Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, PR China
Shanghai No. 2 Municipal Engineering Co. Ltd., Shanghai 200030, PR China
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history:
Received 1 October 2007
Received in revised form 29 October 2008
Accepted 3 November 2008
Available online 27 December 2008
Keywords:
Silt stratum
Pipe jacking
Effect of injecting slurry
Model test
a b s t r a c t
Through a three-dimensional model test, the variations of jacking force and ground settlement inside a
jacking pipe tunnel in silt stratum, under testing conditions which include non-injection and different
synchronized injections of slurry, are simulated in order to study the effect of traditional thixotropic
slurry (consisting of bentonite, CMC (Carboxymethyl Cellulose) and soda ash) and HL compound slurry
to decrease frictional resistance and ground settlement. And then their mechanical properties are investigated according to the different slurry micro-structure features which are captured by an electron
microscope. The tests and analysis demonstrate that: (1) injecting thixotropic slurry inside a jacking pipe
tunnel has conspicuous effects in reducing frictional resistance, and (2) viscosity and condensation force
of the slurry have a dominant effect on decreasing frictional resistance and ground settlement, respectively. To reach optimal jacking distance and efciently control ground settlement, more attention should
be given to slurry parameters in the actual engineering processes. The research results indicated excellent
effects when they were applied to the jacking pipe of Shanghai Lingang New City Sewage Conduit.
2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Up to now, many studies on the variations of jacking force and
ground settlement, which are extruded inside a jacking pipe tunnel, have been done by means of laboratory tests and engineering
practice as well as theoretical analysis to investigate the effect of
slurry on decreasing frictional resistance and ground settlement.
These studies have utilized pipe jacking in clay stratum (Chapman,
1999; Marshall, 1998; Barla et al., 2006; Chapman and Ichioka,
1999; Pellet-Beaucour and Kastner, 2002; Ding, 2003; Cao and
Wu, 2005; Wei et al., 2004; Feng et al., 2003; Qiao and Deng,
2000; Luo and Zhou, 2003; Fang et al., 2003; Fang and Weng,
1998). However, as is already known, the effect of thixotropic slurry is quite different due to the complexity of geological conditions,
groundwater and the microstructure of soil. For silt stratum, as it
exhibits loose soil structure, low binding power and susceptibility
to groundwater, both condensation force and viscosity of the slurry
will inevitably be affected. Thus the effects of decreasing frictional
resistance and ground settlement are also impacted. During the
last few years, there has been hardly any systematic research in
this eld, and little is known about the results on the effect of
thixotropic slurry in silt stratum. From the above-mentioned research results, the actual effects in the eld of a jacking pipe tunnel
in silt stratum have not yet been sufciently analyzed.
* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: huangxc@sjtu.edu.cn (X. Huang).
0886-7798/$ - see front matter 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.tust.2008.11.003
467
Computer
Table 1
Soils characteristics.
Name
Water
content
(w%)
Specic
gravity
(Gs)
Dry unit
weight
(c dkN)
Sandy
3.00
silt
30.80
28.70%
2.70
10
Jack
40 10 50
Soil
1.5
Reaction Frame
Saturation
(Sr%)
Cohesion
(C kPa)
Internal
friction
angle ()
14.60
0.81
95.00
1.5
Soil
Slurry pipe
Void
ratio
(e0)
150
Test chamber
1.5
Serious shunt
Reserve pulp barrel
Pressure pump
Pressure sensor
S5
15
400
5
15
S4
90 140
250
S3
970
S2
190
240
S1
60
1470
15
The soil samples in the test, taken from the Shanghai Lingang
New City Sewage Jacking Conduit, were in silt stratum on site. In
order to simulate the conditions of the construction site, and also
make several tests comparable, the soil samples were screened before placing them into a box, then reshaped and saturated by adding water to the soil, so that the density of soil in silt stratum was
the same as that of the undisturbed soil. The test methods anticipated and encompassed the variations in construction site conditions at various tunnel locations.
To simulate the annular gap between the tunnel structure and
the soil at the actual construction site, a stainless steel ring with
5 mm thickness was xed in the forefront of the pipe.
The silt lling the box was separated to 5 layers, each with
20 cm in depth, and each layer was compacted to consolidate.
When the second layer was lled, the 2000 mm long pipe penetrating the whole model box was inserted into the box and then lled
the box completely with silt. The steps listed above were repeated
before each test.
The No. A short pipe with injected holes was linked to the long
pipe box through stainless steel ring. A hydraulic jack was placed
in the posterior of the No. A short pipe. And it started to jack pipe
at the rate of 1cm/5min when the jacking force sensors and displacement sensors were properly arranged. At the same time, the
data acquisition system was activated to collect data.
One short-pipe without injected holes was linked with No. A
pipe when No.A pipe had completed jacking, then simulation of
an injecting system was pulsed on. The steps listed above were repeated throughout the entire trial. Two types of slurry were injected at the same pressure through the same period to make
sure the injected volume be equal. Soils characteristics are shown
in Table 1.
468
Table 2
Components ratio of thixotropic slurry.
Slurry type
Ratio of components
Traditional slurry
HL compound slurry
Bentonite
CMC
Soda
Water
Polymer
1
1
0.012
0.012
0.05
0.05
5.999
5.999
0
0.05
No slurry
Traditional slurry
HL compound slurry
y=0.00231exp(x/0.20117)+0.58554
y=0.27692exp(x/0.97548)-0.06290
y=0.01762exp(x/0.31452)+0.00754
1.0
0.8
paused for 24-h at the place shown in Fig. 4 and then the hydraulic
jack is restarted for jacking again. It is shown that the jacking
forces suddenly increase under both conditions of injecting HL
compound slurry and no slurry. The reason is that the slurry transforms from solution to gel due to its thixotropy during the pause
period. Thus, the reduced friction effect of thixotropic slurry decreases during this process. As a result, the jacking force suddenly
increases by 66%.
In contrast with the jacking force, under the condition of injecting traditional slurry, the jacking force maximum value decreases
by 47.8%, the average value decreases 78.6%. Under the condition
of injecting HL compound slurry, its maximum capacity decreases
by 25%, and the average value decreases by 15%.
It is shown that all of the injections of thixotropic slurry can
greatly decrease the frictional resistance of the jacking pipe tunnel
in silt stratum according to the above experimental results. And
decreasing frictional effect and behaviors of thixotropic slurry have
very large differences with each other. If one only wants to decrease friction, traditional slurry is better than the HL compound
slurry. The study of slurry micro mechanism would explain it
below.
The changes of friction per unit area along jacking distance of
model under three experimental conditions are shown in Fig. 5.
In all three experimental conditions, the friction ratio per unit
area gradually decreases in negative exponential type. When
increasing jacking distance ratio, the friction ratio would gradually
become more stable under three experimental conditions: in
which that of no injection stabilizes in 0.18, that of injecting traditional slurry stabilizes in 0.07, and that of injecting HL compound
slurry is more or less 0.09, as shown in Fig. 5.
It appears that traditional slurry, in pipe jacking conduit in silt
stratum, plays a more signicant role than HL compound slurry
in terms of reduced frictional resistance.
3.2. Control soil settlement by injecting
Under three different experimental conditions, the relationship
between soil settlement and jacking distance is shown in Fig. 6
(comprised of three graphs). Among them, (a) non-injection; (b)
injecting traditional slurry; (c) injecting HL compound slurry. As
shown as Fig. 6:1) at the beginning, the soil settlement is small under the different conditions, it starts to rise up while the distance
between the trim section and settlement monitoring line decreases, it then becomes stable after the distance ratio reaches
0.4. 2) It can be shown in the Figs. 6a6c that the settlement values
1.0
No slurry
Traditionalslurry
HL complex slurry
0.8
y=2.42112exp(-x/0.11669)+0.17996
y=1.62627exp(-x/0.13076)+0.08804
y=0.00005exp(-x/0.14442)+0.03954
0.6
f/fmax
F/Fmax
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.0
-0.2
0.4
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
D/Dmax
Fig. 4. Comparison of Jacking force in 3 tests.
1.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
D/Dmax
Fig. 5. Comparison of Average friction of unit area in 3 tests.
0.2
0.0
S1
s/smax
-0.2
S5
S2
-0.4
S4
-0.6
y=-0.167+0.165/(1+exp((x-0.189)/0.164))
y=-0.190+0.178/(1+exp((x-0.281)/0.154))
y=-0.458+0.374/(1+exp((x-0.186)/0.121))
y=-0.544+0.487/(1+exp((x-0.275)/0.119))
y=-0.971+0.856/(1+exp((x-0.257)/0.089))
-0.8
469
S3
-1.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
D/D
0.8
1.0
Silt stratum has the following features: loose structure, saturation, low bond strength and large internal friction angle, so that
soil is directly linked with the outer surface of the pipe, increased
jacking frictional resistance appears without injection. While
injecting, a slurry jacket is formed in the gap between slurry pipe
and soil, it serves to lubricate and support the soil.
In order to analyze the applicability and mechanical properties
of different slurries in silt stratum, the microstructure of slurry is
summarily analyzed. According to the trial results extracted from
the literature (Ge and Zhang, 2005), electron microscopic structures of surface and section of traditional slurry and HL compound
slurry are shown in Fig. 7.
max
0.2
S5
0.0
S2
S1
-0.2
s/smax
S4
-0.4
S3
Measuring Line
-0.6
-0.8
-1.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
D/Dmax
Fig. 6b. Ground settlement while injecting traditional slurry.
0.2
S5
0.0
S2
S1
-0.2
S4
s/smax
S3
-0.4
y =-0.010+0.012/(1 + exp((x-0.393)/0.026))
Measuring Line
-0.6
-0.8
-1.0
0.0
0.2
y =-0.066+0.065/(1 + exp((x-0.270)/0.054))
y =-0.161+0.176/(1 + exp((x-0.312)/0.124))
y =-0.158+0.162/(1 + exp((x-0.276)/0.065))
y =-0.259+0.263/(1 + exp((x-0.289)/0.067))
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
D/Dmax
Fig. 6c. Ground settlement while injecting HL compound slurry.
470
25
Traditional slurry
0
Surface viscosity (AV)
The results show that the density of HL compound slurry is signicantly higher than that of traditional slurry. Therefore, HL compound slurry has a comparatively better suspension supporting
effect in silt stratum. Ground settlement is controlled more effectively in macro.
The test results of viscosity and condensation force of two
materials are shown in Fig. 8.
Due to added polymer materials, in contrast with traditional
slurry, the surface viscosity of HL compound slurry is greater, dynamic and static shear strength are also greater. The friction per
unit area between HL compound slurry and pipeline is greater than
that of traditional slurry, thus the effect of HL compound slurry to
reduce friction resistance is less than traditional slurry.
As mentioned above, in the jacking pipe projects, the friction
resistance reduction per unit area depends on the surface viscosity
of slurry, static shear stress and dynamic shear stress; slurry density has the big impact on controlling ground settlements.
5. Analysis of application to engineering
To verify the validity, test results are compared with measured
data in the pipe jacking of Shanghai Lingang New City Sewage Conduit. The relationship between jacking force and jacking distance
in the construction site is shown in Fig. 9, and the relationship between friction resistance per unit and jacking distance is shown in
Fig. 10.
In general, the jacking force would increase while jacking distance increases, the measured results correspond to the test results. It is consistent with the test results that jacking force
becomes discontinuous at about 1100 m set because of stopping
the jacking machine for materials. As shown in Fig. 10, friction
3500
Jacking force, T
3000
2500
2000
1500
15
10
-5
-200
200
400
600
800 1000
1800
Jacking Distance, m
Fig. 10. Average friction per unit area vs. jacking distance in-situ.
25
20
15
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
-35
-40
-45
-50
-55
-60
y=-3.98257+4.01114/ (1+exp((x-17.20953)/1.04194))
y=-5.68753+5.74287/ (1+exp((x-14.11026)/3.42958))
y=-12.84174+13.80006/ (1+exp((x-10.44412)/4.71637))
y=-13.67332+14.73749/ (1+exp((x-10.61417)/4.9347))
y=22.31763-20.68415/ (1+exp((x-12.55832)/3.04089))
6m
6m
6m
6m
B13B11B10B12B1
B14
B13
B12
B11
B10
Tunnel
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Time, day
Fig. 11. Relationship between ground settlement and time in-situ.
1000
500
0
0
20
12m
10
Settlement, mm
20
HL Compound slurry
30
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
Jacking Distance, m
Fig. 9. Relation between jacking force and jacking distance.
1800
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Engineering 137 (02), 8796.
Chapman, D.N., Ichioka, Y., 1999. Prediction of jacking forces for micro tunneling
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