tems should not be part of a mere everyday

office routine, performed by trained calculators, by punch-card machines or by

special electronic calculating devices. The
analytical tool is already available and

many of the methods have already been

worked out in detail. It is only a question
of how fast the power companies themselves will utilize the facilities already available along these lines.

Determination of Instantaneous Currents

and Voltages by Means of Alpha, Beta,
and Zero Components
W. C. DUESTERHOEFT
ASSOCIATE AIEE

FELLOW AIEE

NONMEMBER AIEE

their fear of the "mysteries" of tensors.

(1)

ia ia +io
1

ib =-i+io+ ( \/3/2)i:

(2)

2-ia + io -( \/3/2)i,B

(3)

iC

Simultaneous solution of the preceding

equations gives

EDITH CLARKE

MAX W. SCHULZ, JR.

Perhaps the greatest handicap to overcome, before power engineers can even
start solving their integrated system problems by analytical methods, is their awe,

ia =( ()ib+ )

(4)

(ib -ic)

A PPLICATIONS of the method of

alpha, beta, and zero components
(conveniently written a,/3,O components)
to the determination of phase currents
and voltages of fundamental frequency in
unbalanced 3-phase power systems have
been given.'-' The advantages of a,j3,O
components over symmetrical components, in the determination of fundamental-frequency phase quantities, is largely
restricted to unsymmetrical 3-phase systems in which the positive- and negativesequence impedances of the rotating
machines of the system can be assumed
equal. This restriction is not present in
the determination of instantaneous phase
quantities by the method of a,3,0 components.
The purpose of this paper is to present a

method of analysis rather than to de-

velop new equations. For this reason,

well-known equations previously derived by outstanding engineers have been
selected for redevelopment here in order
to show the simplifications made possible by the application of a,/3,O components. Sincere admiration is hereby
expressed for the ability of these engineers
to carry through the original development
without the benefit of a,#,O components.
The paper is divided into three parts.
In Part I, relations are established between instantaneous phase quantities and
their az,/,0, components, and between a
direct- and quad-

and /3 components and

rature-axis components. Park's equations for an ideal synchronous machine,4'5

in terms of direct-axis, quadrature-axis,
and zero-sequence components, are expressed in terms of z,/3,0 components for
use in Part II and Part III.

1248

In Part II, equations for instantaneous

phase currents and voltages at the terminals of an unloaded ideal synchronous
machine during all types of short circuits
are derived by means of a,0,0 components. It is thought the method of developing the complete harmonic series for
instantaneous currents and voltages,
given in the Appendix I, has not been

presented previously.
In Part III, equations for eircuit-

breaker recovery voltages derived by

Park and Skeats6 are redeveloped using
a,/3,O components. The simplification in
development made possible by the application of a,/,0 components can be seen
readily by comparison with the original
development.

Part I. Equations for Use in

Parts II and III

NOTATION

Let i, 4, and e with appropriate subscripts represent instantaneous armature

current, flux linkage, and voltage, respectively; let subscripts a, b, c refer to
phase a, b, c, respectively; let subscripts
a, /, 0.refer to , /, and 0 components,
respectively; let subscripts d and q refer
to the direct- and quadrature-aids components, respectively.
RLTOSB

WENP

EQU

TIES

BETEEN PHSE QUATITIES

RELATINS

AND THEIR

a,/3,0

COMPONENTS

(i5

io

(ia+i(+ic)

(6)

If i in equations 1-6 is replaced or e,

equations relating instantaneous flux
linkages (i6) or voltages (e), respectively,
in the phases and in the a, /, and 0 circuits will be obtained. Equations 1-6
are general equations which apply under
all conditions. No simplifying assumptions need be made; the quantities
involved may be expressed in per unit of
stated base quantities, or in any consistent system of units.

In developing equations involving

synchronous machines4'5 the work is
greatly simplified if per unit quantities are
used, and an ideal synchronous machine
is assumed with saturation, hysteresis and
eddy currents in the iron neglected, these
latter effects to be taken into account later
if of importance.
UNIT OR BASE ARMATURE QIANTITIES
Unit armature current and voltage are
crest values of rated phase current and
rated phase voltage, respectively; unit
Paper 51-226, recommended by the AIEE Transmission and Distribution Committee and approved
by the AIEE Technical Program Committee for

presentation at the AIEE Summer General Meeting, Toronto, Out., Canada, June 25-29, i951.
su M?
Mavalalefocrintin

erary
3, i

951iad

'aviblfrmtg y319.
EDITH CLAR}E are both
By definition, instantaneous phase w. c. DUESTERHOEFTofandTexas,
Austin, Tex., and
with the University
currents ta, tb, ic of normal phase order MAX W. SCHULZ, JR., is with the General Electric
Company, Pittsfield, Mass.
abc at any point in a 3-phase system, in
to express their appreciation for
The assistance
authors wish
terms of their instantaneous a,/B'O'com- ~~the
given by Mr. Chwan-Chang; Lee in
the preparation of this paper.
ponents of current, are

Duesterhoeft, Schulz, Clarke-Instcantaneous Currents

AJEE TRANSACTIONS

impedance is the ratio of rated phase

voltage to rated phase current; unit
speed of the rotor is synchronous speed;
unit time is one electrical radian; unit
armature linkage will generate unit
armature voltage at rated speed; unit
armature magnetomotive force is the
magnetomotive force produced by rated
positive-sequence armature currents;
unit permeance when multiplied by unit
magnetomotive force produces unit armature linkages.

ponent networks; 0 is the angular displacement in electrical radians of the

direct-axis of the rotor from the axis of
phase a, measured in the normal direction

in the voltage of the field exciter will have

negligible effect during the first cycle or
less required for currents and voltages to
reach their maximum values.

direct- and quadrature-axis reactances,

LINE-To-LINE SHORT CIRCUIT

of the rotor. Xd' and xq"t are per-unit

respectively; e is per unit armature

voltage rise to machine terminals; i is per
unit current flowing from machine terminals; and If= d-c field current in per
unit of that base field current which will
produce unit armature linkage at no load
rated speed, with saturation neg-

Let the fault be between phases b and c.

The conditions imposed by the fault are:
equations
iaO; ib= -i.; eb=e,. These
substituted in equations 4 and 6, and in
5 with i replaced by e, give ia = 0; io= 0;
e, = 0. The above equations allow the
reduction of equation 12, with r = 0, to

age.
During the first instant after a disturbance, the speed of the rotor can be
assumed constant at rated speed because
of rotor inertia. At rated speed, the
speed of the rotor in per unit of synchronous speed is unity; and the angle O, at

Incos O=p(x-y cos 20)il

ANDand
lected, and generate unit armature volt-

RELATIOS
BETWENDIRETBETWEEN DIRECT AND
RELATIONS

QUADRATURE-A XIS COMPONENTS

AND ag AND A COMPONENTS
As zero-sequence components (written
0 components in the a, /, 0 system) are
the same in both systems, it is unnecessary to consider them in establishing relations between the two systems of components. If equations 1, 2, and 3 are
substituted for ia, ib, and ic, respectively,
in the equations for id and iq in reference 5,
and the resultant equations solved for
ia and i,s, the following equations are ob-

any time t in
written

electrical radians,

may be

0=00+t

(15)

(16)
If each side of equation 16 is integrated,
there results

IJ (sin 0-sin 0O)=(x-ycos 20)ip

.
The current ia, being zero immediately
mediately after the fault; hence, If sin
as
appears the preeding
c

ineg

equation

in

.
..
where 00= Oat time t = 0, from which time
in electrical radians is measured. In
the work which follows in Parts I and I

gives

(9)
ia =id cos 0-i sin 0
(10)
i3 =id sin 0iq cos 0
If i in the preceding equations is replaced by i1 or e, equations relating directand quadrature-axis components and a
and : components of flux linkage i or
voltage e, respectively, result.

constant rotor speed will be assumed, and

armature resistance (r) in equations
11, 12, and 13 will be neglected to permit
ready solution without a differential
analyzer. As armature resistance is
small relative to reactance, neglecting it
will not appreciably affect initial currents and voltages; for subsequent
values, appropriate decrement factors
can be applied, as will be explained later.

Substitution of equation 17 and

equation 11 gives

PARK'S EQUATIONS FOR AN IDEAL

Part II. Short-Circuit Currents and

tamied:

(7)
(8)

id= i, cos 0+ig sin 0

i = -i sin 0+io cos 0

SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE IN TERMS

OF az,/,0 COMPONENTS
The development of these equations
(which are expressed in terms of directand quadrature-axis components) by
using a,/3,O components instead of phase
quantities, and the expression of them in
terms of

a,#,0

components have been

given.7 For the initial conditions following a short circuit at the terminals of an
unloaded machine, operating at rated
speed, these equations in terms of a,f,0
components are

= -Isin-p(x+y cos20)a -pyX

sin 20i13-nia (11)

e, =Ir cos e-py sin 2OaiaPX

(x -ycos 2O)i,i -nips (12)
(13)
eo =-pxoio-nio
x=

(Xd"t+Xq")

(Xe" .Xq"t)
2(14)

where p =d/dt; r is per-unit armature resistance, assume the same in all com-

1951, VOLUME 70

Voltages at the Terminals of an

Unloaded Ideal Synchronous

Machine, Operated at Rated
Speed

Equations 11-14, with resistance neg-

lected and constant rotor speed assumeds

will be usedto determine phase currents

0-sin O0)
(x -y cos 20)

= (siny
(i

ea= -If sin 0-

(17)

i"a = 0 in
py sin 20Ir (sin 0-sin Go)
(x -y cos 20)

18

(1)
HARMONIC SERIES FOR CURRENTS
Currents ig in equation 17 can be expanded in a harmonic series in terms of x
and y by application of equations 99 and
96 with Z given by equation 94, if a and

b in these equations are replaced by x

and y, respectively. When x and y are

then replaced by their values in terms of

Xd "f and x01' from equation 14 and in multiplied by V/3/2 to give ib =- (since
j=o = 0), the harmonic series at the
first instant is obtained

and voltages at the machine terminals

in terms of their harmonic components
during the first instant after various
Subsequent
types of short iruits.
values of current and voltage may be obtained by application of appropriate decrement factors. Even harmonics (including d-c components) and natural-

ib =ic = [I/3 I (xd "+ VxXd x)]q X

frequency terms are attenuated by armature time constants; odd harmlonics (in-_
cluding fundamental-frequency terms)
are attenuated by rotor timeeconstants.
As capacitance of the generator is neglected, there will be no natural frequency
terms. In determining maximum currents and voltages, action of voltage
regulators can be neglected as any change

where

so

EZn-I sin (2n-1)0-(\/3/2) X

[IdX nsin 0o/Vxd x

n

1+2

(V/xi" - Vx:)
(v7+xd"f/'Xq")

]X
Z

1
cos 2nOj

(19)

(20)

Equation 19 checks the work of

Doherty and Nickle.9 As pointed out by
these authors, it isinteresting to note that
the coefficients in the harmonic series are

Duesterhoeft, Schulz, Clarkue-Instantaneous Currents

1249

the constant Z, which is less than unity,

taken to increasingly higher powers for

the higher harmonics. The first series in

19 the
ive th
fudaentl
and od-hrodd-harfundamental ad
19 gives
monic terms; the second series gives the
d-c and even-harmonic terms.

-If sin 6

p(x+ ixo+y cos 20)ja

(26)

If each side of equation 26 is integrated

i
n t c
and
the condition
b eoa
=0(2 is satisfied that i.a must

IfJ(Cos 6- Cos 0)

(27)

cos 2)

HARMONIC SERIES OR VOLTAGES

i from equation 27 and i,

Voltage e,,,,, in equation 18, can beVoltagee,When
are substituted in equation 12
simplified by integration of the first term
and indicated differentiation, as in the e =If [ Os a py sin 26(cos 0 -cos Oo)]
ex+ =If Lcoss6-0 (x 2xo+y cos 20)
following equation
e'a =PIf cos 0-

ea~PfLcos

y sin

26(sin 0- sin Oo)1

(x-y cos 20)

(28)
HARMONIC SERIES FOR CURRENTS

y) cos O+ y sin 60 sin 20

PI(xVL (x- y cos

(21)

26)

1
Equation 21 can be expanded in harmonic series in terms of x and y by application of equations 100 and 97 with z
given by equation 94, if a and b in these
equations are replaced by x and y, re-

spectively.

The series for ia, equation 27, in terms

of x, y, and xo can be obtained by using
Equations 100 and 96, with Z given by
equation 94 if a and b in these equations
are replaced (x+2x0) and -y, respectively. W'hen x and y are replaced by
values in terms of Xd' and xq" from equation 14 ia and Z are determined. Since
ia=ia,+ io, and io = 2ia

When x and y in the fraction in equation 22 are replaced by their values in

terms of Xd' and xq' from equation 14
and numerator and denominator multiplied by V\Xd"jXq", and the indicated differentiation performed, ea = ea is
_
eae_--ea-=

2IfVXd"Xq"w

-21f +/Xd Mxq(2n -1)Zni-1 sin (2n -1)6

n=1

(Xd"+V\IXdXQ"

3Ir

(22)

cos (2n- 1)6

Z
nn=1

e =( plf [(x-y+

31
2V

cos

6o 1+2

zn

(29)

41f cos 6oZnZn cos 2n6 (33)

n=1

where Z is given by equation 30.

PHASE VOLTAGES
From equations 1, 2, and 3 with i re-

5placed by e,

ff

~~

3ea
- 2

3ej

(34)

V3eo

(35)

V\_3e,3

e,a from equation 31 and e,5 from

equation 33 have been substituted in

Vxd"+xOequations 35 and 36, the resultant equa-

q + 12 X +\
+30)
NIXd + 12

xq

(2n-l)Z'-' cos (2n-1)0-

After

where
-

Xf+lo

\I(d+XO

ea =e,+eo=O

21S

= V,/x0t+

_,-ycs2)21
21 (X + X0) (xq + 2X0)
Xd'++2xo+ V/(Xd"+ 2xO) (Xq" + 2Xo)

)
n=_

cos 2n]

2+1x0)(X"+15i)

6o sinl 20]

(32)
Equation 32 can be expanded in a series
in terms of x, y, and xo by application of
by
equations 99 and 97, where Z is
in terms
equation 94. When expressed given
Of Xd", Xq"/, and xo by a procedure similar
to that used to obtain ia in equation 29,
and the indicated differentiation performed

[Xd+ 2xo+V\/(Xd"+ 2'xO) (X0"+ Ixo)

'xo) sin 0-y cos

(x+ 2xo+y cos 20)

Zn_1 cos (2n-1)60

2(x-y)Z
n +t2
_
___
a=1
ia
--P-f

x-y+V/x2-y2
CO
2pIf sin 0OEZn sin 2n/
n=1

and simplification, give

can be simplified by application of

the equation:

tions

"

HARMONIC SERIES FOR VOLTAGES

A sin 8 +B cos 5 =

The a-component of voltage can be

found from equation 25 if ia in this equation is replaced by (2/3)ia given by equation 29, and the indicated differentiation
performed.

where

ea =p 1Oxi

ebV3, VXd x

V\A 2 +B 2sin (6- y)

co

+4If sin

cos 2n6
6OEnZn
-=l

eb=ec= -e0

(23)

where Z is given by equation 20.

LINE-TO-GROUND SHORT CIRCUIT

Let the fault be between phase a and
ground. The conditions imposed by the
fault are: te = 0; = = 0. These equations substituted in equations 4, 5, and 6
and in equation 1, with i replaced by e,

i~=O;

ia=2io; ea= -eO

(24)

Equations 24 substituted in equations

11 and 13 reduce these equations to exr j*
1 :1 for
r * r *be solved
pressions which* can

<= -eo =pxoio =pIxoJ

=-Ir sin 6-P(x+y cos 26)jay
1250

(25)

(B/A)
+(xo)(d"+xq)+ Xox

Xd + -2Xo+ V\(Xd + 2Xo) (Xq" + Xo)

o

-X0If
x
Xd"+ 2Xo+ V(Xd '+ 2XO) (Xt"+ 1Xo)

(2n-1)Zf-i sin [(2n-1)6+-y]-

iuid

give

tan

Thus

(2n

n=l

1)Z-I sin (2n-1)0+

2xoIf cos Oo

2\/31f cos oVXd"Xq"+ (IsO)

/(d+x)x"2o

vn nsin 2n6

(Xd" +x2") so2

________________
V/(xa" SO) (xq"+ so)

(31)

where
t~~~n= i
where Z is given by equation 30.2Vd+x/)("+/2
= tanlIntegration and indicated differentiation of the first term of e,s in equation 28,

Duesterhoeft, Schulz, Clarke-Instantaneous Currents

nsin (2n6+ -y)

(37)

V+(d'+/)xoS+
/x

AJEE TRANSACTIONS

and Z is given by equation 30. The equa-

tion for e, differs from that for eb only in

that sign before -y is negative instead of

ib =-3ia/2+/\ip/2

positive,

DOUBLE LINE-TO-GROUND FAULT

Let the fault be between phases b and c
and ground. The conditions imposed by
the fault are: ia= 0, and eb= e= 0. These
equations substituted in equation 1,

and in equations 4, 5, and 6 with i replaced by e, give

Q= -io e,s=0

When the terms in the numerators of

equations 41 and 42 involving 0 (even
are omitted, and these equations are substituted in equation 43
.
-3(x-y) cos +0/3(x-y+2xo) sin 0
b
2[X2-y2+2xo(x-y cos 20)]
(44)

harmonics)

HARMONIC SERIES FOR VOLTAGES

From equations 38 and 13

ea=2eO

Equations 38 with equations 11, 12, and

13 give

(43)

2Pxoio=2pxoia

=
2eo

(45)

p(x+2xo+y cos 20) i,+pyX

If equation 41 for i is expressed in its

harmonic series, then substituted in equa
'
tion 45
45, and
and the
the differentiation perf
tion

py sin 20ia+P(x -y cos 20)id =Ir(cos 0)

= (3/2)ea,

If both sides of the preceding equations

are integrated and the integration constants evaluated, there results

ea

sin

20i, = -If( sin 0)

(x+2xo+y cos 20)ifa+YX

sin 2o =If (cos 0 -

cos

0) (39)n_

y sin 20i+ (x -y cos 20)ij8 =If(sin 0- sin Go)

(40)

diferentlation performe=
,

is

Xq'(Xd+2xo) +
V\Xd 'tx0(Xd'+2xo) (x,+2xo)
m

s(2n-1)Z"

in=

If [(2xo+x-y) sin 0-(2xo+x) sin Ooy sin Oo cos 20+y cos Oo sin 20]
2 2+2
2
20
cos 20
x2-y2+2xox-2xoy

(42)
HARMONIC SERIES FOR CURRENTS

To apply the equations of Appendix Ito

equations 41 and 42, a and b must have
the following values in equations 100, 97,
96, and 98, and in Z given by equation
94

a=x2-y2+2xox=Xd"Xq"+XO(Xd"+Xq")
b =2xoy=XO(Xd'--x011)

The procedure for determining the

complete harmonic series for ia and i,s,
and then substituting them in the equations for i0 and 4, and combining terms, is
similar to that used to obtain eb in equation 37. It will not be given here; instead, the odd-harmonic terms of ib will
be expressed in a form suitable for use in
Part III.
From equation 38, i = -4,!; therefore
from equation 2

1951, VOLUME 70

(2n-1)0-

sin

6Xd'XIf cos Go

V\Xd Xq'(Xd +2Xo) (xa0+2xo)

Simultaneous solution of equations 39

and 40 for i,, and i# gives

a=
If[(x-y) cos a-x cos AO+cy cos 20 cos 00+
y sin Oo sin 20]
x2-y2+2xox-2xoy cos 20
(41)

- 6xoxQ 'If

nZn sin

2n0+61f X

nxZn

cos

2na

Voltage

recovery voltage may

be defined as the voltage appearing across
the poles of a circuit breaker after it has
interrupted a current. The first analytical treatment of the subject is given
in a paper by Park and Skeats.6 They
divide the effects of recoverv voltage into
high- and low-frequency effects and treat
these two effects separately. High-frequency effects depend upon the capacitance in the system. Two types of systems are considered for low-frequency effects: (1) those in which the impedances of
stationary equipment are much greater
than the impedances of rotating machines,
so that the effects of unequal reactances in
the direct and quadrature axes of rotating
machines are relatively unimportant;
(2) those in which the impedances of
rotating machines predominate. It is the
latter type which will be considered here,
final
the purpose being to check and
in Appendices B, C, the D of
equations
the reference paper6 by using o,3,0 com-

Circuit breaker

ponents.
The equations for fault current, developed in Part II, will be used to determine the voltage across the poles of the
circuit breaker for the first phase to clear
of a fault at the terminals of an unloaded
ideal synchronous machine operating at

n=1

sin

Part III. Circuit Breaker Recovery

(46)

rated speed. In the case of multiple pole

2 .Jbreakers, the resistance of an arc formed

by an uninterrupted phase current is aswhere
sumed to be zero. Natural frequency
effects caused by capacitance will be neglected.
V\xd'(xq+2xO)- VXq;'(Xd"+2Xo)
External reactances can be added
Z=
+2xo)
-\Xq'
(Xd
+
(Xq
+2xo)
v~~~~-\Xd
V
+72 (47) to the machine reactances but, as the
length of externally connected circuits
increases, the capacitance assumes greater
THREE-PHASE FAUJLT
importance. Resistance will be treated
The conditions imposed by the fault, in as in the reference paper;' its effect on
a grounded or unground system are: the initial magnitudes of currents and
iaib+ic = 0, and ea = eb = e,. These equa- voltages is small and will be neglected,
tions substituted in equation 3, and in but the attenuation of currents and voltequations 4, 5, and 6 with i replaced by e, ages is included in the decrement factors.
give io = 0, ea 0, and eo = 0. When ea = 0 Use will be made of the method of superposition, whereby a current is interrupted
and e3 = 0 are substituted in equations 11
(made zero) by superposing an equal and
and 12, these equations will be the same as
those for a double line-to-ground fault opposite current without changing the
system. The voltage drop across the
with the terms containing x0 omitted.
There ia = ai=4, can be written from switch terminals caused by the applicaequation 41 by omitting the terms in the tion of a current equal and opposite to the
fault current will be the same as the
denominator containing x0.
voltage across the switch caused by opening the switch. When faults involving
(x -y) cos 0-x coso+y cos (20 -G)
(48) ground in a grounded system are treated,
(x2_ y2)
sa 1f
the voltage across the circuit breaker is
r
equal to the phase voltage to ground of the
(xd"+Xo") cos Go- ]
opened phase. In ungrounded faults or
-IcosG - (Xd" -x0")cos (20 -00)
L Xd "(2xd"'xq")
ungrounded systems, the circuit breaker
j(49)
n=1

Duesterhoeft, Schulz, Clarke-Instantaneous Currents

1251

voltage will be the difference between two

phase voltages.

FLUX LINKAGES AND VOLTAGES

The following equations relate sudden
changes ing<,,
and
with sudden
changes inia, and i

equ,
iT, T.

ra

=-ia'(x+y cos 20) -1i3'y sin 20

-r'
1= - ia y sin

(50)

20-io'(x-y cos 20) (51)

To'=-=ioxo

(52)

phase a remains open and phase c remains

grounded, ia'= O and T,'= 0; eb, Tb, and
f , which were zero before ib' was applied, will take on new values. In the

-3(x -y) cos 0+ x/3(x -y+2xo) sin 0=0

(62)
V3(x-y)
tan 0= ((63)

development given below, as all quantities are increments due to the application of ib', the primes will be omitted.
With ia = 0, in equation 1, i= -io.
Therefore from equations 2 and 3

Let 4fb in equation 61 be written Tb=

N/D. Then eb=pPTb= (DpN-NpD)/D2.
To satisfy the condition of equation 62
at the instant phase b clears, N= 0; but

ib'= -3

a-+V3 2

(56)

(x -y+2xo)

pN is not zero. Therefore, eb = pN/D at

the instant phase b clears.

The equations for short-circuit currents given in Part II are for initial currents. By the time a circuit breaker
operates to interrupt a fault current, the
magnitude of the current will have
changed. Let

(57) eb =P 'b =(k)X

If i in equations 2 and 3 is replaced by
[3(x-y) sin 0+x/3(x-y+2xo) cos0] (64)
TIa[2x+xo-y
and T,
subtracted from Tb, cos
there
[XX-cs8A3sn8
20
+ V3y sin 20]
where for current zero, sin 0, cos 0, cos
"b = \V3*g
(58) 20, and sin 20 must have the following
To is given by equation 51 in terms Of values determined by equation 63.
Iad is gie by oequai 51 intermsde
and is The procedure to determine
V/3(x-y)
i and is to substitute equations 50, 51,
3(xy)2(x-y2xo)2
and 57 in the equation T, = 0; then from
simultaneous solution of the resultant
sin 20 =
3(x-y)2+(x-y+2xo)2
equation and equation 56, ia. and i, in
terms of ib are obtained. When ia and
x y+2xo
io are substituted in equation 51, To' in
0
is determined. From equa- cos
ib'
terms
of
tion 58, 'tb is obtained in terms ib;
iS
(x-y+2xo)1-3(x-y)2
then replaced by the negative of the fault cos 20
(65)
)2
current at the instant phase b clears,
given by equation 55. With T1b known,
When these trigonometric functions are
eb =pT,=circuit breaker recovery volt- substituted in equation 64, the resultant
age.
equation simplified, and x and y replaced
equations 50, 51, and 57 are sub- by their values in terms of Xd" and
\Wrhen
stituted in TJ = 0, equation 3 with i re- from equation 53, eb is given by the folplaced by ', the resultant equation is
lowing equation

k= decrement factor for odd harmonics

which may combine effects of rotor
transient and subtransient time con-

ia(X+Ycos20+V3y2sin20+2xo)+)
ix [ycsisin20 + V3(yx-icos+
20o)1=0
0
cos

(Xd+XQ )
(X
-; y=
'
2
2

iX,)

2(53)

where primes indicate sudden changes

from previous values; and the negative,
signs with currents follow the convention
for signs of the reference papers:4, f flux
linkages due to the main field are positive,
those due to current in the positive direction are negative. Voltage rise to the
machine terminals in any circuit, a, is
written
ea =PT'a

(54)

where STa included all linkages With cirw

idt
ak

stants with exciter response

ka =decrement factor for even harmonics

time constant
OPENING A DOUBLE LINE-TO-GROUND
FAULT
Let the fault involve phases b and c in a
assume that phase
groundedsstem,and
grounded
system,
b opens before phase c, after armature
transients have died away. The fault
current ib, at the instant phase b clears,
is k, times that given by equation 44 with
If replaced by unity for rated voltage before the fault. Let ib' indicate the current to be superposed on existing conditions. Then,

and_=__

-krH[3(x-y) cos 0+

<,a3(x

(55)

Before phase b opens, which is before

4't iS applied, e =e = 0 and a = 0. With

resistance neglected and eb= c=0, 'tb=

V= 0; from equation 5, with i replaced ', = 0. After 4', is applied, as

1252

i,

3(x-y)2+-3(x-y

DECREMENT FACTORS

-y+2xo) sin 0]
t 2[x2-y2+2xo(x-y cos 20)]

=-ioX = iaXO
-'0

xe,"

i()[y

20+\/3(x-y

20)

(59)
Simultaneous solution of equations 59
and 56 gives equations for ia and i,6 in
terms of ib'. When these equations are
substituted in equation 51 and the resultant equation multiplied by V/3, Tb is

obtained.

b[X2y2+xxycos2IN
_-_y_cs_20_phase
(60)

'b=(2x+xo -y cos 20+ V3y sin 20)

When ib,, given by equation 55, replaces ib' in equation 60, Tb becomes

ybkr-

-3(x-y) cos0+ 3(x -y+2xo) sin0]

2 [2x+ xo -y cos 20+ V/3y sin 20]

(61)

As the assumption is made6 that phase

b clears at current zero, the value of voltage eb-=P'Ib at that instant will be determined. At current zero, the numerator
of the fraction in equation 44 for fault
current 4b must be zero. To satisfy this
condition, the following equations are required

eb

=X(2Xq+X)+X(Xq+X)(X/2k
Xd'(2xz+Xo)2+xo(2x, +xo)(xq'+2xo)
"

(66)

Equation 66, which gives the voltage

across the switch terminals at the instant
phase b clears, checks equation D-28 of
the reference paper.6

OPENING A 3-PHAsE FAULT TO GROUND

is the
thatIwlbau
- A GROUNDED SYSTEM
fisIt will be assumed that phase a is the
first to clear after d-c and second harmonic components of current have disappeared. The fault current ia at the instant phase a clears is kr times the first
terms of equation 48, with If replaced by
E, the line-to-neutral voltage before the
fault occurs. The current ia' to be superposed on existing conditions, therefore,
i
i

ta =

-krE(x-y) cos 0}
2_
-(67)

As phases b and c remain grounded after

applied, "tbt-= 'e' =0 If equations
2 and 3 with i replaced by t'I, are added
and then subtracted the following equa-

ia1'is

Duesterhoeft, Schulz, Clarke-Instantaneous Currents

ATEE TRANfSACTIONS

tions are obtained

(69)
'i't' =0
From equation 1 with i replaced by T'

*a'= *'+T0ot= 34fo'

(70)
As T'a was zero before ia' was applied,
tat in equation 70 is the actual flux linkage
4'a after phase a clears. For convenience,
the primes will be omitted in the development which follows, but it is understood
that all values of T and i are increments
due to the application of ia'*
From equations 50-52 and 68-70, the
following equations are obtained

ha(x+ ~ cos

xyc22
2'I'~
20) - i~y sin 20=

-2x

-iay sin 20-i/3(x-y cos 20) =0

Simultaneous solution of the preceding
equations gives ita in terms of i0; ig is not
reqUired.

2ioxo(x -y -cos 20)

(iax2-y 2)

(71)

ia' i,, + io

d-c and second harmonic components of

disappeared when phase a
clears, and (2) they have not disappeared.
The current to be superposed on existing
condition in either case will be indicated
by ia'; and Ta in terms of ia' will be determined before substitution is made for
ia'. All values of T and i used below are
understood to be changes in T and i due
to the application of ia'WVithout a neutral conductor or ground
return path, io =0 and T0o =0. Therefore, ia = ia and la = Taa As phases b and
c are connected, e,=eb; and with resistance neglected, Tbb= Tc From equation
5 with i replaced by 'I, 'I'= 0. Simulta.'
tion solution of equations 50 and 51 for

2ioxo(x-y cos 20+io(X2-y2)

i with
and "a='a, gives
ihTE'=O n

a=T,gvsn=

la

2(x-y cos- 20)

[k, (x-y) cos 0+kay sin 20 sin 0o]

x-y cos 20

3ka cos 0o
3

The equation for Tba can be expanded in

series by equations 100 and 97 where Z is
given by 94, if x and y replace a and b, respectively, in these equations. When x
and y are then replaced by their value in
terms of Xd" and xq' from equation 53, and
Tba differentiated, an expression for eba,
the circuit breaker recovery voltage will
be obtained.

eba= [-3k,x/(xD+Vx\/dXl X
T O
(
L

Z(2n-1)Zni sin (2n-1)0I

n = co

+6ka sin o EnZn cos 2n0 (82)

(X2-Y2)

n=i

-ia (x2-y2)

(78)

(x -y cos 20)
=

From equation 72, io in terms of ia' is

=
ta-t ia'a(Y
os0)77)

where

With T' T0-o,

Then

(x2-y2)

3 [kr(x -y) cos 0-kax cos o+kaYX

COS 20 cos Oo+kay sin 20 sin 0o]

currents have

gra

a '(XY-y2)

OPENING A 3-PHASE FAULT (NOT TO

GROUND) IN AN UNGROUNDED SYSTEM
It will be assumed that phase a clears
first. Two cases will be considered: (1)

\aa/2=a/2.

(V/Xd \VXO W)

X/Xd+V\/Xq

As in the reference paper, the recovery

voltage at current zero depends upon Oo,
0 and xq"/Xd". Equation 82 should check
2
From equations 70, 52, and 73
equation B-59 of the reference paper.6
Ta=3"'o= -3ioxo
Case 1
However, as there are only two series in
The value of i0' to be substituted in'
(7
equation 79 is the same as that given in equation 82 and four in equation B-59 in
-ia'3Xo(X2y2)
other terms, the agree~
t
~(4)
22
equation 67; and if phase a clears at .addition to five the
[2xo(x-y cos 20)+x2-y2]
'
,
~~~~~mentbetween the two has nott been esWhen ia' in equation 74 is replaced by its current zero, cos 0 =0 and 0= ir/2 or tablished at the present writing. When
37r/2. If equation 67 is substituted for the development of equation 82 is comvalue from equation 67
ia in equation 79, the differentiation per- pared with that of equation B-59, the adformed, and 0 replaced by 37r/2
3k,Exo(x-y) cos 0
vantages of a,j3,0 components and also of
(7
(x -y) /3\ xq"
(3'
the harmonic series of Appendix I are
[2xo(x-y cos 20) +x2_y2]
krE
eba=PIba
apparent.
=1
The assumption is made6 that phase a
X
/
+
\
clears at current zero. From equations
(80)
48 and 67, this requires that cos 0=0; The equation for this case and that given
Appendix
I. Special
Serie
Trgn
therefore, 0= 7r/2 or 37r/2. After equa- in reference 6 agree.
tion 75 is differentiated, and then 0 reTrigonometric Series
placed by 37r/2, ea is given by the follow- Case 2
The following trigonometric functions will
ing equation at the instant phase a clears
The value of ia' to be substituted in

io=

[2xo(x-y cos 20)+x2-y2]

(73)

-- ia (x2-y2)
(2)
(79)
(x-y cos 20)

'ba ='Ta -'I'V =3'3]a

addt toeiv

equation
is theengtv
negative of i.agVn
given by)
qaon 79 lt

3xok E (x -y)_
ea = Pa2x(x+y +=2
2xo(xJy/ +X2 _y2

WArhen x and y are replaced by their values

from equation 53, the magnitude of ea, the

recovery voltage iS
krEa(3xoxq")
Xd(X,#+2Xo)

ta' = -

cos

(20-00)]

(X2-y2)

~~(76) ~~Equation 81 checks equation B-4 of (8)

ref-

~~x0 +2xo

Equation 76 checks equation C-i5 of

reference 6. If 0= ir/2 insteadof 3wr/2, the
sign of ea inequation 76 would be negative.

1951, VOLUME 70

equation 48 with appropriate decrement

factors, and If replaced by unity.
[k,(x-y) cos 0-k0cos 0o+k0X

erence 6, when the same notation is used.

XVhen equation 81 is substituted in equation 79, with the last term in the numerator expanded, "tba becomes

terms

be expanded in harmonic series.

1
fi(0) (a-bcos20)

aee-

(83)

b sin
20((84)

f2(O) =(a-b cos 20)()

bo2

(81)_______(85

f()(a-bsincos0 20)

(5

f4(0) = (abco -0

(86)

(-

o 8

a (0) = abcos 20)8

5
(- o 8

Duesterhoeft, Schulz, Clarke-Instantcaneous Currents

1253

where a and b are scalars, and b <a.

Consider the following expression, expanded by long division,

1/(1-Z)=1++Z2 .

zn~+.._

before the radical satisfies the condition

that the series in equation 93 will approach
unity as b approaches zero, which means
that Z must be zero when b is zero. Thus,

Xa-LiLim ZZ =Lin.-m a-/a2-b2

= 1+LZ

b-.o

n=1

--=1 +(/

Rationalizatioin of the left-hand side

and equating real and imaginary terms,
gives
+ b+

sin(2n+1)0 ZZn sin(2n-1)

=EZ' sin no

I+Z2

CosZ
1-2Z COS O+Z2

Z4co

osn4,
ono
1

(88)

From the addition of equations 89 and 90,

there results
00

_____1-Z2
=1+2vZn
1-2Z cos oZ2
,+Z2
/ i

Zcos n4 (92)

2 zn
cOs
nf (92)

If each side of equation 91 is multiplied

by (1+Z2)/(1 -Z2), the resultant equation

is

1-

1 +Z2

co

1,bcs2
1-1+z2coszib~~
X

[1+22 Zn cos n

'
Z
b-aZ

aZ
ba-

1L

_2b2(
c

1Zn sin (2n-1)

a2_b2 X
_
X

1-Z

Zn cos 2nO

i-

(96)

Equation 96 expresses equation 83 as a

series, where Z is given by equation 94.
If 4 in equation 88 is replaced by 20,
(1 +Z2) in the denominator of the fraction replaced by its value from equation 95, numerator and denominator then divided by Z,
and both sides of the resultant equation
multiplied by 2, there results

b sin 2028=2
b sln

a-b cos 20

co

nsin 2n0

Zn

n=2

(97)

Equation 97 expresses equation 84 as

series, where Z is given by equation 94.

on

zn-

a2-b2
2

a+b+
Jr

sin

(2n -1)0

\ n2 n-i x

a2- b2

n=1

sin (2n - 1)0 (99)

The series for equation 87 can be obtained

by multiplying both sides of equation 96 by
cos 0.
The development is analogous to that
given in equation 99.

cos 0

a-b cos 20 a-b+V\a2-b2

0

When 4 in equation 92 is replaced by 20,

)Zn cos (2n-1)0 (0l0)
and substitutions are made from equations2
94 and 95, the equation becomesn=
/
Equations 99 and 100 express equations 86
Va
av2a X_
+ 2a
and 87, respectively, as series where Z is
a-b cos 20
given by equation 94.
Va2_b2 V>ai_bi

b2
~ ~~~~____2

(93)

Zzn cos 2n0 (98)

Let 2Z/(1 +Z2) =b/a.

Then, Z=
(a -Val -b2)/b, where the negative sign

Equation 98 expresses equation 85 as a

series where Z is given by equation 94.

1254

- Si (2n-1)0-

n=2

L1+2

sin(2n-1)0

sin0-Zsin0+

~2b-aZ-\a2b

1~~~__

(91)

00

1 +Z2

If 4, in equation 93 is replaced by 20, and both

sides of the equation divided by a, the resultant equations when simplified by substitutions from equation 95 becomes
]

ZnX

n= 2

co

Z2 1+Z2x
Z Cos 4,
1-2Z cos o,Z2 1-Z2 1JZ2

sin (2n+1)0-

2(b-aZ)

a-b cos 20

Equations 88-91 are given by Bromwich;'=

the work which follows is an extension.
If equation 89 is multiplied by Z2 and added
to equation 90, and both sides of the resultant equation divided by (1 -Z2), there
results

A_

0+
co

2aZ

=-

1_D22b

1
2ZCO

n =1

sin E-Z sin

The following equations involving Z will

be found useful

+Z2

(9)

/a2 -b2

Fr

/a-b (94)

If unity is subtracted from each side of

equation 89
Z Cos 4_Z2
1-2Z cos o+z2 2...JZn cos n
n=l

Va+b -V/a -b

2Z
b
1 +Z
(89);
(9

ni

(a+b)-(a-b)

si//a

1
-Z

co

(a+b)-2V/a2-b2+(a-b)

jsin no)

Z_

-Va2_b2 L

n~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i

=1+

1 -2Z cos 4

n~=

1co

+b and -b added to the numerator, and

+a and -a added to the denominator, the
equation for Z becomes

=1aZ-l(cosn+
Zn= (on

sin v

n=

If both numerator and denominator of

Zn cos 2n0 sin 0

sin 0+2

b-ob(a+Va-b) bL.02

Z-Z/4, =Z&si=Z(cos O+j

sin o)
4+)r
Z=-10=ZEi1'=Z(cos 4j sin

1-Z(cos c+j sin

Is

b
a2-(a2-b2)
-=Lim -=O
==Lim
b-> 2o
(+i2
2) b-o 2a_

Let

sin09
a-b cos 20
_o

V/a2-b22

b-o.0

The series for equation 86 can be obtained

by multiplying both sides of equation 96 by
sin 0 and simplifying the resultant equation.

References

COMSPONENTS, Edith Clarke.

Genera
SIEleTRICA

Review (Schenectady, N. Y.), November and

Duesterheeft, Schulz, Clarke-Instantaneous Currents

ATEE TRANSACTIONS

December, 1938, volume 41, numbers 11 and 12,

pages 488-94 and 545-49.
2. TWO-PHASE CO-ORDINATES OF A THREE-PHASE
CIRCUIT, Edward W. Kimbark. AIEE Transactions, volume 58, 1939, pages 894-910.
3. CIRCUIT ANALYSIS OF A-C POWER SYSTEMS,
Edith Clarke. Jobn Wiley and Sons, New York,
N. Y., volume 1, chapter X, 1943.
4. DEFINITION OF AN IDEAL SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE AND FORMULA FOR THE ARMATURE FLUX

Discussion
Eric T. B. Gross (Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Ill.): It has not been
recognized until a few years ago that Clarke
components are very useful in many unbalanced 3-phase problems, and this paper
indicates clearly some of the distinct advantages of Clarke components. The complex operator a, so significant in symmetrical components sometimes introduces complications. Since the unbalances of great
practical importance are the short circuit of
"one phase" alone or "between two phases,"

1951, VOLUME 70

LINKAGES, R. H. Park. General Electric Review

(Schenectady, N. Y.), volume 31, June 1928, pages

332-34.
5.

Two REACTION THEORY OF SYNCHRONOUS MA-

CHINES-GENERALIZED METHOD OF ANALYSISPART I, R. H. Park. AIEE Transactions, volume

48, July 1929, pages 716-30.
6. CIRCUIT BREAKER RECOVERY VOLTAGES,
R. H. Park, W. F. Skeats. AIEE Transactions,
volume 50, Marcb 1931, pages 20439.
7. CIRCUIT ANALYSIS OF A-C POWER SYSTEMS,

which are "single axis" unbalances, they

may be studied by replacing the 3-phase
machine by a 2-phase machine. Dreyfus
(1911, 1912, 1916), Biermanns (1915),
Rudenberg (1925) made valuable investigations along these lines in Europe some
time ago and a close relation to the treatment with Clarke components should not
be surprising. See also reference 1.
In some cases, especially in connection
with the application of the network analyzer, symmetrical components can not be
used whereas Clarke components provide a
basis for the solution. One such example
concerns the study of transients in power

Duesterhoeft, Schulz,

Edith Clarke. John Wiley and Sons, New York,

N. Y., volume II, 1950.
8.

AmERICAN

STANDARD DEFINITIONS OF ELEC-

TRICAL TERMS, AIEE, 1942.

9. SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES IV-SINGLE PHASE

CIRCUITS, R. E. Doherty, C. A. Nickle. AIEE
Transactions, volume 47, April 1928, pages 457-92.
10. THEORY OF INFINITE SERIES, T. J. I'a. Bromwich. Macmillan and Company, Limited, London,
England, 1942.

systems2 by

means of the transient analyzer when single-phase circuits are used

to reproduce 3-phase phenomena.'

REFERENCES

DAMPING AND RESONANCE IN POLYPHASB

1
GENERATORS, R. Willheim. Archiv fuer Elektrotechnik, (Berlin, Germany), 1929, pages 593-611.
2. TRANSIENT ANALYSIS OF THREE-PHASE POWER
SYSTEMS, PART I, Eric T. B. Gross, Leonard Rabins.
Journal, Franklin Institute (Philadelphia, Pa.),
volume 251, 1951, pages 33341.
3. TRANSIENT ANALYSIS OF THREE-PHASE POWBR
SYSrEMS, PARl IFa kleinar Rstitute (Philadelphia,
Pa.), voltume 251, 1951, pages 521-37.

Glarke-Instantaneous Currents

1255