SAFETY FIRST

1. a) Expressing CERTAINTY: They will certainly disappear.

There is no doubt that
b) expressing PROBABILITY: They will probably disappear
Ex: Its probable that they will disappear.
Its likely that they will disappear.
c) Expressing POSSIBILITY: Its possible that they will ..
They can\ could\may\might come.
2. Words ending in IC ICS stress on penultimate syllable. ICAL =
antepenultimate.
- economic economical economics
- economy
economist
economize
3. Cause and Consequence.
a- Cause: because because of thanks to due to since for
as
b- Consequence: As a result, the result is, so, consequently, as a
consequence, thus, therefore, sothat.
Ex: He died because he got a very serious disease.
He got a very serious disease, as a consequence he died.
4. Words: appropriate suffixes. tion, -ing, -ment, -or.
Reject Rejection
React reaction
Produce production
Reduce reduction
Treat treatment
Pay payment
Advertise advertisement
Manage management
OpposeOpposition
Competecompetition
Promotepromotion
Farm farming
Commercialize commercialization
Industrialize indusrialization
5. Dependent preposition: of, with, for, to, about, from
-provide with
- complain about
- go to
-look for
- protect from - suffer from
Accuse of

6. Stress :
Certificate = certification ** Integrate = Integration
3rd
2nd
3rd
2nd
Verb: 3rd starting from the last syllable. = Cer . ti . fi . cate
Noun: 2nd starting from the last syllable. = In . te . gra . tion

7. If-Conrditional type I type II type III

Type 1: Ex: They eat the wrong kind of food. They put on weight. (future
time)
If they eat the wrong kind of food. They will put on weight.
Type 2: He is tired. He cant go to meeting. (present time)
If he were not tired, he would/could go to the meeting.
Type 3: He ate rotten food. He got stomach ache and vomiting. (past
time)
If they had not eaten rotten food, they would not have got stomach
ache and vomiting.
8. too much / too little uncountable things ex: too much /too little
water (no S plural)
Too many/ too few countable things. Ex: too many / too few books
Sufficient or appropriate. =enough
Ex: If they eat too little food, they wont have sufficient energy.
If they eat too little food, they will have too little energy.
9. An excessive amount of = too much, . not an excessive amount of= too
little.
An excessive quantity of = too much, not an excessive quantity of= too
little.
Ex: If you put an excessive amount\quantity of sugar in your coffee, you
may get diabetes.
If you put. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10. Not enough\ an insufficient amount of = too little or too few.
If you put an insufficient amount of petrol, the car will stop.
If you dont put
enough
petrol in your car, it will stop. (Too little)
11. Because, because of, as, since, owing to, due to. (p.117)
Ex: Advertising is necessary for new business it informs consumers about the
services and productions they offer.
Ex: .. the advertisement of fast foods, many people have developed unhealthy
eating and drinking habits.
Ex: . consumers are aware of the importance of the environment; most food
industries now put eco-labels on the packages of their products.
12. Suffix: Y
(p.118)
spicespicy
salt pepper taste trick health greed ease
speed dirt stuff dust slime sun cloud fog snow wind mist
rain etc

Opposites: (p. 118) cheap expensive. * Shoppers sellers

Saving spending * high low * purchase sell * security danger
To put on weight to go on a diet(to get slim)
15. Impact of advertising: (p.125) The problem is whether or not
advertising has a negative or positive influence on consumers.
(p.125\126) pros and cons
- Does advertising manipulate consumers?
16. Though, Although, In spite of the fact + verbal phrase
Ex: In spite of the hard conditions of life, they managed to cope with it.
In spite of the fact that they live in hard conditions, they managed to .
Although \ though they live in hard conditions, they managed to .