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(1)
ia ia +io
1
ib =-i+io+ ( \/3/2)i:
(2)
2-ia + io -( \/3/2)i,B
(3)
iC
EDITH CLARKE
Perhaps the greatest handicap to overcome, before power engineers can even
start solving their integrated system problems by analytical methods, is their awe,
ia =( ()ib+ )
(4)
(ib -ic)
1248
presented previously.
In Part III, equations for eircuit-
NOTATION
WENP
EQU
TIES
AND THEIR
a,/3,0
COMPONENTS
(i5
io
(ia+i(+ic)
(6)
presentation at the AIEE Summer General Meeting, Toronto, Out., Canada, June 25-29, i951.
su M?
Mavalalefocrintin
erary
3, i
951iad
'aviblfrmtg y319.
EDITH CLAR}E are both
By definition, instantaneous phase w. c. DUESTERHOEFTofandTexas,
Austin, Tex., and
with the University
currents ta, tb, ic of normal phase order MAX W. SCHULZ, JR., is with the General Electric
Company, Pittsfield, Mass.
abc at any point in a 3-phase system, in
to express their appreciation for
The assistance
authors wish
terms of their instantaneous a,/B'O'com- ~~the
given by Mr. Chwan-Chang; Lee in
the preparation of this paper.
ponents of current, are
AJEE TRANSACTIONS
age.
During the first instant after a disturbance, the speed of the rotor can be
assumed constant at rated speed because
of rotor inertia. At rated speed, the
speed of the rotor in per unit of synchronous speed is unity; and the angle O, at
ANDand
lected, and generate unit armature volt-
RELATIOS
BETWENDIRETBETWEEN DIRECT AND
RELATIONS
any time t in
written
electrical radians,
may be
0=00+t
(15)
(16)
If each side of equation 16 is integrated,
there results
ineg
equation
in
.
..
where 00= Oat time t = 0, from which time
in electrical radians is measured. In
the work which follows in Parts I and I
gives
(9)
ia =id cos 0-i sin 0
(10)
i3 =id sin 0iq cos 0
If i in the preceding equations is replaced by i1 or e, equations relating directand quadrature-axis components and a
and : components of flux linkage i or
voltage e, respectively, result.
tamied:
(7)
(8)
OF az,/,0 COMPONENTS
The development of these equations
(which are expressed in terms of directand quadrature-axis components) by
using a,/3,O components instead of phase
quantities, and the expression of them in
terms of
a,#,0
given.7 For the initial conditions following a short circuit at the terminals of an
unloaded machine, operating at rated
speed, these equations in terms of a,f,0
components are
(Xd"t+Xq")
(Xe" .Xq"t)
2(14)
where p =d/dt; r is per-unit armature resistance, assume the same in all com-
1951, VOLUME 70
0-sin O0)
(x -y cos 20)
= (siny
(i
(17)
i"a = 0 in
py sin 20Ir (sin 0-sin Go)
(x -y cos 20)
18
(1)
HARMONIC SERIES FOR CURRENTS
Currents ig in equation 17 can be expanded in a harmonic series in terms of x
and y by application of equations 99 and
96 with Z given by equation 94, if a and
Xd "f and x01' from equation 14 and in multiplied by V/3/2 to give ib =- (since
j=o = 0), the harmonic series at the
first instant is obtained
frequency terms are attenuated by armature time constants; odd harmlonics (in-_
cluding fundamental-frequency terms)
are attenuated by rotor timeeconstants.
As capacitance of the generator is neglected, there will be no natural frequency
terms. In determining maximum currents and voltages, action of voltage
regulators can be neglected as any change
where
so
1+2
(V/xi" - Vx:)
(v7+xd"f/'Xq")
]X
Z
1
cos 2nOj
(19)
(20)
1249
-If sin 6
(26)
IfJ(Cos 6- Cos 0)
(27)
cos 2)
ea~PfLcos
y sin
(28)
HARMONIC SERIES FOR CURRENTS
(21)
26)
1
Equation 21 can be expanded in harmonic series in terms of x and y by application of equations 100 and 97 with z
given by equation 94, if a and b in these
equations are replaced by x and y, re-
spectively.
2IfVXd"Xq"w
(Xd"+V\IXdXQ"
3Ir
(22)
Z
nn=1
e =( plf [(x-y+
31
2V
cos
6o 1+2
zn
(29)
5placed by e,
ff
~~
3ea
- 2
3ej
(34)
V3eo
(35)
V\_3e,3
q + 12 X +\
+30)
NIXd + 12
xq
After
where
-
Xf+lo
\I(d+XO
ea =e,+eo=O
21S
= V,/x0t+
_,-ycs2)21
21 (X + X0) (xq + 2X0)
Xd'++2xo+ V/(Xd"+ 2xO) (Xq" + 2Xo)
)
n=_
cos 2n]
2+1x0)(X"+15i)
6o sinl 20]
(32)
Equation 32 can be expanded in a series
in terms of x, y, and xo by application of
by
equations 99 and 97, where Z is
in terms
equation 94. When expressed given
Of Xd", Xq"/, and xo by a procedure similar
to that used to obtain ia in equation 29,
and the indicated differentiation performed
x-y+V/x2-y2
CO
2pIf sin 0OEZn sin 2n/
n=1
tions
"
A sin 8 +B cos 5 =
where
ea =p 1Oxi
ebV3, VXd x
co
+4If sin
cos 2n6
6OEnZn
-=l
eb=ec= -e0
(23)
i~=O;
(24)
(25)
(B/A)
+(xo)(d"+xq)+ Xox
-X0If
x
Xd"+ 2Xo+ V(Xd '+ 2XO) (Xt"+ 1Xo)
iuid
give
tan
Thus
(2n
n=l
2xoIf cos Oo
/(d+x)x"2o
vn nsin 2n6
________________
V/(xa" SO) (xq"+ so)
(31)
where
t~~~n= i
where Z is given by equation 30.2Vd+x/)("+/2
= tanlIntegration and indicated differentiation of the first term of e,s in equation 28,
(37)
V+(d'+/)xoS+
/x
AJEE TRANSACTIONS
ib =-3ia/2+/\ip/2
positive,
Q= -io e,s=0
harmonics)
ea=2eO
(43)
2Pxoio=2pxoia
=
2eo
(45)
= (3/2)ea,
ea
sin
cos
0) (39)n_
(40)
diferentlation performe=
,
is
Xq'(Xd+2xo) +
V\Xd 'tx0(Xd'+2xo) (x,+2xo)
m
s(2n-1)Z"
in=
If [(2xo+x-y) sin 0-(2xo+x) sin Ooy sin Oo cos 20+y cos Oo sin 20]
2 2+2
2
20
cos 20
x2-y2+2xox-2xoy
(42)
HARMONIC SERIES FOR CURRENTS
a=x2-y2+2xox=Xd"Xq"+XO(Xd"+Xq")
b =2xoy=XO(Xd'--x011)
1951, VOLUME 70
(2n-1)0-
sin
6Xd'XIf cos Go
a=
If[(x-y) cos a-x cos AO+cy cos 20 cos 00+
y sin Oo sin 20]
x2-y2+2xox-2xoy cos 20
(41)
- 6xoxQ 'If
nZn sin
2n0+61f X
nxZn
cos
2na
Voltage
Circuit breaker
ponents.
The equations for fault current, developed in Part II, will be used to determine the voltage across the poles of the
circuit breaker for the first phase to clear
of a fault at the terminals of an unloaded
ideal synchronous machine operating at
n=1
sin
(46)
1251
equ,
iT, T.
ra
(50)
To'=-=ioxo
(52)
development given below, as all quantities are increments due to the application of ib', the primes will be omitted.
With ia = 0, in equation 1, i= -io.
Therefore from equations 2 and 3
ib'= -3
a-+V3 2
(56)
(x -y+2xo)
The equations for short-circuit currents given in Part II are for initial currents. By the time a circuit breaker
operates to interrupt a fault current, the
magnitude of the current will have
changed. Let
ia(X+Ycos20+V3y2sin20+2xo)+)
ix [ycsisin20 + V3(yx-icos+
20o)1=0
0
cos
(Xd+XQ )
(X
-; y=
'
2
2
iX,)
2(53)
(54)
time constant
OPENING A DOUBLE LINE-TO-GROUND
FAULT
Let the fault involve phases b and c in a
assume that phase
groundedsstem,and
grounded
system,
b opens before phase c, after armature
transients have died away. The fault
current ib, at the instant phase b clears,
is k, times that given by equation 44 with
If replaced by unity for rated voltage before the fault. Let ib' indicate the current to be superposed on existing conditions. Then,
and_=__
-krH[3(x-y) cos 0+
<,a3(x
(55)
1252
i,
3(x-y)2+-3(x-y
DECREMENT FACTORS
-y+2xo) sin 0]
t 2[x2-y2+2xo(x-y cos 20)]
=-ioX = iaXO
-'0
xe,"
i()[y
20+\/3(x-y
20)
(59)
Simultaneous solution of equations 59
and 56 gives equations for ia and i,6 in
terms of ib'. When these equations are
substituted in equation 51 and the resultant equation multiplied by V/3, Tb is
obtained.
b[X2y2+xxycos2IN
_-_y_cs_20_phase
(60)
When ib,, given by equation 55, replaces ib' in equation 60, Tb becomes
ybkr-
(61)
eb
=X(2Xq+X)+X(Xq+X)(X/2k
Xd'(2xz+Xo)2+xo(2x, +xo)(xq'+2xo)
"
(66)
ta =
-krE(x-y) cos 0}
2_
-(67)
ia1'is
ATEE TRANfSACTIONS
(70)
As T'a was zero before ia' was applied,
tat in equation 70 is the actual flux linkage
4'a after phase a clears. For convenience,
the primes will be omitted in the development which follows, but it is understood
that all values of T and i are increments
due to the application of ia'*
From equations 50-52 and 68-70, the
following equations are obtained
ha(x+ ~ cos
xyc22
2'I'~
20) - i~y sin 20=
-2x
(iax2-y 2)
(71)
ia' i,, + io
i with
and "a='a, gives
ihTE'=O n
a=T,gvsn=
la
3ka cos 0o
3
eba= [-3k,x/(xD+Vx\/dXl X
T O
(
L
n = co
(X2-Y2)
n=i
-ia (x2-y2)
(78)
(x -y cos 20)
=
=
ta-t ia'a(Y
os0)77)
where
(x2-y2)
currents have
gra
a '(XY-y2)
\aa/2=a/2.
(V/Xd \VXO W)
X/Xd+V\/Xq
io=
(73)
-- ia (x2-y2)
(2)
(79)
(x-y cos 20)
addt toeiv
equation
is theengtv
negative of i.agVn
given by)
qaon 79 lt
3xok E (x -y)_
ea = Pa2x(x+y +=2
2xo(xJy/ +X2 _y2
recovery voltage iS
krEa(3xoxq")
Xd(X,#+2Xo)
ta' = -
cos
(20-00)]
(X2-y2)
~~x0 +2xo
1951, VOLUME 70
terms
aee-
(83)
b sin
20((84)
(81)_______(85
f()(a-bsincos0 20)
(5
f4(0) = (abco -0
(86)
(-
o 8
1253
1/(1-Z)=1++Z2 .
zn~+.._
= 1+LZ
b-.o
n=1
--=1 +(/
=EZ' sin no
I+Z2
CosZ
1-2Z COS O+Z2
Z4co
osn4,
ono
1
(88)
_____1-Z2
=1+2vZn
1-2Z cos oZ2
,+Z2
/ i
Zcos n4 (92)
2 zn
cOs
nf (92)
is
1-
1 +Z2
co
1,bcs2
1-1+z2coszib~~
X
[1+22 Zn cos n
'
Z
b-aZ
aZ
ba-
1L
_2b2(
c
a2_b2 X
_
X
1-Z
Zn cos 2nO
i-
(96)
b sin 2028=2
b sln
a-b cos 20
co
nsin 2n0
Zn
n=2
(97)
on
zn-
a2-b2
2
a+b+
Jr
sin
(2n -1)0
\ n2 n-i x
a2- b2
n=1
cos 0
b2
~ ~~~~____2
(93)
1254
- Si (2n-1)0-
n=2
L1+2
sin(2n-1)0
sin0-Zsin0+
~2b-aZ-\a2b
1~~~__
(91)
00
1 +Z2
ZnX
n= 2
co
Z2 1+Z2x
Z Cos 4,
1-2Z cos o,Z2 1-Z2 1JZ2
sin (2n+1)0-
2(b-aZ)
a-b cos 20
A_
0+
co
2aZ
=-
1_D22b
1
2ZCO
n =1
+Z2
(9)
/a2 -b2
Fr
/a-b (94)
Va+b -V/a -b
2Z
b
1 +Z
(89);
(9
ni
(a+b)-(a-b)
si//a
1
-Z
co
(a+b)-2V/a2-b2+(a-b)
jsin no)
Z_
-Va2_b2 L
n~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i
=1+
1 -2Z cos 4
n~=
1co
=1aZ-l(cosn+
Zn= (on
sin v
n=
sin 0+2
b-ob(a+Va-b) bL.02
Is
b
a2-(a2-b2)
-=Lim -=O
==Lim
b-> 2o
(+i2
2) b-o 2a_
Let
sin09
a-b cos 20
_o
V/a2-b22
b-o.0
References
Genera
SIEleTRICA
ATEE TRANSACTIONS
Discussion
Eric T. B. Gross (Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Ill.): It has not been
recognized until a few years ago that Clarke
components are very useful in many unbalanced 3-phase problems, and this paper
indicates clearly some of the distinct advantages of Clarke components. The complex operator a, so significant in symmetrical components sometimes introduces complications. Since the unbalances of great
practical importance are the short circuit of
"one phase" alone or "between two phases,"
1951, VOLUME 70
Duesterhoeft, Schulz,
AmERICAN
systems2 by
REFERENCES
Glarke-Instantaneous Currents
1255