is the distribution
of electrons in different sub-shells
according to their increasing energy.
s sub shell = 2 electrons
p sub shell = 6 electrons
d sub shell = 10 electrons
f sub shell = 14 electrons
Because it contains equal number of
positively charged proton and negatively
charged electrons.
Yes. An atom can be identified by its
atomic number.
Radioactive material such as polonium
was used as a source.

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CHEMISTRY FOR 9TH CLASS (UNIT # 2)
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What is the formula to find the maximum 2n2.

number of electrons in any shell?
What were the defects of Rutherfords 1. The electron being charged particle
model of atom?
should emit energy continuously. Its
radius decreases and ultimately falls
into nucleus. But this never happens.
2. The moving electron should be
attracted by the attractive forces of
nucleus & must be accelerated towards
nucleus. Again this never happened.
Where do electrons and protons reside Electrons revolve around the nucleus and
within an atom?
proton resides in nucleus.
Where do you find the neutrons?
Neutrons are found in nucleus.
Why the energy of electrons is emitted The electrons in higher orbits have high
when it jumps from higher to lower energy and the electrons in lower orbit
orbits.
have low energy. So when an electron
jumps from higher orbit, energy is
released.
What is meaning of radioactive carbon The
radioactive
carbon
C-14
is
dating?
continuously being generated in the upper
atmosphere by the nuclear reactions and
atmospheric carbon dioxide contains a
small portion of 14CO2, which is absorbed
by the living tissues as C-14. On death
14
C is no more absorbed. The 14C has half
life of 5568 years. This 14C is then used to
find the period of the dead body. For
example if the amount of C-14 in the
dead body is 4 times less, then it must
have passed two half lives of C-14 i.e.
2x5568=11136 years. That is it must
have died 11136 years ago.
What are radioactive isotopes
Elements which emit radiations (Alpha,
Beta and Gamma rays) called radioactive
isotopes. E.g. C-14, K-40, U-235
Which isotope is used for treatment of Cobalt (Co-60 ) is a radioactive isotope. It
cancer?
is a strong source of gamma rays and is
used for treatment of cancer.
How the electron is prevented to fall into The electrons revolve around the nucleus
the nucleus?
at a high speed. The centrigual force
which arises due to rotation of electrons
balances the force of attraction. This
prevents them from falling into nucleus.
Electronic Configuration
Learn from Teacher / Demonstration
Information from atomic symbol
Learn from Teacher / Demonstration
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CHEMISTRY FOR 9TH CLASS (UNIT # 2)
============================================================

LONG QUESTIONS
Question: Describe Rutherfords experiment. Write his observations. Also
describe the defect of his model
Rutherfords Experiment:
Rutherford bombarded alpha particles on a 0.00004cm thick gold foil. He obtained
these alpha particles from a radioactive element polonium. These are actually
helium nuclei.
Observations: Most particles passed un-deflected.
Only few were slightly deflected.
1 out of 1 million particles was deflected at an angle greater than 900 .
Conclusions: Since most of the alpha particles passed un-deflected, therefore, most of the space
in atom is empty.
The deflection of a few particles proved that there is a center of heavy positive
charge in atom which causes repulsion. This heavy part is named as nucleus.
All the space outside the nucleus is occupied by the fast revolving electron. The
alpha particles are not deflected by these electrons.
The centrifugal force which is produced due to rotation of electrons balances the
electrostatic force of attraction between the nucleus and electron. This prevents
the electrons from falling into the nucleus.
Defects: According to classical physics, electrons being charged particle should emit energy
continuously. The orbit of electron should become smaller and smaller until it falls
into the nucleus. But this never happened.
If the electron emits energy continuously, atom should form continuous
spectrum while atoms give line spectrum.
Question: Why Bohrs Atomic Model is better than Rutherfords Model? Give
his postulates.
Rutherfords Model was defective and needs correction. To remove these defects,
Bohr gave his atomic theory in 1913. This theory clearly explained the line spectrum
obtained from hydrogen atom.
Postulates of Bohrs Atomic Theory:
i)
Electron revolves around the nucleus in fixed circular orbits called energy levels.
ii)
Higher the orbit, greater is its energy.
iii)
The electron can move only in orbits in which the angular momentum (mvr) of
electron is integral multiple of h/2.
iv)
As long as electron remains in a particular orbit, it does not radiate or absorb
energy. When an electron jumps from lower energy level to a higher energy
level it absorbs energy and when it jumps from higher energy level to a lower
energy orbit it radiates energy.
v)
This energy emitted is exactly equal to the difference between the two energy
levels.
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CHEMISTRY FOR 9TH CLASS (UNIT # 2)
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Question: Write down the main differences between Rutherfords and Bohr
atomic theories.
Rutherfords Atomic Theory
Bohrs Atomic Theory
It was based upon classical theory
It was based upon quantum theory
Electrons revolve around the nucleus
Electrons revolve around the nucleus in
orbits of fixed energy.
No idea about angular momentum was Orbits had angular momentum
introduced
Atoms
should
produce
continuous Atoms should produce line spectrum
spectrum
Atoms should collapse
Atoms should exist
Question: Describe the contribution that Rutherford made to the
development of the atomic theory.
Rutherford was the first scientist who proposed first atomic model of atom.
He performed a series of experiments in which he bombarded very thin foils of
different elements with alpha particles.
Based on observations from these experiments, he suggested that all the positive
charge and most of the mass of the atom is concentrated in the tiny nucleus.
The remaining volume of the atom is occupied by electrons that revolve around the
nucleus.
These suggestions remained unchanged.
But this model could not explain the stability and line spectrum for an atom.
Question: Discuss the application of isotopes in various fields of science and
technology.
Trace for Diagnosis and Medicine
Iodine-131 is used as a tracer in diagnosing thyroid problem.
Na-24 is used to trace the flow of blood and detect possible obstructions in the
circulatory system
Iodine-132 is used to image the brain
Cobalt-60 is sued to irradiate cancer cells
Chemical Reactions and structure determination
Radioactive isotopes are used to determine the molecular structure.
Radioactive isotopes are also used to study the mechanism of chemical reactions.
Carbon-14 is used to trace the path of carbon in photosynthesis.
Archaeological and geological uses
Carbon-14 is used for age determination of carbon containing substances (fossils)
Carbon-14 is incorporated into the tissues of all living things while they are alive.
On death no more C-14 is added.

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