CHAPTER 9

MOLE CONCEPT

1. Atoms, molecules and ions are particles of matter. Matter has mass and
volume. So this particles also have mass and volume. Because the
particles are extremely small, the mass are in relative mass of atoms or
molecules.
2. An atom Carbon-12 are chosen to be as a standard.
3. The values obtained for atoms are known as relative atomic mass and
the values obtained for molecules are known as relative molecular
mass.
4. Mole is a counting unit for atom, molecules and ions. The symbol is
mol.
5. The mass of one atoms is known as the molar mass. Its unit is g mol-1 .
Molar mass has the same numerical value as relative atomic mass.
6. The relationship between number of moles and numbers of atoms is
Number of atoms = number of moles x Avogradros number ( 6.02 x 10 23 )

7. The relationship between number of moles of atoms, mass of atoms and

molar mass is shown below:
Number of moles of atoms = mass of atoms
molar mass
8. The relationship between number of moles of molecules , mass of
molecules and molar mass is shown below:
Number of moles of molecule = mass of molecules
molar mass
9. The relationship between number of moles and mass is
Mass of atoms = Number of moles atoms x molar mass

Example : What is the number of moles of 216g argentums.

Relative atomic mass of argentums is 108
Number of moles of atoms =

mass of atoms
molar mass

216
108

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MASS, NUMBERS OF MOLES AND NUMBERS

OF ATOMS.
+ Molar
mass
Jisim bahan
x Molar
mass

x Avogradros
number
Numbers of
mole

+ Avogradros
numbers

Number of
atom

CHEMICAL REACTIONS
1. Chemical reactions involve two or more atoms, molecule or ions. To form
ionic substance, positive ions and negative ions are take part.
2. Some ionic that usually used in chemical reaction is
Positive ion
Sodium ion
Hydrogen ion
Ammonium ion
Argentums ion
Kuprum(ll) ion
Zink ion
Calsium ion
Plumbum ion
Ferum ion
Stanum ion
Aluminium ion
Cromium ion

Formula
Na+
H+
NH4+
Ag+
Cu2+
Zn2+
Ca2+
Pb2+
Fe2+
Sn2+
Al3+
Cr3+

Negative ion
Fluorine ion
Chlorine ion
Bromine ion
Iodine ion
Hydroxide ion
Nitrate ion
Hydride ion
Manganate ion
Nitrite ion
Sulphate ion
Carbonate ion
Phosphate ion

Formula
FCl Br IOHNO3HMnO4 NO2SO4 2CO3 2PO43-

3. The mole concept are useful in chemical equation. The balance chemical
equation shows the reaction between atoms, molecules or ions.
Example: Hydrogen chloride acid ( HCl )react with Sodium hydroxide

( NaOH )

HCl(aq) + NaOH

NaCl

(aq)

(aq)

+ H2O (l)

4. The technique to check for balance chemical equation is

chemical
equation
atom

HCl(aq) + NaOH

NaCl

(aq)

(aq)

+ H2O (l)

Number of atoms on the Number of atoms on the

left hand side
right hand side
H
2
2
Cl
1
1
Na
1
1
O
1
1
Example 2 : Cuprum oxside ( CuO ) react with Hydrogen sulphate
( H2SO4 )
CuO + H2SO4(aq)
CuSO4 (aq) + H2O (l)

The technique to check for balance chemical equation is

chemical
equation

CuO +
H2O (l)

atom

H2SO4(aq)

CuSO 4

(aq)

Number of atoms on the Number of atoms on the

left hand side
right hand side

Cu
O
H
S
CONSTRUCTING A CHEMICAL FORMULA
1. You can check the balanced of ionic compound by using crossing system
IUPAC.
Example :
Ionic formula
Charge of ion
The
ratio

Al 3
+3

based 2

O 2-2
3

Chemical formula for aluminium oxide is Al2O3 .

2. You also can check the balanced of ionic compound based on mole concept.
Example : 0.5g Magnesium react with oxygen in air to form 0.8g
magnesium oxide.
Atoms

Mg

Mass
0.5
(g)
Number
of 0.5 = 0.02
mole of atoms 24.0

0.3

Mole ratio
Chemical
formula

0.3 = 0.02
16.0

MgO

APPRECIATING THE MOLE CONCEPT

1. The conservation law of mass was discovered by Antoine Lavoisier.
2. The explanation of mole concept and the conservation law of mass before
and after reaction are
Balance chemical
equation
Number of moles
Molar mass
Mass (g)
Total mass (g)
Number of atoms
Mg
O
Total Number of
atoms

2 Mg +
2
24
48
80
1.204 x 1024
1.204 x 1024
2.408 x 1024

O2
2
32
32

2 MgO
2
40
80
80
1.204 x 1024
1.204 x 1024
2.408 x 1024