Beruflich Dokumente
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References
i/+(j/+)
(1)
other
experimental
various
ways,
of
Table
Prandtl
von
[18]"
Reichardt
been
are
described
listed
in
analytically
Table
of
O t
11.5
validity
<
[7]
u+
<
2/ t
2 . 5 In y
M+ =
M+ =
U+ =
u+ =
30
[15]
D. B. SPALDING 1
is
0 Z y+ < 26
well
Deissler
shown
fitted,
in
that
the
experimental
laminar
sublayer,
u+
the
Omission
of
the
corresponding
to total
quite
(0.4m )
term
expressions
shear stress
transition
m a y
region,
0.4+
for
agree
gives
an
good
the ratio
with
the
equally
of
turbulent
measurements of
fit.
Driest
7.8{l
[8]
time-mean
.'/ VVp//imolecular
velocity
of
fluid
in
x-direction
p / r
Mtotal//^moleculnr
Mmoiocuiar
absolute viscosity
/Utoti
ratio
^turb
Mtolal
density of
</)
density of
of
shear
fluid
stress
in l a m i n a r
to
gradient
flow
motion
of
ltannie
van
time-mean
[13|
Mmolccular
by
density of fluid
nhi
(1
0.124
u+
2 . 7 8 In i/ +
{1
<
0.64y
27.5
+ 2
M+
y+
[l
14.54 tan
2 . 5 In ? / +
[19],
adjacent
wall
have
found
e-"!"
3.8
exp
(-I/+/26)]
shear
in
fluid,
assumed
independent
of
the
whole
to
[15]
ex-
in o r d e r t o d e s c r i b e
the
single formula,
range
of
the
expressing
variables,
is
the M + ( J/+)
both
two-point
The
new
formula
analytical
has
determination
parameters,
of
several
important
permits
boundary-layer
boundary
layer.
the
theory
of
the
the velocity
in t h e n e i g h b o r h o o d
provide
hand,
y+.3
following.
at
m a y
one
the
a wall
should
obey
the
formula
contain
velocity
would
preferably
sufficient adjustable
heat
distribution
transfer
Looked
formula
at
which
through
fit
the
experimental
constants
to permit
data
modifianalyti-
arise
turbulent
mathematically,
passes
through
(ii)
is t a n g e n t i a l
(iii)
is a s y m p t o t i c
at
the
for
example,
boundary
our
point:
this point
at large y
=
(iv)
in,
the
the
theory
of
establish
layer.
problem
is
to
which:
relation:
1 Professor of Heat Transfer, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College of Science and Technology, London, England.
Manuscript received by A S M E Applied Mechanics Division,
March 8, 1961.
2 Numbers in brackets indicate References at end of Note.
3 See Nomenclature at beginning of Note.
evalu-
(i)
P r a n d t l ' s [12] p o s t u l a t e ,
of
easily
c a t i o n in t h e light of n e w e x p e r i m e n t a l data, a n d h a v e a n
turbulent
look
other,
the
for a simpler,
[1]
T h e s e m a t t e r s are o n l y t o u c h e d o n briefly in t h e
new
the
on
is n e e d
Coles
point
on
which,
There
formula.
closely,
vantage
for
and,
form
evaluation.
com-
requiring
de-
w h i c h is v a l i d o v e r t h e w h o l e r a n g e o f d i m e n s i o n l e s s d i s t a n c e
relation
H o w e v e r , R e i e h a r d t ' s f o r m u l a is r a t h e r
to
formula
and
use at least t w o
Such
formulas have been proposed
}'/>
satisfying
numerical
Introduction
Numerous
more
ated
P u r p o s e of note.
adequately.
f o r m u l a s o f T a b l e 1.
stress
5.5
p l e x in f o r m , w h e r e a s v a n D r i e s t ' s i n v o l v e s a q u a d r a t u r e
T
"
7i(0.0688i/+)
except Reichardt
it necessary
p r e s s i o n s , v a l i d f o r d i f f e r e n t r a n g e s o f y+,
over
divided
27.5
The problem.
fluid
fluid
t h a t all t h e a u t h o r s m e n t i o n e d ,
Driest
profile
velocity
to
Jo
0
1
noted
of
e~+n<
(?/+/ll)e--33"+
" See also Hofmann [5], Reichardt [14], Rotta [16], Miles [9],
Elrod [3], and Frank-Kamenetsky [21].
6 These authors did not, at the dates in question, state the formulas
attributed to them in the table. However, they did introduce the
idea of a sharp division between a laminar sublayer and a fully turbulent core; when compared with experimental data, this idea leads
directly to the formulas given.
Nomenclature
=
O A y +)
r'
stress
Laufer
5.5
The
shear
u+
3.05
+
2 . 5 In ( 1
[19]
closely.
y<
o
van
be
dy*
1
and
(0.4m+)V4!}
in
will
5.5
2 . 5 In y +
[2|
(0.4m+)/2I
(0.4w+)3/3!
y+
5 In
M+ =
be
26
distributions
formula:
0.1108{e-4u+
velocity
It
y+
It
1.
Formulas
11-5
Summary
subse-
Karman
has
which
Range
[ll]
[10], and
authors.
relation
some
Author
Taylor
fits
the experimental
y+
to:
0,
+
0;
to:1
2.5 In y
points
at
(2)
5.5
intermediate
values.
4 Here the most popular constants for the logarithmic velocity profile have been accepted.
SEPTEMBER
1961
/ 4 5 5
BRIEF NOTES
The N e w " L a w of the W a l l "
The simplest y
formula
plicitly
this;
and
fitting
in
(u
terms
of
There
a relation giving y
indeed
m a y
Once
this
swiftly.
W e
even
better
possibility
n o w
seek
and
latter
T h e
is
being
which
however,
for
some
This
0:i/
u+:y+
derived
such
which
fits
Fig.
1 also
10 p e r
cent
contains,
as
can
be
m a d e
that
from
(4).
equation
Does
it
(5)
also
reference
Laufer
when
broken
(2).
is:
0.4m+)
b y
of
(4)
itself
judged
low
good,
(3)
suggests
and
be
is j u s t a s
ex-
demand
[8].
fit
the
to
Fig.
the
1,
which
lies b e t w e e n
curves,
ex-
Evidently,
approximately
50.
(3)
can
to
O.llOSe0-4^
equation (5)
are
This
single
directly
immediately
satisfies r e q u i r e m e n t s
data?
need
progress
relation
= u+ - f ( U K ^ e 0 - 4 "
perimental
n o
sought
purposes.
recognized,
a T/+(M
at large
equation
equation
is,
find
has been
explicitly in t e r m s of u
be
near u
the
T h e previous efforts to
) relation.
10
and
asymptotic
ex-
Fig. 1 Experimental data of Laufer [8] for velocity distribution near the
wall in turbulent pipe flow, compared with various analytical expressions
CORRESPONDS
(3).
by
Inr
(6)
O
the
tance
and
assumption
from
+
the
leads
that
wall,
to the
the shear
when
stress
combined
is i n d e p e n d e n t
with
the
of
definitions
of
AUFER
w+
du
e+
therefore implies
1 -f- 0 . 4
1 +
N o w
[4])
there
against
less
than
neither
if
of
(7)
0.1108(e-4"+
reasons
there
is n o
such
(8)
(Reichardt,
variation.
However,
[15];
Hinze,
a power
of y
Equation
it is e a s y
to
see
(8)
w h a t
and
satisfies
must
be
d o n e t o t h e v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n if e i t h e r o f t h e s e r e q u i r e m e n t s
the distribution
0.1108
<e-4u+
formula becomes,
1 -
0.4M
1)
(0.4m
U T O T A L
O
in t h e w a l l r e g i o n w i t h
O 6
relation:
3, if t h e s h e a r stress v a r i e s a l o n g t h e w a l l ,
requirement.
to be satisfied:
(0.4m+)
is
respectively:
_
(0.4m-1-)3|
2!
3!
f
(9)
Laufer
His
measurements
in
are
shown
are
0.4M
(0.4 m
2!
3
in
Fig.
ratio
4!
(10)
are,
Mtolal
flow,
bold
of
line;
/Uiurb//itotni is t h e
corresponding
These
a pipe
as
relations
Reynolds
number
500,000,
is
the
abscissa
and
Also
drawn
ordinate.
deduced
from
1/0.04432
<je.'+
Fig.
1,
equation
the
more
corresponding
T h e y
fit
(5),
but
precise
the
to
equations
experimental
it is n o t p o s s i b l e
fit.
Whether
(9)
data
and
(10)
rather
to say which
the
(0.4M +)4
are plotted
better
of
term
does
two
gives
should
have to be decided
on
be
SEPTEMBER
M total
196 1
the
Fig.
(9)
and
~j
f j
(9o)
in-
(0.4M*)
21
other
grounds.
456
equations
in
than
the
in
0.4M ^
_
Curves
turwall.
respectively:
Mtllrt,
(0.4w
31
the
(10).
(0.4 m+)2
0.1108
[8] h a s also m a d e m e a s u r e m e n t s
viscosity
5 0 0 , 0 0 0
^ TURB
e+(u+)
the
theoretical
a growth
w h i c h is less t h a n
0.04432
are
RE =
[8]
relation:
|
(5)
dis-
dy+
Equation
THE
MODEL
then
TO
PRANDTL-TAYLOR
1,
1/0.04432
j e 0.4u + _
(0.4m+)
2!
i _
o ,4M
(0.4m
31
(10a)
Transactions of the A S M E
BRIEF NOTES
Comparison
shows
that
while the
of
the
these
relations
former
latter
with
equation
gives the
the
experimental
gives
the
fit
high
better
at
better
y
fit
Htotal
low
However,
at
curves
function
is
profile
from
it
satisfactory
very
poor
representation
of
the
ment that e
close
to
Equation
wall.
reason w h y the
to
be
that
other
(10)
fits
the
i n c r e a s e s w i t h t h e f o u r t h p o w e r o f u+,
the
However,
first
which
words,
even
if
require-
and so of
this is c o r r e c t ,
t h e r e is
appears
it m a y
be
in
the
that
expansion
further
terms
of
canceling
expansion.
the
corresponding
Discussion
ferred to a later
of
such
which
can
ficulty.
should
appear
terms
in
the
and
heat
(13)
inside
only
de-
are
()
put
simple
the
portant
is s u f f i c i e n t l y f l e x i b l e t o
shows
to
be necessary.
Of
m u s t n o t b e regarded as
dy+;
for analytical
for
which
integral
can
be
evaluated
in
be
without
approximations
profiles).
"seventh-power"
elsewhere.
as
useful
any
postulated
less,
which
they
Does
usually
(10),
y+
certain
for
they
turbulent
questions
example,
appear
only
du
equation
elaborated
are
not
transport.
which
it m a y
satisfy
be
profitable
(5)
differential
equation
Q4 :I
'
satisfies
du
logarithmic
tached
to
and
velocity
these
von
the
differential
0.4 -
equation:
d2y+
(12)
du
Karman
profile.
Can
equations?
[7]
a
Could
as starting p o i n t s
physical
they
the
be
at-
derived
by
significance
have
been
(iii)
values
that
of
derived
for
p o s t u l a t i o n of a p h y s i c a l m o d e l f o l l o w e d bj' d i m e n s i o n a l
consideration
in
(11)
+ s
S u c h differential e q u a t i o n s a r e r e m i n i s c e n t of t h o s e
[12]
on
it is:
+ >
du+'
local
based
Neverthe-
as differentials?
d*y+
Prandtl
(e.g.,
:I
Similarly,
introduced
[17].)
formulas;
of
T h e a n s w e r is r e a d i l y s e e n ;
(ii)
are
example,
mechanism
provoke
by
T h e w a y is t h e r e -
T h e s e possibilities will b e
interpolation
to investigate further.
(i)
analysis?
d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n is d e r i v e d f r o m
the local
"mixing
(du/dy), (b2u/dy2),
length"
and
so
must
forth.
the
be
related
Is
there
to
any
reason w h y u s h o u l d h a v e b e e n c h o s e n as d e p e n d e n t a n d y as
d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e in t h i s a n a l y s i s , o t h e r t h a n t h e i r r e l e v a n t
that w e happen
the Pitot tube
tion
of
equally
the
to perform
first
mixing
) relation.
form,
(M
very
J"u
since
as
Theoretical i m p l i c a t i o n s .
solely
as
J,u+(dy+/du+)du+,
dy+/du+ i s e a s i l y
the
such expressions
written
closed
experiments b y
and then
length
to
taking
fixing
the reading?
(by/d'i),
valid.
in
(d2y/bu2),
inone
the position
If not, a
and
so
of
relaon,
is
of
the
(11)?
rj> i s
velocity
This
would
dhi+
compressible
solely
been
(13)
without
dif-
boundary
layers.
If
[20], w h a t is t h e p h y s i c a l
answers
to
as
reason
to these questions
provoke
presented
adequately
the
thought
and
[equations
experimental
profile w h e n
here.
criticism.
of
constants
enough
in
cases of
in
the
form
light
to
boundary-layer
of
permit
the viscosity
and
for
(10)]
the
and
uni-
density
to permit further
new
experimental
analytical
adjust-
data,
integration
and
in
im-
interest.
T h e formulas represent y
of v i c e v e r s a .
(9)
data
uniform.
explicitly in
terms
of u
may
involving
0.1108
t h a t t h e f o r m o f t h e e q u a t i o n s is
work
this
can
sacrosanct.
course,
(c)
accom-
experiment
calculate
quadrature
T h e f o r m u l a s are flexible e n o u g h
the
of t h e s e e q u a t i o n s
numerical
to suggest
have
represent
m o d a t e a n y f u r t h e r m o d i f i c a t i o n s of c o n s t a n t s w h i c h
by
as suitable
forward
Formulas
which
ment
as just n o t e d ,
ratio
Conclusions
(9)
Moreover,
0:4<Kw+)-
of v a n D r i e s t
I t is n o t i n t e n d e d
They
that equations
1 shows
density
this?
()
a c c u r a c y of t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a .
to
version
transfer
is n o t
of t h e fluid a r e
form
modified
Fig.
that
is it r e a s o n a b l e
evaluated
for
In
will b e
be
y+,
exponential
further developments
Practical u s e of the n e w f o r m u l a .
such
equation
Discussion
general
suitably
no
publication.
du+'
happen
0.1108e-4uT.
varies
run:
friction
data.
Further p o s s i b l e i m p r o v e m e n t s .
of
/itrb/
outer
gives
density
account.
s t e p l i k e c u r v e , is t h e
the
known
sharp
Clearly
When
y+,
region.
(iv)
be
profitably
instead
turbulent
re-examined
with
variable.
Acknowledgment
The
Delft,
this
author
Holland,
expresses
his
gratitude
f o r his helpful
to
comments
Prof.
on
an
J.
O.
earlier
Hinze
of
draft
of
Note.
References
1 D. Coles, "The Law of the Wake in the Turbulent Boundary
Layer," Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol. 1, 1956, pp. 191-226.
2 R. G. Deissler, "Analysis of Turbulent Heat Transfer, Mass
Transfer and Friction in Smooth Tubes at High Prandtl ajid Schmidt
Numbers," NACA Tech. Rep. 1210, 1955 (supersedes NACA Tech.
Note 3145, 1954).
3 H. G. Elrod, "Note on the Turbulent Shear Stress Near a
Wall," Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, vol. 24, 1957, p. 468.
4 J. O. Hinze, "Turbulence," McGraw-Hill Book Company,
New York, N. Y 1959, p. 472.
5 E. Hofmann, Forschung a.d. Geb. Ing., vol. 11A, 1940, p. 159.
6 T. von Karman, "Mechanische Ahnlichkeit u. Turbulenz,"
Nachr. Ges. der IPiss. Giitlingen, Math. Phys. IClasse, vol. 58, 1930.
7 T. von Karman, "The Analogy Between Fluid Friction and
Heat Transfer," Trans. ASME, vol. 61, 1939, pp. 705-710.
8 J. Laufer, "The Structure of Turbulence in Fully Developed
Pipe Flow," NACA Tech. Rep. 1174, 1954.
9 J. W. Miles, Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, vol. 24, 1957,
p. 704.
10 J. Nikuradse, "Gesetzmiissigkeiten der turbulenten Stromung
in glatten Rohren," Forschung a.d. Geb. Ing., No. 356, 1932.
11 L. Prandtl, "Eine Beziehung zwischen Wiirmeaustausch und
Stromungswiderstand der Fliissigkeit," Z. Physik, vol. 11, 1910, pp.
1072-1078.
12 L. Prandtl, "Uber die ausgebildete Turbulenz," Z. fur angew.
Math. Mech., vol. 5,1925, p. 136.
13 W. D. Rannie, "Heat Transfer in Turbulent Shear Flow,"
Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, vol. 23, 1956, p. 485.
14 H. Reichardt, "Die Warmeubertragung in [turbulenten
Reibungschichten," Z. angeio. Math. Mech., vol. 20, 1940, p. 297.
15 H. Reichardt, "Vollstandige Darstellung der turbulenten
Geschwindigkeitsverteilung in glatten Leitungen," Z. angew. Math.
Mech., vol. 31, 1951, pp. 208-219.
16 J. Rotta, Ing.-Archiv., vol. 18, 1950, p. 277.
17 D. B. Spalding, "Heat Transfer to a Turbulent Stream From a
Surface With a Step-Wise Discontinuity in Wall Temperatures,"
paper to be presented at the joint ASME-I. Mech. E, Heat Transfer
Conference, Boulder, Colo., August 28-September 1, 1961.
6
196 1 / 4 5 7
BRIEF NOTES
18 G. I. Taylor, "Conditions at the Surface of a Hot Body Exposed to the Wind," Brit. Aero. Res. Comm. R&M No. 272, 1916, p.
423.
19 E. R. van Driest, "On Turbulent Flow Near a Wall," Journal
of the Aeronautical Sciences, vol. 23, 1966, p. 1007.
20 E. R. van Driest, "Turbulent Boundary Layer in Compressible
Fluids," Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, vol. IS, 1951, p. 145.
21 D, A. Frank-Kamenetsky, "Diffusion and Heat Exchange in
Chemical Kinetics," Princeton University Press, 1955, p. 184. First
published in the USSR, 1947.
where
a +
dt
tok2b
E q u a t i o n s ( 6 a , b)
g i v e t h e d a m p i n g f a c t o r d,. a n d t h e n a t u r a l
q u e n c y cot f o r a n y
principal m o d e
(2)
latter
holds.
In
the
case,
in
dynamic stability
condition for
with
fact,
damping
when
a necessary
o f t h e s y s t e m is
fre-
condition
and
sufficient
that
a + wko*b > 0
each
for
note
undamped
that
(7)
MORRIS MORDUCHOW1
whether
HAS
BEEN
essentially
shown
by
Rayleigh
[L]2
that
d a m p i n g m a t r i x of a linear v i b r a t i n g s y s t e m is a linear
if
combina-
w h i c h are exactly
Caughey
the
system
the s a m e as those
[2] h a s r e c e n t ^ d e v e l o p e d
more
including
[1] and
both
ordinates.
the
[2], t h e
above
condition
as
special
a n a l y s i s is b a s e d o n t h e
use
of
case.
co-ordinates and
hence
will
also
natural
yield
This
lead
to
explicit
frequency
some
analysis
procedure,
in
any
interesting
given
here
in
addition
without
results
for
principal
the
will
be
applied
asssuming
where [m],
[cj, a n d
respectively)
be
seen
to
Finally,
the
method
of
vibrating
and
b are a n y
constants.
T o
stiffness,
suppose
any
damping,
\p2 +
ap/
= b =
0), b u t
Hence
the
will b e
the same
the
fcth
with
(l/?>2)
characteristic
mode
the
undamped
M h
mode
with
as those
without
natural
replaced
normalized
by
(1
(4)
vectors
pk- = tok2
frequency
in
the
damping
+ bp)/(p2
{ # }
damping
with
A^th m o d e ) ,
bPl
o3kc
then
if
for
the
(5)
(6a)
1961
the
unit
equation
01
(8)
will b e t h e s a m e as
mode
will b e
without
such
that
p2
- " t o
(9)
undamped
natural
frequency
equation (9)
dk =
in
the
H h
mode-
implies
(10a)
uk
where
4a),1
(c2
first p o w e r s of
4w;:o2)u>i.2
'2cgo>kM:
g*toko<
(106)
g,
eg
wk
uke
(11)
wA,2
for g
[w^.,, 2
0.
equations (10a)
goho
(c/2)2]'/
In
and
only
(c
kth
0),
yield:
-
damping
>A
" v ^ L
[1
(1
f/2)'/2]'A
(12a)
in
Thus
458
the
p dk + ioik,
W t
denotes
Vk1 + <>Pk
Then
damping
Moreover,
(where
ap).
damping
1 +
u> k o i s
w h e r e ukc
E q u a t i o n ( 4 ) is s e e n t o b e t h e s a m e as t h e e q u a t i o n f o r n o
suppose
to:
in a n y
,
(o
damping
Then,
to
H }
of
1 +
mode
+
valid
(g/oS)b/i)l(EIY")"
the value
(3)
i s i n d e p e n d e n t o f t h e t u n e t, a n d p i s a c o n s t a n t .
([m]
and
cp +
T o
let
= {H}eP'
if e q u a t i o n ( 2 ) h o l d s , e q u a t i o n ( 1 ) r e d u c e s
external
cp + p2
+ P(x)
(1)
(1),
are
Moreover,
Y{x, I) = y(x)epl.
H e n c e t h e p r i n c i p a l m o d e s h a p e s y{x)
Setting
equations
equations
an
load
'=b/dx.
1 H
(2)
solve
to
or
with
b[k]
Let
(.EI(x)y")"
where
Moreover,
a[m]
[h]
where* { H }
beam
I A'] a r e s q u a r e ( i n e r t i a , d a m p i n g , a n d
either
w h e r e c is a c o n s t a n t , 3 a n d p(.r) is t h e m a s s p e r
and
damping.
interesting
through (66)
to
damping
instructive,
factor
matrices of order n.
[c]
where
wife}
such
will
to
internal
is
when
not.]
subjected
with-
and
being
an
[It
cases
(3)
In
damping
mode,
implications.
to
and
of the b e a m .
co-
beam
coto.
in
Equations
Rayleigh's
finally,
= cp{x),
length
even
with
normal
T h e p u r p o s e of this N o t e is t o d e m o n s t r a t e
of
(cf., e.g.,
f(x)
frequency
satisfied
is n e g a t i v e .
f(x)bY/dt
load
be
[c] is p o s i t i v e d e f i n i t e o r
Consider,
IT
natural
can
(7)
V 2 "
( 1
(126)
ff2)Vl]lA
References
1 Lord Rayleigh, "Theory of Sound," vol. 1, Dover Publications,
New York, N. Y pp. 130-131.
2 T. K. Caughey, "Classical Normal Modes in Damped Linear
Dynamic Systems," J O U B N A L O F A P P L I E D M E C H A N I C S , vol. 27, Trans.
ASME, vol. 82, Series E, June, 1960, pp. 269-271.
3 M. Morduchow, "On Internal Damping of Rotating Beams,"
NACA Technical Note 1996, December, 1949.
4 M. Morduchow, "On Application of a Quasi-Static Variational
Principle to a System With Damping," J O U R N A L OP A P P L I E D M E CHANICS, v o l . 21, TRANS. A S M E , v o l . 76, M a r c h , 1954, p p . 8 - 1 0 .
3 In [4] it has been shown that a necessary, as well as sufficient,
condition that the mode shapes be entirely unaffected by a damping
load of the form f(x)i>Y/c)t is that f(x) be proportional to p(.r).
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