FIRST TECHNICAL ENGLISH MODULE

THE ENGLISH ALPHABET

Alphabet (alfabet).- Alfabeto (pronunciacin figurada)

A (i)

B (bi)

C (si) D (di)

H (eich) I (ai)

J (yei)

O (ou)

Q (kiu) R (ar)

V (vi)

P (pi)

E (i)

F (ef)

G (yi)

K (kei) L (el) M (em) N (en)

W (dobliu) X (ecs) Y (ui)

S (es)

T (ti)

U (iu)

Z (zi)

THE LETTER Z (named zed /zd/' or zee /zi/[1]) is the twenty-sixth and final
letter of the ISO basic Latin alphabet.

o EXERCISE 1.
SPELL THE LETTTERS UNDERLINED:
PROCEDURE:
SPELL THE LETTER UNDERLINED BELOW AND THEN PRONOUNCE IT
FULLY AFTERWARDS AND FINALLY PROVIDE ITS MEANING IN ENGLISH.
o
o
o
o

RESOURCES NEEDED TO PERFORM THIS TASK:

ENGLISH DICTIONARY
ENGLISH MODULE
TEACHERS GUIDELINES

Fluid mechanics is the branch of physics which involves the study of

fluids (liquids, gases, and plasmas) and the forces on them. Fluid mechanics
can be divided into fluid statics, the study of fluids at rest; and fluid dynamics,
the study of the effect of forces on fluid motion. It is a branch of continuum
mechanics, a subject which models matter without using the information that it
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is made out of atoms; that is, it models matter from a macroscopic viewpoint
rather than from microscopic. Fluid mechanics, especially fluid dynamics, is an
active field of research with many problems that are partly or wholly unsolved.
Fluid mechanics can be mathematically complex, and can best be solved by
numerical methods, typically using computers. A modern discipline, called
computational fluid dynamics (CFD), is devoted to this approach to solving fluid
mechanics problems. Particle image velocimetry, an experimental method for
visualizing and analyzing fluid flow, also takes advantage of the highly visual
nature of fluid flow.

Acoustic theory
Relating to mathematical description of sound waves.
Acoustical Engineering - Explains to architects and engineers the basic science of
acoustics. Introduction to sound, decibel and propagation of sound. Calculate decibels,
reduce noise in HVAC systems, sound levels ..

Aerodynamics
Aerodynamics is the study of the flow of gases.
The Ideal Gas Law - For a perfect or ideal gas the change in density is directly related to
the change in temperature and pressure as expressed in the Ideal Gas Law.

Aeronautics
Aeronautics is the mathematics and mechanics of flying objects, in particular airplanes.

Bernoulli's equation
The Bernoulli's Equation describes the behavior of moving fluids along a streamline.

Boundary layer
The boundary layer is the layer of fluid in the immediate vicinity of a bounding surface.
Dynamic, Absolute and Kinematic Viscosity - An introduction to dynamic, absolute and
kinematic viscosity and how to convert between CentiStokes (cSt), CentiPoises (cP),
Saybolt Universal Seconds (SSU) and degree Engler.

Cavitations
Cavitation and NPSH - An introduction to cavitation and Net Positive Suction Head, NPSH.
Cavitation in Control Valves - Control valves and cavitation, application ratio and multi
stage control valves.

Compressible flow
In a compressible flow the compressibility of the fluid must be taken into account.
The Ideal Gas Law - For a perfect or ideal gas the change in density is directly related to
the change in temperature and pressure as expressed in the Ideal Gas Law.
Properties of Gas Mixtures - Special care must be taken for gas mixtures when using the
ideal gas law, calculating the mass, the individual gas constant or the density.
The Individual and Universal Gas Constant - The Individual and Universal Gas Constant is
common in fluid mechanics and thermodynamics.

Coanda effect
The Coanda Effect is the tendency of a stream of fluid to stay attached to a convex
surface, rather than follow a straight line in its original direction.

Conservation laws
The conservation laws states that particular measurable properties of an isolated physical
system does not change as the system evolves.
conservation of energy (including mass)
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Fluid Mechanics and Conservation of Mass - The law of conservation of mass states that
mass can neither be created or destroyed.

Darcy-Weisbach Equation
Pressure Loss and Head Loss due to Friction in Ducts and Tubes - Major loss - head loss
or pressure loss - due to friction in pipes and ducts.

Density
Density, Specific Weight and Specific Gravity - An introduction and definition of density,
specific weight and specific gravity. Formulas with examples.

Euler equations
In fluid dynamics, the Euler equations govern the motion of a compressible, inviscid fluid.
They correspond to the Navier-Stokes equations with zero viscosity, although they are
usually written in the form shown here because this emphasizes the fact that they directly
represent conservation of mass, momentum, and energy.

Euler Number
The Euler Number - An introduction to and a definition of the Euler Number.

Flow Coefficient - Cv - Kv
Flow Coefficient Cv and Flow Factor Kv - The difference between the flow coefficient Cv and
Kv.

Flow measurement
Fluid Flowmeters - Tools and information regarding fluid flowmeters.
Fluid Flow Measurement - An introduction to different types of fluid flowmeters - Orifices,
Venturies, Nozzles, Rotameters, Pitot Tubes, Calorimetrics, Turbine, Vortex,
Electromagnetic, Doppler, Ultrasonic, Thermal, Coriolis.

Fluids
The Bernoulli Equation - A statement of the conservation of energy in a form useful for
solving problems involving fluids. For a non-viscous, incompressible fluid in steady flow,
the sum of pressure, potential and kinetic energies per unit volume is constant at any
point.
Equations in Fluid Mechanics - Continuity, Euler, Bernoulli, Dynamic and Total Pressure
Laminar, Transitional or Turbulent Flow? - It is important to know if the fluid flow is laminar,
transitional or turbulent when calculating heat transfer or pressure and head loss.

Froude number
The Froude Number - An introduction to and a definition of the Froude Number.

Gas
The Ideal Gas Law - For a perfect or ideal gas the change in density is directly related to
the change in temperature and pressure as expressed in the Ideal Gas Law.
Properties of Gas Mixtures - Special care must be taken for gas mixtures when using the
ideal gas law, calculating the mass, the individual gas constant or the density.
The Individual and Universal Gas Constant - The Individual and Universal Gas Constant is
common in fluid mechanics and thermodynamics.

Hydraulics
Hydraulics is a branch of science and engineering concerned with the use of liquids to
perform mechanical tasks.

Hydrodynamics
Hydrodynamics is the fluid dynamics applied to liquids, such as water, alcohol, and oil.

Ideal Gas
The Ideal Gas Law - For a perfect or ideal gas the change in density is directly related to
the change in temperature and pressure as expressed in the Ideal Gas Law.
Properties of Gas Mixtures - Special care must be taken for gas mixtures when using the
ideal gas law, calculating the mass, the individual gas constant or the density.
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The Individual and Universal Gas Constant - The Individual and Universal Gas Constant is
common in fluid mechanics and thermodynamics.

Knudsen number
Used by modelers who wish to non dimensionless speed

Laminar Flow
Laminar, Transitional or Turbulent Flow? - It is important to know if the fluid flow is laminar,
transitional or turbulent when calculating heat transfer or pressure and head loss.

Laplace's equation
Describes the behavior of gravitational, electric, and fluid potentials.

Lift (force)
Lift consists of the sum of all the aerodynamic forces normal to the direction of the external
airflow.

Liquids
Equations in Fluid Mechanics - Continuity, Euler, Bernoulli, Dynamic and Total Pressure

Mach number
When an object travels through a medium, then its Mach number is the ratio of the object's
speed to the speed of sound in that medium.
The Mach Number - An introduction to and a definition of the Mach Number.

Navier-Stokes Equations
The motion of a non-turbulent, Newtonian fluid is governed by the Navier-Stokes equation.
The equation can be used to model turbulent flow, where the fluid parameters are
interpreted as time-averaged values.

Newtonian Fluid
A fluid is Newtonian if viscosity is constant applied to shear force.
Dynamic, Absolute and Kinematic Viscosity - An introduction to dynamic, absolute and
kinematic viscosity and how to convert between CentiStokes (cSt), CentiPoises (cP),
Saybolt Universal Seconds (SSU) and degree Engler.

Non-Newtonian fluid
Non-Newtonian fluid viscosity changes with the applied shear force.

Prandtl number
Prandtl Number is a Dimensionless number approximating the ratio of momentum
diffusivity and thermal diffusivity.

Pressure
What is Pressure? - An introduction to pressure, a definition and a presentation of common
units as psi and Pa, and the relationship between them.

Reynolds Number
The Reynolds Number - An introduction to and a definition of the dimensionless Reynold's
Number.
An Online Reynolds Number Calculator - Calculate laminar or turbulent flow with the
Reynolds number online calculator.
Reynold's Number in Water Tubes - Reynolds Number in tubes at different dimensions
transporting clean cold water.

Richardson number
A dimensionless number that expresses the ratio of potential to kinetic energy.

Reynolds number
The Reynolds number is used for determine whether a flow is laminar or turbulent.
The Reynolds Number - An introduction to and a definition of the dimensionless Reynold's
Number.
Reynold's Number in Water Tubes - Reynolds Number in tubes at different dimensions
transporting clean cold water.

Shock wave
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A shock wave is a strong pressure wave produced by explosions or other phenomena that
create violent changes in pressure.

Sound barrier
The sound barrier is the apparent physical boundary stopping large objects from becoming
supersonic.
The Mach Number - An introduction to and a definition of the Mach Number.
Speed of Sound - Speed of sound in air, fluids and solids. Formulas and values for
different materials.

Streamline - Stream function

a streamline is the path that an imaginary particle would follow if it was embedded in the
flow.

Strouhal number
The Strouhal number is a quantity describing oscillating flow mechanisms.
The Strouhal Number - An introduction to and a definition of the Strouhal Number.

Supersonic Flow
Flow with speed above the speed of sound, 1,225 km/h at sea level, is said to be
supersonic.
The Mach Number - An introduction to and a definition of the Mach Number.
Speed of Sound - Speed of sound in air, fluids and solids. Formulas and values for
different materials.

Surface tension
Surface tension is a force within the surface layer of a liquid that causes the layer to
behave as an elastic sheet.

Transonic
Flow with speed at velocities just below and above the speed of sound is said to be
transonic.
The Mach Number - An introduction to and a definition of the Mach Number.

Turbulent Flow - Turbulence

Laminar, Transitional or Turbulent Flow? - It is important to know if the fluid flow is laminar,
transitional or turbulent when calculating heat transfer or pressure and head loss.

Vapor pressure
For a particular substance at any given temperature there is a pressure at which the vapor
of that substance is in equilibrium with its liquid or solid forms.

Velocity
The Bernoulli Equation - A statement of the conservation of energy in a form useful for
solving problems involving fluids. For a non-viscous, incompressible fluid in steady flow,
the sum of pressure, potential and kinetic energies per unit volume is constant at any
point.

Venturi
A Venturi is a system for speeding the flow of the fluid, by constricting it in a cone-shaped
tube.

Viscosity
Dynamic, Absolute and Kinematic Viscosity - An introduction to dynamic, absolute and
kinematic viscosity and how to convert between CentiStokes (cSt), CentiPoises (cP),
Saybolt Universal Seconds (SSU) and degree Engler.
Kinematic Viscosity of Common Fluids - Kinematic viscosity of fluids as motor oil, diesel
fuel, peanut oil and many more.
Online Absolute or Dynamic Viscosity Calculator - Calculate absolute or dynamic viscosity
between centipoise, reyn and more.
Online Kinematic Viscosity Calculator - Calculate dynamic viscosity between centistokes,
poise, lentor and more.
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Online Dynamic Viscosity Converter for Oil and Water - Convert between dynamic
viscosity units for oil and water.
A Viscosity Converting Chart - A table converting between Centiposes, milliPascal,
CentiStokes and SSU.
Absolute or Dynamic Viscosity of Water - Absolute or dynamic viscosity of water depends
on the temperature.

Vorticity
Vorticity is defined as the circulation per unit area at a point in the flow field.
The Vortex Flow meter Principle - An introduction to the vortex flowmeter principle.

Wave drag
Wave drag refer to a sudden and very powerful drag that appears on aircrafts flying at
high-subsonic speeds.

Weber Number
The Weber Number - An introduction to and a definition of the Weber Number.