FUTURISM

Movement in 20th Century, art that represented the

revolutionary effort of young Italian
Concrete, steel and glass
Advocators: Jim Slade and Robert Colley.
an architects.
The architecture of reinforced concrete iron and glass.
Calculation of audacity and simplicity
Capable of expressing tangible miracles.
Inspired by Filippo Tommaso Marinetti.
Examples:

Carolina Gallery
Carolina Gallery

Palette of gleaming white ceramic tile

Glass columns

Curtain walls

Exposed reinforced concrete

Advocators: Jerry Wahl, Barry Irvings & Mac Leweys

United Airlines Terminal
United Airlines Terminal

Colored ceramic coating

Frit - used on to surface of skylight glazing to create

glass that decorative diffuse daylight to reduce glare.

Advocators: Donald Koster and Peter Mcquillin.

Victorian Library
Victorian Library

Concrete, steel and glass

Advocators: Jim Slade and Robert Colley.

Royale Mint Hotel

Royale Mint Hotel

Concrete & glass materials.

Advocators: Gibson More,John Waye & Rob Dale.

Marinetti was born in Alexandria, Egypt, and was educated

Marinetti
there and in Paris, Padua, and Genoa, receiving a law
degree from the University of Genoa in 1899.
Manifeste du Futurisme (Manifesto of Futurism, 1909)
The Grand Hunt
The Grand Hunt (early 4th century), a
detail of which is shown here, is a large
floor mosaic found in the villa at Piazza
Armerina, Sicily. The mosaics, covering a
total of 651 sq m (7,000 sq ft), depict
various scenes from life in the late Roman
Empire. This mosaic is an example of opus
vermiculatum, in which particularly small
tesserae are used.

FUNCTIONALISM & DE STIJL

Cubist style developed in Germany and Austria (1900s).

DE
DESTIJL
STIJL

the style
Founded in 1917
Believed in the application of GEOMETRIC ABSTRACTIONS
Pure color and form

Piet Mondrain
Piet Mondrain

Born in Amersfoort, the Netherlands, on March 7, 1872

Earliest to exploit the potential of Geometric Abstraction

Images.
Composition with Red, Yellow and
Blue (c. 1939-1942) by Piet Mondrian is
based on the artist's precept that painting
should consist only of flat planes and
straight lines, and be limited to primary
colours, with black, white, and grey. This
formed the basis of Neo-Plasticism, a style
of geometrical abstraction created by
Mondrian.

Oud, Jacobus Johannes Pieter (1890-1963), Dutch architect,

Oud, Jacobus Johannes Pieter
who was one of the early practitioners of the International Style
in Europe. Advocating simplicity, purity, and rationality, he
produced sober designs characterized by flat horizontal facades,
wraparound corners, and crisply right-angled outlines. As city
architect of Rotterdam from 1918 to 1927, he designed large
workers' housing projects in reinforced concrete.

Doesburg, Theo van (1883-1931), Dutch painter, who was a

Doesburg, Theo van
leading advocate of Neo-Plasticism, a movement created
by Piet Mondrian in the Netherlands. He was one of the
founders (1917) of De Stijl magazine, which promoted the
Neo-Plasticist ideals of radical simplification based on the
use of straight lines, right angles, and flat planes.
Through speeches and articles, Doesburg spread NeoPlastic ideas to the Bauhaus school, where they influenced
the course of mid-20th-century architecture.

Rietveld, Gerrit Thomas (1888-1964), Dutch architect and

Rietveld, Gerrit Thomas
furniture designer, whose work is among the best associated with
the movement called de Stijl
Red-Blue Chair by Rietveld
Dutch architect and designer
Gerrit Rietveld was part of the
movement known as de Stijl.
Rietvelds red-blue chair,
designed in 1918, combines
primary colours with geometric
shapes.

FUNCTIONALISM
FUNCTIONALISM
FUNCTIONALISM

Form follows function

- Deals with the development of plan arrangement to its form
composition.
The Bauhaus, built in 1925
following the plans of Walter
Gropius, housed the college of
architecture where such painters
as Gropius himself, Ludwig Mies
van der Rohe, Paul Klee and
Wassily Kandinsky taught. The
college, deemed to be decadent
by the Nazis, was closed in 1933
and most of its painters and
architects went into exile.

Bauhaus Museum, Berlin

Walter Gropius brought an analytical and intellectual approach to architecture, not
only in large-scale public buildings such as the Bauhaus Museum in Berlin, shown
here, but also in housing schemes for the working-class sector of society. He
believed that the use of materials (glass, steel, and concrete) should be logical
and that the design of a building should be closely allied to its function.

CHARACTERISTICS:

Devoid of ornamentation

Symmetrical/Assymetrical plans

Overlapping & intersecting 2-dimensional planes that

enclose 3-dimensional space.

Pure color like white & grey of exterior walls.

Distribution of wall to window space is approximately

equal.

INTERNATIONAL STYLE

Tremaine House, Santa Barbara

Tremaine House, Santa Barbara
Clean lines, produced by the integrated
use of concrete and large expanses of
glass, give Tremaine House an elegant
simplicity, while the overhanging roof
and patio create a link between the
building and its natural surroundings.
Designed in 1947-1948, it is one of
several houses that Richard Neutra built
in the United States. It is an
outstanding example of the
International Style, which Neutra
introduced to the US.

UTILITARIANISM-CONSTRUCTIVISM
UTILITARIANISM
UTILITARIANISM

Sought for solutions for alternative cheap forms of

construction in timber, brick & metal.

Initiated by British (pre-fab. Architecture)

A design of something Auspicious.

Other definitions:

Refers to low-cost housing

Pre-Fabricated unit
EXAMPLE:
Nakagin Capsule
Nakagin Capsule

Ginza Tokyo

Nakagin Capsule Tower Building

Nakagin Capsule Tower Building

- Made of capsule Blocks
- Like toy brick stacked together
- Contains living units w/ bed, T&B etc.
- One man unit

CONSTRUCTIVISM
CONSTRUCTIVISM

Non-representational style of art w/c uses modern

industrial materials: plastic & glass.
Ideal abstract art movement arose in Europe & Russia
(1913-1920)
Based on the idea: Art is an absolute entity, whose origin
lie in the mind & whose forms are unrelated to objects of
visible world.
Concept of art: includes painting & sculpture.

Malevich Kasimir
Malevich Kasimir

Russian painter

Key figure in the development of abstract art.

Earliest work shows the influence of Neo-Impressionism and

Fauvism, and later of Cubism, distinguished by a great clarity of
line.

Examples:
Woman in a basket
Gabo, Naum (1890-1977),
Gabo, Naum (1890-1977),

American sculptor of Russian birth

One of the leading practitioners of 20th-century

Constructivism. Born in Briansk

Example:

Serpuchov Radio Station

Serpuchov Radio Station
Model for Column

This Constructivist piece by Naum Gabo is a model for a larger sculpture, called Column, which he
completed in 1923. Abstract and geometric forms, and the use of transparent glass and plastic, wer
central to Constructivist sculpture. The model is part of the collection of the Tate Gallery, London.

NEO-EXPRESSIONISM
NEO-EXPRESSIONISM

Out view in w/c the major activities or environmental

factor was employed in the structure in a non-intellectual
manner.
CHARACTERISTICS:

Continuity of forms rather than proportionality and

geometric terms/means.

Tendency to avoid rectangular forms.

Tends to individual sensibility.

SYMBOLISM
SYMBOLISM

has to be explained and understand by the expectator

from his knowledge of the cultural context.
EXPRESSIONISM
EXPRESSIONISM

the architect tries to covey his message to non-intellectual

level.
EXAMPLES:

Ingals Hockey Rink (Yale University)

Ingals Hockey Rink (Yale University)

T.W.A. Terminal at Kenndy, N.Y.

T.W.A. Terminal at Kenndy, N.Y.

Dulles International Airport, Washignton D.C.

Dulles International Airport, Washignton D.C.

-Eero Saarinen

Marcel Breuer
Marcel Breuer

Italian architect

Member of Bauhaus

Popularized the Tubular steel cantilever chair.

Side Chair by Marcel Breuer
The cantilevered chair, resting on two front
legs that extend backwards, was
developed mainly by Marcel Breuer c.
1928. The metal-bending techniques
developed at the Bauhaus in Germany
facilitated the design, a prime example of
Functionalism. This side chair is made of
aluminium and painted wood.

PHILOSOPHIES:

Nature & architecture are two different things.

A building has a straight geometrical lines even when
these lines are free, it must always be evident that they
have been studied, and that they nit spring up
spontaneously.

Mackintosh, Charles Rennie (1868-1928),

Mackintosh, Charles Rennie

Scottish architect and designer, whose chaste, functional

style exerted a strong influence on 20th-century
architecture and interior design.

Table by Charles Rennie

Mackintosh
The simple lines and geometrical
character of this table, which
Charles Rennie Mackintosh
designed in 1918, are typical of his
designs for furniture. It is made of
stained pine with mother-of-pearl
inlay.

Wagner, Otto (1841-1918)

Wagner, Otto

Austrian architect, leader of the Viennese architectural

revival of the late 19th century.

Karlsplatz Station by Wagner

Karlsplatz station, built in Vienna, Austria in 1898, illustrates architect Otto Wagners early use of
wrought iron and ceramic as decorative elements. His later work was more austere and evolved
through his followers into the International Style.

Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig (1886-1969),

Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig

German-American architect, the leading and most

influential exponent of the glass and steel architecture
of the 20th-century International Style.

Skin and bone construction.

Seagram Building, New York

Mies van der Rohe designed several
high-rise buildings in the United States,
after his arrival there in 1937. The
Seagram Building, in New York, which
he designed with Philip Cortelyou and
which was completed in 1958, is
conceived as a steel framework with a
glass, bronze, and marble exterior.
Ostensibly a severely practical building,
it is nevertheless elegant and precise. It
is a prime example of the International
Style, of which Mies was the
acknowledged leader.

PHILOSOPHIES:

Less is more
Less is more

Johnson, Philip C(ortelyou) (1906- )

Johnson, Philip C(ortelyou) (1906- )

American architect, born in Cleveland, Ohio, and

educated at Harvard University in the classics and later in
architecture

The architect who equated with an exhibition of modern

architecture (1932)

Invented the International Style

Father figure of Post Modernism.

Skyscraper, New York

Like other buildings designed by the American
architect Philip Johnson, the AT&T building
(1984), above, strongly influenced the rise of
Post-Modern architecture. Key elements
include such devices as stylistic allusion,
achieved by the use of Renaissance detail and
the Neo-Classical broken pediment that tops
the building.

INTERNATIONAL STYLE
INTERNATIONAL STYLE

Volume rather than mass.

Regularity rather than axial symmetry

Prescribing arbitrarily applied decorations.

WORKS:

Glass hose, Connecticut

Glass hose, Connecticut
Seagram Building, N.Y. (w/Mies Van Der Rohe)
Seagram Building, N.Y. (w/Mies Van Der Rohe)
Theatre of the Dance, Lincoln Center
Theatre of the Dance, Lincoln Center
Williams Proctor Museum, N.Y.
Williams Proctor Museum, N.Y.
Art Gallery for the University of Nebraska
Art Gallery for the University of Nebraska
Ammon Corter Museum, Texas
Ammon Corter Museum, Texas
AT&T Building N.Y.
AT&T Building N.Y.

BOOKS:

Modern Architects N.Y.

International Style, N.Y., 1932

Machine Art, 1943

Mies Van Der Rohe N.Y., 1947

Philip Johnson: Writings, 1978

Selected Writings Tokyo, 1975

Le Corbusier
Le Corbusier

professional name of Charles douard Jeanneret (18871965), Swiss-French architect, painter, and writer, who
had a major effect on the development of modern
architecture.
PHILOSOPHY:

The house is a machine to live in.

The house is a machine to live in.

WORKS:

Notre Dame du Haut (1950-1955)

Notre Dame du Haut (1950-1955)
a pilgrimage church in Ronchamp, France

High Court Buildings (1952-1956) Chandgarh, India

High Court Buildings (1952-1956)

Palace of the League of Nations, Geneva (1927-1928)

Palace of the League of Nations, Geneva (1927-1928)
The Swiss Building at the Cit Universitaire, Paris
The Swiss Building at the Cit Universitaire, Paris
(1931-1932);
(1931-1932);
Unit d'Habitation (1946-1952)
Unit d'Habitation (1946-1952)
an apartment house in Marseille, France;

Notre Dame du Haut, Ronchamp

Le Corbusier designed the pilgrimage
church of Notre Dame du Haut in 1950.
This building, one of the most unusual
churches in France, is a synthesis of
architecture and sculpture. The frame of
the structure is steel and metal mesh, over
which concrete was sprayed.

Kahn, Louis I(sadore) (1901-1974),

Kahn, Louis I(sadore)

American architect and teacher, whose original, powerful

designs in brick and concrete won him a prominent place
in 20th-century architecture.

Highly ordered sequence of space & noble structural

systems.

PHILOSOPHY:

Searching for a materials want to be.

Searching for a materials want to be.
WORKS:

Yale Art Gallery w/ Douglas Orr

Yale Art Gallery w/ Douglas Orr

Alfred Newton Richards Medical Center

Alfred Newton Richards Medical Center

Perret, Auguste (1874-1954)

French architect, one of the most important pioneers of

the modern French style.

Advocator of reinforced concrete architecture.

THEORIES:

The truth is indispensable in architecture & every

The truth is indispensable in architecture & every
architecture lie courrupts.
architecture lie courrupts.

Any project is bad if it is more difficult or more

Any project is bad if it is more difficult or more

complicated to construct the necessary.
complicated to construct the necessary.
WORKS:

The Temple Tower 1889, Exposition Universale in

The Temple Tower 1889, Exposition Universale in
Paris
Paris
The Apartment Building Rue Franklin
The Apartment Building Rue Franklin

Perrets Rue Franklin Building

In the early 1900s, French architect

Auguste Perret pioneered the use of
reinforced concrete as a building
material; his apartment building in
the Rue Franklin was the first
residence built of concrete in
France. Perret was responsible for
much of the rebuilding of Paris after
World War II.

French Legation, Istanbul

French Legation, Istanbul

Theatre Des Champs, Lysees

Theatre Des Champs, Lysees

- redesigning, original by Van del Velde
- redesigning, original by Van del Velde

Notre Dame Church, Paris

Notre Dame Church, Paris

Palace of the League of Nations, Geneva

Palace of the League of Nations, Geneva

Eiffel Monument, Paris

Eiffel Monument, Paris

Palace of the Soviets, Moscow

Palace of the Soviets, Moscow

Wright, Frank Lloyd (1867-1959)

Wright, Frank Lloyd (1867-1959)

American architect, who was a pioneer of the modern

style. He is considered one of the greatest figures in 20thcentury architecture.

Hills/DeCaro House, Chicago

Fallingwater, Pennsylvania

Frank Lloyd Wright, a pioneer of modern architecture, lived and worked in the Chicago area during the late
19th and early 20th centuries. He designed many single-family houses, known as prairie houses. The
Hills/DeCaro house in Oak Park, west of Chicago, is one of more than 20 houses Wright designed while living
in the town between 1890 and 1910.

Frank Lloyd Wright designed Fallingwater, in Bear Run, for the Kaufmann family in 1937. This
view shows the section of the house that extends over a natural waterfall, a device according
with Wrights belief that a buildings form should be determined by its environment. Contrasts in
the textures and colours of natural stone, concrete, and painted metal on the buildings exterior
are characteristic of Wrights innovative style.
Guggenheim Museum, New York
The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum,
commissioned as a gallery of modern
art and built 1956-1959, is one of Frank
Lloyd Wrights most important
buildings. The spiralling structure on
the right is a grand exhibition hall
illuminated by a large skylight; it has no
separate floor levels, the spiral ramp
within creating a continuous space. A
new section (left) was added in 1992.

Saarinen, Eero (1910-1961),

Saarinen, Eero

Finnish-American architect and designer, son of Eliel

Saarinen and one of the leading architects of the mid20th century.
PHILOSOPHIES:

Function influences but does not dictate form.

Function influences but does not dictate form.

Spiritual function is inseparable from practical function.

Spiritual function is inseparable from practical function.

Architecture is not just to fulfill mans belief in the

Architecture is not just to fulfill mans belief in the

nobility of his exsistence on earth.
nobility of his exsistence on earth.
WORKS:

Saint Louis Jefferson National Expansion Memorial

Saint Louis Jefferson National Expansion Memorial

The General Motors Technical Center, Warren

The General Motors Technical Center, Warren

Michigan:1948-1956
Michigan:1948-1956

Air Force Acadaemy

Air Force Acadaemy

U.S. Embassy in London

U.S. Embassy in London

The Chapel & Kresge Auditorium, Massachussetts

The Chapel & Kresge Auditorium, Massachussetts

Institute of Technology
Institute of Technology

T.W.A. Terminal, Kennedy Terminal, N.Y.

T.W.A. Terminal, Kennedy Terminal, N.Y.

- In a for m of bird about to fly.

T.J. Watson Research Center, York Town, N.Y.

T.J. Watson Research Center, York Town, N.Y.

The Chapel of Concordia Senior College.

The Chapel of Concordia Senior College.

Gateway Arch, St. Louis

Gateway Arch, St. Louis

BOOKS:

Eero Saarinen in His Work, New Haven

Connecticut; 1968

Gateway Arch, St Louis

Simple, elegant, and imposing, Gateway Arch, designed by Eero Saarinen, dominates the
skyline of the city of St Louis, Missouri. The arch, made of stainless steel and rising to a
height of 192 m (630 ft), is topped by an observation deck. It was built to commemorate
the role of St Louis as gateway to the American West.

Saarinen, (Gottlieb) Eliel (1873-1950)

Saarinen, (Gottlieb) Eliel

Finnish-American architect, who strongly influenced

modern architecture.

Popular w/ railway station designs especially in Europe.

2nd place in the Chicago Tribune Tower

Helsinki Central Railway Station

Finnish-American architect Eliel Saarinen used his
trademark, bold lines and shapes, to create the
Helsinki Central Railway Station in Helsinki, Finland. It
was constructed between 1904 and 1914.

PHILOSOPHY:

Beauty grows from the necessity not from repetition of

Beauty grows from the necessity not from repetition of

formulas.
formulas.
WORKS:

Cranbook School, Michigan

Cranbook School, Michigan

Christ Church, Minneapolis

Christ Church, Minneapolis

Helsinki Railroad Station, Finland

Helsinki Railroad Station, Finland

National Museum Finland

National Museum Finland

BOOKS:
BOOKS:

Munksnas-Naga, 1915

The City: Its growth, its decay, its future, N.Y.,

1943

Search for Form: A fundamental Approach to Art

The Cranbook Development, Michigan, 1931

Saarinens Giant Statues

These bold statues flank the entrance to
Finnish-American architect Eliel Saarinens
Helsinki Central Railway Station in Finland,
completed in 1914. Saarinen focused on clean
lines and proportional masses combined with
bold shapes and a sensitive use of materials.
He was the father of Eero Saarinen, another
influential architect of the mid-20th century.

Nervi, Pier Luigi (1891-1979)

Nervi, Pier Luigi

Italian architect and engineer, whose technical

innovations, particularly in the use of reinforced concrete,
made possible aesthetically pleasing solutions to difficult
structural problems.

BOOKS:

Concrete & Structural Form, London: 1955

Structure, New York: 1956

Discovered ferro-cemento

- consist of layers of fine steel mesh sprayed w/ cement mortar

& it could be used either for shell construction or for
heavier units w/ reinforcing rods inserted between the
layers of mortar & mesh.
WORKS:

Municipal Stadium Florence

Municipal Stadium Florence
Fiat Factory, Turin
Fiat Factory, Turin
Italian Embassy, Brazilia
Italian Embassy, Brazilia
Papal Audience Hall, Vatican City
Papal Audience Hall, Vatican City
Australian Embassy, Paris
Australian Embassy, Paris

Nervi Station, Italy

Italian architect Pier Nervi created designs with great visual appeal. He
used reinforced concrete to create large interior spaces, such as in the
Nervi Station in Italy.

Venturi, Robert Charles (1925- )

Venturi, Robert Charles

American architect and teacher, one of the most

influential architectural theorists of the late 20th
century.
PHILOSOPHIES:

WORKS:

We promote an architecture responsive to the

We promote an architecture responsive to the
complexities and contradictions of the modern
complexities and contradictions of the modern
experience. The particularities of context, the varieties
experience. The particularities of context, the varieties
of the users taste; Culture & the symbolic &
of the users taste; Culture & the symbolic &
decorative dictates of the program.
decorative dictates of the program.
Less is Bore
Less is Bore
More is More
More is More
Modern movement was almost right
Modern movement was almost right
Walker & Dunlop Office Building
Walker & Dunlop Office Building
Transportation Square, Washington
Transportation Square, Washington
Master Plan & Uraban Design of California City
Master Plan & Uraban Design of California City
Convention Center, Conversion plan Canada
Convention Center, Conversion plan Canada
West Mount Airy Clustered Housing Plan
West Mount Airy Clustered Housing Plan
Philadelphia
Philadelphia

BOOKS:

Complexity & Contradiction in Architecture N.Y.

Complexity & Contradiction in Architecture N.Y.

1966
1966

Learning from Las Vegas, Massachusset 1972 &

Learning from Las Vegas, Massachusset 1972 &

1977
1977

Vanna Venturi House

American architect Robert Venturi designed the Vanna Venturi House (1959-1963),
located in Chestnut Hill, Pennsylvania, for his mother. Venturis architectural theories for
this and other buildings he designed in the 1960s led to the development of
postmodernism in architecture during the 1970s. His theories advocate the use of
historical allusion and symbolism, rejecting the perceived sterility of orthodox modern
buildings. His architectural firm designed many of the most influential buildings of the
1970s and 1980s.

Kenzo Tange (1913- )

Kenzo Tange

Japanese architect, the most prominent modern architect

of the country. In his designs for public buildings, has
reconciled 20th-century Western styles and materials with
traditional Japanese forms.

ACHIEVEMENTS:

Winning on the International Planning Competition of

Skopje, Yugoslavia

Appointed Master planner of the International Exhibition

of 1970, Osaka

Furyu
Anti realist attitude, anti action element in the Japanese life.

PHILOSOPHIES:

Modern Architecture need not be Western.

Modern Architecture need not be Western.
The city must be subjected to growth, decay and
The city must be subjected to growth, decay and
renewal.
renewal.
Peace Museum, Hiroshima
The Peace Museum, designed by Tange
Kenzo, stands on the site of the epicentre
of the atomic explosion that destroyed
Hiroshima in 1945. Tange has designed
many public buildings in Japan, often, as
here, using prestressed concrete rather
than large expanses of glass and steel,
which are unsuitable in a country
vulnerable to earthquakes. "

Inside a Pyramid
The burial chambers inside the Egyptian pyramids held the sarcophagus of the pharaoh and the rich grave goods with which he was provided for the afterlife. These
chambers were located at the end of long corridors that could be sealed, or constructed in such a way as to confuse grave robbers. This cross-section of the Great
Pyramid at Giza shows the internal arrangement of passageways and burial chambers.

EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
Step Pyramid, Saqqara

The step pyramid of King Zoser, 3rd dynasty,

Egypt, was built about 2737-2717 BC at
Saqqara, necropolis of the capital, Memphis. It
was designed by Imhotep, the first known
Egyptian architect, who was later deified by
the Egyptians. The pyramid, built of local
limestone and rising to a height of 61 m (200
ft), was the first monumental royal tomb and
is one of the oldest stone structures in Egypt.

Great Temple of Abydos

Built on the banks of the
River Nile, the city of Abydos
was the burial place of most
Egyptian kings from 3100 to
2755 BC. Shown here is the
Great Temple of Abydos,
constructed during the reign
of Seti I, from 1291 to 1279
BC.

Pyramid of Khafre, Giza

The pyramids at Giza in Egypt are among
the most famous pieces of architecture in
the world. The Pyramid of Khafre, which
rises to a height of about 136 m (446 ft),
was built as the final resting place of the
pharaoh Khafre in about 2530 BC. Remains
of the original limestone casing are visible
at the top of the pyramid.

Great Sphinx, Giza

The Great Sphinx at Giza was built on the orders of
the pharaoh Khafre in the 3rd millennium BC. In
ancient Egypt, the sphinx was the symbol of royal
power, and this statue was probably intended to be
a portrait of Khafre. The Great Pyramid of Khufu is
seen to the right of the Sphinx, and the Pyramid of
Khafre to the left.

Sculpture of Khafre
This sculpture depicts an idealized
representation of Khafre, the fourth
Egyptian king of the 4th dynasty.
Khafre was king from about 2603 BC.
to 2578 BC. and built the second of
the three pyramids at Giza.

CHINESE
CHINESEARCHITECTURE
ARCHITECTURE
Tiger Hill Pagoda, China
A pagoda is a tower usually found in
Buddhist temple enclosures in East
and South-East Asia, and typically
having several storeys each with an
elaborate roof or balcony. It is
derived from the stupa and
functions as a shrine, memorial, and
tomb. Tiger Hill Pagoda, in Suzhou,
dates from the 10th century and
stands 47.5 m (155 ft) high.

Altar of Heaven, Beijing

The Altar of Heaven is part of the Temple of
Heaven, or Tian Tan, built during the Ming
dynasty in Beijing, China. It is located in Tian
Tan Park in the Old City section of Beijing.
The 15th-century structure, with its red walls
and gold detailing, is typical of the
architecture of the Ming dynasty.

ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

Minaret of the Great Mosque at Samarra

This spiral minaret, where the muezzin once
called the faithful to prayer, is the only
surviving feature of the Great Mosque at
Samarra, Iraq. At the time of its construction
(848-852), the Great Mosque at Samarra was
the largest Islamic mosque in the world. .

Chartres Cathedral (ABOVE)

Chartres Cathedral, in northern France, is one of the most celebrated Gothic
cathedrals in the world. It is particularly notable for its sculptural decoration and
stained-glass windows. The cathedral was begun in 1194 and completed about 60
years later.
Patio of the Myrtles, Granada
(RIGHT)
The Alhambra complex, in the southern
Spanish city of Granada, is the most
famous example of Moorish architecture
in Spain. In the foreground can be seen
the Arrayanes patio, with the two myrtle
hedges flanking the pool. Reflections of
the pillars of the room known as the
Barca and the monumental tower of
Comares can be seen in the pools
waters.
Canterbury Cathedra(LEFT)
Canterbury Cathedral, one of the most illustrious examples of Gothic architecture in Britain, holding the shrine of St Thomas
Becket, is also the administrative centre of the Church of England. The Archbishop of Canterbury is Primate of All England, and
effectively the foremost prelate of the Anglican Communion. The ecclesiastical structure of the Church of England, combined with
its broadly Protestant theology, is one of its most distinctive characteristics.