Basis of Design

Khazzan Project Criteria
Basis of Design Civil, Structural and Architectural Design
Revision History
Amendment
Date
Revision
Number
Amender
Initials
Amendment
08/04/2014
A01H
13/05/2014
B01H
SS
Section 1.2, 1.3,1.4, 2.2, 2.3, 3.3.2, 3.3.3, 4.2, 4.4, 5.1, 5.7.2,
5.9, 5.11.2, 5.15, 10.3, 11.5, 12, 12.1, 12.2, 16, 16.2, 16.3,
16.5, 16.6, 16.7
05/06/2014
B02H
SS
Section 1.3, 2.3, 3.0, 3.3.1, 3.3.2, 3.3.4, 4.1, 4.2, 4.4, 5.1,
5.7.1, 11.5, 11.5.2, 11.8, 15.6, 16.0, 16.3, 17.2
17/06/2014
B03H
SS
Section 2.3, 3.3.2, 5.1, 5.14.7
16/07/2014
B04H
SS
Section 2.3, 3.3.4, 5.7.1, 15.1
Related documents
Document number
KZ01-CV-BOD-14-0001
Document name
Description of Content
BOD CSA Design Criteria
Holds
Section Number
Short Description of Hold
3.3.2
KZ01-CV-BOD-53-0005: Basis of Design for Hydrology & Flood Mitigation
5.1
Use of Fendolite as PFP material
15.6
Drainage from bunded area
Definitions and Abbreviations

Term
KZ01-CV-BOD-53-0001
Comment
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Table of Contents
1.
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 6
1.1 ....... SCOPE ..................................................................................................................................................... 6
1.2 ....... BRIEF PROJECT DESCRIPTION ............................................................................................................ 6
1.3 ....... DEFINITIONS ........................................................................................................................................... 6
1.4 ....... INTERPRETATION .................................................................................................................................. 8
1.5 ....... LANGUAGE .............................................................................................................................................. 8
1.6 ....... UNITS OF MEASUREMENT .................................................................................................................... 8
1.7 ....... QUALITY ASSURANCE ........................................................................................................................... 8
1.8 ....... HSSE ........................................................................................................................................................ 8
1.9 ....... DESIGN LIFE............................................................................................................................................ 8
2.
APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS.......................................................................................................... 9
2.1 ....... ORDER OF PRECEDENCE ..................................................................................................................... 9
2.2 ....... APPLICABLE COMPANY SPECIFICATIONS AND STANDARDS ......................................................... 9
2.3 ....... APPLICABLE PROJECT SPECIFICATIONS, STANDARDS AND DRAWINGS ................................... 10
2.4 ....... APPLICABLE INTERNATIONAL CODES AND STANDARDS .............................................................. 12
3.
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS ........................................................................................................... 16

3.1 ....... NATURE OF THE SITE .......................................................................................................................... 16
3.2 ....... RISK CONSIDERATIONS IN DESIGN................................................................................................... 17
3.3 ....... EXTREME EVENTS ............................................................................................................................... 17
4.
ENVIRONMENTAL TOPOGRAPHICAL & GEOTECHNICAL DATA............................................ 19

4.1 ....... AMBIENT TEMPERATURE AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY ...................................................................... 19
4.2 ....... WIND ...................................................................................................................................................... 19
4.3 ....... TOPOGRAPHY....................................................................................................................................... 20
4.4 ....... SOIL INVESTIGATIONS ........................................................................................................................ 20
4.5 ....... POTENTIALLY UNSTABLE NATURAL GROUND ................................................................................ 20
4.6 ....... GROUND WATER LEVELS OF NATURAL GROUND .......................................................................... 20
4.7 ....... SITE DATUM AND COORDINATES ...................................................................................................... 20
4.8 ....... GEOHAZARDS ....................................................................................................................................... 20
5.
DESIGN LOADS ........................................................................................................................... 21

5.1 ....... DEAD LOAD ........................................................................................................................................... 21
5.2 ....... LIVE LOAD ............................................................................................................................................. 21
5.3 ....... ERECTION LOAD................................................................................................................................... 23
5.4 ....... PRODUCT OR FLUID LOAD ................................................................................................................. 23
5.5 ....... OPERATING LOAD ................................................................................................................................ 23
5.6 ....... TEST LOAD ............................................................................................................................................ 23
5.7 ....... PIPE LOAD ............................................................................................................................................. 23
5.8 ....... IMPACT LOAD........................................................................................................................................ 24
5.9 ....... SAND LOAD ........................................................................................................................................... 24
5.10 ..... TRUCK, CRANE AND MOVING LOADS ............................................................................................... 25
5.11 ..... BLAST LOAD .......................................................................................................................................... 26
5.12 ..... DYNAMIC LOAD..................................................................................................................................... 26
5.13 ..... SURGE LOAD ........................................................................................................................................ 27
5.14 ..... WIND LOAD............................................................................................................................................ 27
5.15 ..... SEISMIC LOAD ...................................................................................................................................... 28
6.
THERMAL LOADS & MAINTENANCE LOADS AND DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENTS ............. 29

6.1 ....... THERMAL LOAD .................................................................................................................................... 29
6.2 ....... DESIGN TEMPERATURE ...................................................................................................................... 29
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6.3 ....... DESIGN ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE .......................................................................................... 29

6.4 ....... FRICTION COEFFICIENTS ................................................................................................................... 29
6.5 ....... PIPING FRICTION LOADS .................................................................................................................... 30
6.6 ....... MAINTENANCE LOADS ........................................................................................................................ 30
6.7 ....... BUNDLE PULL FORCE .......................................................................................................................... 30
7.
EARTH AND WATER PRESSURE ............................................................................................... 31
8.
LOAD AND LOAD COMBINATIONS............................................................................................ 32

8.1 ....... LOADS .................................................................................................................................................... 32
8.2 ....... LOAD COMBINATIONS ......................................................................................................................... 32
9.
CHOICE OF STRUCTURAL MATERIAL ...................................................................................... 35

9.1 ....... PIPE RACK STRUCTURES ................................................................................................................... 35
9.2 ....... STRUCTURES ....................................................................................................................................... 35
9.3 ....... SHELTERS ............................................................................................................................................. 35
10. STEEL STRUCTURES ................................................................................................................. 36

10.1 ..... GENERAL ............................................................................................................................................... 36
10.2 ..... DEFLECTION LIMITATIONS ................................................................................................................. 36
10.3 ..... DEFLECTIONS ....................................................................................................................................... 36
11. FOUNDATIONS AND REINFORCED CONCRETE WORKS ........................................................ 38

11.1 ..... CONCRETE GRADES, COVER AND REINFORCEMENT ................................................................... 38
11.2 ..... ANCHOR BOLTS, SHEAR KEYS AND OTHER CONCRETE INSERTS .............................................. 38
11.3 ..... GROUT ................................................................................................................................................... 38
11.4 ..... FIRE RESISTANCE OF CONCRETE .................................................................................................... 38
11.5 ..... FOUNDATION DESIGN ......................................................................................................................... 39
11.6 ..... GROUND BEARING FOUNDATIONS ................................................................................................... 41
11.7 ..... STABILITY RATIOS................................................................................................................................ 42
11.8 ..... SLIDING STABILITY AND UPLIFT ........................................................................................................ 42
11.9 ..... ALLOWABLE SETTLEMENTS ............................................................................................................... 43
11.10 ... HORIZONTAL VESSEL SUPPORTS ..................................................................................................... 43
11.11 ... CONCRETE BASINS AND PITS ............................................................................................................ 44
11.12 ... PIPE SLEEPERS .................................................................................................................................... 44
11.13 ... TRANSFORMER BASES ....................................................................................................................... 44
11.14 ... MACHINE PLINTHS ON CHEMICALLY RESISTANT FLOORS ........................................................... 44
12. FOUNDATIONS & STRUCTURES SUPPORTING MACHINERY ................................................. 45

12.1 ..... DESIGN CRITERIA FOR RECIPROCATING MACHINERY .................................................................. 46
12.2 ..... DESIGN CRITERIA FOR ROTATING MACHINERY ............................................................................. 46
12.3 ..... ANALYSIS OF VIBRATIONS DUE TO UNBALANCED FORCES ......................................................... 47
13. COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION ................................................................................................... 49

13.1 ..... DESIGN .................................................................................................................................................. 49
13.2 ..... MATERIALS ............................................................................................................................................ 49
13.3 ..... CONSTRUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 49
14. BRICKWORK AND MASONRY .................................................................................................... 50

14.1 ..... DESIGN .................................................................................................................................................. 50
14.2 ..... MATERIALS ............................................................................................................................................ 50
14.3 ..... TRANSPORT, STORAGE AND CONSTRUCTION ............................................................................... 50
15. DRAINAGE, FLOOD PREVENTION AND SERVICE TRENCHES ............................................... 51

15.1 ..... FLOOD PREVENTION ........................................................................................................................... 51
15.2 ..... SITE DRAINAGE .................................................................................................................................... 51
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15.3 ..... FIREWATER ........................................................................................................................................... 51

15.4 ..... SEWER AND DRAINAGE DESIGN ....................................................................................................... 51
15.5 ..... CONCRETE DRAIN CHANNELS, SERVICE TRENCHES & PITS ....................................................... 51
15.6 ..... DRAINAGE FROM BUNDED AREA ...................................................................................................... 52
16. ROADS AND PAVING .................................................................................................................. 53

16.1 ..... ON-PLOT ASPHALT ROADS ................................................................................................................. 53
16.2 ..... ROAD GEOMETRY ................................................................................................................................ 53
16.3 ..... AVAILABILITY ........................................................................................................................................ 54
16.4 ..... DRAINAGE ............................................................................................................................................. 54
16.5 ..... PREDICTED TRAFFIC FLOWS ............................................................................................................. 54
16.6 ..... TRAFFIC SIGNS & ROAD MARKINGS ................................................................................................. 54
16.7 ..... GEOTECHNICAL DATA ......................................................................................................................... 54
17. TANK PAD FOUNDATIONS AND BUND WALLS ....................................................................... 55

17.1 ..... TANK PAD FOUNDATIONS ................................................................................................................... 55
17.2 ..... TANK BUNDS AND BUND WALL DESIGN ........................................................................................... 56
17.3 ..... EQUIPMENT SHELTERS ...................................................................................................................... 57
17.4 ..... ACCESS ................................................................................................................................................. 57
18. BUILDINGS .................................................................................................................................. 58

18.1 ..... EQUIPMENT SHELTERS ...................................................................................................................... 58
18.2 ..... ACCESS ................................................................................................................................................. 58
19. EARTHWORKS, BACKFILLING AND SLOPE PROTECTION..................................................... 59

19.1 ..... SLOPE STABILITY ANALYSIS .............................................................................................................. 59
20. PILES............................................................................................................................................ 60
20.1 ..... FOUNDATIONS SUPPORTED ON PILES, CAISSONS, DEEP PIERS OR SLEEPER WALLS: ......... 60
20.2 ..... MAXIMUM PRESSURE .......................................................................................................................... 60
20.3 ..... GENERAL ............................................................................................................................................... 61
20.4 ..... SITE CONDITIONS AND INVESTIGATIONS FOR PILED FOUNDATIONS ......................................... 61
20.5 ..... BEARING PILES..................................................................................................................................... 61
20.6 ..... PILE LOADS AND SAFETY FACTORS ................................................................................................. 61
20.7 ..... DESIGN OF BEARING PILES ................................................................................................................ 61
20.8 ..... DESIGN OF PILES TO RESIST LATERAL LOADING .......................................................................... 61
20.9 ..... PILES TO RESIST UPLIFT .................................................................................................................... 61
20.10 ... PILED STRUCTURES AND PIPE RACKS ............................................................................................ 62
20.11 ... PILE GROUP ACTION ........................................................................................................................... 62
20.12 ... DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENT ............................................................................................................. 62
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"INSPECTOR" the agency appointed by COMPANY or CONTRACTOR to carry out inspection in a

VENDORs / SUPPLIERs premises.
EQUIPMENT shall mean all materials, machinery, apparatus, supplies, property (real or personal), and
equipment to be supplied by CONTRACTOR GROUP pursuant to the CONTRACT and forming or
intending to form a part of the PERMANENT WORKS but shall exclude any PLANT.
"OTHER CONTRACTOR" shall mean any contractor, other than members of CONTRACTOR GROUP,
who has entered into a contract with COMPANY (a) to provide goods or services or perform work at the
WORKSITE; or (b) to provide goods or services or perform work in connection with the WORK.
"OTHER CONTRACTOR GROUP" shall mean any OTHER CONTRACTOR, its subcontractors of any
tier, its and their AFFILIATES and its and their respective directors, officers and employees (including
agency personnel) and agents, but shall not include any member of COMPANY GROUP or
CONTRACTOR GROUP.
PERMANENT WORKS shall mean the property arising from the WORK to be erected, constructed and
completed by CONTRACTOR in accordance with CONTRACT, including without limitation all
EQUIPMENT and COMPANY PROVIDED ITEMS.
"PLANT" shall mean all materials, machinery, apparatus, supplies, property and equipment which is
owned, leased, rented, chartered or operated by CONTRACTOR GROUP for the purpose of performing
the WORK but not incorporated into the PERMANENT WORKS.
QUALITY ASSURANCE all those planned and systematic actions (QA) necessary to ensure that a
product or service will satisfy contractual requirements for quality.
SITE shall mean the WORKSITE within Block 61 in the Sultanate of Oman at which the PERMANENT
WORKS are to be located.
"SUBCONTRACT" shall mean any contract of any tier for the performance or supply of any part of the
WORK excluding the CONTRACT.
"SUBCONTRACTOR" shall mean any party (other than CONTRACTOR) to a SUBCONTRACT including
its employees and agents.
SUPPLIER shall mean any SUBCONTRACTOR that is engaged under a SUBCONTRACT for the
supply of EQUIPMENT.
"WORK" shall mean all work that CONTRACTOR is required to perform in accordance with the provisions
of the CONTRACT.
"WORKSITE" shall mean the location or locations on, under, in, or through which the WORK is to be
performed by CONTRACTOR GROUP and shall include, without limitation, the SITE and all other
facilities or locations of CONTRACTOR GROUP or the facilities or locations of COMPANY or any OTHER
CONTRACTORS at which WORK is to be performed.
"VENDOR" shall have the same meaning as SUPPLIER.
Abbreviations:
Abbreviation
Definition
CPF
Central Processing Facility
EWT
Early Well Test
ETP
Company Group Engineering and Technical Practices
GIS
Group Guidance on Industry Standards
PDO
Petroleum Development Oman
HDPE
High Density Poly-Ethylene
HSSE
Health, Safety, Security and Environment
PHSA
Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment
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1.4
INTERPRETATION
The word shall is used to indicate that a provision is mandatory.
The word should is used to indicate that a provision is not mandatory, but recommended as good
practice.
Words importing the singular include the plural and vice versa where the context so requires.
All references to the masculine gender shall be deemed to include the feminine gender and vice versa.
The headings in this document are for ease of reference and shall not be deemed to be part of or be
taken into consideration in the interpretation or construction of this document.
All the sections of this document shall be read and construed together as one document, in the event of
ambiguity or contradiction between sections, the most stringent shall be applied.
1.5
LANGUAGE
English is the nominated language to be used on the project. Labels, nameplates, and operator
interfaces shall be in English. Safety instructions and warnings which need to be understood by nonoperations staff shall also be in Arabic.
1.6
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
All technical data shall be presented in the International System of Units (SI) as defined in the project
document: Basic Engineering Design Data KZ01-EN-BOD-14-0002.
1.7
QUALITY ASSURANCE
All design, fabrication, logistics operations, construction, installation and testing shall be carried out in
conformance with the Quality Management Plan KZ01-QA-PLN-14-0001, Supplier Quality Management
Requirement - KZ01-QA-SPE-14-0003, Construction Master Quality Programme - KZ01-CV-SPE-140024, Quality Management Requirements for Materials and Equipment Specification and Construction
Specifications - KZ01-QA-SPE-14-0008.
1.8
HSSE
All design, fabrication, logistics operations, construction, installation and testing shall be carried out in
conformance with section IV of the Request for Quotation Document for the EPC Contract - Health,
Safety, Security and Environment Requirements.
1.9
DESIGN LIFE
The design life shall be 30 years.
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2.
APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS
2.1
ORDER OF PRECEDENCE
The precedence applying for use of the Codes, Standards, Specifications and Regulatory requirements
for this Project is as follows:
Sultanate of Oman Governmental Requirements
Project Philosophies and Specifications as approved by Company
Company Group Engineering and Technical Practices (ETPs) and Group Guidance on Industry
Standards (GIS)
International Engineering Standards and Practices
Vendor Standards and Procedures
In the event of an inconsistency, conflict or discrepancy between any of these Codes, Standards,
Specifications and Regulatory Requirements, the most stringent and safest requirement applicable to
the Project shall prevail to the extent of the inconsistency, conflict or discrepancy.
However, in the event that compliance with any such Codes, Standards, Specifications or Regulatory
Requirements would result in contravention of any applicable other Codes, Standards, Specifications
or Regulatory Requirements, CONTRACTOR shall promptly draw this matter to COMPANYs attention
and shall follow COMPANYs directions. Any inconsistencies critical to the design shall be brought to
the attention of the COMPANY Engineering Manager for resolution.
The edition of the Reference Documents shall be the edition current at the effective date of the
AGREEMENT or CONTRACT. The use of later versions shall be agreed with COMPANY.
Latest applicable in country codes (Sultanate of Oman Highway Design Manual etc), regulations,
requirements including statutes of jurisdiction authorities for the works, applicable COMPANY
Engineering Practices shall apply.
Where options exist in any Codes, Standards and Specifications, CONTRACTOR shall highlight in his
designs and proposals which option has been selected, where this is not clarified in COMPANY
documents. CONTRACTOR shall demonstrate that the selection is appropriate.
Where directed by Discipline Basis of Design documents, design and construction shall be carried out in
accordance the principal suite of European codes and standards listed below and documents referenced
therefrom.
In such cases the Contractor will be directed as to which other documents shall be complied with in their
entirety or in part. Use of alternative Codes, Standards and Practices listed in this document is
acceptable. However, the Contractor shall, in each such case, demonstrate line by line how the
requirements of the principal suite of Codes, Standards and Practices are fully satisfied by the alternative
proposed documents.
CONTRACTOR shall provide a list of Codes and Standards proposed for design to COMPANY for
review.
Reference shall be made to additional documents as directed as indicated in this document. Where any
aspect of design is not adequately covered by the listed documents, CONTRACTOR shall propose a
suitable Code or Standard for use in design. Where approved, this document shall apply. Otherwise the
CONTRACTOR shall design to Standard as directed by COMPANY.
The latest revisions of the Codes and Standards listed and associated references current at the Contract
signature date shall be followed, the use of later revisions shall be agreed with COMPANY.
2.2
APPLICABLE COMPANY SPECIFICATIONS AND STANDARDS

Design and construction shall take full account of all documents provided by COMPANY, including all
documents referenced from the provided documents. This applies irrespective of whether the documents
are included in the lists of applicable COMPANY documents or other applicable documents given below.
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TABLE 2.1 - COMPANY DOCUMENTS

Document
Number
2.3
Title
Revision
GP 04-10
Guidance on Practice for Drainage Systems
22 Feb 06
GP 04-20
Guidance on Practice for Civil Engineering
22 Feb 06
APPLICABLE PROJECT SPECIFICATIONS, STANDARDS AND DRAWINGS

TABLE 2.2 - PROJECT SPECIFICATIONS, STANDARDS AND DRAWINGS
Document Number
Title
KZ01-EN-BOD-14-0002
Basic Engineering Design Data
KZ01-EN-BOD-14-0011
Environmental Data Basis
KZ01-EV-BOD-14-0004
Environmental Basis of Design Update
KZ01-EV-SOR-14-0001
Statement of Requirements for Permitting
5074640/GTG.2008157/R.
001
Khazzan/Makarem Gas Development Project Block 61, Oman

Engineering Terrain Evaluation, May - June 2008
KZ01-CV-REP-P2-0006
Desk Study - Engineering in Sulphate Rich Ground
KZ01-CV-REP-P2-0007
Atkins Seismic Hazard Desk Study
KZ01-CV-REP-53-0003
Geotechnical Survey Report
KZ01-CV-BOD-53-0005
Basis of Design for Hydrology & Flood Mitigation
KZ01-CV-REP-00-0001
Gathering System Engineering Terrain Evaluation and Early Works

Infrastructure Site Reconnaissance, 2012
KZ01-EN-TEC-00-0004
Blast Protection for CPF Buildings
KZ01-CV-SPE-53-0008
Unpaved Road Speciation
KZ01-CV-STU-14-0004
Sand Study
KZ01-CV-STU-14-0010
Study Un-Bound In-Field Desert Roads
KZ01-CV-STU-14-0001
Hydrology Studies and Flood Estimation
KZ01-CV-STU-14-0008
Waste Management Area Leachate Study
KZ01-CV-SPE-53-0002
Specification for Concrete Materials & Construction
KZ01-CV-SPE-53-0003
Specification for Design, Fabrication and Erection of Structural

Steelwork
KZ01-CV-SPE-53-0004
Specification for Sewers, Drainage and Water Mains
KZ01-CV-SPE-53-0005
Specification for Roads, Fencing and Paving
KZ01-CV-SPE-53-0006
Specification for Excavation, Backfill and Construction of Underground

Services
KZ01-CV-SPE-53-0007
Central Processing Facility Architectural Specification
KZ01-CV-BOD-53-0001
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Document Number
Title
KZ01- CV-SPE-14-0009
Central Process Facility Buildings HVAC Functional Specification
KZ01-CV-SPE-14-0010
Architectural Functional Specification EPC Contractors Camp
KZ01-CV-SPE-14-0011 to
0019 & 0021
HVAC Specifications
KZ01-CV-SPE-53-0010
Specification Topographical Survey
KZ01-CV-SPE-53-0001
Specification for Geotechnical Investigation
KZ01-CV-REP-14-0031
Khazzan Phase 2 Ground Investigation Geotechnical Interpretative

Report
KZ01- CV-REP-14-0021
CPF, GWES & Infrastructure Foundations Options Study
KZ01- CV-REP-14-0007
Early Infrastructure Works Flood Risk Assessment
KZ01- CV-REP-14-0009
Full Site Flood Risk Assessment
KZ01-CV-TEC-P2-0001
Hot Hyper-Arid Salty Conditions: Concrete and Roads - Technical Note
KZ01- MT- PHI-14-0001
Cathodic Protection Philosophy
KZ01- MT- SPE-14-0005
Specification: Shop and Field Painting
KZ01- MT- SPE-14-0006
Specification for Fireproofing
KZ01-PL-LST-14-0002
Khazzan Well Locations List
KZ01-SE-PHI-14-0003
Philosophy - Fire and Blast Protection
KZ01-SE-PHI-14-0004
Escape, Evacuation and Muster Philosophy
KZ01-EV-PHI-14-0001
Environmental Philosophy
KZ01-SE-SPE-14-0001
Human Factors Specification
KZ01-CV-SPE-53-0011
Specification for Grouting
KZ01-MT-SPE-53-0001
Specification for Galvanising
By EPC ContractorConstruction
Specification for Hydro testing of vessels and tanks
KZ01-CV-STD-53-0002
Standard Drawings - Concrete Protection Details
KZ01-CV-STD-53-0003
Standard Drawings - Foundation Founding Layer & Backfill Details
KZ01-PI- PPL-14-1000
Central Process Facility - Overall Site Plan
KZ01- PL-LAY-14-0008
Block 61, Surface Well Locations Gathering System CRA Pipeline

Layout
KZ01-CV-LAY-14-0108
Overall Road Layout Infrastructure
KZ01-CV-LAY-14-0321
Existing Road Upgrade Layout
KZ01-QA-PLN-14-0001
Quality Management Plan
KZ01-QA-SPE-14-0003
Construction Master Quality Programme - KZ01-CV-SPE-14-0024.
KZ01-QA-SPE-14-0008
Quality Management Requirements for Materials and Equipment

Specification and Construction Specifications
GN 04-004
Petroleum Industry Recommended Practise on Design of Blast

Resistant Buildings Final Report.
KZ01-CV-BOD-53-0001
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Document Number
GN 04-005
2.4
Title
Petroleum Industry Recommended Practise on Design of Blast
Resistant Buildings Final Report Commentary.
APPLICABLE INTERNATIONAL CODES AND STANDARDS

Design and construction shall be carried out in accordance with the principal suite of European codes and
standards listed below and documents referenced therefrom. Reference is made to additional documents
as directed or referenced from the codes or as indicated in this specification. Where Euro codes are
used, the relevant National Annex shall also be deemed to be applicable. The British Annexe shall be
taken as the default.
Note that the list below covers codes dealing with design aspects. For other codes relating to construction
and materials, refer to the applicable specification.
TABLE 2.3 - APPLICABLE INTERNATIONAL CODES AND STANDARDS

Document
Number
Title
Rev
ISSUED BY BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTE AND EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR

STANDARDIZATION
General
BS EN ISO 9001
Quality management systems - requirements
2008
BS EN 1090 -1 & 2
Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures
Parts
2008
BS EN 1990
Eurocode Basis of structural design
2002
Eurocode 1: Actions on structures
Part 1-1 & 1-2

2002
Part 1-3 2003
Part 1-4 2005
Part 1-5 2004
Part 1-6 2005
Part 1-7 2006
Part 2 2003
Part 3 & 4
2006
Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures
Part 1-1 2004

Part 1-2 2005
Part 2 2005
Part 3 2006
Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures
Part 1-1 & 12 2005

Part 1-3 & 1-4
2006
Part 1-6 & 1-7
2007
Part 1-8 1-9 &
1-10 2005
Part
1-11
2008
Part
1-12
Structures
BS EN 1991
BS EN 1992
BS EN 1993
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Document
Number
Title
Rev
2007
Part 2 2006
Part 3-1 & 3-2
2008
Part 4-1, 4-2
& 4-3 2007
Part 5 & 6
2007
Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete

structures
Part 1-1 & 1-2

2005
Part 2 2005
BS EN 1996
Eurocode 6: Design of masonry structures
Part 1-1 & 1-2

2005
Part 2 & 3
2006
BS EN 1997
Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design

rules)
Part 1 2004
Part 2 2007
BS EN 1998
Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance

(Part 1 shows general rules, seismic actions and rules for
buildings)
Part 1 & 2
2005
Part 3 & 4
2006
BS EN 13670
Execution of concrete structures
2010
BS 2573
Rules for the design of cranes (Part 1 shows specification for

classification, stress calculation and design criteria for
structures)
Part 1 1983
Part 2 1980
BS 2853
Specification for the design and testing of steel overhead

runway beams
2011
BS 4592
Industrial type flooring and stair treads (Part 0 shows common

design requirements and recommendations for installation)
Part 0, 1, 2, 3,
4 & 5 2006
Part 6 2008
BS 5395
Stairs (Part 1 shows code of practice for the design of stairs

with straight flights and winders; Part 3 shows code of practice
for the design of industrial type stairs, permanent ladders and
walkways; Part 4 shows stairs for limited access)
Part 1 2010
Part 2 1984
(R 2011)
Part 3 1985
BS 6180
Barriers in and about buildings Code of practice
2011
BS 8007
Design of Concrete Structures for Retaining Aqueous Liquids
1987 (R 2008)
Withdrawn
BS EN ISO 3766
Construction drawings Simplified representation of concrete

reinforcement
BS EN ISO 14122
Safety of machinery - Permanent means of access to

machinery
Part 1, 2 & 3
2001
Part 4 2006
CP 2012-1
Code of practice for foundations for machinery. Foundations

for reciprocating machines
1974
(R 2003)
(R 2010)
DIN 4024
Machine foundations: Rigid foundations for machinery with
BS EN 1994
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2004
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Document
Number
Title
Rev
periodic excitation
CIRIA C577
Guide to the construction of reinforced concrete in the Arabia

Peninsula
Drainage and Sewerage

BS EN 752
Drain & sewer systems outside buildings
2008
BS EN 12056
Gravity drainage systems inside buildings. Performance,

Sanitary pipe work, layout and calculation, Roof drainage,
Wastewater, Installation & testing
Parts 1 to 5
incl. 2000
CIRIA C551
Guide manual on scour at bridges and other hydraulic

structures
Roads and Pavements

ISSUED BY AMERICAN ASSOCIATION
TRANSPORTATION OFFICIALS
AASHTO GDPS
OF
STATE
HIGHWAY
AND
Guide to design of pavement structures (1993)
1993
ISSUED BY SULTANATE OF OMAN - MINISTRY OF COMMUNICATIONS

Highway Design Manual
Highway Design Standards 2010
2010
Oman Building Regulations

ISSUED BY PROCESS INDUSTRY PRACTICES
PIP STS 03001
Plain and Reinforced Concrete Specification
Current 2011
PIP STS 03600
Non-shrink Cementitious Grout Specification
Current 2011
PIP STS 03601
Epoxy Grout Specification
Current 2011
PIP STE 05121
Anchor Bolt Design Guide
Current 2011
PIP STF 05121
Fabrication and Installation of Anchor Bolts
Current 2011
PIP STF 05501
Fixed Ladders and Cages
Current 2011
PIP STE 05535
Vessel Circular Platform Detail Guidelines
Current 2011
PIP STF 05520
Details for Pipe Railing for Walking and Working Surfaces.
Current 2011
PIP STF 05535
Vessel Circular Platform Details
Current 2011
PIP STC 01018
Blast Resistant Building Design Criteria
Current 2011
Reference International Codes and Standards

Use of the alternative Codes, Standards and Practices listed in the following table is acceptable.
However, in each case CONTRACTOR shall demonstrate line by line how the requirements of the
relevant document(s) in the principle suite of Codes, Standards and Practices are fully satisfied by the
alternative proposed document. Where this is not demonstrated, CONTRACTOR shall propose additional
measures to ensure compliance with the principle suite of Codes, Standards and Practices.
KZ01-CV-BOD-53-0001
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TABLE 2.4 - REFERENCE INTERNATIONAL CODES AND STANDARDS
Document No
Title
Rev
Issued by AMERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE

ACI 318M
Building code requirements for structural concrete and commentary

2011
ACI 351.3R-04
Foundations for Dynamic Equipment
2010
ACI 530/530.1
Building code requirements and specification for masonry structures;

containing building code requirements for masonry structures,
specification for masonry structures and companion commentaries.
2011
ISSUED BY AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS

ASCE 41088
Design of Blast Resistant Buildings in Petrochemical Facilities
2010
ISSUED BY AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

AISC 325
th
Steel Construction Manual 13 Edition
ISSUED BY AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE

API STD 620
Design and Construction of Large, Welded, Low-pressure Storage

Tanks
API STD 650
Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage - 11th Edition
KZ01-CV-BOD-53-0001
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2008
Rev: B04H
Project Internal
3.
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
This Basis of Design - Civil and Structural Criteria document gives the criteria to be used and applied in
design. A partial statement of overall design requirements is given below, for ease of reference:
Design shall ensure:
3.1
Construction work and temporary works are safe and satisfactory in all respects and at all stages in
manufacture, fabrication and construction.
Constructed items fulfil all the intended or required functions safely and to the satisfaction of all.
Constructed items continue to perform in safe and satisfactory manner throughout the design life.
Maintenance can be carried out simply, safely and efficiently, with suitable access arrangements.
Any releases to the environment comply with regulations and discharge limits at all times.
A calculations and/or report package is produced as part of the design process which documents
all decisions taken during design, shows why the decisions were correct and demonstrates fully
that the item has satisfactory strength and all other properties required for performance at all times
which is both satisfactory and perceived to be satisfactory. Calculations and/or report packages
shall be available for review together with any documents which the calculations and/or report
support.
Quality requirements given in documents referenced or provided by COMPANY shall be developed

as part of the design process to ensure the constructed work fulfils all aspects of the design intent.
During design, consideration should be given to construction tolerances.
Design shall be sufficiently robust to allow reasonable deviation in material properties and position.
Contractor shall undertake economic engineering design such that member utilisation ratios
typically exceeding 0.9 and to ensure the design margins are not excessively compounded.
NATURE OF THE SITE

The site is in a hot, semi-arid desert area. For this reason and also the presence of gypsum, clay and
other minerals in soils at this specific site, the ground has the capacity to change volume in a very
significant manner under the action of water. The ground may shrink or swell or dissolve. Superficial
soils are affected principally. However, significant amounts of the same minerals occur within the
bedrock which will form the founding strata. Several studies and investigations have been carried out to
investigate the nature of the soils and it is essential that CONTRACTOR familiarises himself fully with all
the material supplied.
It is essential that:
Water is prevented from entering the soil during construction, to avoid movement following later
drying.
Design prevents water from entering the ground during operations and maintenance.
Ground surfacing should prevent passage of water to the ground but, where possible, allow water
vapour to escape to the atmosphere.
Waterproof concrete surface should be provided where spillage of water or process chemicals is
expected.
Maintenance activities are constrained to minimise the release of water off-paving to such low
levels or for such short periods that water will not penetrate the ground to any significant depth.
A robust design is effected which ensures that, even if the above precautions fail and water or
other fluids do enter the ground, the consequences will not lead to failure, uncontrolled release of
hydrocarbon or significant disruption of production. Measures must be put in place to ensure
differential movements between adjacent or close building, piping, equipment or other supports are
maintained within satisfactory levels throughout the facility life. Design shall document the
measures taken and shall demonstrate that the risk of failure and associated cost are acceptable.
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3.2
Maintenance procedures shall be agreed and documented which are sufficiently robust to
adequately monitor the performance of all systems installed for water control and also adequately
monitor performance and movement of supported structures.
Extraordinary measures are taken to protect all construction materials against the deleterious
effects of salts and other minerals in the environment, to ensure the design service life is achieved
Effluents from the site or which enter the ground or atmosphere comply with permitted limits.
RISK CONSIDERATIONS IN DESIGN

Design shall ensure that all works comply with the relevant Codes and Standards and the requirements of
all Local and National Authorities. Design shall also comply with specific design criteria given in this
document.
Design shall, in addition, be reviewed against BP document GDP 3.1.001 - Assessment, Prioritisation
and Management of Risk. Design shall be arranged, where practicable, to ensure risks fall within the
white areas on the risk matrix in Annexe 3 in that document. Risks identified shall be listed and
submitted to COMPANY for review.
Any risks which necessarily remain outside white areas on the risk matrix in Annexe 3 shall be subject to
mitigation as directed by COMPANY. Risks shall be mitigated to fall within the white areas unless
agreed otherwise with COMPANY for specific risks where such mitigation would be unreasonable or
unachievable.
It should be noted that GDP 3.1.001 applies to environmental, as well as life safety and financial
consequences. Design against release of substances to the environment shall consider the chance of
unforeseen spillage, damage, firefighting or other planned or unplanned human activities which could
lead to releases outside permitted limits. The likely speed of detection of leakage, spillage, etc., shall
also be considered.
3.3
EXTREME EVENTS
Design shall consider the effects of extreme events, outside normal design Code requirements, and the
design shall be adjusted accordingly.
For Khazzan Project, requirements for resistance to specific selected extreme hazard events according to
GDP 3.1.001 shall be interpreted as below:
3.3.1
Wind Loading
Operations Group shall be advised that, where high winds are forecast, movement around the site area
and to remote locations such as well sites shall be restricted.
Plastic deformation of structures will be acceptable but structures shall not collapse and shall not
generate any missiles, internally or externally. Structure occupants shall remain safe but the building
may be beyond economic repair and may be demolished after the event.
3.3.2
Flooding
Buildings within the main CPF site shall be protected by bunding or otherwise against the best estimate
of the 10,000-year return period flood event. In view of uncertainties around rainfall data and survey
level data, a minimum of 500mm freeboard shall be provided to bunding in all conditions. Bunds shall
be carefully designed to resist the hydraulic gradients and wave actions which could occur in these
conditions.
For basis of flood protection design report, the following document is to be referred:
KZ01-CV-BOD-53-0005
3.3.3
: Basis of Design for Hydrology & Flood Mitigation.
Fire and Blast

Procedures for design in fire and blast conditions are well established. Design shall take into account
the information provided by Process Safety Group, refer to KZ01-SE-PHI-14-0003 - PHILOSOPHY FIRE AND BLAST PROTECTION. Refer also to Section 5.11.2, which define the level of hazard and
the required performance during and after the event, as well as documents relating to the methods of
structural design such as GP 44-30 and PIP STC 01018. For calculation methods only, reference may
also be made to the following BP documents which have been superseded by GP 44-30:
GN-04-004
KZ01-CV-BOD-53-0001
Petrochemical Industry Recommended Practice on Design of Blast

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Resistant Buildings
3.3.4
GN 04-005
Commentary on Petrochemical Industry Recommended Practice on

Deign of Blast Resistant Buildings
KZ01-EN-TEC-00-0004
Blast Protection for CPF Buildings
Seismic activity
As per BS EN 1998 (EC-8), Seismic Hazard Study report and Geotechnical Factual Report,
Interpretative Report, Option Study and Recommendation (document no. KZ01-CV-REP-53-0001 &
KZ01-CV-REP-53-0003), a study has been carried out to compare between effects of Wind load and
Seismic load on a typical Pipe-Rack structure considering ranges of soil type (A and E), for a return
period of 2475 as per table 5 of Seismic Hazard Study. The outcome of this study has shown that effect
of Wind load governs over Seismic load. Hence, as agreed between CONTRACTOR and COMPANY, it
has been concluded that effect of seismic load can be neglected in structural design.
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4.
ENVIRONMENTAL TOPOGRAPHICAL & GEOTECHNICAL DATA
4.1
AMBIENT TEMPERATURE AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY

Refer KZ01-EN-BOD-14-0002
For ambient temperature and relative humidity reference shall be made to the meteorological conditions
presented as below.
Indoor Design Operating Conditions
Rooms
Summer
Winter
RH %
o
Max C
o
Min C
Electrical Equipment Room (Sub-station)
24
30 - 70
Control room
24
24
30 - 70
Design Temperatures
oC
Design Temperatures
HVAC systems design ambient condition
50 dry bulb
25.7 wet bulb
o
Steelwork lower service air temperature shall be taken as -5 C where
processes of any sort result in additional cooling
0
For structural analysis and design a temperature variation of -5 to 50 C is to be considered if the

structure length is more than 25m.
Notes:Where the process conditions demand higher / lower design temperature than what is
required based on the ambient conditions specified above, then the more stringent
design temperature should apply.
4.2
WIND
For structural analysis and design a 10 minutes average wind speed of 25.9 m/sec is to be considered at
a height of 10 m from ground level (for use with EuroCode).
Height-wise variation of wind pressure as per BS EN 1991 - Part 1-4 2005 & UK National Annex :
Height [z] (m)
Pressure (kPa)
<5
0.781
10
0.958
15
1.049
20
1.131
25
1.197
30
1.250
Note:The prevailing wind direction is primarily from the South-East.
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4.3
TOPOGRAPHY
For Topographical survey reports reference should be made to KZ01-CV-SPE-53-0010 & for
Geotechnical Investigation Report reference should be made to KZ01-CV-SPE-53-0001.
4.4
SOIL INVESTIGATIONS
The extent of investigation and testing shall be as specified in KZ01-CV-SPE-53-0001; Specification for
Ground Investigation and KZ01-CV-REP-53-0004 : Geotechnical Survey Report.
If founding material of tank foundations is sound or weathered rock, site investigation should be
supplemented by geotechnical mapping of foundation formations. An experienced engineering geologist
or geotechnical engineer should prepare maps.
1.
Mapping should be performed concurrently with site investigation.
2.
In some cases, it may be necessary to undertake mapping on completion of primary excavations.
3.
4.5
Examination of exposed material may result in variations of tank location or foundation design.
POTENTIALLY UNSTABLE NATURAL GROUND

The design of foundations shall make allowance for the unstable nature of soil and strata. Refer to
Section 3.1 above and KZ01-CV-SPE-53-0006, Specification for Excavation, Backfill and Construction of
Underground Services for the description.
The concrete specification (No KZ01-CV-SPE-53-0002), concrete protection detail drawing (no KZ01-CVSTD-53-0002) and foundation drawing (no KZ01-CV-STD-53-0003) include measures to both protect
concrete foundations from chemical attack and to exclude water penetrating the ground to the founding
layer.
Refer to section 11 for additional measures that the design is to include to mitigate against instability.
4.6
GROUND WATER LEVELS OF NATURAL GROUND

The earthworks may affect the ground water levels and geotechnical investigation report have to be
referred when the earthworks are complete to determine the ground water level profile. The potential for
raised water table level, either temporally or long term, shall be considered.
4.7
SITE DATUM AND COORDINATES

The coordinates and level data for the CPF site, to follow Topographic and General Survey Report
(KZ01-CV-REP-53-0004). For survey specification, refer document no. KZ01-CV-SPE-53-0010.
4.8
GEOHAZARDS
CONTRACTOR shall consider the geohazards which may affect the site and all design shall guard
against these hazards. Information on geohazards may be found in the soils investigation reports and
terrain evaluations provided.
Overall stability of all sites shall be considered in all conditions. Site stability shall be assured during the
life of the structure and measures put in place to prevent risks to facilities and the natural environment
caused by unplanned or accelerated erosion and landslide/slump areas. Preventative action should be
prioritised and implemented based on the results of the risk assessment.
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5.
DESIGN LOADS
The following basic loads and forces shall be considered in the design of plant structures. The various
combinations of these loads to be used in design calculations are given in Section 8 Load and Load
Combinations.
5.1
DEAD LOAD
Dead load for buildings includes the weight of walls, foundations, floors and roofs, partitions, ceiling
finishes, stairways and fixed service installations and including the weight of any fireproofing.
Dead load for equipment structures, pipe-racks and process equipment includes the weight of structure,
vessels including internals, pipes, valves and accessories, electrical and lighting conduits, switch gear,
instrumentation, fireproofing, insulation, ladders, platforms, davits etc. Fireproofing materials will be
Fendolite or equivalent.
Equipment and piping shall be considered empty of product load when calculating dead load.
The weight of soil overburden shall be considered as dead load in the design of foundations. However, it
shall be neglected in the erection condition.
For proprietary systems, equipment and machines specific details of loading shall be obtained from the
manufacturers and used in the design. These details shall correspond to the items specified on the
contract drawings and in the specification.
Dead loads should be calculated from the unit weights given in BS 648 or from actual known weights of
the materials used. For general building materials, however, the values given in BS EN 1991 shall be
followed.
The following dead weights shall be considered for soil and basic construction materials :Bulk density of soil above ground water =
1400-2000 kg/cu m (14.0-20.0 kN/cu m)
Density of reinforced concrete =
2400 kg/cu m (24.0 kN/cu m)
Density of plain concrete =
2300 kg/cu m (23.0 kN/cu m)
Density of structural steel =
7850 kg/cu m (78.5 kN/cu m)
(1)
Notes:
(1) 1400 kg/cum relates to low density chalky limestone and low density gypcrete. For other type of soil
it is recommended to use Bulk Density as 1800 kg/cum.
5.2
LIVE LOAD
Live load is defined as the weight superimposed by the use of and occupancy of the building or other
structure, but not permanently attached to it. For industrial plant, live load is defined as additional load
produced by personnel, movable miscellaneous equipment, cranes and hoists, self-weight of parts of
dismantled equipment and temporary stored material, tools etc. placed on the structure but not
permanently attached to it.
Minimum recommended live loads for buildings shall be in accordance with BS EN 1991 and ANSI/ASCE
Minimum Design of Buildings and other Structures, except as specified in the following table:
TABLE 5.1 - MINIMUM LIVE LOADS
Category
Uniform Load
Concentrated Load
Storage areas and areas where heavy

maintenance may occur, loads to be
determined from proposed use, but never
less than
7.0 kPa (7.0 kN/m2)
5.0 kN
Operating floors / areas and platforms (not

next to heat exchangers)
5.0 kPa (5.0 kN/m2)
5.0 kN
Personnel access and inspection platforms
2.5 kPa (3.0 KN/m2)
2.5 kN
KZ01-CV-BOD-53-0001
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Category
Uniform Load
Concentrated Load
Stairs, ramps, escape route and assembly

areas
5.0 kPa (5.0 kN/m2)
5.0 kN
Roofs accessible for inspection and repair
1.0 kPa (1.0 kN/m2)
2.0 kN for
members
Covers of s um ps a nd pi ts
10.0 kPa (10.0 kN/m2)
10.0 kN
Offices, first-aid buildings, guard houses,

toilets, wash and locker rooms, analyzer
houses, computer rooms, electrical rooms,
(1)
laboratory rooms
3.0 kPa (3.0 kN/m2)
2.0kN
Canteens, lunchrooms, training centres,

corridors, and halls
4.0 kPa (4.0 kN/m2)
2.0kN
Library and filing rooms
5.0 kPa (5.0 kN/m2)
2.0kN
UPS/ Battery rooms, Electrical/ Switchgear

(1)
room, Mechanical/ HVAC room
10.0 kPa (10.0 kN/m2)
5.0kN
Mechanical, electrical, instrument workshop

building (inclusive of covered area),
workshop area in training centre, and
consumables store
20.0 kPa (20.0 kN/m2)
5.0kN
Bulk store
40.0 kPa (40.0 kN/m2)
and walkways not used for maintenance as

per GP 04-20
Control Room / Auxiliary rooms
(1)
7.5 kPa (7.5 kN/m2)
5.0 kN
Special cases (e.g floors located at the

draw end of a shell & tube heat exchanger)
7.5 kPa (7.5 kN/m2)
5.0 kN
Lateral loads for handrails and railing General duty
0.36 kN/m
(2)
Lateral loads for handrails and railingHeavy duty, escape route
0.74 kN/m
(2)
Lateral loads for handrails and railing Areas subject to crowd loading, over 3 m
wide
3.00 kN/m
(2)
(1)
all roof
Notes:
(1) Railing and handrails shall also be designed for a minimum concentrated load of 1.0 kN applied at
any point in any direction on the top rail including critical locations.
(2) Uniform loads and concentrated loads do not occur simultaneously.
(3) Concentrated loads shall be placed upon any contact area 0.05 m x 0.05 m and shall be located to
produce the maximum load effects in the structural members. A contact area of 300 x 300mm shall
be allowed on grating or chequered plate.
(4) Under desert conditions roofs with a pitch of less than 50 mm shall be designed for the minimum
sand loading. See section 5.9.
(5) Where applicable, the weight of vehicles shall be included as live loading and shall be applied to
produce the most critical design cases.
(6) For the design of each structural element the live loads shall be applied in the most unfavourable
pattern (checkerboard-type loading).
KZ01-CV-BOD-53-0001
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(7) Design load capacities shall be shown on the relevant arrangement drawings.
5.3
ERECTION LOAD
Erection Loads are temporary forces caused during the installation or erection of equipment or structures.
Erection loads are considered in load combinations as live load. Beams and floor slabs in multi-story
structures e.g., fire decks, shall be designed to carry the full construction loads imposed by the props
supporting the structure immediately above. A note shall be added on the relevant construction drawings
to highlight the adopted design philosophy.
Heavy equipment lowered onto a supporting structure and the craneage used to support them, can
introduce extreme point loads on structural members and the ground, exceeding any operating or test
load. After placing of equipment, the exact positioning (lining out and levelling) can also introduce
extreme point loads. This potential loading condition shall be considered in design calculations where
appropriate.
5.4
PRODUCT OR FLUID LOAD

Product or fluid load is defined as the gravity load imposed by fluid, solid or viscous materials in vessels,
tanks, equipment or piping during operation.
5.5
OPERATING LOAD
Operating Loads shall typically be taken as the sum of equipment/vessel/piping dead loads and
product/fluid load. Unusual loading that occurs during regeneration or upset conditions shall also be
considered. Operating Loads shall have the same load factor as dead load.
5.6
TEST LOAD
Test load is defined as the gravity load imposed during hydrostatic or other liquid test of vessels, tanks,
equipment or piping.
All pipes including flare line and transfer line on pipe racks will be hydrotested full of water. For pipe
diameters of 300mm and greater only one line is tested at a time. Should there be a requirement for
hydro-testing of multiple lines, of these diameters, to be tested then the EPC Contractor is to advise and
confirm with COMPANY the adequacy of the structure to accommodate this extra loading.
Test loads shall have the same load factor as dead loads.
5.7
5.7.1
PIPE LOAD
Pipe loads on structures
The following loads from piping shall be included in the design of all structures except pipe racks:
Piping less than and including 300 mm diameter shall for initial design be considered as a distributed
load of 1.5 kN/sq m for each pipe layer (piping dead load + gas contents during operating conditions).
2.5 kN/sq m shall be taken for fluid filled pipe in test conditions. This is based on 8 inch API Schedule
80 pipes at 400mm c/c. The hydro-test loads do not normally need to be considered concurrently with
earthquake and thermal loads but partial wind & live can be considered concurrently as per section
8.0.
The actual piping arrangement should be checked against preliminary piping load estimated from initial
line shoots and adjustments to be made if necessary.
Piping dead load shall be considered as a distributed load of 0.5 kN/sq m for each pipe layer. Pipes
larger than 300 mm diameter shall be considered as concentrated loads at their actual locations under
empty, normal operation and test conditions, whichever gives the most severe effect. Design of beams
supporting piping to be designed for full vertical load if propped by bracing.
Design shall be regularly reviewed and updated as piping support load calculations become available.
Design shall be adjusted to include these data in timely fashion to minimise changes to ordered,
fabricated or erected steel works.
Pipe operating anchor forces and thermal forces on piping equipment and vessels shall be included
under normal operation.
CONTRACTOR shall not provide any provision for future expansion of any of the main pipe racks. This
includes the main N-S pipe racks, unit and other pipe racks. There is no requirement for future space to
available in the pipe rack at the end of construction and there is no requirement for the pipe rack
KZ01-CV-BOD-53-0001
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steelwork designed to be able to accommodate any future physical expansion to the pipe rack such as
an additional pipe rack tier.
CONTRACTOR is fully responsible for designing the pipe racks on the above basis and providing a fully
optimised pipe rack design. CONTRACTOR shall make their own assessment of an appropriate
provision for design development space within the pipe racks to be applied at this stage.
5.7.2
Pipe loads on pipe rack

All longitudinal beams shall be capable of supporting a minimum of 15 kN point load for main units and
interconnecting racks and 10 kN point load otherwise - placed at the most onerous location to allow for
piping turn-offs. This load shall be considered in the friction and overall axial loading. Loads shall be
included in the analysis model only where pipes are supported.
Piping vertical loads applied to frame or support element design consists of weight of piping and
insulation plus contents. Where actual pipe loads and locations are known (piping plus contents),
these should be used as design gravity loads & these should be taken as per section 5.7.1.
Blanket loads quoted under 5.7.1 should be treated as a minimum to be used for initial design, which
are to be subsequently verified against actual loads obtained from Piping discipline.
For large diameter pipes (300 mm and above), weight of piping and insulation may be considered as
dead load and contents as operating load separately if these loading breakups are available in piping
inputs. Piping contents shall be treated as a live load in determining load factors for ULS design. Loads
shall be estimated and verified against actual if load unavailable from the outset from Piping.
Transverse anchor or guide forces equivalent to 20% of the operating weight acting on each transverse
beam shall be assumed to act at each bent with guide, applied as a single force at each tier level.
The horizontal longitudinal load acting on an anchor bay (per tier) shall be the greatest of the following:
Anchor forces determined by the piping department
10 kN/m of pipe-rack width
The structure shall be fully checked when the actual pipe stress anchor forces are known.
Pipe friction and anchor forces will generally be applied to upper beam flanges. Design for lateral load
shall be based on the strength of the upper flange and connections shall fully account for eccentricity of
load.
5.8
IMPACT LOAD
For structures carrying live loads that induce impact, the live load shall be increased sufficiently. Crane
loads provided by vendor / supplier shall be considered including the lifting capacity as well as horizontal
loads caused by braking or acceleration, producing worst conditions but not acting simultaneously with
wind. If not otherwise specified, the live load increase shall be the following:
TABLE 5.2 - IMPACT LOAD PERCENTAGES
Category
5.9
Vertical Load
For supports of elevators (Dead and Live)
100%
Light machinery, shaft or motor driven
20%
Reciprocating machinery or power driven units
50%
Hangers supporting floors and balconies
33%
SAND LOAD
Sand load shall be additive to live loads only when the area under consideration (on platforms, only
where sand may accumulate; except on grating) is used as a working area. A minimum sand load equal
KZ01-CV-BOD-53-0001
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to 1.0 kN/m2 shall be considered. The greater effect of accumulation of sand due to sand movement on
structures which are awkward to clean or located in remote areas shall be considered in the design.
It shall be a design objective to minimise sand migration, undesirable build-up of sand deposits and
ingress of sand in to pits, buildings, drainage channels etc. The recommendations stated in the Sand
Study, doc. No. KZ01-CV-STU-14-0004, shall be incorporated in detail design.
5.10
5.10.1
TRUCK, CRANE AND MOVING LOADS

Design
Bridges, trenches, and underground installations accessible to truck loading shall be designed in
accordance with Sultanate of Oman, Highway Design Standards 2010 issued by the Ministry of
Transport & Communications.
Maintenance or construction crane loads shall also be considered. Crane loads shall be assumed at
their maximum values including lifting capacity as well as the maximum horizontal loads caused by
braking or acceleration.
For the design of each structural element the most unfavourable position of the crane or other moving
loads shall be considered. For moving loads an appropriate impact factor shall be applied. Truck or
crane loads shall have the same load factor as live loads.
Loads applied due permanent mechanical lifting equipment, including overhead cranes, trolleys with
hoist block, pull beams, lifting eye fixtures and moving sources shall be determined in accordance with
the requirements of the Sultanate of Oman regulations, BS EN 1993 and BS 2573, respectively and
shall not be less than the following:-
TABLE 5.3 - CRANE IMPACT LOADS
(1) (4)
Loading
Electrical operation Hand operation
Gantry Crane Vertical impact loads increase max. wheel by
25%
10%
Gantry Crane Horizontal forces acting on rails transversely

taken as a percentage of the rated capacity of the crane and
(2)
the weight of the hoist and trolley.
20%
10%
Crane Horizontal forces acting on rails longitudinally taken

(3)
as a percentage of the maximum wheel load of the crane.
10%
5%
Monorails, trolley beams and davits increase in vertical load
50%
25%
Notes:
(1) Loading expressed as Percentages of Static Vertical Load.
(2) Sum the weights of the rated capacity of hoist, crane trolley, cab and hooks. Apply one-half of the
transverse load at the top of each rail, acting in either transverse direction, normal to the runway
rails
(3) The longitudinal force shall be taken as the specified percentage of the maximum wheel loads of the
crane applied at the top of the rail.
(4) Live load on crane support girders shall be taken as the maximum wheel loads (i.e. all crane loads
are considered as live loads).
(5) The braking/ tractive force for cranes/ monorails will be considered as 10% of the vertical load
longitudinally and 5% of the vertical load (trolley and crab units) transversely.
5.10.2
Heavy Equipment Route

At least one road leading to each of the process area(s) and any paving likely to be accessed by heavy
loads shall be designated as a heavy equipment route and bridges/culverts including other underground
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facilities shall be designed for the maximum expected loading condition (including construction loads)
caused by transportation of heavy equipment.
5.10.3
Rotating and Static Equipment

Weight of Rotating and Static Equipment
The weight of rotating and static equipment shall be derived as far as possible from Vendor data and
shall include controls, auxiliary machinery, piping, insulation on equipment and related piping, etc.
Various Load Combinations
The following load combinations of rotating and static equipment shall be included in the calculations.
Empty Weight of Rotating and/or Static Equipment
This is the dead weight of the equipment, including supported access ways etc., insulation, fire
protection, protective layers, internals etc., and shall be derived from Vendor data.
Operating Weight of Rotating and/or Static Equipment
This is the empty weight (incl. internals) of the equipment, plus the weight of their maximum contents
during operation of the plant.
Hydrostatic Test Load of Rotating and/or Static Equipment
When hydrostatic pressure testing of equipment is required at site, the weight of this equipment
completely filled with water shall be incorporated in the design of the supporting structure.
When more than one piece of equipment is supported by one structure, the structure may need only to
be designed on the basis that one piece of equipment will be tested at any one time, and that the others
will either be empty or still in operation.
This restriction needs to be confirmed with commissioning and operations staff before it can be
assumed for design.
Nozzle Loads
Nozzle loads shall be considered. In most circumstances it will be satisfactory to design for the single
most onerous nozzle load but this is to be confirmed with piping and equipment designers as part of
detailed design.
5.11
BLAST LOAD
5.11.1
Negligible Blast
Generally, buildings located more than 500m away from hydrocarbon processing equipment do not
require special provisions with regard to explosion resistance. Confirmation of this will be found in the
Project Specific Major Accident Risk analysis.
5.11.2
Blast Load
Blast loads on control buildings, LER buildings identified by the safety engineer shall be in accordance
with the requirements of KZ01-SE-PHI-14-0003:Project Philosophy - Fire and Blast Protection, KZ01SE-REP-00-0008:Explosion Hazard Analysis Phase 2, respectively, KZ01-EN-TEC-00-0004: Blast
Protection for CPF Buildings.
The analysis for the structures, including foundations, shall follow PIP STC01018, Blast Resistant
Building Design Criteria and ASCE 41088 Design of Blast Resistant Buildings in Petrochemical
Facilities or other design method accepted by COMPANY.
5.12
DYNAMIC LOAD
Dynamic Loads shall be defined as forces caused by vibrating machinery such as but not limited to
pumps, blowers, fans and compressors. Included within this definition are forces associated with 2 phase
piping, slug catchers and high pressure drop valves. Structures shall be designed to withstand the effects
of vibration and impact to which it may be subjected. Design of structures supporting machines must be
carried out on the basis of the manufacturers information on loads, their mode of action and vibration
characteristics. Manufacturers information should include the following items:
Permissible displacement,
Weight of machine and ancillary equipment,
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Weights and Centre of Gravity locations of rotating parts,
Speed of machine and its various rotating parts. Variations in operating speed shall be clearly
identified,
Position of centre of gravity of the machine in the three major planes,
Out-of-balance forces and moments at all operating speeds,
Line of action of out-of-balance forces,
Type of machine,
Inertia of each rotating/moving part (driver, shaft, gearbox, rotor etc) in the three major planes,
Grouting and support requirements,
Short circuit moment
Anchor bolt diameter, projection, location and any special features.
For details of dynamic design criteria refer to Section 12 Foundation and structures support machinery.
5.13
SURGE LOAD
Supporting structures and foundations shall be designed for surge loads occurring in pipework, vessels or
equipment. The magnitude and direction of the load shall be furnished by piping.
5.14
5.14.1
WIND LOAD
Code
Wind loads and wind speed at any height above ground and any other related parameters shall be in
accordance with BS EN 1991.
5.14.2
Wind Speed
Refer to section 4.2 of this document & section 4.0 of BS EN 1991-1-4.
For Equipment Vendors using ASCE 7-10, a 3-second average Gust Speed with 50 years' return period
i.e. 42.8 m per sec is to be considered as design wind speed.
5.14.3
Terrain Exposure
Wind loads to be developed to suit the location. Terrain shall be assumed to be open country, with no
obstruction.
5.14.4
Importance Factor
Importance factor:
essential facilities.
5.14.5
I = 1.0 for all structures except I = 1.15 for Control Rooms, Offices, and other
Shape Increase Factors

The following shape increase factors may be used to modify the projected areas of vertical and
horizontal vessels (including insulation, if any) to allow for attachments such as manholes, nozzles,
piping, ladders, and platforms. Use Cf = 0.8.
Vessel Diameter (m)
5.14.6
Increase Factor
0.5 - 1.0
1.60
1.0 - 1.5
1.37
1.5 - 2.0
1.28
2.0 - 2.5
1.20
2.5 and up
1.18
Spherical (any dia.)
1.10
Supported Equipment, Ladders and Stairs

Wind loads shall be separately computed for all supported equipment, ladders, and stairs except for
vessels where projected area increase factors have already accounted for these items.
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5.14.7
Turbulence Intensity & Gust Response Factor

Turbulence Intensity (Iv), for main wind resisting systems of flexible buildings, structures, and vertical
vessels having a height exceeding five times the least horizontal dimension or a fundamental natural
frequency less than 1.0 hertz shall be calculated.
Calculations of Turbulence Intensity (Iv) & Peak wind pressure (By multiplying Turbulence intensity with
mean wind pressure) shall be respectively based on clause no 4.4 & 4.5 of BS EN 1991-1-4:2005.
The calculations of wind pressure considering Gust effect shall be based on clause no 26.9 & 29.3
ASCE 7-10.
5.14.8
Shielding Effect
No reduction shall be made for the shielding effect of vessels or structures adjacent to the structure
being designed.
5.14.9
Pipe Racks
For overhead pipe racks of 4 m wide or less, the wind load on the three (3) largest pipes shall be taken
into account. For overhead pipe racks of over 4 m wide, the wind load on the four (4) largest pipes shall
be taken into account. Pressure coefficient, Cf=0.8.
Pipe racks 4 m wide or less:
Wp = 0.8 qh (D1+D2+D3)
or pipe racks wider than 4m:
Wp = 0.8 qh (D1+D2+D3+D4)
Where:
Wp = Unit design wind load on piping
qh = Velocity pressure determined at piping elevation, h
Dn = Diameter of pipe
5.14.10 Process Columns and Stacks

Vendor furnished equipment shall have verified and corrective measures taken to avoid resonance due
to wind induced vibrations.
5.14.11 Wind and Earthquake Loads
Wind and earthquake loads shall not be assumed to act concurrently.
5.15
SEISMIC LOAD
Refer Section 3.3.4 for detailed requirement.
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6.
THERMAL LOADS & MAINTENANCE LOADS AND DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENTS

Provisions shall be made for forces arising from assumed differential settlements of foundations and from
restrained dimensional changes due to temperature changes, moisture expansion, shrinkage, creep, and
similar effects. For limits on differential settlements see Section 11.9.
6.1
THERMAL LOAD
Thermal Load shall be defined as those forces caused by a change in temperature. Thermal load results
from both operating and environmental conditions. Such forces shall include those caused by vessel or
piping expansion or contraction, and expansion or contraction of structures.
The effect of thermal variations / temperature stress on structures may be neglected in normal cases if
the spacing between expansion joints does not exceed:25m for steel structures
30m for concrete structures
Continuous spread foundations for long structures shall have joints to match those in the structure above.
For long buildings, suitable joints in foundation and building shall be provided to accommodate deflection
and control cracking.
In the design of pipe supporting beams, the horizontal slip forces exerted by expanding or contracting
pipes on steel pipe racks shall be calculated in accordance with Section 6.4.
Anchor forces resulting from temperature, changes within a piping system shall be considered as
operating loads. Refer to Section 5.7.2.
6.2
DESIGN TEMPERATURE
Thermal Loads and displacements caused by operating conditions shall be based on the design
temperature range of the item of equipment rather than the operating temperature.
6.3
DESIGN ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE

Refer to KZ01-EN-BOD-14-0002 Basis Engineering Design Data.
Design Atmospheric Temperature ranges from a minimum of 0C to a maximum of 50C.
6.4
FRICTION COEFFICIENTS
Horizontal vessels, heat exchangers, and pipework shall have suitable slide plates or low friction support
devices to allow thermal movement. Low friction slide plates (teflon) shall be used if the vessel operating
condition weight is greater than 45 kN at the sliding end. These shall be the fully enclosed type and be
fitted with spacers that prevent clamping forces and orientated in the direction of the anticipated
movement.
For preliminary design, the temperature drop of 1.9C/mm from the bottom of shell to bottom of saddle
may be assumed. The following friction coefficients shall be used for calculating frictional restraint due to
temperature change or lateral loading on sliding surfaces:
TABLE 6.1 - FRICTION COEFFICIENTS
SURFACE
FRICTION COEFFICIENT
Steel-to-steel (not corroded)
0.30
Steel-to-concrete
0.60
Teflon-to-teflon (PTFE to PTFE)

A straight line variation of 0.17 to 0.10 for bearing stresses from
0.0 N/mm2 to 0.7 N/mm2, respectively
Bearing stress greater than 0.7 N/mm2
0.17 to 0.10
0.10
Graphite-to-graphite
0.15
Stainless steel to PTFE (Teflon)
0.10
Note: Bearing capacity of Teflon shall be reduced for high temperatures in accordance with
MANUFACTURERS instructions.
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6.5
PIPING FRICTION LOADS

For computing friction loads due to the effects of pipe expansion in pipe racks, use the following friction
coefficients:
TABLE 6.2 - PIPING FRICTION COEFFICIENTS
NUMBER OF LINES ON SUPPORT
FRICTION COEFFICIENT
1-3
0.30
4-6
0.20
7 or more
0.10
For a given support, if considering only larger lines and ignoring smaller lines results in greater loads,
these forces and associated friction coefficients shall be used instead of considering all the lines.
Friction force(s) equal to 5% of piping operational weight shall be distributed to the foundations. Friction
coefficient shall be based on the number of pipes loading the support system. Bracing systems within
racks shall be designed to transfer this force to the foundations.
6.6
MAINTENANCE LOADS
Maintenance Loads are temporary forces caused by the dismantling, repair, or painting of equipment.
Maintenance loads are considered in load combinations as live load.
6.7
BUNDLE PULL FORCE

The supports of heat exchangers with removable bundles shall be calculated on a pulling force as
follows:
a) Horizontal force shall be taken as 200% of the weight of the bundle if no loosening devices are
provided. (i.e bundles are pulled by means of a mechanical device which acts on the principle of
equilibrium of forces).
b) The minimum value shall be 10 kN.
The horizontal force shall be applied to the supporting member at the fixed end of the exchanger and the
structure as a whole shall be checked for stability.
The force will be applied horizontally at the level of the exchanger axis and will be transmitted totally
through the fixed saddle to the foundation or support and the structure as a whole shall be checked for
stability. In the case of stacked exchangers, only one tube bundle pulling force will be considered, applied
on the highest exchanger.
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7.
EARTH AND WATER PRESSURE

Earth and hydrostatic water pressures on retaining walls and underground structures shall be determined.
Outward pressures on liquid-retaining structures shall also be considered. Earth and water pressures are
considered in load combinations as live load.
Ground water table levels considered shall allow for foreseeable local flooding.
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8.
LOAD AND LOAD COMBINATIONS
8.1
LOADS
All civil works including buildings, equipment structures, pipe racks, process equipment and foundations
shall be designed for the following loads:
Dead Load
Live Load
Erection Load
Product load
Test load
Pipe Load:
Pipe friction Forces
Pipe Anchor forces
Impact load
Sand Load
Truck/Crane Loads
Blast Loads
Dynamic Load
Wind Load
Seismic Load
Surge Load
8.2
LOAD COMBINATIONS
Load Combinations shall conform to Load Combinations specified in BS EN 1990 & 1991 for Factored
Load Designs. Load combinations below give further guidance for process loads. In case of conflicts, the
more severe shall govern.
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8.2.1
Vertical and Horizontal Vessels, Horizontal Heat Exchangers

Supports and foundations for vertical and horizontal heat exchangers shall be designed on the basis of
BS EN 1992 requirements and the following specific conditions: (Refer to BS EN 1992 for applicable
limit state factors.)
TABLE 8.1 - LOAD COMBINATIONS FOR VESSELS AND EQUIPMENTS
ERECTION
Vessels dead
weight
OPERATION
SHUTDOWN
BUNDLE
PULL
ACCIDENTAL
100 %
100 %
100 %
100 %
100 %
100 %
Internals weight
0%
100 %
100 %
100 %
0%
100 %
Platforms and
ladders
0%
100 %
100 %
100 %
0%
100 %
Piping, valves
0%
100 %
100 %
100 %
0%
100 %
Cables
0%
100 %
100 %
100 %
0%
100 %
Insulation
0%
100 %
100 %
100 %
0%
100 %
Fire proofing
0%
100 %
100 %
100 %
0%
100 %
0% & 100 %
0% & 100 %
0%
0%
Live loads
0% & 100 %
0% & 100
%
Fluid
0%
100 %
(test)
100 %
(operating)
100 %
0%
100 %
(operating)
Catalyst load
0%
0%
100 %
100 %
0%
0%
Thermal loads
0%
0%
100 %
100 %
0%
0%
Impact loads
0%
0%
100 %
100 %
0%
0%
Vibration loads
0%
0%
100 %
0%
0%
0%
Surge loads
0%
0%
0%
100 %
0%
100 %*
100 %
100 %*
0% & 100 %
0%
0%
0%
60 %
***
0%
0%
0%
100 %
0%
0 % **
0 % ***
100 %*
0% & 100 %
0%
100 %*
Wind
Bundle pull load
Seismic
8.2.2
TEST
Wind and Earthquake are not considered simultaneously. Also, Surge and Earthquake are not
considered simultaneously in Accidental case.
**
It is assumed that erection of equipment and shutdown are too short periods to take into account
seismic loads.
***
It is assumed that the testing of equipment or pipes is too short a period to take into account seismic
loads or the full wind loads. Reduction shown is for wind pressure, not the velocity.
Pipe Racks, Structures and Pipe Supports

Pipe-racks, structures and pipe supports and their foundations shall be designed on the basis of BS EN
1992 requirements and the following specific conditions: (Refer to BS EN 1992 for applicable limit state
factors.) Combinations shall allow for load variations, so that the most onerous load effect combinations
are included.
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TABLE 8.2 - LOAD COMBINATIONS FOR STRUCTURES & PIPE RACKS

ERECTION
TEST
OPERATION
ACCIDENTAL
100 %
100 %
100 %
100 %
100 %##
100 %
100 %##
100 %
Cables
0%
100 %
100 %
100 %
Fireproofing
0%
0%
100 %
100 %
Equipment
0% &100%
100 %
100 %
100 %
Live loads
0% &100 %
25 %
0% &100%
0%
0%
100 % (test)
100 % (operating +
surge)
100% (operating)*
100 %#
60 % ***
100 % *
0%
0 % **
0 % ***
0%*
100 %*
Anchor and guide

loads
0%
0%
100 %
0%
Friction loads
0%
0%
100 %
0%
100 %
100 %
100 %
0%
Structural
Piping weight
Fluid
(including surge)
Wind loads
Seismic loads
Temperature Load
8.2.3
Wind and Earthquake are not considered simultaneously. Also, Surge and Earthquake are not
considered simultaneously in Accidental case.
**
It is assumed that erection of equipment is too short a period to take into account seismic loads.
***
It is assumed that the testing of equipment or pipes is too short a period to take into account seismic
loads or the full wind loads.
Where more severe, wind load on a single pipe, with associated weight, shall be considered.
##
Pipe weight for Erection shall consider empty pipe weight. Pipe weight in Operation load case shall
consider both empty as well as full of fluids to obtain maximum uplift and compressive forces on
foundation.
Storage Tanks
Load combinations for storage tanks shall be in accordance with API 650 (for atmospheric tanks) or API
620 (for low pressure tanks).
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9.
CHOICE OF STRUCTURAL MATERIAL
9.1
PIPE RACK STRUCTURES

In process and utilities areas, structural steel shall be used. For offsite and interconnecting areas,
structural steel and pre-cast or reinforced concrete may be used.
9.2
STRUCTURES
Where stipulated by NFPA code or project documentation, steel structures with fireproofing or reinforced
concrete structures shall be used.
9.3
SHELTERS
Shelters shall be constructed of structural steel.
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10.
STEEL STRUCTURES
10.1
GENERAL
Steel structures shall be designed in accordance with Euro Codes 1991, 1993, 1998 and referenced
0
Specifications. For structural elements continuously exposed to heat above 260 C, design stresses shall
be reduced in proportion to the reduction in yield strength at the design temperature.
Structural steelwork design, fabrication and erection shall be in accordance with Specification for Design,
Fabrication and Erection of Structural Steel - KZ01-CV-SPE-53-0003.
10.2
DEFLECTION LIMITATIONS
Deflections shall be calculated for dead load with operation/service loads or test load for the vertical
direction, and operation/service loads with 100 percent (100%) wind or seismic for the horizontal
direction.
10.3
DEFLECTIONS
The following deflection limitations shall be used for design:
Beams (with length L)
Supporting beams
L/360
Crane runway beams
L/600
Cantilevered crane runway beams
L/300
Cantilevered beams (overhang)
L/200
Sheeting
L/180
Purlins / Girts
L/300
Deflection of Frame System (1)
L/240
Purlins (1)
L/180
Girts (1) (wall sheeting rails)
L/120
Columns (with height H)
Wall stanchions
H/300
Pipe racks (laterally)
H/200
Portal frame columns
H/200
Equipment Structure
H/300
Differential Deflection at Crane level (See note-2)
(Refer Note-3)
Notes:
(1) Applicable for Pre-Engineered Metal Buildings only.
(2) For structures supporting monorail or travelling crane, the sway shall be limited to H/400 or as
specified by the crane vendor if more onerous.
(3) The maximum allowable lateral sway of Pipe-Racks shall be H/200 for sections of rack NOT
supporting equipment unless a more onerous localised requirement is deemed necessary by the
Pipe Stress Engineer. H shall be taken as the more onerous of the full rack height OR the inter-tier
height.
For section of Pipe-Rack supporting equipment, the limiting sway criteria shall be established in
conjunction with the equipment vendor and the Pipe Stress Engineer.
For main stringer members of platforms and walkways shall be designed for a maximum deflection
of L/360 for spans up to 8.0 m & for longer spans the deflection to be restricted to 22mm.
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Where supported pipework, equipment or services can accept the increased deflection, additional
deflection due to dead load alone can be accepted. This shall also be limited to the figures shown above.
This additional allowance shall not apply to crane rails.
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11.
FOUNDATIONS AND REINFORCED CONCRETE WORKS

Concrete elements shall be designed to the requirements of BS EN 1992 and KZ01-CV-SPE-53-0002
Specification for Concrete Materials and Construction. The design shall utilise linear elastic analysis
without redistribution and shall not utilise pre-stress components. Column design shall include second
order effects resulting from construction imperfections.
It shall be noted that concrete structures and foundations will be exposed to aggressive ground and
environmental conditions. Consequently the material properties, concrete mix details, production and
placing of the concrete and the curing of same and surface protection measures to the finished concrete
shall be carefully considered and specified. Given that the area is a hyper-arid salty desert, the CIRIA
guide 577 Guide to the construction of reinforced concrete in the Arabian Peninsula should be used to
supplement ACI 305R Hot Weather Concreting as the latter does not cater for the extremely aggressive
ground conditions. Refer to KZ01-CV-SPE-53-0002 for further details.
All concrete design shall consider the load combinations detailed in Section 8 (to be read in conjunction
with the load combinations and load factors as defined in BS EN 1992).
Concrete design shall include crack width checks. For at grade and buried concrete the allowable crack
width shall be derived as set out in BS EN 1992 based on data from the concrete materials to be used
and the Geotechnical Reports. Consideration shall be given to using the maximum number of smaller
bars at minimum spacing to reduce predicted crack widths.
Reinforcement details shall be carried out in accordance with the requirements of BS EN 1992 and
fabricated to the dimensions in accordance with BS EN ISO 3766. Reinforcement shall be fully
continuous through construction joints.
Any void formed into a structure shall be filled with lightweight filler that is unaffected by hydrocarbons.
11.1
CONCRETE GRADES, COVER AND REINFORCEMENT

All concrete and reinforcement shall be as shown in KZ01-CV-SPE-53-0002.
11.2
ANCHOR BOLTS, SHEAR KEYS AND OTHER CONCRETE INSERTS

For anchor bolt design criteria see PIP STE05121.
Minimum diameter of anchor bolts is to be 20 mm. 16 mm dia. anchor bolts may be used for small E & I
supports with approval from COMPANY.
Where high horizontal forces are to be transmitted to the foundation consideration shall be given to using
shear keys to carry the horizontal load.
All embedded inserts shall be located within reinforcement cages designed to carry all loads from the
inserts and prevent their pull-out.
Large diameter pipes and pipes subject to thermal movement should be sleeved at sections which pass
through walls or other structural elements or firebreaks.
11.3
GROUT
Grouts and their installation shall conform to the requirements of PIP STS03600 and PIP STS03601 as
appropriate.
CONTRACTOR shall propose grout to COMPANY for approval. Appropriate epoxy grouts shall be used
for vibrating machinery. For all other applications grout shall be proprietary cementitous non-metallic
flowable non-shrink material, except where the specific application demands alternatives, e.g. for
chemical resistance.
All grouts shall be selected and installed to VENDORs instructions and under his supervision. Holding
down bolt pockets and space under bedplates shall be completely filled with grout and all air expelled.
11.4
FIRE RESISTANCE OF CONCRETE

For concrete items located within the fire hazardous areas and for building structural framing the fire
1
resistance of the concrete shall be based on two and half (2 /2) hour duration. Refer to Fire and Blast
Protection Philosophy KZ01-SE-PHI-14-0003.
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11.5
FOUNDATION DESIGN
Till phase-3 Geotechnical Report (KZ01-CV-REP-53-0002) is available, for
Foundation Design,
Concrete Protection and
Measures to minimise ground swelling and shrinkage arising from water ingress and removal,
the following FEED documents shall be followed:

Khazzan Phase 2 Ground Investigation Geotechnical Interpretative Report (Doc. No. KZ01-CV-REP-140031) and
other FEED documents i.e. KZ01-CV-STU-14-0006, KZ01-CV-REP-14-0021, KZ01-CV-REP-53-0002.
Foundation design shall allow for the most onerous vertical and lateral pressures which ground could
apply. Material susceptible to swelling or shrinkage or ground collapse shall be replaced as required to
protect structures. The final requirements are to be developed by the CONTRACTOR and approved by
COMPANY based on final site geotechnical investigation data.
In general foundations at the CPF site will be ground bearing This includes compacted granular pads to
support large atmospheric tanks, lightly loaded package equipment and concrete pits.
Consideration shall be given to maximising the use of pre-cast concrete at remote sites including the well
pad sites, including using large components formed of pre-cast elements stitched together with in-situ
concrete elements whose widths are the minimum practical size.
Piled foundations may be required to support larger items of equipment where stability, rock horizon
and/or economics dictate. In any area, apart from independent minor equipment and steelwork items,
only one type of foundation (e.g. piling) should be selected.
Generally, foundations shall be designed according to clause 6.5.2.3 of BS EN 1997-1 by the semiempirical method. Foundations shall also be designed to allow for soil/structure interaction.
CONTRACTOR shall obtain advice from an internationally recognised geotechnical and foundation
specialist for the values of spring stiffness to be adopted. The CONTRACTOR shall obtain COMPANY
agreement on the suitability of the specialist before he is appointed.
Consideration shall be given for the use of raft foundations where separate pad foundations exceed 75%
of structure plan area.
CONTRACTOR shall take appropriate measures to minimise differential settlement where the stress
zones from adjacent foundations overlap. Where piping crosses between adjacent structures, the
predicted differential settlement shall be less than that allowed by the pipework.
Foundations of buildings, such as control buildings, if subject to blast loading, shall be designed to
withstand any dynamic loads and moments resulting from blast overpressure. See clause 5.11.
11.5.1
Measures to Minimise the Effects of Ground Heave & Collapse

CONTRACTOR shall follow requirements to minimise the risk of ground heave and collapse from
gypsiferous soils, swelling clays, and rock.
These shall include
(a) Locating the founding layer where gypsiferous and swelling clay materials are minimal.
(b) Designing foundations to allow for possible soft spots from chemical attack.
(c) Detailing areas around foundations to exclude water.
The final requirements are to be developed by the CONTRACTOR and approved by COMPANY based
on final site geotechnical investigation data.
a) On drawing KZ01-CV-STD-14-0002 it states that the founding layer of the exposed rock needs to be
checked by the COMPANY engineering geologist. As there is a possibility that further excavation may
be necessary to find an acceptable founding layer, CONTRACTOR shall allow in his design for the
increased depth. The value of this extra depth is to be agreed with COMPANY before design starts.
The design founding level for each foundation shall be shown on the foundation drawings. Where it is
necessary to establish a founding layer below the extra depth agreed with COMPANY, CONTRACTOR
shall advise COMPANY whether any extra depth can be backfilled with mass concrete or the foundation
KZ01-CV-BOD-53-0001
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redesigned for the increased depth.

b) Foundation design shall allow for the base to span or cantilever over a 1 m square soft spot at any
position. The soft spot is assumed to arise from unforseen water ingress during the plant life.
Subject to Company approval, the requirements of clause no. 11.5.1.b may be re-evaluated
considering:
Measures adopted to prevent groundwater ingress
Confirmation of low permeability site won material for use as structural backfill material (Type B1a)
The extent, thickness, characteristics and proximity of expansive carbonate claystone to foundations.
Strategy for removal of expansive carbonate claystone below founding level.
Results of investigations on the presence of low density, collapsible chalky limestone
Confirmation of founding strata
Mitigations employed to prevent dissolution of the founding surface of shallow and/ or lightly loaded
foundations.
(For larger foundations, the foundation size has been increased to allow for the soft spot. Normal design
allowable net bearing pressure shall be halved below vibrating equipment.)
c) The concrete protection/water barrier system is to extend to at least 10 m from foundations to ensure
the water from the surface is excluded from around and below foundations. All joints shall include
details to positively exclude water penetrating past the joints. These details are shown on drawings
KZ01-CV-STD-53-0002 and 0003.
11.5.2
Foundation Detailing
Joints in foundations are to reflect joints in the supported structure.
Top of the foundations (except sleepers and foundations supported by yard paving) shall be at a
minimum of 1200 mm below finished grade level, to allow for service trenches.
For levels of electrical, instrument and control buildings, see relevant building layouts.
Top of concrete plinth/pedestal shall be 200 mm (including grout thickness) above the high point of
paving or finished grade level unless process requirements dictate otherwise. Top of concrete
plinths/pedestal for equipment foundation/machinery shall be 300 mm (including grout thickness) above
the high point of paving.
In order to allow for the adjustment of equipment and steel structures, the top of concrete foundation
shall be left at least 25 mm below final level. For large machinery, the foundation should be left at least
50mm below the final level. The surface of the concrete under the base plate of equipment and
structures shall be roughened to increase bonding to the grout.
Foundation plinths for structural columns and equipment legs shall extend at least 50 mm from the
edges of the base plate. Foundations for equipment such as pumps and compressors shall extend at
least 100 mm from the edges of the base plate unless specified otherwise on the manufacturers
drawings.
Anchor bolts shall be positioned within the reinforcing bar cage. Generally anchor bolts shall be
installed before concrete is cast. In certain circumstances where anchor bolts are not required to
withstand significant tensile forces, pockets may be provided in the foundation and anchor bolts
installed later. Pockets shall be filled with non-shrink grout. The size of the plinths shall allow for any
anchor bolt square washer plate to clear the reinforcement and shear forces shall be checked.
Provision shall be made for drainage of enclosed areas within equipment base plates/skids by either a
gully within or by drain points left through grout.
Foundations for loads of 1000 kg (10 kN) or less in paved areas or on floor slabs may be made integral
with the slab. Provisions shall be made to distribute such loads and for anchor embedment depth. Small
plinths may be provided not higher than 150 mm, reinforced by light surface mesh only.
Foundations for loads up to 10,000 kg (100 kN) in paved areas the slab can be designed to carry the
load but the plinth is to be fully integral with the slab including reinforcement starter bars between the
slab and plinth. Slab thickness, strength, stability, subgrade, bearing pressure, and settlement shall all
be carefully considered.
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The concrete protection shall follow the details shown on drawings KZ01-CV-STD-14-0002 and 0003.
Where plinths are less than 600 mm above paving level the protection system shall be terminated at the
top of the plinth.
Concrete bases, plinths, and piers shall be adequately anchored into supporting spread foundation,
piled substructure, underlying foundation slab, or supporting paving, especially if they may be subject to
horizontal loads, overturning, or vibrating forces.
Concrete bond alone between lower and upper bases and at horizontal construction joints shall not be
relied upon to take shearing or tensile stresses.
11.6
GROUND BEARING FOUNDATIONS

For CPF site refer to the Foundations Options study, KZ01-CV-REP-53-0001.
Foundations shall be designed according to the following criteria:
Maximum soil pressure which shall be determined in light of all geotechnical data but shall not
exceed the values shown in Section 11.5.1 above. No increase in allowable soil pressure may be
applied for any loading combination that includes wind or earthquake loads.
Total and differential settlements due to dead and live loads or vertical or lateral movement carried
by ground shall be lower than the maximum values in clause 11.9 and, for structures supporting
pipework and equipment, less than the acceptable values agreed with piping stress engineers and
the equipment limits.
Minimum factor of safety against overturning (as detailed in 11.7).
Minimum factor of safety against sliding (as detailed in 11.8).
Weight of any material, such as backfill and paving, directly above foundation shall be included.
Allow for 1.0m cantilever at foundation edge and 1.0m for bridging at worst points, to allow for karsts
or dissolution of soil under foundations, in reinforcement design.
Subject to Company approval, the aforesaid requirements may be re-evaluated considering:
Measures adopted to prevent groundwater ingress
Confirmation of low permeability site won material for use as structural backfill material (Type
B1a)
The extent, thickness, characteristics and proximity of expansive carbonate claystone to
foundations.
Strategy for removal of expansive carbonate claystone below founding level.
Results of investigations on the presence of low density, collapsible chalky limestone
Confirmation of founding strata
Mitigations employed to prevent dissolution of the founding surface of shallow and/ or lightly
loaded foundations.
Tanks with heated or refrigerated contents should not be placed directly on clay soils without due
allowance for or protection against shrinkage or expansion of soil and excessive movement.
Friction coefficients between soil and concrete foundation shall be obtained from relevant geotechnical
reports. However, design shall take account of membrane protection that may affect the coefficient of
friction.
In sandy soils (without cohesion) foundations of vertical equipment higher than 20m and have a total
height/diameter ratio of greater than 10 shall be designed as follows:
85% of the soil under the foundation shall be under compression for all load combinations in erection
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100% of the soil under the foundation shall be under compression for all loading combinations in
operation.
In the event that these criteria cannot be met consideration should be given to ground improvement such
as soil replacement, vibro-compaction, stone columns or piling. When these ground improvements or any
alternatives are necessary the CONTRACTOR will be required to produce a specification for the
COMPANYs approval and written consent.
All critical ground bearing foundations adjacent to underground pressure pipes shall be sufficiently
lowered to prevent washout of soil surrounding pipe and subsequent undermining of adjacent
foundations. Pressure pipes shall run above ground or slab wherever in any way possible. In case the
pressure pipeline is at the same level of bottom of foundation or below, horizontal distance to foundation
shall be maximised and at least 10m unless otherwise specifically agreed with COMPANY.
The slope traced from bottom edges of any main footing (inclined at 60 degrees from the vertical) shall
not interfere with the bottom edge of any other main footing or with any underground services. Where
services cannot be run remote from foundations, the foundation shall be checked for the open trench
condition and suitable adequate strengthening designed to protect the services.
11.7
STABILITY RATIOS
The following minimum factors of safety against overturning shall be applied in the design of foundations
where the stability moment is taken about the edge of the foundation:TABLE 11.1 - STABILITY RATIOS
11.8
DESIGN CONDITION
STABILITY RATIO
Erection condition
1.4
Test condition
1.4
Operating condition
1.75
Shutdown condition
1.75
Accidental condition
1.4
SLIDING STABILITY AND UPLIFT

The minimum factor of safety against sliding shall be 1.5 in all loading conditions/combinations except the
accidental condition when the factor may be reduced to 1.2. The minimum factor of safety against uplift
shall be 1.3 in all loading conditions/combinations.
The following criteria shall also be considered :a) Un-factored load combinations shall be used to calculate safety factors.
b) Ground over foundations may be counted for to calculate safety factors.
c) The resistance to uplift due to cohesion or friction shall normally be ignored.
d) Ground passive pressure can be used to resist sliding provided that the top 500mm of soil shall
not be considered in calculating passive pressure for sliding stability check. Where structures
or any supported items are sensitive to movement, passive pressure shall be limited to one
third of the maximum or the deflection calculated and the effects checked. Where deep
trenching is possible then passive pressure may not be considered. passive resistance is to be
considered wherever applicable and approved by COMPANY.
e) Concrete paving shall not contribute to lateral resistance of foundations, as a common practice.
In special cases concrete paving can be accounted for, but special provisions shall be taken to
assure contact between foundation plinths and paving.
f)
Friction coefficient between concrete and soil shall be established from geotechnical
investigation. Friction coefficient shall be suitably reduced where precast concrete is used and
where protective membranes are applied.
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g) For framed structures (in steel or concrete) the overturning safety factor shall also be verified
for the whole structure.
h) For isolated foundations of non-framed structures and equipment, stability due to overturning
and sliding shall be verified.
11.9
ALLOWABLE SETTLEMENTS
Allowable settlements due to permanent loads are shown in the following table:
TABLE 11.2 - ALLOWABLE SETTLEMENTS
FOUNDATION TYPE
MAXIMUM TOTAL
SETTLEMENT
MAXIMUM DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENT
Towers and vertical

equipment
25 mm
Deviation from vertical line due to differential

settlement shall not exceed 0.2%
Horizontal equipment
25 mm
15 mm
Vibrating machinery
10 mm
5 mm
Process structures
25 mm
10 mm
Buildings
25 mm
15 mm
The maximum differential settlement between two adjacent (interconnected by piping) equipment
foundations shall not exceed 15 mm; should these criteria become an issue then the Piping Stress
engineer is to be consulted to determine whether the calculated differential settlement can be
accommodated in the Piping design.
Particular attention shall be paid to foundations supporting variable heavy loads (storage tanks and
storage buildings) with regard to long term settlements and associated differential settlements.
The effects of soil swelling or shrinkage shall be considered and measures put in place to ensure the
above limits are maintained under any circumstances including leakage of fluid to ground. If this cannot
be ensured, structures and supporting equipment shall be designed to accommodate resulting
movements.
From an early soils investigation heave was highlighted as possibly being an issue with certain soils, if
this is the case then the above would also stand for vertical movements.
Spread foundations, including storage tanks and process plot paving, road subgrades, and any other
settlement sensitive item supported on infill material shall be designed to ensure that settlement is
acceptable.
Supports for manifolds and stairways;
If effects of ground settlements cannot be tolerated or if paving design loads would otherwise be
exceeded, these manifolds and pipe runs should be supported on deeper spread foundations or grade
beams and piles.
If gangways and platforms are attached to structures and plant on piles or spread foundations to firm
subsoil, access stairways should themselves be founded on extensions of corresponding main
foundations. If not possible, stairways and ladders should be designed to allow for settlement of soil
supported paving.
Permanent ladders from ground level should be directly supported from plant or its supporting structure
and kept clear of paving to avoid effects of settlement and corrosion at ground level.
If ladder bases bear on soil supported paving, allowance should be made for settlement of paving.
11.10
HORIZONTAL VESSEL SUPPORTS

Horizontal vessels and exchangers shall normally have 2 supports, one fixed and the second sliding. The
vertical loads on the supports shall be derived (as applicable) from clauses 5.1 to 5.6 inclusive. The
horizontal loads on the supports shall be derived (as applicable) from clauses 5.13 to 5.15 inclusive and
6.4 to 6.8 inclusive.
The foundation design shall ensure that overstressing of tank shells due to excessive rigidity of if tank
shells are thin and thermal forces high is avoided.
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11.10.1 Cradles
Cradles for horizontal vessels are normally in the vessel manufacturers supply and are normally of
steel welded to the tank shell and bearing on flat topped concrete foundation plinths.
11.10.2 Bearing plates
Bearing plates should be sufficiently rigid and be arranged to prevent any distortion due to fabrication or
uneven pressure distribution and to ensure that complete area of support is on one truly horizontal
plane.
For the sliding bearings spacers shall be provided to prevent clamping forces being applied to bearing
plates if holding down bolts are tightened. The design should ensure that sliding is correctly oriented in
direction of anticipated movement. Consideration shall be given to using PTFE (Teflon) sliding
assemblies. (See clause 6.4.)
11.10.3 High Piers
Where process requirements dictate that the vessel is elevated and a steel structure is not required,
concrete piers should be designed as load bearing concrete walls or columns, with due allowance for
horizontal loads from thermal forces and for tube bundle removal or replacement.
11.11
CONCRETE BASINS AND PITS

Concrete members that are water retaining and/or water excluding shall be designed to the requirements
of BS EN 1992-3. Design shall be checked to the requirements of BS 8007 and adjusted accordingly.
11.12
PIPE SLEEPERS
Pipe sleepers shall be designed to the same loading as that specified for pipe racks.
Pipe sleepers shall be concrete type and constructed according to KZ01-CV-SPE-53-0003, Specification
for Concrete Materials and Construction. They should have 100 mm (4 in) wide steel flat plates or angles
cast into top surface of the concrete and projecting 10 mm (3/8 in) above concrete sleeper. The top
surface of sleeper should slope away from steel plate.
11.13
TRANSFORMER BASES
Transformers shall be supported on concrete plinths with integral surrounding containment walls and
slab. The space surrounding the plinth shall be filled with open graded gravel or stone chippings such that
volume of voids is not less than volume of oil contained in each transformer. A sump shall be provided,
consisting of trapped gully set within walls with porous openings, to allow rainwater to drain off while
keeping chippings clear of gully. The outlet from trapped gully shall be connected to oily water drainage
system, if available, or provision shall be made for pumping out.
Transformers shall be separated by concrete dividing walls if required by Safety engineer. Transformers
shall be enclosed in fenced enclosures.
11.14
MACHINE PLINTHS ON CHEMICALLY RESISTANT FLOORS

Machine plinths should normally be minimum of 150 mm (6 in) above finished floor level, and protective
system should be continued over plinth top and under machine base.
Surfacing material should be sealed to holding down bolt stems after locating machine by bedding
machine base plate in further layer of surfacing material. Surfacing material should be finished off around
extremities of base plate with small neat fillet.
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12.
FOUNDATIONS & STRUCTURES SUPPORTING MACHINERY

Heavy vibrating machinery is any equipment having reciprocating or rotary masses as the major moving
parts (such as reciprocating or rotary compressors, pumps, turbines) and having a gross plan area
2
exceeding 2.5 m , or a total weight of greater than 25kN.
Light vibrating machinery is any equipment having reciprocating or rotary masses as the major moving
parts (such as reciprocating or rotary compressors, pumps, turbines) and having a gross plan area less
2
than 2.5 m and total weight of less than 25 kN.
For light vibrating machinery dynamic design is not required. Static design shall be carried out according
to the criteria below. Additionally the foundation weight shall not be less than 3 times the total rotary
machine weight or 5 times the total reciprocating machine weight.
Consideration should be given to grouping light equipment on common flat slabs. In this case, adequate
reinforcement is to be provided to prevent propagation of cracks due to vibration. The level of the
foundation blocks shall allow cable and drain trenches to be located above it.
Machinery foundations shall have adequate surface reinforcement. The minimum surface reinforcement
shall be 16 mm bars at 200mm spacing in both directions.
For foundations for heavy vibrating machinery, the minimum amount of internal reinforcement shall be 50
kg/m3. This reinforcement shall be triaxially arranged within the volume of the foundation. Reinforcement
shall be adequate to limit crack widths to acceptable value in all conditions. Cracks shall in no
circumstance exceed 0.3 mm width.
All machinery blocks shall be isolated by expansion joints from slabs and adjacent foundations to
minimise the transmission of vibration to adjacent foundations, equipment, and buildings.
The following rules shall be considered in foundation design:
shall be founded on suitable bearing strata, or a piled foundation adopted.
Soil pressure or pile capacity, considering dead and live loads, shall not exceed 50% of the
allowable figure.
Foundation shall consist of a common foundation block supporting the equipment and its driver
and the first pipe supports adjacent to the equipment where practical to do so to allow exceptions.
Pockets where vapour could accumulate are not permitted.
The shape of beams and columns shall be uniform and rectangular.
All parts of the machine supports shall be independent from the adjacent foundations and
buildings.
Concrete floor slabs, adjacent to machine foundations, shall be spaced a minimum of 20 mm from
the foundation. The space between slab and foundation shall be filled with a flexible joint filler and
sealer.
The minimum thickness of the foundation base slab shall not be less than 1/10 of its maximum
dimension.
Foundations and supporting structures shall be designed as per CP2012 such that the natural
frequency of the supporting structure including soil/structure interaction is either less than 0.7 or
greater than 1.3 times the operating frequency range of the machine. Where this cannot be
assured across the full operating frequency range(s), Suitable bearings shall be designed and
provided to limit vibration to acceptable limits.
The factor of safety against overturning shall be greater than or equal to 3.
The design method shall be based on ACI 351.3R-04.
The common base block is to be sufficiently stiff to limit distortion within tolerance permitted by unit
Machinery Vendor.
The dynamic modulus of elasticity (E) of concrete to be used in the dynamic analysis is indicated in the
following table:
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TABLE 12.1 - THE DYNAMIC MODULUS OF ELASTICITY

2
12.1
Fc (N/mm )
E (N/mm )
25
30.000
35
34.000
45
37.000
55
39.000
DESIGN CRITERIA FOR RECIPROCATING MACHINERY

Design of foundations for reciprocating machinery shall be carried out in accordance with the following
criteria:
a)
The total foundation weight shall be at least 5 times the total weight of the machine.
b)
The horizontal eccentricity in any direction between the centroid of the machine + foundation system
and the centroid of the base contact area shall not exceed 5% of the respective base dimension.
Dynamic analysis shall be carried out as follows:

a)
Natural frequencies in the modes being excited shall preferably be out of 0.7 to 1.3 times the
disturbing frequencies of any machine on the foundation. If it is not possible to meet this
requirement, frequencies within the above mentioned range may be accepted if the maximum
calculated amplitudes are within the limits listed in the following point #e).
b)
In case, the above mentioned frequency criteria cannot be achieved due to some unusual soil
characteristics, damping is to be considered to restrict the calculated amplitude within allowable limit.
Under such circumstances, the material internal (hysteretic) damping shall not be considered higher
than 3%. The total damping (Material + Geometric) shall be limited to 20% in the case of torsional
mode of vibration. For other modes of vibration, damping provisions of ACI 351.3R-04 are to be
followed.
c)
Primary forces, couples and moments shall be applied at machine speed for calculation of primary
amplitudes.
d)
Secondary forces, couples and moments shall be applied at twice the machine speed for calculation
of secondary amplitudes.
e)
Total amplitude shall be calculated by combining, in the worst conditions, primary and secondary
amplitudes.
f)
Time step dynamic analysis (Time-History) shall be carried out to cater for all the six modes of
vibration of the block foundation using a 6 x 6 matrix in case of damped vibration of foundation. This
shall be in line with sections 4.3.4.2 and 4.3.4.3 of ACI 351.3R-04. Dynamics of Bases and
Foundations by D. D. Barkan referred in CP 2012-1 may be referred to.
Total peak to peak amplitudes on the foundation shall not exceed 0.05 mm, unless specified otherwise by
the machinery manufacturer.
12.2
DESIGN CRITERIA FOR ROTATING MACHINERY

Rotary machines may be supported either on a direct foundation or on an elevated structure.
Weight of basement (foundation and elevated structure) shall be at least three times the weight of the
machinery.
In case, frequency criteria cannot be achieved due to some unusual soil characteristics, damping is to be
considered to restrict the calculated amplitude within allowable limit. Under such circumstances, the material
internal (hysteretic) damping shall not be considered higher than 2%. The total damping (Material +
Geometric) shall be limited to 20% in the case of torsional mode of vibration. For other modes of vibration,
damping provisions of ACI 351.3R-04 are to be followed.
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Higher values of damping factor may be considered in loading conditions in which the loads are
significantly higher than that during normal operation.
Dynamic analysis may be dispensed with if the mass of rotating elements is less than 1/100 of the mass
of the whole system (machine + foundation).
Model shall be defined in such a way to correctly describe the foundation behaviour up to 1.5 fmax,
where fmax is the maximum operating speed.
Natural frequencies of the system, machine + foundation, shall be calculated in accordance with the
criteria stated below.
Number of natural frequencies to be calculated shall be defined so that the highest natural frequency
calculated is at least 10% higher than the maximum operating frequency. (This criterion may be relaxed
for operating frequencies higher than 75 Hz.)
However, depending on the analysis model, the number of natural frequencies, n, to be calculated shall
meet the following:
n = 10 for two dimensional models in which only displacements out of the plane are considered and in
which vibration in one direction has influence in other directions.
n = 6 for two dimensional symmetrical models in which only vertical displacements are considered and in
which vibration in one direction has only secondary influence in other directions (the system may be
represented by independent models).
The assessment of vibration behaviour shall be checked as follows:
First order natural frequency (lowest frequency):
f1<= 0.8 fm
or
f1
>= 1.25 fm where fm is the lowest service frequency.
Higher order natural frequencies:

fn <= 0.9 fm
and
fn+1 >= 1.1 fm
If the higher order criteria are not satisfied it shall suffice that fn is less than fm where n is either 6 or 10.
Time step dynamic analysis (Time-History) shall be carried out to cater for all the six modes of vibration of
the block foundation using a 6 x 6 matrix in case of damped vibration of foundation. This shall be in line
with sections 4.3.4.2 and 4.3.4.3 of ACI 351.3R-04. Dynamics of Bases and Foundations by D. D.
Barkan referred in CP 2012-1 may be referred to.
12.3
12.3.1
ANALYSIS OF VIBRATIONS DUE TO UNBALANCED FORCES

Exciting Forces
Unbalanced forces are to be provided by the machine manufacturer and shall be used for the dynamic
response of the foundation.
In case of absence of such information unbalanced forces may be calculated on the basis of a
nominally balanced machine as follows:
a)
Operating state
The balance quality of machine shall be assumed one grade lower than that for the relevant machine
group.
F = M e = F(e)
2
where: = speed in rad/sec, (e) = quality of balance of machine
All forces shall be considered to be applied at the bearings.

b)
Malfunctioning state
Forces due to malfunctioning shall be assumed 6 times the values for operating state and shall be used
for the static design and stability checks of the structure.
12.3.2
Allowable Displacements
If available, allowable displacements are given by the machine manufacturer shall be used to check the
structure.
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In the absence of such information the maximum amplitudes, effective at the bearings, may be assumed
for the particular machine group as follows:
a) Operating state:- The value associated with the operating frequency which is one grade higher than
that guaranteed by the manufacturer shall be taken as the amplitude under service conditions.
b) Malfunctioning state:- The amplitude in case of malfunctioning shall be assumed to be 6 times the
values used for the operating state.
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13.
COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION
The use of composite construction shall be limited to internal slabs not subject to the external
environment in buildings not subject to blast or seismic loading.
13.1
DESIGN
Design of composite construction shall be in accordance with BS EN 1994. The design of the composite
slabs shall utilise linear elastic analysis without redistribution. The design shall not utilise pre-stress
components. The permanent soffit formwork may be considered as bottom reinforcement in one direction.
13.2
MATERIALS
Concrete materials shall conform to the requirements of KZ01-CV-SPE-53-0002. The permanent steel
soffit formwork shall be galvanised cold formed steel sheet with mechanical or frictional interlock
conforming to the requirements of BS EN 1994. The structural steel shall conform to the requirements of
KZ01-CV-SPE-53-0003. Shear connectors shall be headed stud connectors conforming to the
requirements of BS EN 1994.
13.3
CONSTRUCTION
The construction of composite slabs shall conform to the requirements of KZ01-CV-SPE-53-0002 and
KZ01-CV-SPE-53-0003.
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14.
BRICKWORK AND MASONRY

The use of masonry shall be limited to infill panels in buildings not subject to blast or seismic loading.
Masonry blocks or bricks shall not be used underground.
14.1
DESIGN
Design of masonry panels shall be in accordance with BS EN 1996. Consideration shall be given to
designing the panels without reinforcement with lateral support from piers or steel or concrete posts.
14.2
MATERIALS
The selection of bricks, blocks and mortar shall in accordance with BS EN 199-2. External masonry within
1 metre of grade level shall be considered to be in exposure condition type MX5, and above that level
exposure condition type MX4.
Mortar for masonry shall be designed general purpose masonry mortar conforming to BS EN 998-2.
Masonry materials shall conform to the chemical limits applied to concrete materials in KZ01-CV-SPE-530002.
Concrete components and materials shall conform to KZ01-CV-SPE-53-0002. Steel components shall
conform to KZ01-CV-SPE-53-0003.
Where engineering bricks are used these should be Class B, alternatives are to be approved by
COMPANY.
14.3
TRANSPORT, STORAGE AND CONSTRUCTION

The transport and storage of masonry components shall conform to the requirements of KZ01- CV-SPE14-0003. The production of mortar shall follow the guidance given in KZ01-CV-SPE-53-0002 for the
production of concrete. The construction of masonry panels shall conform to BS EN 1996-2. The finish
and surface treatment of masonry panels shall be according KZ01-CV-SPE-53-0007.
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15.
DRAINAGE, FLOOD PREVENTION AND SERVICE TRENCHES
15.1
FLOOD PREVENTION
Water management is a requirement under the Sultanate of Oman governmental legislation. To this end
the project facilities must be designed to support flood prevention both within the facilities and as a result
of overland flow water diversions that may create a possible downstream residual, for the lifetime of the
project facilities. This is the distinct requirement in order to minimize the risk of cross contamination. The
design of flood prevention (by way of water management dyking, diversions and spillways), road scour
protection measures, pipeline burial depth recommendations and any permit submittal requirement, by
way of close liaison with the Sultanate of Oman governmental regulatory bodies, must be supported with
input from a specialist arid-zone hydrologist during detailed engineering. This hydrological approach shall
be compared with geomorphological evidence from site inspections of wadis (channel geometry and bed
material size distribution). Reference shall be made to the Environmental Basis of Design Update, KZ01EV-BOD-14-0004.
Bunded storage areas shall have walls designed to contain the infrequent storm event and to safeguard
against the risk of inundation through correct discharge by operations. This basis must also be upheld for
dyking and water management generally. Reference shall be made to the Sultanate of Oman, Highway
Design Standards 2010, issued by the Ministry of Transport and Communications and also the project
Basis Engineering Design Data document KZ01-EN-BOD-14-0002.
The AOC system shall be designed on a First Flash basis and sized to capture only the first 10 mm of
water. Flows arising beyond or greater than this depth shall be diverted via a separate overflow to the
surface water system. There is no sizing requirement for firewater flows into the AOC system.
Surface water system flows shall be retained in the drainage system prior to release to the environment
as per current specification for Sewer & drainage, KZ01-CV-BOD-53-0004. The retention volume shall be
calculated based on rainfall from a ten year frequency storm or two hour firewater discharge from a single
process unit. Meteorological data shall be taken from the Basic Engineering design data document,
KZ01-EN-BOD-14-0002 rev B04.
15.2
SITE DRAINAGE
Except where directed otherwise by COMPANY, drainage systems shall be designed for the 10 year
storm without surcharge. The system shall be checked for the 100 year events when no flooding shall
occur.
15.2.1
General
The stormwater drainage system shall be designed for the design rainfall or fire water depending on
which is the more onerous.
The climate in Oman is dry and rainfall is infrequent. Oman however is prone every few years to the
effects of cyclonic action in the Mediterranean, which promotes very high magnitude storm conditions,
with the probability of significant damage from sheet flood flows (refer to clause 15.1 above).
Given the high sensitivity of gypsiferous soils at the site to the impact of water (they are susceptible to
significant swelling, shrinking and potential metastability - collapse on wetting), keeping water away
from founding materials is paramount.
Manhole covers that could potentially present trip hazard in unpaved areas shall have suitably sloped
concrete haunching.
Where large underground structures are required, adequate provision shall be made for pumping out
water that may be collected within them and where necessary be designed as water retaining
structures.
15.3
FIREWATER
KZ01-CV-SPE-53-0004, Specification for Sewers, Drainage and Water Mains
15.4
SEWER AND DRAINAGE DESIGN

Refer to Refer to KZ01-CV-SPE-53-0004, Specification for Sewers, Drainage and Water Mains.
15.5
CONCRETE DRAIN CHANNELS, SERVICE TRENCHES & PITS

Concrete drain channels shall be routed to run well clear of piping and equipment foundations. Service
trenches shall be avoided wherever possible and services run above ground.
KZ01-CV-BOD-53-0001
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Concrete cable trenches, where unavoidable, shall be provided with splayed corners and junctions to
assist with cable installation and replacement and should have adequate clearance to pipework, falls for
drainage, provision of trapped gullies (offset if necessary for access, rodding, and cleaning), spacing of
firebreaks, and trench flooring.
Trench covers should be either galvanised open steel grate or concrete, if practical. Inside industrial
buildings 8 mm (5/16 in) thick chequer plate flooring may be used.
In open areas within plot limits; open grating of rectangular pattern, galvanised or suitably protected
against corrosion should be used with angle kerbing connected to reinforced concrete to ensure that
covers fit flush.
Where concrete channels and trenches cross joints between rigid and soil supported areas these shall
have sufficient flexible transition.
Such cable trench junctions should be minimised by combining minor trenches on sub-base slabs.
Top level of covers to trenches abutting or within paved areas should be at plot paving level.
For unpaved areas adjacent to plot paving, covers should generally be 150 mm (6 in) above adjacent
open ground level but with suitable transition levels if necessary to connect with trenches in paved areas.
For unpaved areas remote from plot limits, precast cable trenches and covers should be set at a level to
comply with local surface water runoff drainage requirements.
Lifting slots should be incorporated in every fifth cover.
Trenches should be supported directly on and constructed in situ with foundation substructures. In other
locations, trenches should be supported on subsoil, which should be levelled and compacted such that
differential settlements between trench, paving, and adjacent foundations are minimised.
Provision should be made to accommodate relative movement if support to trench changes from subsoil
to foundation substructure.
Trench floor slab should be channelled to pass surface water below pipe bearers and sufficient clearance
should be allowed to allow any thermal movement of pipes within the trench.
In process areas, trench firebreaks shall be provided to divide the trench into sections approximately 10
m (33 ft) long. The firebreak walls shall consist of concrete walls, packed at pipe openings to contain
spills.
Open pits or trenches are to be protected with handrails.
Refer to KZ01-CV-SPE-53-0004, Specification for Sewers, Drainage and Water Mains.
15.6
DRAINAGE FROM BUNDED AREA

Under condition of tank failure, the entire volume of fluid accumulated inside bund has to be drained
primarily using truck mounted vacuum pumps only. However, there will be a bypass line to be connected
to AOC network to drain minor volume of contaminated water.
Hence, the drain outlet from tank-bund is to be provided with a main valve connected to the suction
nozzle of vacuum pump (truck-mounted) and a bypass valve to direct the fluid to AOC sump.
KZ01-CV-BOD-53-0001
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16.
ROADS AND PAVING

The design of roads and paving of CPF shall be in accordance with AASHTO GDPS and comply with the
requirements of the General Specification for Roads and the Highway Design Manual issued by the
Sultanate of Oman - Ministry of Communications The design shall also take into consideration the advice
given in the Technical Note KZ01-CV-TEC-P2-0001 Hot Hyper-Arid Salty Conditions: Concrete and
Roads.
For loading, clearances, materials and construction of roads and paving of CPF refer to KZ01-CV-SPE53-0005, Specification for Roads, Fencing and Paving, Table 1 in KZ01-PI-SPE-14-0001 Specification for
Piping Design.
In addition to requirements for collection of surface water, or oil or chemical spill, paved areas should also
be designed:
So that flammable liquid spills do not collect beneath process equipment.
To prevent the spread of firewater to process or plant areas unaffected by a fire.
If special fire risk has been identified, additional paving shall be provided to allow efficient drainage
of associated high firewater flows.
Subsurface conditions can sometimes deteriorate on wetting, leading to excessive settlements, loss of
bearing capacity, and, in extreme cases, sudden collapse of load bearing subsoil. Paving shall be
provided as protective layer in these situations.
The design and construction (including joint frequency for concrete paving) shall allow for the anticipated
settlement. No joint shall be located along a drainage valley.
Settlement of paving adjacent to plinths supporting equipment and structures shall be limited to the
vertical movement that can be tolerated by the concrete protection/water excluding detail between the
plinth and the paving.
Supports for manifolds and stairways; Low level manifolds and non-overhead pipe runs may be placed on
soil supported paving within plot limits, provided that piping system is sufficiently flexible to follow
associated settlements, is tolerant of backfills, and design loading of paving is not exceeded.
Elsewhere, settlements shall be limited so that maximum adverse differential settlements result in slopes
running towards drainage valleys or gullies no flatter than 1 in 80 in open areas and 1 in 60 in restricted
areas.
Where structural members are sited within 1.5m of a road, protective barriers shall provide protection
based on the size and speed of the design vehicle for that road.
Where main pipe bridges cross above roads, sacrificial goal posts or equivalent, are to be positioned
approximately 7m from either side of the bridge.
For road bridges over pipe tracks or piping slung from underside of bridges, clearance between bridge
soffit and top of pipe, bolted flange, or insulation should be at least 150 mm (6 in).
16.1
ON-PLOT ASPHALT ROADS

Asphalt roads 6m wide with 1.0m shoulders will be provided within Khazzan Central Processing Facility
(CPF)
16.2
ROAD GEOMETRY
The alignment of the roads of CPF shall comply with the design requirements of Sultanate of Oman
Highway Design Standards 2010. Alignments shall be based on the following design speed assumptions:
Construction
Design Speed km/h
9m asphalt road
BP Speed Limit Km/h

80 unless posted
90
Musallim to CPF Campus
otherwise
9m asphalt roads between facilities in the

CPF Campus area
KZ01-CV-BOD-53-0001
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70
50
Rev: B04H
Project Internal
9m campus gravel roads and to temporary

facilities
70
50
9m in-field gravel roads
70
60
Internal Facility Roads
15-20
9m gravel roads serving wells pipelines and

132Kv ROW
70
60
The horizontal alignment of the road will be based on the Oman Highway Design Standards 2010 as
indicated on the FEED drawings.
16.3
AVAILABILITY
Roads running within the CPF are to be constructed at an elevation to provide 100% availability for a 1 in
10 year storm event.
Following heavy rain asphalt roads shall be in good condition and remain usable following a 1 in 10 year
return event. Following a 1 in 100 year return event the roads shall remain passable but may require
minor local maintenance.
Gravel roads may require minor local maintenance but remain passable following a 1 in 1 year return
event. Following a 1 in 10 year return event gravel roads will remain passable but may require minor
maintenance.
Flooding of CPF roads are not acceptable.
16.4
DRAINAGE
Surface water and sub grade drainage of new roads of CPF shall be designed in accordance with
Sultanate of Oman Standard Specifications for Road and Bridge Construction (2010) with particular
consideration to the potential impact of flooding and high water table levels. Where appropriate local
practices and guidance are to be investigated and considered in the design.
16.5
PREDICTED TRAFFIC FLOWS

For On-Plot CPF roads, the number of vehicle movements will be much smaller.
The graph in the Main Access Roads Study suggests that around 80% of the vehicles during
operations are related to Wells activities.
The number of vehicles accessing any particular on-plot road during construction is likely to be half of
the total number of movements or less.
16.6
TRAFFIC SIGNS & ROAD MARKINGS

All traffic signs and road markings within CPF will be in accordance with the Oman Highway Design
Standards 2010. Signage will include necessary warning and regulatory signs such as maximum
speed limit, sharp bends, stop, speed breaker, control station ahead. Any specific signage for
Facilities/ Locations name shall be identified with COMPANYs requirements.
16.7
GEOTECHNICAL DATA
Geotechnical data will be adopted from final Geotechnical Report (doc. no. KZ01-CV-REP-53-0003).
KZ01-CV-BOD-53-0001
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17.
TANK PAD FOUNDATIONS AND BUND WALLS

The layout and spacing of the tanks and the size and capacity of the bunded area and environmental
protection measures are to be checked for Sultanate of Oman Governmental Requirements.
17.1
TANK PAD FOUNDATIONS

Foundations for atmospheric or low pressure vertical tanks shall be either of the following:
1
Concrete bases or rafts bearing on ground surface. These will be for smaller tanks and those in
concrete bunds.
Granular mound foundations, with or without reinforced concrete ring walls under tank perimeter.
Consideration shall be given for providing reinforced concrete ring beams especially if seismic
design is required or if uplift needs to be resisted. But if a concrete ring beam is used, the design
should minimise differential settlement between the granular mound and the concrete beam.
Concrete bases forming part of pile supported process plant paving or substructures or separately
as pile supported slabs.
Reinforced Concrete sleeper walls to support vertical steel tank bottom clear of ground.
Foundation rafts for process tanks elevated on sleeper walls and open structural frames should be given
a central super-elevation such that, after settlement, central part of raft is not below perimeter level.
Sleeper walls for tanks elevated above grade should be of reinforced concrete construction.
If the foundations are to be designed to resist seismic loads, these are to be obtained from API 650 or
API 620. However, the typical diagram of the concrete ring beam shown in API 650 is not to be used,
instead, the ring beam with a cross section whose width exceeds its depth is to be considered to spread
the seismic vertical sloshing load.
The foundation design shall comply with the requirements of BS EN 1997 (if concrete) and API 650 (for
atmospheric tanks) or API 620 (for low pressure tanks).
For granular foundations the pad shall be constructed as described for the road base in document KZ01CV-SPE-14-0006. The shear resistance of the foundation shall be checked allowing for the HDPE lining.
See clause 17.2.
Surface of tank foundation and side slopes of earth mound foundation should be covered with 50 mm
(2 in).
If foundation includes or consists of complete concrete raft, bit sand thickness may be reduced to 25 mm
(1 in).
Bitsand layer should be maintained over concrete structures incorporated in foundation and should be
extended beyond annular plate even if holding down bolts are installed to resist uplift of tank.
Surface level of finished bitsand along any radial should not deviate by more than 15 mm (5/8 in) from
design levels and difference in level of any two points 10 m (33 ft) apart should not vary by more than 10
mm (3/8 in).
If necessary, slope away from tank annular plates should be reinstated on completion of water test.
Foundations should allow for cone up or cone down tank bottom plates and differential settlement
between centre and edge.
The foundation design of the tanks shall include assessments of settlements:1.
Total settlement at centre and at perimeter (to assist in determining the cone shape of tank
bottom) under test. These values can be compared to the actual values during test.
2.
Total settlement at centre and at perimeter (to assist in determining the cone shape of tank
bottom) during operational life, bearing in mind that fluctuating loads lead to larger deflections.
3.
Differential settlements around the perimeter. (It is particularly important that these are limited for
floating roof tanks.)
4.
An assessment of the possible variation of the settlement values.
5.
Relative settlement of the tank perimeter and adjacent structures, including design details to
accommodate the difference.
KZ01-CV-BOD-53-0001
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6.
Check that spacing between tanks does not induce more settlement where stress zones intersect.
7.
Settlement criteria should be defined to ensure that settlements do not result in tank and its fittings
being overstressed and, in case of floating roof tanks, to limit deformation of shell such that roof
remains free to move and seals retain their integrity.
8.
Foundations and bases for tank access ladders, support towers, pipe supports, etc., should be
designed to allow for anticipated settlement of tank.
9.
It may be necessary to grout bases after completion of water test and make provision for subsequent
adjustments.
10. Excavation method for these foundations should be closely specified and supervised by designer to
ensure that integrity of tank foundations is not affected.
Specialist advice should be sought to balance cost effective solutions against potential environmental
damage.
The hydro test of the tank and its foundation shall be carried out to BS EN 14015. CONTRACTOR shall
submit a test procedure to COMPANY for review. The procedure shall include working to demonstrate
that the rate of fill does not cause overstress of the soils and defines the settlement results that confirm
that the tank can be commissioned for its design duty.
Permanent load monitoring points should be installed on pressure vessel foundations only. Levels should
be recorded during hydrostatic testing and then at regular intervals thereafter to ensure that
predetermined differential settlement criteria are not exceeded.
The final fixing of associated equipment (pipe supports, stair towers etc.) to their foundations shall be
carried out after tank hydrotest to minimise differential settlement between the tank and the equipment.
17.2
TANK BUNDS AND BUND WALL DESIGN

The bunded area shall be formed using a perimeter earth embankment designed in accordance with BS
EN 1997. Where concrete bunds are required, they shall be designed to BS EN 1993.
Bunds (dikes) should be constructed of site excavated material, if possible, with most impermeable
material used on inner face.
Highly permeable material, such as sand, should be used only with approval of local or national
regulating authorities.
The bunded area shall incorporate a 2mm HDPE impermeable lining that runs below the tank from one
embankment across to the opposite side. Design shall allow for all foreseeable settlement or other
movements, without any loss of integrity.
Specialist advice should be sought to balance cost effective solutions against potential environmental
damage.
Loads shall be combined as specified in 8.2.1 above. Bund walls (including concrete walls) shall be
designed for accidental load condition when the bund is completely filled with water (or product unit
weight if specific gravity > 1) to the crest. Only the hydrostatic fluid acting in the outward direction and
gravity load need to be considered. The factor of safety shall be not less than 1.3 for this loading
condition.
The Safety and Layout groups shall determine the bunded area capacity. Provided that it is agreed by the
Safety and Layout groups, a common bund wall for multiple tanks may be used to contain liquids from
tanks containing identical product unless fire hazards preclude when common bund wall is considered for
multiple tanks, bund wall design shall consider 110% capacity of the largest tank.
The earth bund wall geometry shall conform to the following:
1)
The height of bund walls shall not exceed 2 m.
2)
The height of bund wall shall have a minimum 200 mm free board above the calculated design
volume level.
3)
Minimum top width of bund shall be 1 m
4)
The side slopes shall be stable under all conditions, but shall not be steeper than 1 in 1.75.
KZ01-CV-BOD-53-0001
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Temporary openings left in bunds (dikes) for construction access. Openings subsequently cut for
pipelines should be benched in 300 mm (12 in) steps at 45 degrees before backfilling to form a key to
prevent local slipping. Temporary openings should be filled with material similar to that used for bunds
(dikes), placed and compacted in same manner as remainder of bund (dike).
CONTRACTOR shall submit a procedure on reinstating temporary openings in the bund walls to
COMPANY for review prior to commencing work. Softened material in benched portions of bund (dike)
should be removed before backfilling and compaction begins.
Steps, normally 600 mm wide, together with handrail, should be provided for access over bund (dike).
Clear access to tank valves, stairways, and manifolds on both sides of bunds (dikes) should be provided
by footpaths with minimum width of 600 mm (24 in).
Refer to
KZ01-CV-STD-14-0028 General Details Bund Details
KZ01-CV-LAY-14-0056 CPF Earthworks Cross Sections
KZ01-CV-SPE-14-0008 Central Processing Facility - Architectural Specification
KZ01-CV-SPE-14-0010 Architectural Functional Specification EPC Contractors Camp
17.3
EQUIPMENT SHELTERS
Shelters without HVAC provision that house large equipment shall be partially clad according to the
following criteria:
Roofs shall be ventilated.
The sides of any shelter should be sheeted down to a level that equates to the higher of either:
The level of the operating platform.
A level 2.5 m above grade.

If the sides of the shelter are sheeted down to a level less than 2.5 m (8 ft) above the operating level,
the floor shall be the open grid type.
The ventilation of the complete arrangement shall be checked. If it is found to be inadequate, a full HVAC
system shall be provided if the shelter cannot be reduced or dispensed with.
17.4
ACCESS
Safe access shall be provided in accordance with International Codes and Standards wherever access is
required for operations, maintenance or other reasons. All National and Local Authority guidance,
requirements and legislation shall be complied with.
For access around plant structures, CONTRACTOR shall also liaise with Piping and Layout Group and
COMPANY Operations and HSSE Groups to ascertain suitable levels of access provision at each
location. Specific situations are detailed in KZ01-CV-SPE-14-0004 Specification for Design, Fabrication
and Erection of Structural Steel Work. Sudden, unguarded changes in floor level shall be avoided.
Access areas, access ways and escape routes shall be free of obstruction or trip hazard
For access within buildings, local Buildings Regulations shall also apply. The means of access shall be
considered for all use and maintenance requirements. The access provisions shall be suited to the
frequency of use and location. For instance, on roofs where permanent access is not provided, as
system of clip-on safety rails shall be used as a minimum.
Handrail shall be assessed and provided as necessary around all areas where open water may be
present, either temporarily or permanently, to avoid drowning hazard. Handrail may be omitted at
drainage ditches with sides sloped for safe access where water depth will be less than 600mm when
operating. Facilities containing water shall be located within fenced plant boundaries, to avoid drowning
hazard to the public. Where access is required within a pond or other structure, for clean out or
otherwise, CONTRACTOR shall liaise with COMPANY Operations Group to ensure access is safe and
suitable for personnel and necessary plant and equipment.
KZ01-CV-BOD-53-0001
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Project Internal
18.
BUILDINGS
Refer to
KZ01-CV-SPE-53-0007 Central Processing Facility - Architectural Specification
18.1
EQUIPMENT SHELTERS
Shelters without HVAC provision that house large equipment shall be partially clad according to the
following criteria:
Roofs shall be ventilated.
The sides of any shelter should be sheeted down to a level that equates to the higher of either:
The level of the operating platform.
A level 2.5 m above grade.

If the sides of the shelter are sheeted down to a level less than 2.5 m (8 ft) above the operating
level, the floor shall be the open grid type.
The ventilation of the complete arrangement shall be checked. If it is found to be inadequate, a full HVAC
system shall be provided if the shelter cannot be reduced or dispensed with.
18.2
ACCESS
Safe access shall be provided in accordance with International Codes and Standards wherever access is required
for operations, maintenance or other reasons. All National and Local Authority guidance, requirements and
legislation shall be complied with.
For access around plant structures, CONTRACTOR shall also liaise with Piping and Layout Group and
COMPANY Operations and HSSE Groups to ascertain suitable levels of access provision at each location.
Specific situations are detailed in KZ01-CV-SPE-53-0003 Specification for Design, Fabrication and Erection of
Structural Steel Work. Sudden, unguarded changes in floor level shall be avoided. Access areas, access ways
and escape routes shall be free of obstruction or trip hazard
For access within buildings, local Buildings Regulations shall also apply. The means of access shall be
considered for all use and maintenance requirements. The access provisions shall be suited to the frequency of
use and location. For instance, on roofs where permanent access is not provided, as system of clip-on safety
rails shall be used as a minimum.
KZ01-CV-BOD-53-0001
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Project Internal
19.
EARTHWORKS, BACKFILLING AND SLOPE PROTECTION

Refer to KZ01-CV-SPE-53-0006, Specification for Excavation, Backfill and Construction of Underground
Services.
19.1
SLOPE STABILITY ANALYSIS

Calculations shall be provided in detail design for the slope stability and earthworks for all slopes in cut
and fill (including those formed during the site preparation phase), pipeline installations, retaining walls,
ground improvement etc, using the parameters determined from geotechnical investigations. Stability
shall be assured under all conditions. For calculations that include seismic events consideration should
be given to using appropriate proprietary software.
All the final slopes of the plant shall be modelled with appropriate software.
Slopes shall be protected from wind or water, using concrete lining with mesh reinforcements.
Handrail shall be provided around all areas where open water may be present, either temporarily or
permanently, to avoid drowning hazard. Handrail may be omitted at drainage ditches with sides sloped
for safe access where water depth will be less than 600mm when operating. Facilities containing water
shall be located within fenced plant boundaries, to avoid drowning hazard to the public. Where access is
required within a pond or other structure, for clean out or otherwise, CONTRACTOR shall liaise with
COMPANY Operations Group to ensure access is safe and suitable for personnel and necessary plant
and equipment.
KZ01-CV-BOD-53-0001
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Project Internal
20.
PILES
Where piles are required the following criteria is to be followed.
20.1
FOUNDATIONS SUPPORTED ON PILES, CAISSONS, DEEP PIERS OR SLEEPER WALLS:

Foundations shall be designed for allowable pile loads, minimum spacing, lateral tolerances at pile head
level, bearing pressure, and with wind allowance in accordance with Section 20.2.
Capping blocks, beams, and flat slabs shall project sufficiently in each direction beyond pile heads to
allow for driving tolerances to enable effective bonding and anchorage of reinforcement, and to avoid
excessive shear stress.
If pile heads are installed outside specified tolerances or if a pile is rejected and replaced by one or more
offset piles, affected parts of foundations shall be redesigned to comply with such conditions.
Foundations on piles should in general avoid:
a) Uplift on piles supporting tall columns and stacks.
b)
Uplift on precast reinforced concrete or shell piles if this may lead to permanent cracking or
opening of joints.
c) Use of raking piles, except as permitted in Section 20.8.

Single structural columns, small vertical vessels, etc., may be supported on only one pier or pile if lateral
restraint is provided either by grade beams tied to other piled foundations, or by sufficient depth or extent
of capping block held in place by surrounding concrete paving.
Tie beams
a)
Tie beams between piles and pier foundations may be either at grade level or preferably
subgrade at depth, usually approximately 750 mm (2,5 ft) to 950 mm (3 ft 2 in) below grade,
such that drainage pipes are generally supported above such beams or slabs and design of
structure and drainage can proceed without interference.
b)
If grade level tie beams are used to support paving or equipment bases, these beams should
be arranged or offset such that underground piping is accessible without damage to any part
of foundation.
Both grade and subgrade tie beams should, if necessary, be designed for appropriate superimposed
traffic loading.
20.2
MAXIMUM PRESSURE
Maximum pressure under eccentric loading on foundations due to any cause other than those listed
below should not exceed allowable bearing pressure or allowable pile loading:
Wind loads may be ignored if individual loads due to wind on shallow or deep foundations (with exception
of loads described in Table 3) are less than 25% of loads due to dead and live loads. If ratio exceeds
25%, foundations should be proportioned such that maximum bearing pressure due to combined dead,
live, and wind loads does not exceed allowable bearing pressure by more than 25%.
For locations where national standards or codes permit, 30% or 33% increase in bearing pressure due to
wind may be allowed in place of 25%.
For locations where national standards or codes permit, certain limited increases in bearing pressures
may be allowed for loads due to earthquake.
For structures subject to sway:
1.
For stacks, tall columns, and fractionating towers due to possibility of sway, maximum applied
bearing pressure under eccentric loading due to wind shall not exceed allowable bearing pressure
or allowable pile loading.
2. For in situ hydrostatic test loading of towers and vessels. Permanent load monitoring points should
be installed on vessel foundations. Levels should be recorded during hydrostatic testing and then
at regular intervals thereafter to ensure that predetermined differential settlement criteria are not
exceeded.
KZ01-CV-BOD-53-0001
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Project Internal
20.3
GENERAL
This section covers use of piles and is generally applicable to:
1.
Foundations for buildings, structures, tanks, etc.
2.
Horizontal anchorage or restraint.
3.
Retention of soil filling in sheet piled retaining walls.
4.
Temporary construction.
This section is not applicable to marine piles for jetties, moorings, or other offshore structures.
20.4
SITE CONDITIONS AND INVESTIGATIONS FOR PILED FOUNDATIONS

CONTRACTOR shall undertake all necessary ground investigations to determine design requirements.
Preliminary or precontract test piles shall be used to verify the pile design.
These test piles should be sited close to selected boreholes representative of general subsoil profile. On
new sites, if possible, such locations should be selected in accordance with their ultimate use as site
benchmarks.
20.5
BEARING PILES
Piling for plant, structures, and tank foundations should generally be driven piles, where integrity and
driven length can be checked after driving.
If precast concrete piles are adopted and hard driving is expected, consideration should be given to
providing at least 10% of test piles with cast in 40 mm (1 9/16 in) internal diameter inspection duct
through centre such that integrity and deviation of pile may be checked after driving.
If closely spaced piles consisting of precast concrete shell rings with in situ concrete hearting are adopted
in soft soils, consideration should be given to casting such piles with 40 mm (1 9/16 in) internal diameter
inspection duct that will allow detection of lateral displacement and vertical uplift of adjacent piles.
20.6
PILE LOADS AND SAFETY FACTORS

Safety factors applied to pile capacity at each site shall be considered on their own merit with regard to
quality of site investigation information, subsoil variability, type of structure, or any other particular
prevailing condition.
20.7
DESIGN OF BEARING PILES

Type of pile to be used on particular site should be selected with due regard to subsoil conditions, such
as depth to founding level, difficulties in driving to that level, possibility of necking, or other distortion while
driving or constructing, heave, and ground water attack.
Pile should be formed in such a manner that its integrity is ensured.
Size, length, and penetration in founding layer and group spacing should be determined to develop
design load with appropriate factors of safety to suit soil conditions.
Piles for any one heavy or critical piece of equipment or structure should not bear partly in one stratum
and partly in another at a different level and in soils of widely different characteristics.
20.8
DESIGN OF PILES TO RESIST LATERAL LOADING

Pile foundations subject to lateral loads should be designed such that:
1.
Resulting deflections may be accommodated within supported structure.
2.
Differential lateral movement between adjacent structures is tolerable and acceptable.
If vertical and raking piles form bents or trestles subject to permanent or transient lateral loading, pile
groups should be designed to ensure that lateral deflections remain within acceptable limits.
20.9
PILES TO RESIST UPLIFT

Shaft and binder reinforcement shall be designed to resist tensile forces and should be continued into toe
of pile or enlarged bases if these are deemed to provide anchorage.
KZ01-CV-BOD-53-0001
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Project Internal
For steel cased piles, tension may be taken by the casing if 3 mm (1/8 in) corrosion allowance around the
perimeter is deducted from the steel section in tension.
20.10
PILED STRUCTURES AND PIPE RACKS

If firm ground is at significant depth below surface and only very limited settlements can be accepted,
columns of light structures may be founded on single piles or piers according to depth. Supports for
heavy structures should be suitably tied together, particularly if such supports are formed of single piles
or piers.
Tie beams or slabs should be designed to allow for moments caused by piles driven off centre.
20.11
PILE GROUP ACTION

If piled foundation design is required, particular attention should be paid to group action of piles in
assessing overall stability and settlement of foundation. Refer to Section 11.9.
Design should take into account possible installation difficulties of high density piling, such as uplift,
lateral heave, and densification of granular layers, leading to increased driving resistance.
20.12
DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENT
a. Effect of differential settlement across concrete base slabs supported on piles, and any thermal
movement should be considered in design.
b. If soil is liable to settle significantly around piles, down stand may be required around periphery of slab
to prevent gap between slab and soil being open to atmosphere and, thus, allowing gases to collect
under slab.
KZ01-CV-BOD-53-0001
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Basis of Design

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Khazzan Project Criteria

Basis of Design Civil, Structural and Architectural Design

Section 2.3, 3.3.2, 5.1, 5.14.7

Section 2.3, 3.3.4, 5.7.1, 15.1

BOD CSA Design Criteria

Short Description of Hold

KZ01-CV-BOD-53-0005: Basis of Design for Hydrology & Flood Mitigation

Use of Fendolite as PFP material

Drainage from bunded area

Definitions and Abbreviations

Khazzan Project Criteria

Basis of Design Civil, Structural and Architectural Design

DESIGN REQUIREMENTS ........................................................................................................... 16

ENVIRONMENTAL TOPOGRAPHICAL & GEOTECHNICAL DATA............................................ 19

DESIGN LOADS ........................................................................................................................... 21

THERMAL LOADS & MAINTENANCE LOADS AND DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENTS ............. 29

Khazzan Project Criteria

Basis of Design Civil, Structural and Architectural Design

6.3 ....... DESIGN ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE .......................................................................................... 29

EARTH AND WATER PRESSURE ............................................................................................... 31

LOAD AND LOAD COMBINATIONS............................................................................................ 32

CHOICE OF STRUCTURAL MATERIAL ...................................................................................... 35

10. STEEL STRUCTURES ................................................................................................................. 36

11. FOUNDATIONS AND REINFORCED CONCRETE WORKS ........................................................ 38

12. FOUNDATIONS & STRUCTURES SUPPORTING MACHINERY ................................................. 45

13. COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION ................................................................................................... 49

14. BRICKWORK AND MASONRY .................................................................................................... 50

15. DRAINAGE, FLOOD PREVENTION AND SERVICE TRENCHES ............................................... 51

Khazzan Project Criteria

Basis of Design Civil, Structural and Architectural Design

15.3 ..... FIREWATER ........................................................................................................................................... 51

16. ROADS AND PAVING .................................................................................................................. 53

17. TANK PAD FOUNDATIONS AND BUND WALLS ....................................................................... 55

18. BUILDINGS .................................................................................................................................. 58

19. EARTHWORKS, BACKFILLING AND SLOPE PROTECTION..................................................... 59

Khazzan Project Criteria

Basis of Design Civil, Structural and Architectural Design

"INSPECTOR" the agency appointed by COMPANY or CONTRACTOR to carry out inspection in a

Central Processing Facility

Early Well Test

Company Group Engineering and Technical Practices

Group Guidance on Industry Standards

Petroleum Development Oman

High Density Poly-Ethylene

Health, Safety, Security and Environment

Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment

Khazzan Project Criteria

Basis of Design Civil, Structural and Architectural Design

Khazzan Project Criteria

Basis of Design Civil, Structural and Architectural Design

APPLICABLE COMPANY SPECIFICATIONS AND STANDARDS

Khazzan Project Criteria

Basis of Design Civil, Structural and Architectural Design

TABLE 2.1 - COMPANY DOCUMENTS

Guidance on Practice for Drainage Systems

Guidance on Practice for Civil Engineering

APPLICABLE PROJECT SPECIFICATIONS, STANDARDS AND DRAWINGS

Basic Engineering Design Data

Environmental Data Basis

Environmental Basis of Design Update

Statement of Requirements for Permitting

Khazzan/Makarem Gas Development Project Block 61, Oman

Desk Study - Engineering in Sulphate Rich Ground