Lectures PDF

Bonding systems
Agnieszka Pacyk PhD,DDS
Adhesion
Advantages of Adhesion
!
!
Help offset polymerization shrinkage

" reduce marginal leakage
staining
sensitivity
caries
Adhesion
" conservation of
tooth structure
" internal splinting
Esthetic restorations
Indications for Adhesion
!
!
!
Direct resin composite restorations

" caries, fractures, reshaping, masking
Bond all-ceramic restorations
" veneers, inlays, onlays, crowns
Bond amalgam
Indications for Adhesion
!
!
!
!
!
Pit and fissure sealants

Orthodontic brackets
Treat dentinal hypersensitivity
Core build-ups
Repair fractured porcelain and composite
Basic Mechanism of Adhesion

(resin-based)
Exchange process
" replacement of minerals
from hard tissue
" by resin monomers
micromechanically interlocked
Primarily mechanical
" retentive interlocking
Variations in Tooth Structure
Enamel
" more predictable bonding
more homogeneous structure
higher inorganic content
higher surface energy
Dentin
" less predictable bonding
higher variability
higher organic content
Enamel Composition
Primarily inorganic
" hydroxyapatite
By volume
Inorganic
86%
Organic
2%
Water
12%
Enamel Bonding
!
!
Developed by Buonocore-1955
Etching
" various acids
traditionally phosphoric acid
" creates micropores
5 50 microns deep
" increases surface energy
" increases wettability
Surface Wetting
!
!
Tooth surface
contamination
" saliva, smear layer
Clean surface
" increase surface energy
" decrease contact angle
Enamel Bonding
Low-viscosity monomers
" examples
Bis-GMA
UDMA
TEGDMA
HEMA
Predictably high bond strengths
" > 20 MPa
Dentin Structure
!
!
!
!
!
Dentin composition
Dentinal tubules
Changes in dentin
structure
Smear layer
Dentinal wetness
Dentin Composition
Inorganic
50%
Organic
25%
By volume
Water
25%
Dentinal Tubules
!
!
Radiate from pulp

Largest near pulp
" 2.5 microns at pulp
" 0.8 microns at DEJ

Concentrated near pulp
" 45,000/mm2 at pulp
" 20,000/mm2 at DEJ
Tubule Composition
!
!
!
!
Peritubular dentin
" surrounds tubule
" hypermineralized
Intertubular dentin
" between tubules
" less mineralized
Odontoblastic process
Dentinal fluid
Changes in Dentin Structure
Sclerotic
" normal aging
" abrasion
" erosion
Reparative
" caries
" dental procedures
!
!
Hypermineralization
Less receptive to bonding
Smear Layer
Produced by
instrumentation
Composition
" cut dentin debris
" bacteria
Reduces dentin
permeability
" 86%
Smear Layer
!
!
!
Thickness
" 0.5 - 5.0 microns
Will not wash off
Weak bond to tooth
" 2 3 MPa
Very soluble
" weak acids
Dentinal Wetness
Increases
" dentinal depth
" removal of smear layer
Historically, more difficult

to bond
Dentin Bonding
Development
" seven generations
" chronologic
Classification
First Generation
(1950-1970s)
!
!
Hydrophobic monomers
Very low bond strengths
" 2 to 3 MPa
First commercial dentinal adhesive

Cervident - SS White (1965)
claimed chemical bond to calcium
"
retention only 50% at 6 months

Class 5
Second Generation
(late 70s to mid 80s)
!
!
Phosphorous-ester monomers
"
enhanced surface wetting
"
claimed chemical bond to calcium
"
smear layer predominately intact
fear of etching dentin
Low bond strengths
" 5 to 6 MPa
Retention 70% at 1 year
" Class 5
Third Generation
(mid-80s)
Mechanism of action
" mildly acidic hydrophilic monomer
" modified/altered smear layer
!
!
Moderate bond strengths

Improved short / long term success
Fourth Generation
(early 1990s)
Multi-step
" condition dentin
remove smear layer
" primer
" adhesive
High bond strengths

" Retention 98 to 100 % at 3 yrs
Class 5
Fifth Generation
(late 1990s)
Attempt to simplify
" reduce number of bottles
combined primer and adhesive
High bond strengths
Sixth Generation
(late 1990s)
Combined conditioner and primer

" moderate bond strengths
Combined conditioner, primer and adhesive

" lower bond strengths
Seventh Generation
(most recent)
All-in-one adhesives
" combined conditioner,
primer and adhesive
!
!
" one-step
No mixing
Low bond strengths
Currently Available Generations
!
!
!
Fourth Generation
" Three-step Etch & rinse
Fifth Generation
" Two-step Etch & rinse
Sixth Generation
" Two-step Self-etch
" One-step Self-etch
mix
Seventh Generation
" One-step Self-etch
no mix
Classification of Newer Systems
!
!
Interaction with tooth surface

Number of clinical application steps
1) Etch & rinse (i.e., total-etch)
2) Self-etch
3) Resin-modified glass ionomer
Steps in Forming Good Adhesion

(1) Clean adherend
(2) Good wetting
(3) Intimate adaptation
(4) Bonding
+
physical chemical
bonding bonding
(5) Good curing
mechanical
bonding
Etch & Rinse (Two-Step)
!
!
Conditioner
Combined primer and adhesive
" higher technique sensitivity
higher solvent-to-monomer ratio
risk of applying too thin
apply multiple layers
Examples
" Single Bond
" Optibond Solo Plus
" Prime & Bond NT
Pros/Cons of Etch & Rinse
!
!
!
!
Separate acid etch

" good enamel etch pattern
Potential to over-etch dentin
" except sclerotic dentin
Post-conditioning rinse necessary
" sensitive to level of dentin wetness
Multiple long-term clinical studies available
Dentine Bonding: Principle Steps
Prepared Dentine covered with a Smear Layer

Smear Layer
Smear Plug
Tubulus
Treatment of the Smear Layer

No Conditioning
Modifying
Conditioning
Infiltration / Penetration of wet Dentine

Adhesive
Smear Layer
Smear Plug
Tubulus
Dentine
Conditioned Dentine
Total Etch Technique

One Layer
Apply ample
amounts, leave
undisturbed 20 - 30
sec

Wetting and Priming
hydrophob
hydrophilic
Evaporation of the Solvent
Smear Layer
Smear Plug
Tubulus
Dentine
Conditioned Dentine

One Layer
Apply ample
amounts, leave
undisturbed 20 - 30
sec
Remove
solvent with airsyringe and
soft blow
Curing of the Adhesive
Smear Layer
Smear Plug
Tubulus
Dentine
Conditioned Dentine

One Layer
Apply ample
amounts, leave
undisturbed 20 - 30
sec
Remove
solvent with airsyringe and
soft blow
Light-cure
10 - 20
sec
Prime&BondNT : Interaction with

Dentine
Dentine Bonding
Wet Dentine after Conditioning with Phosphoric Acid
Water within Collagen Fibres
Hybrid layer
Dentine
Dentine Bonding
Nanofiller Distribution of Prime&BondNT
Bonding layer
Nanofiller
Hybrid layer
Dentine
Tag
Age
4 y Marg. Integrity
A Marg. Discoloration
A Sec. Caries
A
47
U Micheely, CP Ernst, IADR Washington 2000
Development of Adhesives
Total-Etch Adhesives
Etch/Prime/Bond
Self-Etching Adhesives
Etch/Prime&Bond Etch&Prime/Bond
Etch&Prime&Bond
Faster & Easier
Self-Etch Adhesives
Etch&Prime/Bond
Two-Parts: 2 Steps
Etch&Prime&Bond
Two-Parts: 1 Step
ClearFil SE
Prompt-L-Pop
Xeno III
Self-Etch Adhesives: Acidic Monomers
Etch&Prime/Bond
Two-Parts: 2 Steps
Clearfil SE
Prompt L- Pop
O
H2 C C (C H3 ) C O2 (C H2 )n O
Etch&Prime&Bond
Two-Parts: 1 Step
P OH
OH
O
RO P
OH
Xeno III
O
OH
RO P
OR
O
O
O O O
OH
R : H2 C C (C H3 ) C O 2 (C H2 )n
O O
Pyro-EMA
Pros/Cons of Self-Etch
Good dentin conditioning

" simultaneous infiltration
depth of demineralization
!
!
!
Possible reduction in post-op sensitivity

No post-conditioning rinse
" not sensitive to level of dentin wetness
Reduced application time
Pros/Cons of Self-Etch
!
!
!
!
Limited clinical indications

Limited clinical data
Relatively lower bond strengths to enamel
Many require refrigeration
2009-10-07
PROPERTIES
Casting alloys for metallic

restorations. Corrosion
Biocompatibility
Corrosion Resistance
Tarnish Resistance
No Allergenic Components in Casting Alloys
Aesthetics
Thermal Properties
Melting Range
Compensation for Solidification
Monika ukomska-Szymaoska, DDS, PhD
PROPERTIES
Strength Requirements
Fabrication of Cast Prostheses and
Frameworks
Castability
Finishing of Cast Metal
Porcelain Bonding
Economic Considerations
Laboratory Costs
Corrosion
Corrosion is the physical dissolution of a
material in an environment.
Corrosion is a chemical reaction between the
material and its environment.
Corrosion is highly undesirable, as it weakens
materials and may lead to fracture.
The corrosion products may react adversely
with the biological environment.
Biocompatibility
The material must tolerate oral fluids and not
release any harmful products into the oral
environment.
Corrosion Resistance
Corrosion resistance is derive from the
material components being either too noble
to react in the oral environment (e.g., gold
and palladium) or by the ability of one or
more of the metal elements to form an
adherent passivating surface film, which
inhibits any subsurface reaction (e.g.,
chromium in Ni-Cr and Co-Cr alloys and
titanium in commercially pure titanium [CP Ti]
and in Ti-6A1-4V alloy).
2009-10-07
Corrosion - types
Dry Corrosion
Wet Corrosion
Galvanic Corrosion
Crevice Corrosion
Tarnish
Tarnish
Tarnish is a thin film of a surface deposit or an
interaction layer that is adherent to the metal
surface.
Tarnish is a surface discoloration due to the
formation of hard and soft deposits, e.g.
sulphides and chlorides.
Allergenic Components
in Casting Alloys
These films are generally found on gold alloys

with relatively high silver content or on silver
alloys.
Tarnish does not cause a deterioration of the
material itself, but can be unsightly; it is easily
removed from the surface by polishing the
metal.
Aesthetics
Thermal Properties
For metal-ceramic restorations, the alloys or
metals must have closely matching thermal
expansion to be compatible with a given
porcelain and they must tolerate high
processing temperatures.
2009-10-07
Melting Range
Compensation for Solidification
The melting range of the alloys and metals for

cast appliances must be low enough to form
smooth surfaces with the mold wall of the
casting investment (gypsum-bonded,
phosphate-bonded, ethyl silicate-bonded, and
other specialty types).
To achieve accurately fitting cast inlays, onlays,

crowns and more complex frameworks or
prostheses, compensation for casting shrinkage
from the solidus temperature to room
temperature must be achieved either through
computer-generated oversized dies or through
controlled mold expansion. In addition, the fit of
a cemented prosthesis must be tailored to
accommodate the layers of bonding adhesive
and the luting cement.
Strength Requirements
The elastic moduli of many base metal alloys
are considerably greater than those for other
alloys, especially the gold-based alloys.
Co-Cr
Ni-Cr
CP Ti
Pd-based alloys
Au-based alloys
125-220 GPa
145-190 GPa
117 GPa
110-135 GPa
75-110 GPa
Castability
To achieve accurate details in a cast
framework or prosthesis, the molten metal
must be able to wet the investment mold
material very well and flow into the most
intricate regions of the mold without any
appreciable interaction with the investment
and without forming porosity within the
surface or subsurface regions.
Fabrication of Cast Prostheses and

Frameworks
The ease with which a material is fabricated
determines its ultimate commercial
success.
Finishing of Cast Metal

Cutting, grinding, finishing, and polishing of some
metals is quite demanding, and extra time is required
to produce a satisfactory surface finish.
Hardness, ductility (percent elongation), and ultimate
strength are important properties in this regard. The
hardness of an alloy is a good primary indicator of
cutting and grinding difficulty, and this property varies
widely among the current casting metals.
For example, Co-Cr and Ni-Cr alloys are quite hard
compared with other metals (Co-Cr, 450 to 650; Ni-Cr,
330 to 400)
2009-10-07
Porcelain Bonding
Economic Considerations
To achieve a sound chemical bond to ceramic

veneering materials, a substrate metal must
be able to form a thin, adherent oxide,
preferably one that is light in colour so that it
does not interfere with the aesthetic potential
of the ceramic.
The cost of metals used for single-unit

prostheses or as frameworks for fixed or
removable partial dentures is a function of the
metal density and the cost per unit mass.
Laboratory Costs
The metal cost is a major concern for the
dental laboratory owner who must guarantee
prices of prosthetic work for a certain period
of time.
NOBLE AND PRECIOUS METAL ALLOYS

Noble - very resistant to corrosion and
precious - expensive
The noble metals are considered to be gold,
platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium and
osmium, whereas silver and palladium are
generally referred to as the precious metals.
Classification of Casting Ceramic Prostheses

and Metals for Full-Metal Partial Dentures
and Metal-prostheses
Alloy Classification of the American

Dental Association
Metal type
All-Metal
prostheses
Metal-Ceramic
prostheses
Partial denture
frameworks
Must contain > 40 wt% Au and > 60 wt% of

noble metal elements (Au, Pt, Pd, Rh, Ru, Ir,
Os)
High Noble (HN)
Au-Ag-Pd
Au-Pd-Cu-Ag
HN Metal-Ceramic
Alloys
Pure Au (99.7 wt%)

Au-Pt-Pd
Au-Pd-Ag
(5-12wt%Ag)
Au-Pd-Ag (>12 wt% Ag)
Au-Pd
Au-Ag-Cu-Pd
Noble
Must contain > 25 wt% of noble metal

elements (Au, Pt, Pd, Rh, Ru, Ir, Os)
Noble (N)
Ag-Pd-Au-Cu
Ag-Pd
Noble Metal-Ceramic
Alloys
Pd-Au
Pd-Au-Ag
Pd-Ag
Pd-Cu-Ga
Pd-Ga-Ag
Predominantly Base
Metal
Contain < 25 wt% of noble metal elements
Predominantly
Base Metal (PB)
CP Ti
Ti-Al-V
Ni-Cr-Mo-Be
Ni-Cr-Mo
Co-Cr-Mo
Co-Cr-W
Cu-Al
CP Ti
Ti-AI-V
Ni-Cr-Mo-Be
Ni-Cr-Mo
Co-Cr-Mo
Co-Cr-W
CP Ti
Ti-Al-V
Ni-Cr-Mo-Be
Ni-Cr-Mo
Co-Cr-Mo
Co-Cr-W
Alloy Type
Total Noble Metal Content
High Noble
2009-10-07
Comparative Properties of High Noble Alloys MetalCeramic Prostheses

Property
High noble alloy
Co-Cr
Ni-Cr-Be
CPTi
Biocompatibility
Excellent
Excellent
Fair
Excellent
Density
14 g/cm3
7.5 g/cm3
8.7 g/cm3
4.5 g/cm3
145-220 GPa
207 GPa
103 GPa
Elastic Modulus
(Stiffness)
90 GPa
Sag Resistance
Poor to excellent
Excellent
Excellent
Good
Technique
Sensitivity
Bond to Porcelain
Minimal
Moderately high
Moderately high
Extremely high
Excellent
Fair
Good to excellent
Fair
Metal Cost
High
Low
Low
Low
High-Gold Alloys
High precious metal content (gold, silver,
platinum and palladium), which must not be
less than 75%, and a gold content in excess of
60%.
Alloying Elements in Dental Gold Alloys

The largest fraction is gold, with lower amounts of
silver and copper. Some formulations also contain
very small amounts of platinum, palladium and zinc.
The silver has a slight strengthening effect and
counteracts the reddish tint of the copper.
The copper is a very important component as it
increases the strength, particularly of the type III and
IV gold alloys, and reduces the melting
temperature,.The limit to the amount of copper that
can be added is 16%, as amounts in excess of this
tend to cause the alloy to tarnish.
Composition of high-gold alloys

Type
Description
Au (%)
Soft
80-90
3-12
II
Medium
75-78
12-15
III
Hard
62-78
IV
Extra hard
60-70
Ag (%)
Cu (%)
Pt (%)
2-5
Pd (%)
Zn (%)
7-10 0-1
1-4
0-1
8-26
8-11 0-3
2-4
0-1
4-20
11-16 0-4
0-5
1-2
The amount of gold in an alloy is

defined in one of two ways
Carat. Pure gold has a carat value of 24, and
an alloys carat is expressed in terms of the
number of 24th parts of gold within it.
Example: an alloy with 50% gold would be
designated as a 12 carat gold alloy.
Fineness. Pure gold has a fineness rating of
1000. Example: 18 carat gold is 750 fine, and
9 carat gold is 375 fine.
Alloying Elements in Dental Gold Alloys
Platinum and palladium increase both the

strength and the melting temperature.
Zinc acts as a scavenger during casting,
preventing oxidation, and improves the
castability.
A variety of other elements, such as iridium,
ruthenium and rhenium (<0.5%) may be
present. These have very high melting
temperatures and act as nucleating sites during
solidification, thus helping to produce a fine
grain size.
2009-10-07
Features
Applications
Relatively easy to cast

Homogeneous
Owing to their low casting temperature, the casting
shrinkage (1.4%) is readily compensated for by the
use of a gypsum-bonded investment.
The low Vickers hardness values (VHN) - easy to polish
to a smooth surface finish.
Good quality, well-fitting castings
Excellent corrosion and tarnish resistance
Excellent biocompatibility
Type I Alloys:
Single surface inlays in low stress situations.
(relatively soft and easily deformed, the low
yield stress of these alloys allows the margins
to be burnished easily. Given the high ductility,
they are unlikely to fracture)
Type II Alloys
Inlays
Type III Alloys
Type IV Alloys
All inlays, onlays, full coverage crowns and

short-span bridges, cast posts and cores
(greater strength compared with type I and
type II alloys; however there are more difficult
to burnish, and have a higher potential for
localized fracture if they are burnished
excessively.)
Cast posts and cores, longspan bridges and in

partial denture construction, particularly clasp
arms.
(The low elastic modulus and high yield
strength of the gold alloy provide a high
degree of flexibility, cannot be burnished in
their hardened state, and are therefore
unsuitable for inlays.)
2009-10-07
Medium-gold alloys
Low-gold alloys
The gold content varying from 40 to 60%,

The palladium and silver contents were
increased to compensate for the reduced gold
content, while the copper content
is in the range of 1015%.
Palladium (5-10%) is added to counteract the
tendency of silver to tarnish.
The gold contents typically of the order of 10-20%

The other elements are silver (40-60%) and
palladium (up to 4-0%)
White in appearance (reduced gold content)
They are less attractive to the patient, who prefers
the appearance of the yellow gold alloys. In order
to overcome this disadvantage, there are also a
number of copper-free low-gold alloys, which
contain high levels of indium.
Applications
The medium-gold alloys
Very suitable for long-span prostheses and
may be used for implant supported prostheses
and posts and cores.
The low-gold content alloys

Posts and cores
Characteristics
Due to the wide range of properties in the different
alloys, there is the need to very carefully select the
alloy for the application
Contraindicated for long-span prostheses
High casting temperatures
Have a tendency to work-harden rapidly, which
precludes excessive adjustment and any burnishing
Highly biocompatible
Tarnishing does occur with these alloys
Silver-Palladium Alloys
Contain predominantly silver with significant
amounts of palladium.
The palladium improves the resistance
to corrosion and helps to prevent tarnish,
which is usually associated with the silver.
Commonly called 'white golds'.
BASE METAL ALLOYS

Cobalt-Chromium Alloys
Titanium Alloys
2009-10-07
Cobalt-Chromium Alloys - Composition

Cobalt (55 -65%) with up to 30% chromium
The higher the chromium content, the better the corrosion
resistance of the alloy
Molybdenum (45%) {and titanium (5%)}
Molybdenum is present in order to refine the grain size by
providing more sites for crystal nucleation during the
solidification process
Small changes in the carbon content can significantly alter the
strength, hardness and ductility of the alloy. Carbon can
combine with any of the other alloying elements to form
carbides. The fine precipitation of these can dramatically raise
the strength and hardness of the alloy. However, too much
carbon will result in excessive brittleness
Titanium Alloys
High strength with low density and excellent
biocompatibility.
Dental implants, crowns and bridges
Properties - Pure titanium

White, lustrous metal
Low density, good strength and an excellent
corrosion resistance
Ductile
High tensile strength (500 MPa) and
ability to withstand high temperatures
The elastic modulus 110GPa, (which is half that
of stainless steel or Co-Cr alloy)
The tensile properties depend significantly on
the oxygen content
Properties
Considerably more difficult to handle than the gold alloys for the dental
technician, because they must be heated to high temperatures before
they can be cast (casting temperatures 1500 1550C and casting
shrinkage -2.0%)
Accuracy is compromised at these high temperatures, which effectively
limits the use of these alloys to partial dentures
Difficult to polish mechanically (the high hardness of these alloys)
The lack of ductility,
Prone to casting porosity
The modulus of elasticity 250 GPa,
Highly corrosion resistant (chromium)
Excellent biocompatibility
May contain nickel (increases the ductility and reduces the hardness).
Nickel is a well known allergen, and its use in the mouth may trigger an
allergic reaction
Composition
Two forms of titanium:
commercially pure form of titanium (CPTi)
alloy of titanium - 6% aluminum - 4%
vanadium
Properties - Ti-6%A1--4%V
Higher tensile properties (1030 MPa)
partial dentures)
Excellent corrosion resistance.
Difficult castability - high melting point (~ 1670C)
Internal porosity is also often observed with
titanium castings.
2009-10-07
Source
Philips Science of Dental Materials
K. J. Anusavice,
Saunders, 2003
p. 56-70, 563-654
Introduction to Dental Materials
R. Van Noort,
Mosby, 2002
p. 63-67, 221-230
Castability
To achieve accurate details in a cast framework or
prosthesis, the molten metal must be able to wet the
investment mold material very well and flow into the
most intricate regions of the mold without any
appreciable interaction with the investment and without
forming porosity within the surface or subsurface regions.
The castability of some base metals is extremely
challenging in this regard, because these alloys tend to
readily form oxides or interact chemically with the mold
wall during the casting process. In addition, these cast
alloys tend to be more difficult to separate from the
casting investment after cooling to room temperature.
The many faces of glass ionomers
GI
GI
GI
GI
GI
what are they ?

categories ?
setting reactions ?
release of F and recharging ?
applications ?
History
First discribed by Wilson & Kent
in 1972 ( A new translucent
cement for dentistry. The glass
ionomer cement. Br.Dent. J.,
1972,132(4), 133-135).
First product ASPA produced by
Dentsply.
SCHEMATIC OF THE VARIOUS

DENTAL CEMENTS
ZINC PHOSPHATE
CEMENTS
ZINC POLYCARBOXYLATE
CEMENTS
Zinc
oxide
Phosphoric
Poliacrylic
acid
acid
Aluminosilicate
glass
SILICATE
CEMENTS
GLASS-IONOMER
CEMENTS
CHEMISTRY OF GICs
THE GLASS: alumino silicate glass (silica
SiO2, alumina Al2O3, calcium fluoride CaF2,
sodium fluoride NaF, aluminium fluoride
AlF3, calcium phosphate Ca(PO3)2, aluminium
phosphate Al(PO3)3 ),
POLYACID: 40-55% copolymers of acrylic
and itaconic or acrylic and maleic acid,
5-15% tartaric acid.
MODIFICATIONS OF
CONVENTIONAL GICs
metal-reinforced GICs (silver alloy
admix, cermet)
resin-modified GIC or hybrid ionomer
cement.
polyacid-modified composite resin,
commonly called compomer (derived from
composite and ionomer).
PRESENTATION
Powder/Liquid
Anhydrous Cements
Capsules
SiO2,
Al2O3,
Na, Ca,
F
H2O Si+4
Al+3
SiO2,
Na+
Al2O3,
Ca+2
Na, Ca,
FF
PAA
PAA
in
H 2O
SiO2,
Al2O3,
Na, Ca,
F
Residual Glass Particle

POLYACRYLATE HYDROGEL
(initially Ca polyacrylate gel
and later Al polyacrylate gel)
Si+4, Al+3, Ca+2, Na+, F- Ions
slow acid - base reaction :

MO.SiO2 + H2A MA + SiO2 +H2O
glass
acid salt
silica gel
1. DISSOLUTION: the calcium, aluminium,
sodium and fluoride ions are released
from the glass,
2. GELATION: divalent calcium ions react
with carboxyl groups of the acid,
3. HARDENING: formation of aluminium salt
bridges, bounding of water to silica gel.
ChemFlex
Adhesion
10
8.1
[MPa]
smear layer,
24h
6.0
5.6
5.4
4.3
3.9 4.2
cleaned
dentine,
1 month
2
0
cleaned
dentine,
24 h
ChemFlex
Fuji IX
Ketac Molar
ChemFlex
Radiopacity
Class II
base
rapid early
F release
from matrix
F-1,
Ca+2, Al+3, Si+4
Initial
dissolution
for
starting
reaction
Slow long term

F release
by diffusion
from particle
ChemFlex
Fluoride Release
50
ChemFlex
g F-/cm
40
Fuji IX
30
Ketac Molar
20
10
0
10
15
20
25
30
35 weeks
20
40
60
80
100
SOLUBILITY
High solubility is an inherent feature
of all dental cements, and GICs are
no exception.
dissolution of the immature cement,
long term erosion (acid attack),
abrasion (mechanical).
General Properties:
> Adhesion
> Biocompatibility
> Fluoride release
Ketac-Cem
Fuji Miracle Mix
Dyract Flow
Hytac
Vitremer
Developed as temporary restorations for 3rd world countries.

First tested in African countries.
Now used widely in Asian countries.
Original technique = scoop, finger mix, finger insertion.
Current technique = P/L or precapsulated mixture.
Fuji IX
Now being used as permanent restoration in pedodontics.
Atraumatic Restorative Treatment (ART) = prevention and treatment of dental

cariesbased on excavating and removing caries using hand instruments only and
restoring glass ionomer.
Minimal equipment and instrumentation
ChemFlex Application
Cleansing
ChemFlex
Liquid
Apply
and leave
undisturbed
15 sec
Rinse
Remove
excess water
Dosage - The Choice of Consistency
Condensable
fast
(red scoop)
non-sticky
long term temporary class I, II
ART technique
Syringeable 1 scoop* : 1 drop longer working and
(green scoop)
setting time
defined mix ratio for
thinner consistency
syringeable through compules
* Shake the bottle to fluff the powder and avoid compressing powder into the scoop
Mixing and Placement (Condensable Consistency)
ChemFlex
Powder
Liquid
Mix to even
consistency
0:20
Place the
Wait for
mixed cement complete set
1:30
5:00
Mixing and Placement (Syringeable Consistency)
ChemFlex
with
Mix to even
Place the
Contour
Powder
Liquid
consistency
0:20
mixed cement
a suitable7:00
2:00
matrice
Finishing and Protection
ChemVarnish Do not start
finish before
complete set
Finally apply
varnish
DENTISTRY 101
National Oral Health
Conference
April 30, 2005
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
DENTISTRY 101
Conference
April 30, 2005
DENTISTRY 101
Conference
April 30, 2005
DENTISTRY 101
Conference
April 30, 2005
Proximal/Smooth Surface Caries
Smooth surface caries

Cavitated caries
Reading
Introduction to Dental Materials.
Richard van Noort; second edition;
edited by Mosby, Chapter 2.3 GlassIonomer cements and Resin-Modified
Glass-Ionomer cements. (pp. 124-140)
Phillips Science of Dental Materials;
eleventh edition; edited by Saunders,
Chapter Glass Ionomer Cement.
(pp.471-486)
2009-10-07
Amalgam
An alloy of mercury with another metal.
Dental amalgam
Why Amalgam?
BEFORE REACTION
AFTER REACTION
Inexpensive
Ease of use
Proven track record
>100 years
Alloy
Alloy
Mercury
Reaction
Products
Familiarity
Resin-free
less allergies than composite
Basic Constituents
Constituents in Amalgam
Basic
Silver
Tin
Copper
Mercury
Other
Zinc
Indium
Palladium
Silver (Ag)
increases strength
increases expansion
Tin (Sn)
decreases expansion
decreased strength
increases setting time
Phillips Science of Dental Materials 2003
2009-10-07
Basic Constituents
Basic Constituents
Mercury (Hg)
Copper (Cu)
activates reaction
only pure metal that is liquid
at room temperature
spherical alloys
ties up tin
reducing gamma-2 formation
require less mercury
increases strength
reduces tarnish and corrosion
reduces creep
smaller surface area easier to wet

40 to 45% Hg
admixed alloys
require more mercury
lathe-cut particles more difficult to wet

45 to 50% Hg
reduces marginal deterioration
Other Constituents
Other Constituents
Zinc (Zn)
Indium (In)
used in manufacturing
decreases surface tension
decreases oxidation of other elements
reduces amount of mercury necessary

reduces emitted mercury vapor
sacrificial anode
provides better clinical performance
less marginal breakdown
Osborne JW Am J Dent 1992
causes delayed expansion with low Cu alloys
if contaminated with moisture during condensation
Phillips RW JADA 1954
reduces creep and marginal breakdown

increases strength
must be used in admixed alloys
example
Indisperse (Indisperse Distributing Company)
5% indium
H2O + Zn
ZnO + H2
Powell J Dent Res 1989
Other Constituents
Basic Composition
A silver-mercury matrix containing filler particles of
silver-tin
Filler (bricks)
Palladium (Pd)
reduced corrosion
greater luster
example
Ag3Sn called gamma
can be in various shapes
irregular (lathe-cut), spherical,

or a combination
Matrix
Valiant PhD (Ivoclar Vivadent)
Ag2Hg3 called gamma 1
Sn8Hg called gamma 2
0.5% palladium
cement
voids
Mahler J Dent Res 1990

2009-10-07
Classifications
Copper Content
Based on copper content

Based on particle shape
Based on method of adding
copper
Low-copper alloys
4 to 6% Cu
High-copper alloys
thought that 6% Cu was maximum amount
due to fear of excessive corrosion and expansion
Now contain 9 to 30% Cu
at expense of Ag
Particle Shape
Lathe cut
low Cu
New True
Dentalloy
high Cu
Method of Adding Copper
Spherical
low Cu
high Cu
Cavex SF
Tytin, Valiant
ANA 2000
Single Composition Lathe-Cut (SCL)

Single Composition Spherical (SCS)
Admixture: Lathe-cut + Spherical Eutectic (ALE)
Admixture: Lathe-cut + Single Composition Spherical
(ALSCS)
Admixture
high Cu
Dispersalloy, Valiant PhD
Material-Related Variables
Dimensional change
Strength
Corrosion
Creep
Dimensional Change
Most high-copper amalgams undergo a
net contraction
Contraction leaves marginal gap
initial leakage
post-operative sensitivity
reduced with corrosion over time
2009-10-07
Dimensional Change
Net contraction
Strength
Develops slowly
type of alloy
1 hr: 40 to 60% of maximum

24 hrs: 90% of maximum
spherical alloys have more

contraction
Spherical alloys strengthen faster
less mercury
condensation technique
require less mercury
greater condensation = higher contraction
trituration time
overtrituration causes higher contraction
Higher compressive vs. tensile strength

Weak in thin sections
unsupported edges fracture
Creep
Corrosion
Slow deformation of amalgam placed under a

constant load
Reduces strength
Seals margins
low copper
6 months
SnO2, SnCl
gamma-2 phase
slow strain rates produces plastic deformation

allows gamma-1 grains to slide
high copper
load less than that necessary to produce fracture
Gamma 2 dramatically affects creep rate
Correlates with marginal breakdown
6 - 24 months
SnO2 , SnCl, CuCl
eta-phase (Cu6Sn5)
Sutow J Dent Res 1991
Creep
Amalgam Properties
High-copper amalgams have creep resistance
Compressive
Strength (MPa)
prevention of gamma-2 phase

requires >12% Cu total
single composition spherical
eta (Cu6Sn5) embedded in gamma-1 grains
interlock
admixture
eta (Cu6Sn5) around Ag-Cu particles
improves bonding to gamma 1
% Creep
Tensile Strength
(24 hrs) (MPa)
Amalgam Type
1 hr
7 days
Low Copper1
145
343
2.0
60
Admixture2
137
431
0.4
48
Single Composition3
262
510
0.13
64
1Fine
Cut, Caulk
Dispersalloy, Caulk
3Tytin, Kerr
2009-10-07
Physical Properties
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Biological Properties
Thermal conductivity = [High]

Electrical conductivity = [High]
Coefficient of thermal expansion = 25 ppm/C
Radiopacity = [>2 mm Aluminum]
Color = [Lustrous, shiny, white]
Mercury Toxicity:
OSHA maximum TLV = 50 g/m3 (vapor) per 40 hr work week.
Transient intraoral release (<35 g/m3).
Mercury Hypersensitivity:
Low level allergic reaction.
Estimated to be < 1 / 100,000,000
Amalgam Tatoo:
Can occur during amalgam removal if no rubber dam.
Embedded amalgam particles corrode and locally discolor gum.
No known adverse reactions.
Alloy manipulation
Dentist-Controlled Variables
Manipulation
trituration
condensation
burnishing
polishing
Manual Trituration Procedures:

Alloy + Hg
mortar + pestle
manual mixing
Mechanical Trituration Procedures:

Powdered alloy + Hg
capsule + pestle
Pelleted alloy + Hg
capsule + pestle
amalgamator
amalgamator
Powdered alloy + Hg
Trituration
Forces
lathe-cut alloys
refer to manufacturer
recommendations
small condensers
high force
Overtrituration
spherical alloys
hot mix
sticks to capsule
decreases working / setting time

slight increase in setting contraction
Undertrituration
amalgamator
Condensation
Mixing time
pre-capsulated
large condensers
less sensitive to amount of force
vertical / lateral with vibratory motion
admixture alloys
intermediate handling between lathe-cut and spherical
grainy, crumbly mix

2009-10-07
Burnishing
Early Finishing
After initial set
Pre-carve
removes excess mercury
improves margin adaptation
Post-carve
prophy cup with pumice

provides initial smoothness to restorations
recommended for spherical amalgams
improves smoothness
Combined
less leakage
Ben-Amar Dent Mater 1987
Polishing
Increased smoothness
Decreased plaque retention
Decreased corrosion
Clinically effective?
Overview of Manipulation
Placement and
Condensation
TIME
Onset of
MIXING
Onset of
WORKING
Carving
Onset of
SETTING
Burnishing
End of
SETTING
Polishing
24 hours
no improvement in marginal integrity
Selection / Proportioning / Amalgamation / Manipulation / Polishing
Amalgamators
Handling Characteristics
Spherical
advantages
easier to condense
around pins
hardens rapidly
smoother polish
disadvantages
difficult to achieve tight contacts
higher tendency for overhangs
ENERGY = Speed x Time
2009-10-07
Handling Characteristics
Admixed
advantages
easy to achieve tight contacts
good polish
disadvantages
hardens slowly
lower early strength
Dental Composites
! CHEMISTRY AND DESIGN
DEFINITION OF COMPOSITE
Matrix + Filler + Silane + Bonding Agent
INTERFACE
Enamel
Surface
INTERFACE
Unfinished
Composite Surface
INTERFACE
Finished
Composite Surface
INTERFACE
Etched
Enamel Rods
INTERFACE
Voids at
Margins
Silicate
Reinforcing Filler
COMPOSITE
Crosslinked
Resin Matrix
AVERAGE COMPOSITION
Auto-Cured (Self-Cured) Composite
A. Matrix (Continuous Phase)

High MW Monomer e.g. Bis-GMA
Low MW Monomer e.g. TEGDMA
Initiator
Accelerator
Retarder (inhibitor)
UV stabilizer
B. Filler (Dispersed Phase)

Silica glass
Colorants
C. Interfacial Coupling Agent

Silane Coupling agent
Matrix
31%/w =50%/v
CHEMISTRY OF COMPOSITES
Matrix Phases
BIS-GMA (based on Bis-phenol-A and two molecules of Glycidyl Methacrylate
Bowens resin,1957
Matrix Phases
UDMA (urethane dimethacrylate)
Matrix Phases
70% BIS-GMA 30%TEGDMA
Matrix Phases
1. Chemically-cured composites
Chemical activation and acceleration (BPO/amine)
Benzoyl Peroxide (BPO)
2. UV- light cured composites
Ultraviolet Light Activation (NOT USED NOW)
Methyl Ether of Benzoin (MEB)
3. Visible-light cured composites
Visible light activation
Camphoroquinon (CQ) and dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAM)
Inhibitors
! Prevents spontaneous
polymer formation
- heat
- light
! Extends shelf life
! Butylated Hydroxytoluene
Pigments and UV Absorbers
! Pigments
- metal oxides
provide shading and opacity
titanium and aluminum oxides
! UV absorbers
- prevent discoloration
- acts like a sunscreen
Benzophenone
Filler phases
Fillers
"Crystalline quartz
larger particles
not polishable
"Silica glass
barium
strontium
lithium
Colloidal silica ~0,04
Fillers
! Increasing of fillers content =

-
-
-
strength
abrasion resistance
modulus of elasticity (stiffness)
decreasing of properties:
-water sorption
-coefficient of thermal expansion
-polymerization shrinkage
! 50 to 86 % by weight
! 35 to 71% by volume
Fracture Toughness
increasing of mechanical properties:
% Filler Volume
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
28 37 48 53 62
Ferracane J Dent Res 1995
75 w/o fillers= 50 v/o fillers
Filler Phases
CLASSIFICATION SCHEMES
Filler (or Matrix) Classification
70%
30%
" Bis-GMA like monomers

" UDMA like monomers
" Self-cured composites
TEXTURES
" Visible Light cured composites
Handling properties
! Flowable composites
! Conventional composites
! Packable (condensable)
Flowable composites
Cavity lining
Clinical indications
Flat Class V
Other:
Small Class I
Small Class II
Repairs
Cementation of
Inlays/Veneers
Small Class III
Cementation of
brackets
Packable composites
! Class I and II cavities
CLASSIFICATION SCHEMES
Fillers Classification
Method of fillers loading:

"Homogeneous Filled Composites : mixture of resin and filler,
"Heterogeneous Filled Composites:
mixture of pre-cured composite pieces with resin and filler.
Organic Filler =Pre-Cured Composite resin Particles
Homogeneous composite
Heterogeneous composite
Microfiller (Aerosil)
0.1m
Glass filler
0.4 / 0.7 m
Glass filler
0.4 / 0.7 m
Resin
prepolymerized
composite
Microfilled Composite
Microfills only exist as heterogeneous composites.
Resin
Microfiller:
Aggregates of Nanosized Particles
Prepolymerized
Resin with
Microfiller
< 0.4 m
Hybrid Composite
Microfiller < 0.4 m
Resin
Glass filler: ~1-10 m
Micro-Hybrid Composite
Microfiller (Aerosil)
Resin
~ 1 m
Glass filler
< 0.4 m
Schematic illustration
microhybrid Composite
Nano-hybrid Composite
Glass filler
~ 1 m
Resin
low % of
conventional
resins
Filtek Supreme
nano composite
resin
nano cluster
agglomerated nano filler
0.6 1.4
m
5-20 nm
21.5%
T-shades
27.5%
75 nm
20 nm
Overview
nano particle
Restoratives
CeramX
nanohybrid composite
12%
Filtek Supreme
Nano composite
21.5-27.5%
FILLER PARTICLES
Schematic Examples
Different
Filler Particle
Sizes
Mixtures
Of Filler
Sizes
Mixtures
Of Pre-Cured
Pieces of
Composite
HOW DO YOU MAKE FILLERS?

Crushing, Grinding, Sieving
Vapor Phase Condensation
Sol-Gel Precipitation
Midi -filler 2 um
(beachball)
Mini -filler 0,6 um
Microfiller 0,04 um
Nanofiller 0,02 um (pea)
Relative Particle Sizes

(not to scale)
Interfacial Coupling Agents
S1
SILANES
Managing the problems: (1) bonding, (2) multilayers, and (3) dimerization.
S1
B2
S1
B1
B2
B1
T2
T1
B2
T2
T1
B1
B2
S1
B2
B1
B2
B1
T1
B1
T2
B1
S1
S1
B2
T1
B2
B1
S1
S1
T2
B2
B1
T1
T2
T2
T1
B1
S1
T1
B2
B1
S1
B2
T2
S1
S1
S1
S1
T2
T2
T1
T1
S1
Nanohybrid composite : Ceram X

O
O
O Si
O
O
O
precursor
condensing
reaction
O
O Si
Si
Nano-Particles (2-3 nm)

Organically Modified Ceramic
O
O
Si
Si
O
O
Si
Si
O
O
O
O
O
O
Si
O O Si
O
Si
O
O
O
O
O
O
Si
O Si
O
Si
Si
O
Si
O
O
O
Polymerization
! Initiation
- production of reactive free radicals
typically with light for restorative
materials
! Propagation
- hundreds of monomer units
- polymer network
- 50 60% degree of conversion
! Termination
Craig Restorative Dental Materials 2002
C=C
C=C
C=C
C=C
C=C
C=C
C=C
C=C
C=C
C=C
C=C
C=C
C=C
C=C
C=C
polymerization
C=C
C=C
C=C
C=C
C=C
C=C
C=C
C=C
C=C
C=C
C=C
C=C
C=C
C=C
C=C
Ferracane
Polymarization shrinkage
! Classification of Restoratives
COMMERCIAL EXAMPLES
Historical vs Recent Commercial Products
COMPOSITE REFINEMENTS
Reviewing the last 50 years.
Dentin-Bonded
Unbonded
Composites
Composites
3c, 2c, 1c
Dentin Bonding System
Acid-Etching and
Enamel Bonding
1950
1960
Original
Development
1970
1980
1990
MIDIFILL
Composites
MIDIFILL
Composites
PACKABLES
Midi-HYBRID
Composites
2010
NanoHYBRID
COMPOSITE
FLOWABLES
MICROFILL
Composites
MACROFILL
Self-Cured
Composites
2000
CONTROLLED
SHRINKAGE
Prototypes
Mini-HYBRID
Composites
SELF-CURED
UV-CURED
VLC-CURED
[QTH, PAC, Laser, LED]
NANOCOMPOSITES
What is all this nano stuff all about?

70% Midi-Hybrid 30%
Mini-Hybrid
Nano-Hybrid
MegaFiller
METERS
100
10-1
10-2
10-3
1m
1 dm
1 cm 1 mm
MacroFiller
MidiFiller
MiniFiller
MicroFiller
NanoFiller
100
10
1 m
0.1
0.01
10-4
10-5
10-6
10-7
10-8
1 m
Dentinal Tubule
Width
IPS Target
Bacteria for Wear
Resistance
Standard
Dentistry
Reference
0.001 0.0001
10-9
10-10
1 nm
Atomic
Dimensions
COMPOSITE MANIPULATION
Operative Procedure Considerations
AIR
Second increment
First increment
AIR
1.5 to 2.0 mm
Polymerization units
SHRINKAGE (%)
5
50% Filler
25% Bis-GMA
25% TEGDMA
Porosity Formation
(Internal Contraction)
Bond Stretching
(External Contraction)
Flow
0
0
25
50
75
CONVERSION (%)
100
MANUFACTURER WEBSITES
Accessing Information
BISCO
Caulk
Denmat
Dentsply
DMG Hamburg
ESPE
GC-America
Ivoclar
Jeneric-Pentron
Jelenko
Kerr Dental
Kulzer
3M
Morita
SDI
Shofu
Sun Medical
Ultradent
http://www.bisco.com/
http://www.caulk.com/
http://www.dentalmaterial.com/
http://www.dentsply.com/
http://www.dentalmaterial.com/
http://www.espe.de/english/
http://www.gcamerica.com/
http://www.ivoclar.com/
http://www.jeneric.com/
http://www.jelenko.com/
http://www.kerrdental.com/
http://www.kulzer.com/
http://www.mmm.com/dental/
http://www.jmorita.com/
http://www.sdi.com.au/
http://www.shofu.com/
http://www.sunmedical.co.jp/
http://www.ultradent.com/
http:// www.iadr.com/ dmg/
2009-10-07
Dental materials

Monika Olejniczak, DDS, PhD
Agnieszka Pacyk, DDS, PhD
7. Impression materials and types of plaster.

8. Laboratory waxes. Isolation materials.
9. Acrylic resins.
10. Dental porcelain. Materials for crown and
bridge veneering.
11. Credit
1. Bases, liners and pulp protection. Temporary

restoration materials. Dental amalgams.
2. Composites I.
3. Composites II.
4. Glassionomer cements. Compomers.
5. Enamel and dentin bonding.
6. Credit
12. Investment materials, principles of casting.

13. Casting alloys for metallic restorations.
Corrosion.
14. Exam
Materials
Basic science for dental materials.
Dental materials division,
properties, indications, principles
of selection and use
Biomaterials
Dental restorative materials,
e.g. metalic and composite filling
materials, and casting alloys and
ceramics for fixed and removable
intraoral prostheses
Cardiovascular implants, e.g.

catheters, prosthetic heart valves and blood
vessels, and dialysis and oxygenerator
membranes
Structural implants, e.g. oral and

Monika ukomska-Szymaoska, DDS, PHD
maxillofacial implants and joint prostheses
2009-10-07
Properties are based on:

The laws of phisics:
rheological properties (viscosity, thixotropy,
viscoelasticity),
thermal properties (thermal conductivity,
specific heat, thermal diffusivity, thermal
expansion),
optical properties (color: hue, value, chroma;
translucency; surface structure)

The laws of chemics:
degradation of polymers,
tarnish and corrosion of metal,
degradation of ceramics
Mechanics

The laws of mechanics:
stress (tensile stress, shear stress, compressive
stress);
elastic deformation (elastic modulus, dynamic
Youngs modulus, shear modulus, resilience,
Poissons ratio);
strength properties (proportional limit, elastic limit,
yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, shear
strength, compressive strength, flexural strength);
toughness, fracture toughness, brittleness, ductility
and malleability, hardness
The behavior of the materials in real structure
Biomaterial
Biocompatibility
Ability of a material to elicit an appropriate
biological response in a given application in
the body
The quality of being non-destructive in the
biological environment
Biomechanics
Biocompatibility
1.
2.
3.
4.
Reaction can be local or systematic

Possible interaction between dental
restorative material and the biological
environment include:
Postoperative sensivity
Toxicity
Corrosion
Hypersensivity / allergy
2009-10-07
Restoring Carious and

Missing Teeth
Blacks Classification
DENTISTRY 101
Conference
April 30, 2005
DENTISTRY 101
Conference
April 30, 2005
DENTISTRY 101
Conference
April 30, 2005
DENTISTRY 101
Conference
April 30, 2005
DENTISTRY 101
Conference
April 30, 2005
2009-10-07
DENTISTRY 101
Conference
April 30, 2005
DENTISTRY 101
Conference
April 30, 2005
DENTISTRY 101
Conference
April 30, 2005
DENTISTRY 101
Conference
April 30, 2005
DENTISTRY 101
Conference
April 30, 2005
DENTISTRY 101
National Oral Healtha
Conference
April 30, 2005
2009-10-07
Cavity liner
Bases, liners and pulp protection.

Temporary restoration materials
is a dentine sealer that is less 0.5 mm thick

and is able to promote the health of the pulp
by adhesion the tooth structure
or by antibacterial action
E.g. Calcium hydroxide suspension
Base
is a dentine replacement used to minimize the
bulk of restorative, block out undercuts;
is a layer of insulating, sometimes
medicament, cement, placed in the deep
portion of the preparation to protect pulpal
tissue from thermal and chemical injury
e.g.. Glassionomer cements
Pulpal protection
WHY????????
Sources of pulp irritation

Thermal stimuli
Chemical stimuli
Bacteria and endotoxins
Calcium hydroxide
Cavity liner suspension (Calcium hydroxide

powder + water) e.g. Biopulp.
2009-10-07
Calcium hydroxide
Bases calcium hydroxide cements
Two white or light yellow pastes
1. Mixture of calcium hydroxide (50%),
zinc oxide (10%), sulphonamide (40%)
1. Butylene glycol disalicylate (40%), varying
amounts of titanium dioxide and calcium
sulphate
Properties
Low compressive strength 20MPa, but suitable
for amalgams
Freshly mixed is highly alkaline pH=11-12
Responsible for formation of secondary
dentine
Zinc oxide-eugenol cements

Unmodified zinc oxide-eugenol cements
Modified zinc oxide-eugenol cements
EBA cement
Setting process
Pastes ratio 1:1

Mixing time 30 sec.
Setting time 2 min.
Chelating reaction between the zinc oxide and
butylene glycol disalicylate
Zinc oxide-based cements

Powder-liquid system
Powder is base
acid-base reaction
Liquid is acid

White powder: zinc oxide, magnesium oxide
(max. 10%)
Clear liquid: eugenol, olive oli or cotton seed
oil
2009-10-07

setting process
Mixing by adding the powder to the liquid
in small increments until thick consistency
is obtained
Powder-liquid ratio: 3:1
Mixing time 1 min.
Setting time: 24 hours (slow setting);
5 min. (fast setting)
Indications
Slow setting: root canal sealing material
Fast setting: periodontal dressing, temporary
filling

properties
pH=6.6-8.0 (set cement)
Eugenol reduces the pain, antibacterial
properties????
Contraindication: suspected pulpal exposure
High solubility in oral environment
Poor mechanical properties
(compressive strength 15MPa)
Unsuitable for base or liner material
Inhibits the set of resins, so eugenol-containing
cements can not be used in conjunction with resinbased restorative materials
Modified zinc oxide-eugenol cements

Higher compressive strength (40 MPa)
Reduced solubility
Resin is added to the powder and / or liquid
Hydrogenated resin 10% (powder)
Polystyrene or methyl metacrylate (liquid)
Modified zinc oxide-eugenol cementsindications

Cavity base, liner
Temporary filling material
EBA cement
Is another modified zinc oxide-eugenol
cement
White powder: zinc oxide (60-75%), fused
quartz or alumina (20-35%), hydrogenated
resin (6%)
Pinkish colored liquid: eugenol (37%),
ethoxybenzoic acid EBA (63%)
2009-10-07
Water-based luting cements
EBA cement properties and indications

Higer compressive strength (60 MPa)
Reduced solubility
Indications: liners and temporary filling
materials
Zinc phosphate cement

(max.10%), silica and alumina oxide (max. 5%)
Clear liquid: phosphoric acid (45-64%)
Phosphate cement
Zinc polycarboxylate cement
Glass-Ionomer cement
Resin-modified Glass-Ionomer cement
Zinc phosphate cement - setting reaction

Acid-base reaction
1. The formation of an acid, zinc phosphate
ZnO + 2H2PO4
Zn(H2PO4)2 + H2O
2. Hydrated zinc is produced

ZnO+Zn(H2PO4)2 + 2 H2O
Zinc phosphate cement properties:

working and setting time
Working time: 3-6 min. (luting agent)
up to 14 min (cavity base)
Cavity base - thick consistency
Luting agent thinner consistency
Mixing: slow incorporation of the powder into
the liquid (initially small increments followed
by a couple of larger increments)
Setting time: 24 hours
Zn3(PO4)24H2O
Zinc phosphate cement properties:

biocompatibility
Freshly mixed has a pH= 1.3-3.6

After 24 hours pH returns to a near neutral pH
Can induce inflammatory response in the pulp
No antibacterial properties
Slight shrinkage on setting
2009-10-07
Zinc phosphate cement mechanical

properties and solubility
Compressive strength (40-140 MPa)

Extremely brittle
Low tensile strength (5-7 MPa)
Modulus of elasticity (12 GPa)
Zinc phosphate cement advantages

Are easy to mix
Have a sharp, well-defined set
Have a sufficient high compressive strength to
resist the forces of amalgam condensation
Are a low cost product
Highly soluble in water for first 24 hours after

setting (0.04-3.3%)
Zinc phosphate cement disadvantages

Have a potential for pulpal irritation due to
low pH
Have no antibacterial action
Are brittle
Have no adhesive qualities
Are relatively soluble in the oral environment
Zinc phosphate cement

Agatos
Adhesor
Harvard Cement
Zinc phosphate cement indications

Luting agent (cementation of metal
and metal-ceramic crown bridges)
Base
Temporary filling
Zinc polycarboxylate cements

(10%)
Liquid: 30-40% aqueous solution of polyacrylic
acid
2009-10-07
Zinc polycarboxylate cements - working

and setting time
mixing time: 30-40 sec.

working time: 2.5-3.5 min.
setting time: 6-9 min. (37oC)
Powder-liquid ratio: 1.5:1
Zinc polycarboxylate cements biocompatibility

Initially has a low pH (3.0-4.0), but not toxic
Have some antibacterial properties
Zinc polycarboxylate cements mechanical

Zinc phosphate cement mechanical

Compressive strength 55-85 MPa (fully set

cement for luting purposes)
Tensile strength 8-12 MPa
Elastic modulus 4-6 GPa
Solubility in water 0.1-0.6% by weight
Highly soluble in water for first 24 hours after

setting (0.04-3.3%)
Zinc polycarboxylate cements adhesion

Ability to adhere to enamel and dentine
Bonding strength 7-8 MPa
Good bonding to some metallic surfaces
(exception gold alloys)
Compressive strength (40-140 MPa)

Extremely brittle
Low tensile strength (5-7 MPa)
Modulus of elasticity (12 GPa)
Zinc polycarboxylate cements indications

Cementation of metal- or core-reinforced
ceramic crowns
10
2009-10-07
Zinc polycarboxylate cements advantages

They bond to enamel and dentine as well as
some the metallic cast alloys
They have a low irritancy
Their strength, solubility and film thickness
are comparable to that of zinc phosphate
cement
They have an antibacterial action

disadvantages
Their properties are highly dependent upon
handling procedures
They have short working times and long
setting times
An exacting technique to ensure bonding
Clean-up is difficult and timing is critical
Current usage is limited
Glass-Ionomer and resin-modified GlassIonomer cements

Monika Olejniczak, DDS, PHD
Adhesor Carboxy
Adhesor Carbofine
Durelon
Bondal
Dorifix C
Belfast
Poly-C
Oxicap
4. Glassionomer cements. Compomers.
Temporary filling materials

Chemocured
Lightcured
Coltosol F (Coltene)
Prowident (Zhermapol)
Cavit (ESPE) - hardness
Fermit (Vivadent)
Clip, Clip F (Voco)
(Cavit, CavitW, CavitG)
11
2009-10-07
Criteria for an ideal

denture base material
Denture base resins
Natural appearance
High strength, stiffness, hardness
and thoroughness
Dimensionally stable
Absence of odor, taste or toxic products
Resistant to absorption of oral fluids
Good retention to polymers, porcelain
and metals
Easy to repair
Criteria for an ideal

denture base material
Easy manipulation
Low density
Accurate reproduction of surface detail
Resistant to bacterial growth
Good thermal conductivity
Radiopaque
Easy to clean
Inexpensive to use
Good shelf life
An acrylic resin denture is made

by process of free radical addition
polymerization to form
polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)
Powder-liquid system
Powder
o Beads or granules of poly (methyl methacrylate)
resin
Liquid
o Methyl methacrylate monomer
The advantages of the use of PMMA

excellent aesthetics
easy and cheap to process
low density
2009-10-07
The disadvantages of the use of PMMA
barely adequate strength characteristics

susceptible to distortion
a low thermal conductivity
radiolucent
ASPECTS OF MANIPULATION
Powder-Liquid Ratio
Too much powder
Powder-Liquid Ratio
It is important to use the correct powder

liquid ratio (2.0/1.0 wt %; 1.6/1.0 vol. %)
The additives tend to settle out at the bottom
of the container and it is important that the
container is shaken before use to ensure an
even distribution of the powder ingredients.
Powder-Liquid Ratio
Too much monomer
inadequate filling by the monomer

of the free space between the powder
particles
excessive polymerization shrinkage
porosity in the final product
loss of quality of fit to the denture

bearing surface
weak material
Types of acrylic resins
Heat-cured resins
Cold-cured resins
Pour-and-cure resins
Visible-light cured resins
Heat-Cured Resins
Consists of a powder and a liquid, which upon
mixing and subsequent heating form a rigid
solid
2009-10-07
Heat-Cured Resins
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Polymer-to-Monomer Ratio
Powder
Prepolymerized spheres of polymethyl metacrylate
Initiator benzoyl peroxide
Pigments or dyes
Opacifiers titanium/zinc oxide
Plasticizer - dibutyl phthalate
Synthetic fibers - nylon/acrylic
Liquid
Methyl methacrylate monomer
Inhibitor hydroquinone
Crosslinking agent ethyl glycol dimetacrylate 1-2vol. %
3:1 by volume
The reason for the particular formulation of a

powder-liquid system
Polymer-Monomer Interaction
Processing is possible by dough technique

Polymerization shrinkage is minimized
Heat of reaction is reduced
Sandy stage
During this stage, little or no interaction
occurs on a molecular level.
Polymer beads remain unaltered, and the
consistency of the mixture may be described
as "coarse" or "grainy."
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
When monomer and polymer are mixed in the

proper proportions, a workable mass is
produced.
The resultant mass passes through five distinct
stages:
sandy,
stringy,
doughlike,
rubber or elastic,
stiff.
Stringy stage
The monomer attacks the surfaces
of individual polymer beads.
Some polymer chains are dispersed
in the liquid monomer.
These polymer chains uncoil, thereby increasing
the viscosity of the mix.
This stage is characterized by stringiness" or
"stickiness" when the material
is touched or drawn apart.
2009-10-07
Doughlike stage
On a molecular level, an increased number
of polymer chains enter solution.
Hence a sea of monomer and dissolved polymer is
formed. It is important to note that a large quantity of
undissolved polymer also remains.
Clinically, the mass behaves as a pliable dough.
It is no longer tacky and does not adhere
to the surfaces of the mixing vessel or spatula.
The material should be inserted into the mold cavity
during the latter phases of the doughlike stage.
Stiff stage
Upon standing for an extended period, the
mixture becomes stiff.
This may be attributed to the evaporation of
free monomer.
From a clinical standpoint, the mixture
appears very dry, and is resistant to
mechanical deformation.
Polymerization
Heat
processing the denture base resin in a constanttemperature water bath at 74 C (165 F) for 8 hr or
longer, with no terminal boiling treatment.
processing in a 74 C water bath for 8 hr and then
increasing the temperature to 100 C for 1 hr.
processing the resin at 74 C for approximately
2 hr and increasing the temperature of the water bath
to 100 C and processing for 1 hr.
Rubbery or elastic stage

Monomer is dissipated by evaporation
and by further penetration into remaining
polymer beads.
In clinical use, the mass rebounds
when compressed or stretched.
Polymerization Cycle (curing cycle)

The heating process used to control
polymerization.
Ideally, this process should be well controlled
to avoid the effects
of uncontrolled temperature rise,
such as the boiling of the monomer,
or denture base porosity
Cooling process
Following completion of the chosen
polymerization cycle, the denture flask should
be cooled slowly to room temperature.
Rapid cooling may result in warping of the
denture base because of differences in
thermal contraction of resin and investing
stone.
Microwave Energy
2009-10-07
Injection Molding Technique
Cold-Cured Resins
The chemistry of these resins is identical
to that the heat-resins, except that
the cure is initiated by tertiary amine
(e.g. dimethyl-p-toluidine or sulfinic acid)
Less efficient as the heat curing process
SR-IVOCAP System
Cold-Cured Resins
Pour-and-Cure Resins
Results in a lower molecular weight material

(poor strength properties,
high amount of uncured residual monomer in
the resin)
Poorer color stability (more prone
to yellowing)
Smaller size of the polymer beads
Highly susceptible to creep
These are cold-cure resins that are sufficiently

liquid when mixed that
they can be poured into a mould made
of a hydrocolloid.
excellent reproduction of surface detail
inferior to both the heat- and cold-cured
acrylics in so many other respects that they
are not much used.
Pour-and-Cure Resins
Visible-Light Cured Resins

The chemistry of these materials similar
to a composite restorative material
The material is composed of a matrix
of urethane dimethacrylate that contains
a small amount of colloidal silica to control the
rheology.
The filler consists of acrylic beads that become
part of an interpenetrating polymer network
structure when it is cured.
2009-10-07
Visible-Light Cured Resins

Indications
denture hard reline material
construction of customized impression trays
repair of fractured dentures
Problems in the processing

of acrylics for dentures
porosity
presence of processing strains
Processing
Porosity - major causes

1. polymerization shrinkage-associated
contraction porosity,
2. volatilization of the monomer, termed
gaseous porosity.
Polymerization must be carried out

slowly (to prevent gaseous porosity)
under pressure (to avoid contraction porosity),
such that the temperature of the denture
acrylic never exceeds 100C.
Processing Strains
The restriction imposed upon the dimensional
change of the resin will inevitably give rise to
internal strains.
If such strains were allowed to relax,
the result would be warpage, crazing or
distortion of the denture base.
Although many of the strains generated
during the curing contraction can be relieved
by the flow that occurs above
the glass transition temperature, some strain
that is due to thermal contraction
will remain.
2009-10-07
Processing Strains
The level of the internal strain can be
minimized by using acrylic rather than
porcelain teeth (so that there is no differential
shrinkage on cooling) and by allowing the flask
to cool slowly
Processing Strains
The relief of internal strain can produce tiny
surface defects in the resin. These are known
as crazes, and can be identified by a hazy or
foggy appearance to the surface of the
denture base
The crazes may be formed in response
to heat (due to polishing), differential
contraction around porcelain teeth,
or attack by solvents such as alcohol
Properties
Polymerization shrinkage
Porosity
Water adsorption
Solubility
Processes stresses
Crazing
Bicopmability
PMMA is highly biocompatible, however some
patients may suffer some allergic reactions
When a patient has a confirmed delayed
hypersensitivity reaction to methacrylate
resins, an alternative denture base material,
such as a polycarbonate, may have to be
considered.
Mechanical Properties
The tensile strength of acrylic resins <50MPa
The elastic modulus is low,
The flexural modulus is in the region
of 2200- 2500 Mpa,
The lack of fracture toughness,
Dentures are prone to fracture.
Physical Properties
2009-10-07
Thermal Conductivity
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
The thermal conductivity of PMMA is approximately

6 x 10-4 cal.g -1.cm-2 . This is very low, and can present
problems during denture processing as the heat
produced cannot escape, leading to a temperature
rise.
From the patient's point of view, the problem with a
low coefficient of thermal conductivity is that the
denture isolates the oral soft tissues from any
sensation of temperature. This can lead to a patient
consuming a drink that is far too hot without
realizing it, which may lead to the back of the throat
and possibly even the oesophagus being scalded.
The coefficient of thermal expansion

is approximately 80ppm/C.
In general, this does not present
a problem, except that there is a possibility that
porceIain teeth set in denture base resin may
gradually loosen and be lost due the differential
expansion
and contraction
Water Sorption and Solubility
Indications
Due to the polar nature of the resin molecules,

PMMA will absorb water. This water sorption is
typically of the order of 1.02.0 wg.%.
In practice, this helps to compensate for the slight
processing shrinkage.
Although PMMA is soluble in most solvents (e.g.
chloroform), as it is only lightly crosslinked, it is
virtually insoluble in most of the fluids that it may
come into contact with in the mouth. However, some
weight loss will occur, due to leaching
of the monomer in particular, and possibly some of
the pigments and dyes.
DENTISTRY 101
Conference
April 30, 2005
Partial dentures
Full dentures
Temporary crowns and bridges
Orthodontic appliances
Custom trays (resin impression trays)
Occlusal appliances (splints)
DENTISTRY 101
National Oral Healtha
Conference
April 30, 2005
2009-10-07
Custom trays (resin impression trays)
Orthodontic appliances
DENTURE LINING MATERIALS
Occlusal appliances (splints)
permanent hard reline materials

semipermanent soft liners
tissue conditioners/temporary soft liners.
Source
Philips Science of Dental Materials
K. J. Anusavice,
Saunders, 2003
p.721-758 and 143-170
Introduction to Dental Materials
R. Van Noort,
Mosby, 2002
p. 211-220
Compression molding technique
Impression making
Cast generation
Record base fabrication
Articulation mounting
Wax contouring
Selection and arrangement of proper prosthetic
teeth (esthetics and function)
Completed tooth arrangement is sealed to master
cast
Master cast and completed tooth arrangement are
removed from the dental articulator
2009-10-07
Preparation of the mold
Preparation of the mold
The master cast is coated with a thin layer of separator to

prevent adherence of dental stone during the flasking process
The lower portion of the denture flask is filled with freshly
mixed dental stone, and the master cast is placed into this
mixture
Upon reaching its initial set, the stone is coated with an
appropriate separator
The upper portion of the selected denture flask is then
positioned atop the lower portion of the flask
A surface-tension-reducing agent is applied to exposed wax
surface, and second mix of dental stone is prepared. The
dental stone is poured into the denture flask.
The stone is permitted to set and is coated with separator
The record base and wax must be removed from the mold
the denture flask is immersed in boiling water for 4 min.
The flask is removed from the water, and appropriate
segments are separated. The record base and softened wax
remain in the lower portion of the denture flask, while the
prosthetic teeth remain firmly embedded in the investing
stone of the remaining segments
The record base and softened wax are carefully removed from
the surface of the mold (wax solvent, mild detergent, boiling
water)
The application of an appropriate separating medium (watersoluble alginate solutions) onto the walls of the mold cavity
Control of Color
Mould Lining
The coloring pigment is usually incorporated in the

polymer powder, but in some cases it may simply be
on the surface of the polymer beads and may be
washed off by too rapid a contact of the monomer.
In this case, the polymer should be added to the
monomer slowly. Too little powder will produce too
light a shade.
additionals
There is a danger that the resin may penetrate the

relatively rough surface of the plaster mould and
adhere to it. To prevent this, a separating medium
must be employed. Nowadays, the separating
medium is usually a solution of sodium alginate,
although some still recommend the use of tin foil.
The reline can be achieved either with a coldcure acrylic resin at the chairside, or the
denture is sent to a dental laboratory for
relining with a heat-cured acrylic.
The heat-cured acrylics used by laboratories
are identical to those used for the
construction of dentures.
10
2009-10-07
Complete denture
A removable denture prosthesis that replaces
the entire dentition and associates structures
of the maxilla or mandible. Such a prosthesis
is composed of artificial teeth attached to a
denture base. In turn, the denture base
derives its support through contact with
underlying oral tissue, teeth, or implants.
Construction of denture
Taking an impression (clinical),

Producing a model (dental cast) (laboratory),
Setting the teeth (laboratory),
Preparing a waxed model (laboratory),
Investing in denture flask and boiling out the
wax, which then leaves a space to be filled by
the denture base material (laboratory),
Adhesion of the denture to the mucosa

Retention can be defined as the resistance to
forces that tend to displace the denture in an
occlusal direction.
Stability is the resistance to movement in a
horizontal direction.
saliva,
the greater the surface area the better the
adhesive bond
A film of saliva between the mucosa and
denture should be as thin as is possible,
so the denture should fit as accurately as
possible.
The establishment of a peripheral seal around

the edge of the denture
For a denture to have the optimum

retention it should:
is very important for retention.

The tighter the seal, the more difficult it is for
additional saliva to enter the space between
the denture and the mucosa, and this means
that more force needs to be applied to
separate the denture from the mucosa.
1. cover the maximum area of mucosa

compatible with the functional muscular
activity;
2. be a close fit, so as to minimize the thickness
of the saliva film and retain a good
peripheral seal
11
2009-10-07
The criteria for relining are:

poor retention or stability
collapse of the vertical dimension of the
occlusion
degradation of the denture base
lack of denture extension into muco-buccal fold
areas
for an elderly patient for whom habituation to a
new denture may be difficult, if not impossible
12
2009-10-12
Dental office design

Equipment in dental office
Dental office
Front desk
Waiting room
Consultation room
Hygiene room
Operatory room
Sterilization room
Staff lounge
Every one is different
Ergonomic, four-handed dentistry practice

design
Individually designed equipment provides
productivity and stress reduction
Individuals vary in size, shape, training and

experience
Equipment and work areas should allow
flexibility (right- or left-handed use, different
working postures, different chair position )
www.inform-as.dk
Unit design
Ergonomic = no unnecessary movements
www.inform-as.dk
Dental stool features

Fully adjustable
Stability
Lumbar support
Hands-free seat height adjustment
2009-10-12
Dental equipment
Turbine closer to the
dentist than micromotor
Patient chair features

Stability
Fully adjustible head rest
Hands-free operation
HVE and air/water syringe

closer to the assistant
than saliva ejector
Lightning in dental
office
An optimal light level does not exist

Dental light illuminance range 8000-24 000 lx
8 000 lx sufficient for basic visual discrimination
24 000 lx more suitable for darker areas in oral cavity
Lighting should not exceed 30 000 lx (higher light levels
lead to visual discomfort)
Dental light
Designed to reduce eye strain

Illumination concentrated on the operating field
Hand mirrors provides light intraorally
Fiberoptics in handpieces add concentrated
lighting in the operating field
Instrument design
Overall shape/ size

Handle shape/size
Weight
Balance
Maneuverability
Ease of operation
Ease of maintenance
Hand Instruments features
Hollow or resin handles

Round, textured/grooved
Carbon-steel construction
Color-coded (easier instrument
identification)
2009-10-12
Dental Handpieces features
Lightweight balanced models

Sufficient power
Built-in light sources
Easy activation
Easy maintenance
Syringes and Dispenser features
Adequate lumen size

Ease in cleaning
Textured/grooved handles
Easy activation and placement
Pre-set Instrument Trays

Organized procedural flow
of hand instruments and supplies
in a sterile environment
Mobile cabinet
Properly designed and organized for easy
and quick access to commonly used
instruments and materials
www.inform-as.dk
Microstone
Laboratory waxes
Monika ukomska-Szymaska, PhD, DDS
Dental wax
A low-molecular-weight ester of fatty acids derived from
natural and synthetic components such as petroleum
derivatives that soften to a plastic state at a relatively low
temperature.
COMPOSITION
Natural waxes produced from:
Plants from trees they extract the wax
Minerals: paraffin wax
Animals: beeswax
Synthetic waxes
Additional components: gums, oils, resins, fats.
Just to change the properties.
Composition of an inlay wax

Natural waxes (derived from mineral, vegetable and or
animal origins):
Hydrocarbons of the paraffin (40-60wt%)
Microcrystalline wax series:
- Gum dammar (dammar resin),
- Carnauba wax,
- Candelilla wax,
- Ceresin,
Synthetic waxes (chemically synthesized analogs of
natural wax molecules),
Coloring agents, compatible filler.
PROPERTIES
Melting range: since it is made of different materials a
range of temperatures not a certain melting temperature at

which each component of the wax will start to soften and
then flow e.g. 70-90oC. The operator can control the
viscosity of wax by controlling temperature.
Flow: is the movement of the wax as molecules slip over
each other. Melting range and flow of the wax are important
in wax manipulation by operator it is important to select the
wax with the proper melting range for clinical use. E.g. bite
registration wax - you need a wax that are not melted
below mouth temperature, otherwise once you place it in
the oral cavity, it starts to melt & become too soft & it will
not record occlusal relationship properly.
You have 3 blocks of wax & you place a small

amount of weight on top of each one.
No flow as wax is not soft.
Flow depend on
the melting range
of the wax & it is
important for
manipulation.
With time flow will

increase as the wax start
to melt.
PROPERTIES
Excess residue: for the sake of accuracy in the object
produced, if excess residue remains after melted wax is

removed, inaccuracies may occur.
E.g. lost wax technique procedure (when we carve the
restoration in wax first then we put investment material
around it in oven, melt it & then metal goes in)
Thermal properties:
- the thermal conductivity of the waxes is low (it needs time
both to heat them uniformly throughout and to cool them
to body or room temperature),
- High coefficient of thermal expansion (inlay wax thermally
expands and contracts more per degree of temperature
change than any other dental material)
PROPERTIES
Dimensional change: waxes expand when heated,
contract when cooled. Thermal expansion of waxes is

highest among dental materials important for accuracy of
the restoration. This property is important especially for
pattern waxes, when we are making a crown or a bridge
we should make it firstly in wax but if you allow it to stay
for more than 30 min the wax will start to deform & change
in shape as there is stress inside the wax & by time it will
be released. (e.g. inlay wax). How:
o
If wax is heated well beyond melting range or unevenly,

unacceptable expansion occurs. So when you are over heating
or cooling the wax, when you use it again, it will contract or
expand unevenly throughout leading to inaccuracy.
o If wax is allowed to stand for a long time, the release of residual
stresses will lead to dimensional changes and inaccuracies.
This is why pattern wax should be invested within 30 minutes of
carving.
CLASSIFICATION OF WAXES
Pattern wax Processing wax Impression wax
Using wax then
replace it.
Inlay wax
Boxing wax
Casting wax Utility wax

Baseplate
wax
Sticky wax
Corrective impression
wax
Bite registration wax
_____________
Various forms of wax:

sheets, ropes, sticks.
PATTERN WAXES
Inlay waxes: are used to produce patterns for metal
casting using the lost wax technique.
o Type I: placed directly in the prepared tooth in the direct
waxing technique. This wax has a low melting range.
o Type II: melted on a die outside the mouth in the indirect
you place it in gypsum model then it is replaced by metal
or porcelain- technique (more commonly used). These
waxes are supplied as pellets and sticks. They are blue
and green in color. Hard, medium, soft depending on
melting range.
Casting wax: used to construct the metal

framework for partial and complete dentures.
Supplied in sheets or preformed shapes.
They come in different shapes (bars or meshwork),
they are attached to the cast or the model & then
invested (wax is melted away & metal goes in)
13
Partial denture have a metal components to give

support, so usually the shape of the metal
framework is made in wax first then melted away
to be replaced with metals.
Baseplate wax: sheets of wax pink in color. These

sheets are layered to produce the form on which
denture teeth are set
So wax is attached to the gypsum model while you are placing or
setting the teeth, then you have to replace the wax with acrylic
resin.
15
PROCESSING WAX
Boxing wax: used to form the base portion of
a gypsum model. Easily manipulated at
room temperature.
Placed all around the tray usually when we want to make it a little pit
soft to attach it to the tray, you just need to place it in your hands then it
will be a little pit softened & you can attach it to the tray.
Usually properly it should be completely dry,
otherwise it will not stick to the tray.
16
Utility wax: also called periphery wax, comes in

ropes, and easily manipulated at room
temperature. Used to adjust impression trays -to
make it longer-, used to cover sharp brackets edges- and wires in orthodontic appliances,
layered in sheets for bite registration.
Sticky wax: comes in yellow - orange sticks that are

hard and brittle at room temperature. When
heated, become soft and sticky. Used to adhere attach- components of metal, gypsum, resin during
fabrication and repair.
Lets say that you have a broken denture & you
want to repair it, you put the 2 pieces together &
attach them with the sticky wax.
It is a brittle type of wax

(hard & rigid at room
temperature & when
you melt it , it become
soft & liquid).
Sticky wax
19
IMPRESSION WAXES
Corrective impression wax: used with other impression
materials for edentulous impressions, to correct
undercut areas. Flows at mouth temperature.
Not used commonly there days but we use it if there are
holes or bubbles in our gypsum model to cover the
holes & correct the shape of the cast.
Bite registration: to produce wax bite registration for
articulation of models. Susceptible to distortion, needs
careful handling.
20
Wax sheets used for impression and bite registration

We can cut it in any shape we want & place it in pts mouth.
21
U shaped like dental

arch so easier to use.
22
MANIPULATION
Softened evenly in:
Warm hands (boxing wax)
Warm water
Dry heat
Flame
Added in layers into an object not one bulk
Should be invested within 30 minutes of carving so the stress
will not be allowed to be released & the crown or bridge will
not change its shape so more accurate
Utility and boxing wax should remain dry to allow to stick
when manipulated.
Should be stored at or slightly below room temperature so you
have to know the melting range to store it in a proper
temperature.
23
Lost wax technique

1. An impression of the preparation
is taken and poured into high

strength stone to form a die.
2. Wax pattern is carved
3. Wax or plastic sprue is attached
to pattern
4. Pattern and sprue are encased in
investment ring, into which
investment gypsum is poured
5.
6.
7.
Once investment sets, wax pattern and

sprue are heated in a burnout oven,
causing wax and sprue to vaporize (lost
wax), leaving an impression of wax pattern
in the empty case
Molten metal is poured through the empty
channel formed by sprue, into the empty
wax pattern space.
Metal cools, sprue removed, casting
cleaned and polished and now ready for
cementation
25

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Lectures PDF

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Bonding systems

Agnieszka Pacyk PhD,DDS

Help offset polymerization shrinkage

Indications for Adhesion

Direct resin composite restorations

Indications for Adhesion

Pit and fissure sealants

Basic Mechanism of Adhesion

Variations in Tooth Structure

Radiate from pulp

" 0.8 microns at DEJ

Changes in Dentin Structure

Historically, more difficult

First commercial dentinal adhesive

retention only 50% at 6 months

Moderate bond strengths

High bond strengths

High bond strengths

Combined conditioner and primer

Combined conditioner, primer and adhesive

Currently Available Generations

Classification of Newer Systems

Interaction with tooth surface

Steps in Forming Good Adhesion

(2) Good wetting

(3) Intimate adaptation

(5) Good curing

Etch & Rinse (Two-Step)

Pros/Cons of Etch & Rinse

Separate acid etch

Dentine Bonding: Principle Steps

Prepared Dentine covered with a Smear Layer

Dentine Bonding: Principle Steps

Treatment of the Smear Layer

Dentine Bonding: Principle Steps

Infiltration / Penetration of wet Dentine

Total Etch Technique

Dentine Bonding: Principle Steps

Dentine Bonding: Principle Steps

Evaporation of the Solvent

Total Etch Technique

Dentine Bonding: Principle Steps

Curing of the Adhesive

Total Etch Technique

Prime&BondNT : Interaction with

Water within Collagen Fibres

Faster & Easier

Self-Etch Adhesives: Acidic Monomers

Good dentin conditioning

Possible reduction in post-op sensitivity

Limited clinical indications

Casting alloys for metallic

Monika ukomska-Szymaoska, DDS, PhD

These films are generally found on gold alloys

Compensation for Solidification

The melting range of the alloys and metals for

To achieve accurately fitting cast inlays, onlays,

Fabrication of Cast Prostheses and

Finishing of Cast Metal

To achieve a sound chemical bond to ceramic

The cost of metals used for single-unit

NOBLE AND PRECIOUS METAL ALLOYS