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TODAYS LECTURE
Aims and Scopes
Classification to Materials
Recommended Text and Reference Books
Classes of Materials
Metallic Materials
Glass and Ceramic Materials
Three main
types of
materials
Polymeric Materials
Composite Materials
Electronic Materials
Natural materials
Other types
for modern
engineering
technology
Advanced Materials
Smart Materials
Nanomaterials
Metallic Materials
These materials are inorganic substances that are composed of
one or more metallic elements and may also contain some
nonmetallic elements.
Metallic elements: Fe, Cu, Al, Ni and Ti
Nonmetallic elements: C, N, O
Metallic Materials
The valence electrons occupy a conduction band, which
means that they are delocalised throughout the structure
(accounting for the high thermal and electrical
conductivity of metals).
Metallic bonding is strong.
The two main drawbacks for this class of materials are that
they are (1) difficult to process into finished products and
are therefore expensive and (2) brittle and have low
fracture toughness compared to metals.
If techniques for developing high toughness ceramics are
developed further, these materials could show a
tremendous upsurge for engineering applications.
Polymeric Materials
Polymers are built up from (normally organic) monomeric
building units. The bonding within the polymer chain
consists of strong covalent bonds. However, the bonding
between chains is far weaker (Van der Waals type).
The long-flexible chains may be arranged completely randomly
(giving an amorphous polymer) or in a regular chain-folding
pattern (leading to crystalline regions within the polymer).
The detailed properties of a particular polymer will depend on
factors such as chain length, crystallinity and the presence of
any cross-linking between the chains.
The strength and ductility of polymeric materials vary greatly.
Because of the nature of their internal structure, most
polymeric materials are good insulators and are used for
electrical insulative applications.
Polymeric Materials
Polymeric materials have low densities and relatively low
softening or decomposition temperatures.
Examples of important polymers are polyethylene (PE),
polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA, perspex), nylon,
polystyrene (PS), polyurethane (PU) and polyvinylchloride
(PVC)
Composite Materials
A composite material may be defined as two or more
materials(phases or constituents) integrated to
form a new one.
The constituents keep their properties and the
overall composite will have properties different
than each of them.
Most composite materials consist of a selected filler
or reinforcing material and a compatible matrix or
resin binder to obtain the specific characteristics
and properties desired.
Composite Materials
Composites include glass-fibre reinforced polymers
(denoted GFRP, such as fibreglass), carbon-fibre
reinforced polymers (CFRP), filled polymers and a
few composites of ceramics and metals (cermets).
Electronic Materials
Electronic materials are not a major type of material by
production volume but are an extremely important type of
material for advanced engineering technology.
Eletronic material: Silicon, Germanium
Natural Materials
These are often classed as a separate category, but all
natural materials really fit into one of the others.
Examples of natural materials are wood, stone, bone,
leather and cotton.
Smart Materials
Smart materials have the ability to sense external
environmental stimuli (temperature, stress, light,
humidity, and electric and magnetic fields) and
respond to them by changing their
properties(mechanical, electrical or appearance),
structure or functions.
Smart materials consists of sensors and actuators.
The sensory component detects a change in the
environment, and the actuator component
performs a specific function or a response.
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Smart Materials
For instance, some smart materials change or produce colour
when exposed to changes in temperatures, light intensity,
or an electric current.
Some smart materials that can function as actuators are
shape-memory alloys and piezoelectric ceramics.
Shape-memory alloys are metal alloys that, once strained,
revert back to their original shape upon an increase in
temperature above a critical transformation temperature.
The change in shape back to the original is due to a change in
the crystal structure above the transformation
temperature.
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Nanomaterials
Nanomaterials are generally defined as those
materials that have a characteristic length
scale(that is, particle diameter, grain size, layer
thickness etc) smaller than 100 nm. Nanomaterials
can be metallic, polymeric, ceramic, electronic, or
composite.
Recommended Textbook
Basic References
William
D CalisterJr. Materials Science
and
R1
Engineering: An Introduction,
John Wiley & Sons,
Singapore, Sixth Edition, (2003)
E Paul Degarmo, J T Black, Ronald A Kohser, Materials
and Processes in Manufacturing, John Wiley & Sons,
Singapore, Ninth Edition, (2004)