The Trees and Shrubs of the

North West Slopes

I wrote this booklet to help people identify the major trees and shrubs of
this region. There is increasing realisation of the value of our native flora
for gardens, wildlife, revegetation, education or simply for its beauty and
diversity. The role that native vegetation plays in maintaining the health of
our agricultural ecosystems is now well recognised.
On the North West Slopes we are fortunate to have a range of plants from
many plant families, from conifers to eucalypts and even numerous plants
with rainforest affinities. All of these plants are integral to the ecology
of both agricultural and natural ecosystems. Native plants provide homes
and food for birds, animals and insects, enrich the soil and air, cycle water
through the atmosphere and modify the local climate. This inter-relationship
between plants, the soil, water, animals and the atmosphere is vital to the
health of the environment.
Many trees on the Slopes provide services or products useful to humans.
The cypresses give us attractive, white-ant resistant timber; some of the
Acacias provide high quality woodworking timber and fodder while some
of the eucalypts give us superior building timber. From the yellow box, we
get some of the best honey in the world as well as durable timber for fences
and posts. Plants such as wilga, kurrajong and native olive are relied on as
fodder for stock. As part of native vegetation communities, these trees
help to provide many goods and services that enable agricultural and other
human systems to survive. These services include soil formation, oxygen
production, pollination, pest control, climate modification and carbon
sequestration to name just a few.
On the farm our native trees provide shade for stock; shelter from wind
for crops, pastures and stock; protect the soil from erosion; bring nutrients
up from lower soil horizons to where they can be utilised by pastures, help
prevent salinity and form an important part of the rural landscape.
Exotic trees also perform many of these functions. However, they do
not provide habitat of the same quality as natives. Nor do they blend
1

harmoniously into the rural landscape as do locally indigenous trees and

shrubs.
The names used in this book are consistent with the Australian Plant
Name Index, with the exception of Callitris glaucophylla. Descriptions of
the plants are given in as simple a language as is possible, without losing
meaning. There is a glossary in the back to help you with unfamiliar terms.
Features that are most useful in distinguishing plants from similar species
are underlined.
Descriptions are derived from field observation, herbarium specimens
(NSW, UNE and my own collections) and from descriptions in a range of
texts including the Flora of NSW (Ed. Gwen Harden, NSW University Press),
PlantNet (National Herbarium of NSW), Native Trees and Shrubs of SouthEastern Australia (Leon Costermans, Landsdowne Press), Acacias of
South-East Australia (Terry Tame, Kangaroo Press), New England
Eucalypts (John Williams, Department of Botany, UNE), , Trees and Shrubs
in Rainforests of New South Wales and Southern Queensland (JB Williams,
G. Harden and WJF McDonald, Department of Botany, UNE).
The area defined as the North West Slopes is based on the boundary used
by the Royal Botanic Gardens as shown on the map. Distribution maps next
to each species show sites where these plants have been collected. They
give an indication of the area covered by each species, but are by no means
comprehensive. Distribution maps have been produced using Australias
Virtual Herbarium.
The illustrations in this book will help the user to positively identify local
plants. Gail Cannon provided most of the illustrations, drawn from
living and herbarium specimens. The National Herbarium of NSW has
kindly provided others from the Flora of New South Wales. Photos of
herbarium specimens of Acacia williamsiana, Eucalyptus elliptica and
E.quinniorum were provided by Jeremy Bruhl from the N.C.W. Beadle
Herbarium, UNE. More illustrations are available from PlantNET, the
online NSW Flora at http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/
Felicity Baker of the Namoi CMA, has coordinated the publication
of the second edition, collated illustrations and maps and checked
botanical names for currency.

Additional acknowledgements

Exchange the national vegetation knowledge service, was supported

by the Australian Government and delivered by Greening Australia.

Namoi CMA funding publication.

NSW Herbarium thanks to Brett Summerell, Director of Science and

Public Programs.

Border Rivers-Gwydir CMA funding the layout.

Layout and design by UNE Printery.

Printed by Quirindi Advocate.

The first edition of this publication was assisted by Albert Hempel, Karen
Clark , Jennifer Watson, David Curtis, Joy Kirby, Gwen Harden, Doug Beckers,
Chris Nadolny, John Lemon and Alan Grogan.
To use this booklet, work through the key at the front, choosing options
until a final group is reached. Then compare your plant or specimen with the
descriptions and illustrations in that group until you can correctly identify
your plant. The key includes all trees and large shrubs which reach
6 metres or more. Many of the shrubs listed in this key will be seen
in the field as much shorter specimens, so if your plant is shorter than 6 m
tall you may still use the key. If you are in any doubt about identification,
use one of the reference books or contact one of the advisory groups
listed in the back of this book. Once you think you have identified your
plant, it should be checked against the more detailed information contained
in the PlantNET database (http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/).
Underlined sections of the descriptions indicate characteristics which can
be used to distinguish that species from similar ones. A plus sign (+) next to
a plant name indicates a threatened species. Before removing or damaging
these species (including seed collection and collecting herbarium samples)
consult the NSW Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water.
Any unfamiliar terms in the descriptions will be explained with reference
to the glossary on page 36.

About the author

David Carr has lived and worked in the North West Slopes region of NSW
for most of his life. He is a practical environmentalist who works with land
managers to help them understand and manage their native vegetation.
He is passionate about finding better ways to integrate agriculture and
biodiversity through farm design, productive native species, agroforestry,
ecosystem services and riparian management. David has worked with
Greening Australia, Landcare and as a consultant in northern NSW and in
all Australian States and Territories.
Corrections or additions should be directed to David Carr on 02 6772 4841.
David Carr and Gail Cannon (selected illustrations) 2010.

Boundaries of North-West Slopes and other northern NSW areas

Acacia excelsa (Ironwood)

5

A SIMPLE KEY TO THE TREES AND TALL SHRUBS

OF THE NORTH WEST SLOPES
Follow the key by answering yes or no until a plant group is reached, then
turn to that page. Compare your plant to the descriptions of species in that
group. The glossary on page 76 will explain unfamiliar terms.
Trees look like Eucalypts?
Yes

No
Go to Non-Eucalypt Key
See Page 7

Mature leaves
opposite, nuts ribbed,
flowers with petals.
1. Angophora spp
See Page 8
Mature leaves alternate,
nuts smooth, flowers
with stamens but no
petals.
Eucalyptus spp.

Bark strongly fibrous.

Peeling away in long
strips.
3. Stringybarks
See Page 14

Bark hard, corrugated,

dark +/- kino.
Not fibrous.
2. Ironbarks
See Page 10

Bark flaky, scaly or

shortly fibrous. Not
peeling in long strips.
4. Boxes, Peppermints
and Mahoganies
See Page 17

Small, multi-stemmed
trees.
5. Mallees
See Page 26

Bark mostly smooth,

may be rough at base of
trunk to first branches.
6. Gums See Page 29

Bark scaly or flaking in

roundish plates.
7. Bloodwoods
See Page 35

Non-Eucalypts

Leaves reduced to
phyllodes?
9. Acacia spp
(phyllode)
See Page 40

Leaves bipinnate?
8. Acacia spp
(bipinnate)
See Page 37

Leaves reduced to scales.

10. Casuarina, Callitris or
Exocarpos spp
See Page 51

True Leaves

Leaves Opposite?

11. Leaves narrow

(<15mm)
See Page 57

Leaves Alternate?

12. Leaves broad

(>15mm)
See Page 59

13. Leaves narrow

(<15mm)
See Page 62

14. Leaves broad

(>15mm)
See Page 70

1. ANGOPHORAS (All in the family MYRTACEAE)

Angophora floribunda (rough barked apple)
Medium tree to 30m, rough fibrous bark, twisting
limbs. Apple green leaves, opposite, up to 12 x 2.5
cm. Paler below. Fruits cylindrical to egg shaped to
1 x 1 cm, ribbed, 5 small teeth on rim. Often hairy.
The timber is of little value but the leaves are used as
emergency fodder during drought. Found on a variety
of soil types usually on undulating country. Widely
distributed and common.

Angophora leiocarpa (syn. Angophora costata)

Medium tree to 30m, smooth pink or grey bark,
shedding in small patches. Long narrow leaves, darker
on top than below. Regular venation and yellowish
midrib. Up to 14 x 2.5 cm. Fruit egg-shaped to 13 x 11
mm, smooth. Occurs on sandy soil around Narrabri and
Warialda. Widespread on sandstone country.

Angophora subvelutina (broad-leaved apple)

Medium tree to 20m, rough fibrous bark. Leaves
broad, apple green on top, paler underneath, featherveined. Leaf base is heart-shaped and with bristly
hairs. Flowers white, in prominent clusters. Fruit is a
ribbed, bristly capsule, ribs protruding above rim of
fruit. In eastern parts of region, on deep alluvial clay
or sandy soil.

Eucalyptus
melanophloia
(silver-leaved ironbark)

2. IRONBARKS (All in family MYRTACEAE)

Eucalyptus melanophloia (silver-leaved
ironbark)
Small to medium tree to 20m. Hard, dark, black
ironbark. Narrow dome crown, branching low. Adult
leaves opposite, bluish-green, to 9cm x 2.5cm. Fruit
urn-shaped to rounded to 8mm x 8mm. Buds diamondshaped. Widespread and abundant on sloping and flat
country in grassy woodland on lighter soils. Timber of
high strength and durability, borer-resistant. Indicates iron in soil.

Eucalyptus sideroxylon (mugga)

Medium tree to 25 m. Hard, black, ridged bark with
heavy kino deposits. Broad dome crown. Trunk halfheight of tree. Leaves narrow, alternate, green greyish
green, to 14cm x 1.8cm. Flowers pink, red or white.
Fruits egg shaped to ball shaped, to 1.2cm x 1cm.
Buds and fruit pendant. Excellent durable timber.
Widespread and common on lighter, often poorer soils,
on gentle slopes and flat country.

10

+Eucalyptus caleyi (Caleys ironbark)

Medium tree to 25m. Bark hard, grey-black. Narrow
dome crown. Leaves alternate to 10cm x 4cm.
glaucous, densely veined. Buds and fruit on long
slender pedicels. Fruit barrel-shaped to pear-shaped,
occasionally 4-angled, to 12mm x 7mm. Widespread
and common in grassy woodland on dry, shallow soils.
E. caleyi subsp. ovendenii occurs west of Tenterfield
and has 4-angled fruit and buds. Threatened species.

Eucalyptus crebra (narrow-leaved red ironbark)

Medium tree to 35m. Hard ridged bark, grey to black,
impregnated with kino. Leaves narrow, alternate to
16cm x 1.3cm, dull grey to grey-green. Buds club or
diamond-shaped. Fruit hemispherical, cup or barrelshaped, to 7mm x 6mm. Timber very dense and strong,
durable and borer-resistant. Widespread and common
in woodland on shallow or sandy soils. Usually on low
country.

11

Eucalyptus fibrosa (broad leaved ironbark)

Medium tall tree up to 35m. Grey black, deeply
furrowed, hard. High domed crown. Juvenile leaves
rounded. Leaves opposite to alternate, up to 18cm x
5cm, greyish-green. Buds with long, horn shaped cap.
Fruit cone or pear shaped up to 1.2cm x 1cm. Timber
hard, strong, durable. Locally abundant on shallow
infertile soils. (Also E. nubila Maiden and Blakely (blueleaved ironbark), related tree more common in SW of
NSW has glaucous leaves and buds.

Eucalyptus beyeriana (Beyers ironbark)

Medium tree up to 25m. Hard, deeply furrowed grey
to black bark. Leaves narrow, green, greyish green,
densely veined to 12cm x 2cm. Buds club or diamond
shaped. Fruit ball or cone shaped, to 6mm x 6mm.
Timber hard, durable. Occurs in woodland on sandy,
infertile soil south of Narrabri and Pilliga Scrub.

12

Eucalyptus panda
Medium tree up to 20m. Grey black hard bark. Leaves
alternate, dull, to 9cm x 2cm. Fruit hemispherical to
7mm x 7mm. Rare. On sandstone north of Yetman.

13

3. STRINGYBARKS (All in family MYRTACEAE)

Eucalyptus laevopinea (silver top stringybark)
Tall tree up to 40m. Rough, thick, fibrous stringy
bark. Smaller branches with smooth bark. Straight
trunk to above half height. Leaves curved, green and
slightly glossy, to 14cm x 2.5cm. Buds club shaped.
Fruit hemispherical to
flattened ball shaped,
to 1cm x 1.2cm.
Timber fine textured,
used for general construction. Widespread and common
on medium-high fertility soil, usually on slopes and
hills. Often in open forest and tall open forest, in higher
rainfall areas.

Eucalyptus macrorhyncha (red stringybark)

Medium tall tree up to 20-35m. Coarsely fissured
bark, coarsely stringy to smallest branches. Dense,
compact crown. Leaves green and slightly glossy to
15cm x 2.5cm. Buds diamond shaped, with a beak.
Fruit ball-shaped. Timber moderately durable, useful
for general construction and fencing. Widespread and
locally dominant in open forest, on shallow poor soils
on undulating country.

14

Eucalyptus caliginosa
(New England stringybark)
Medium tree up to 25m. Bark rough, stringy to
small branches. High crown. Leaves alternate and
curved to 15cm x 3cm. Juvenile leaves wavy. Fruit
hemispherical up to 9mm x 7mm. Timber used
for general construction. Widespread and locally
dominant. Common on trap soils as a woodland
community.

+Eucalyptus mckieana (McKies stringybark)

Small to medium tree to 25m. Grey to red-brown
stringy bark deeply furrowed. Leaves alternate,
curved to 13cm x 3cm. Buds sessile, 11 in a group.
Fruit hemispherical to ball shaped, to 8mm x 11mm,
with thick rim. Locally common on poor sandy acid
soils in open forest or woodland. Eastern part of area.
Threatened Species

15

Eucalyptus sparsifolia
(narrow-leaved stringybark)
Medium tree up to 20m. Grey to red-brown stringybark.
Leaves alternate, sickle shaped to 12cm x 2.5cm. Buds
pointed, in 7 flowered groups. Fruit ball shaped and
slightly flattened to 8mm x 8mm, small opening.
Widespread and common on shallow sandy soils of
low fertility.

Eucalyptus youmanii (Youmans stringybark)

Medium tree to 20m with upright habit. Grey to brown

stringy bark on all branches and trunk. Juvenile leaves
glossy-green, broad lance-shaped to rounded. Adult
leaves lance-shaped, 80-150 mm long. Buds in groups
of 7, sessile, angular, 8 x 5mm. Fruit ball-shaped, +
angular with prominent scar, protruding valves, to 12
x 15mm. In forest or woodland on shallow or granitic
soils in eastern part of region. Threatened Species
(includes E. subtilior L. Johnson & K. Hill and E. stannicola L. Johnson & K. Hill. from
the previous edition)

16

4. BOXES, PEPPERMINTS AND MAHOGANIES

(All in family MYRTACEAE)
(a) Boxes
Eucalyptus populnea subsp. bimbil
(bimble box, poplar box)
Small to medium tree to 20m. Fibrous flaky, tessellated
box bark on trunk and lower branches. Leaves oval
shaped to round and glossy green to 11cm x 3cm.
Buds club shaped, in groups of 7 15, to 5mm x
3mm. Fruit stalked, cone shaped to hemispherical,
valves enclosed. Widespread on light reddish loams
and black soils.

Eucalyptus largiflorens (black box)

Small to medium tree to 20m. Bark grey to grey-black,
straggly fibrous and flaky all over branches. Juvenile
leaves also lance shaped. Leaves alternate, lance
shaped, to 18cm x 2cm. Buds egg shaped in groups
of 7 11 to 5cm x 3cm. Fruit cup-shaped, to 6mm x
5mm, valves enclosed. Occurs in woodland on heavy
black soils on low floodplains, often in pure stands.
Uncommon in region.

17

Eucalyptus microcarpa (western grey box)

Medium tree to 25m. Fibrous flaky bark, with whitish
patches on trunk and large limbs, smooth bark
shedding in ribbons on upper limbs. Juvenile leaves
ovate, adult leaves lance shaped to 15cm x 2cm. Buds
in many groups of 7 11 are egg shaped to spindle
shaped. Fruit cylindrical to egg shaped, to 7mm x 5mm,
valves enclosed. Common in woodlands on gentle
slopes on heavier alluvial soils and sandy loams.

Eucalyptus pilligaensis
(narrow-leaved grey box)
Medium tree to 25m. Fibrous-flaky bark, whitish
patches on trunk and larger limbs, smooth bark
shedding in ribbons upper limbs. Juvenile leaves linear,
adult leaves narrow lance shaped to 13cm x 1.3cm
(narrower than Eucalyptus microcarpa). Buds in many
groups of 7, are egg to spindle shaped, to 5mm x 3mm.
Fruit conical, cylindrical or egg shaped to 5mm x 5mm,
valves enclosed. Locally common in woodland on sandy
or light alluvial soils.

18

Eucalyptus moluccana (grey box)

Medium tree to 25m. Bark fibrous-flaky over lower
half of trunk. Upper bark smooth, light grey, shedding
in ribbons. Juvenile leaves ovate to rounded, adult
leaves broad lance shaped, glossy to 14cm x 3.3cm.
Buds in many groups of 7, are egg to spindle shaped
to 9mm x 4mm long. Fruit cylindrical to egg shaped,
to 9mm x 6mm, valves enclosed. Occurs commonly in
open forest and woodland in moderately fertile heavy
soil on undulating country.

Eucalyptus albens (white box)

Small to medium tree to 25m. Trunk to half crown
height. Bark fibrous-flaky, rough and persistent over
whole trunk with whitish patches and smooth and
grey above. Juvenile leaves rounded, grey blue green
to 15cm x 11cm. Adult leaves broad lance shaped, to
16cm x 3cm, grey green maturing to blue-grey. Buds
in , many groups of 7, with a whitish bloom, spindle
shaped and angular to 18mm x 6mm. Fruit +/- sessile,
barrel to urn shaped often angular to 15mm x 11mm.
Common in woodlands on lower slopes on a variety of soil types, usually on sides or
ridges of hills.

19

Eucalyptus melliodora (yellow box)

Small to medium tree to 30m. Rough fibrous bark
on lower trunk, becoming less on upper trunk then
smooth on limbs, shed in scales or stripes. Juvenile
leaves elliptical, green-grey 11cm, x 5cm, adult leaves
narrow lance shaped to 14cm x 1.8cm, light green
or slate grey. Buds in 7 flowered groups, club to egg
shaped to 8mm x 4mm. Fruits hemispherical to ball
shaped, with staminal ring persistent. Common in
woodland on lower slopes and foothills on sandy or
alluvial, and other soils.

Eucalyptus conica (fuzzy box)

Medium tree to 20m. Bark fibrous-flaky on large
branches and trunk, smooth above shed in short
ribbons. Juvenile leaves ovate, light green. Adult
leaves narrow lance shaped to 12cm x 2.5cm, green
to bluish-grey, densely veined. Buds, in many groups
of 7, are club shaped to 6mm x 3mm. Fruit conical,
sessile, to 7mm x 5mm. Locally common in lower slope
woodlands on loamy soils.

20

Eucalyptus bridgesiana (apple box)

Small to medium tree to 20m. Fibrous flaky bark on
trunk and larger branches, grey with whitish patches.
Juvenile leaves sessile, opposite and rounded, with
wavy margins and covered in whitish bloom. Adult
leaves lance shaped, dark green to 20cm x 2.5cm. Buds
in 7 flowered groups, egg shaped to 15mm x 5mm.
Fruit hemispherical to conical, to 7mm x 7mm, valves
exserted. Widespread in woodland on drier, shallow
soils on slopes.

Eucalyptus malacoxylon (Moonbi apple box)

Small to medium tree to 15m. Coarse fibrous-flaky

bark, on trunk and larger branches, grey with whitish
patches. Juvenile leaves sessile, opposite and rounded,
with whitish bloom. Adult leaves lance shaped, dark
green, to 30cm x 2.5cm. Buds spindle shaped to top
shaped, with whitish bloom, to 8mm x 5mm. Top of bud
wider than base at join. Fruit conical to 7mm x 8mm,
valves exserted. Locally common in woodland on sandy
soils on slopes. South of Inverell. Threatened Species

21

Also Eucalyptus volcanica Box tree restricted

to higher ridges and slopes of Nandewar and
Warrumbungle ranges.

Eucalyptus goniocalyx (long-leaved box)

Small to medium tree to 15m. Coarse fibrous-shaggy
bark on trunk and large branches, smooth above.
Juvenile leaves sessile, opposite, rounded with a
wavy margin, light green. Adult leaves lance shaped,
green, to 20cm x 3cm. Buds, in groups of 7, are
sessile, egg shaped to cylindrical, to 13mm x 6mm.
Fruit sessile, cup shaped to cylindrical to 1cm x 1cm,
valves enclosed. Widespread in open woodland on dry,
sloping sites on shallow soil.

22

Eucalyptus banksii (Tenterfield woolybutt)

Medium tall tree to 25m, grey, flaky, box bark on
trunk, smooth on upper branches. Juvenile leaves
opposite, rounded with heart-shaped base, with
whitish bloom. Adult leaves lance-shaped to 200 x 30
mm, glossy. Flowers in groups of 7, buds egg-shaped
with no stalk. Fruit round or hemispherical, sessile,
5-8 mm, with protruding valves. Usually on granite or
shallow soils in north-east of region.

Eucalyptus nortonii (large flowered bundy)

Small to medium tree to 15m. Coarse fibrous shaggy
bark on trunk and larger branches, smooth above.
Juvenile leaves dull grey, sessile, opposite, rounded,
with whitish bloom. Adult leaves lance shaped, green
to 30cm x 3cm (to 60cm). Buds and fruit similar to E.
goniocalyx, but covered in whitish bloom. Widespread
in open woodland on dry, harsh, stony sites south
from Manilla.

23

Eucalyptus coolabah
[syn. E. microtheca] (coolibah)
Medium tree to 20m. Bark rough, fibrous, tessellated,
grey to black on trunk and largest branches, smooth,
light coloured above. Juvenile leaves lance shaped to
15cm x 4cm, bluish or with whitish bloom. Adult leaves
lance shaped, to 17cm x 2.5cm, grey-green. Buds in
many groups of 7-11, egg shaped +/- white bloom,
to 4mm x 3mm. Fruit ball-shaped to hemispherical to
4mm x 4mm, valves strongly exserted. Common on
black soil floodplains north and west from Narrabri.

(b)

Peppermints

Eucalyptus exserta (peppermint, messmate)

Mallee to medium tree to 25m, hard shortly fibrous
bark persistent on trunk and large branches, grey
to yellow brown. Branches smooth. Juvenile leaves
linear, dull green. Adult leaves lance-shaped to 18cm
x 1.5cm, green. Buds in 7 flowered groups, egg-shaped
to spindle shaped to 13mm x 5mm. Fruit ball shaped to
spindle shaped, valves strongly exserted, disk raised.
Infrequent north of Inverell.

24

Eucalyptus andrewsii (New England blackbutt)

Medium tree to 20m. Rough, furrowed-fibrous bark
persistent on trunk. Smooth and shedding in ribbons
on smaller limbs. Juvenile leaves sessile, elliptical, dull
bluish green, +/- whitish bloom. Adult leaves lance
shaped and curved, glossy, to 15cm x 3cm. Buds, in
groups of 11+, club to egg shaped, to 5mm x 3mm.
Fruit hemispherical, to 5mm x 6mm. In open forest and
woodland, on deep to skeletal soils on rises. Usually
on granites.

(c)

Mahogonies

Eucalyptus apothalassica
(inland white mahogany)
Medium tree to 20m. Bark stringy-fibrous, persistent
throughout. Juvenile leaves ovate, glossy green. Adult
leaves narrow lance shaped to 12cm x 3cm, green,
glossy, paler on undersurface. Buds in 7-11 flowered
groups, egg to spindle shaped, to 6mm x 5mm. Fruit
ball shaped to hemispherical, to 6mm x 5mm. Rare.
On shallow sandy soils near Yetman only.

25

5. MALLEES (All in family MYRTACEAE)

Eucalyptus dwyeri (Dwyers red gum)
Mallee or small tree to 15m. Smooth bark, white to
grey-brown, shed in plates or flakes. Juvenile leaves
narrow lance-shaped, to 10cm x 2cm. Adult leaves
narrow lance shaped, green, dull, to 15cm x 2.5cm.
Buds in groups of 7, egg-spindle shaped, to 10mm x
5mm, cap elongated horn shaped. Fruit hemispherical
to bell shaped, to 7mm x 7mm, valves exserted, disk
flat. Sporadically abundant on ridges or stony rises.

Eucalyptus viridis (green mallee)

Mallee to 10m. Box-type bark on lower half of trunks,
dark grey, then ribbon like, then smooth, grey-brown
above. Juvenile leaves linear sessile. Adult leaves
linear to narrow lance shaped, dark green, prominent
oil glands, to 10cm x 0.8cm. Buds, in groups of 7,
egg shaped, , to 5mm x 3mm. Fruit cylindrical or egg
shaped, to 4mm x 4mm, valves enclosed. Widespread
but localised, in shrubland on shallow stony soils, on
low rises. Near Warialda.

26

Eucalyptus bakeri (Bakers mallee)

Mallee or small tree to 6m. Smooth persistent bark,
grey to brown, shedding in ribbons, flaky on lower
stems. Juvenile leaves linear, to 10cm x 0.7cm. Adult
leaves narrow lance shaped, green to yellow green,
to 9cm x 1cm. Buds in groups of 7-13, cylindrical to
spindle-shaped, to 10mm x 3mm, long horn shaped
cap. Fruit ball shaped to hemispherical, to 4mm x 5mm,
valves strongly exserted. Highly localized on sandy
shallow soils, in shrubland. Warialda and Yetman.

Eucalyptus nandewarica (mallee red gum)

Mallee or small tree to 10m. Smooth bark, white

to grey brown, shed in plates or flakes. Juvenile
leaves narrow lance shaped. Adult leaves narrow
lance shaped to 11cm x 2cm. Buds in groups of 3-7,
egg shaped to diamond shaped, to 8mm x 4mm.
Fruit cup shaped to hemispherical, to 5mm x 6mm.
Valves strongly exserted. Sporadic occurrence on
shrubland on shallow soils. Confined to Nandewar and
Warrumbungle Ranges. Threatened Species

27

+Eucalyptus quinniorum (Monkey Gum)

Mallee with up to 12 trunks to 15m. Bark stringy at
very base, smooth above and shedding in long ribbons.
Juvenile leaves opposite, oval-shaped. Adult leaves
green and glossy, linear and sickle-shaped, to 220 x
30 mm. Flowers in clusters of 7 on flattened stalk,
buds club-shaped, to 12mm long. Fruits rounded to
cylindrical with 2 or 3 ribs, to 8 x 8 mm. In rocky, granite
sites west of Bendemeer. Threatened Species

28

6. GUMS (All in family MYRTACEAE)

Eucalyptus camaldulensis (river red gum)
Medium tall tree to 45m. Smooth grey to white bark
+/- red patches, shedding in large flake. Juvenile leaves
opposite to alternate, ovate to broad lance shaped, to
26cm x 8cm, bluish green. Adult leaves narrow lance
shaped to 15cm x 2.5cm, green. Buds in groups of
7, egg shaped to spindle shaped, distinctly pointed
cap, to 11mm x 6mm. Fruit ball shaped with strongly
exserted valves and raised broad disc, to 7mm x 7mm.
Often dominant on river flats, dry creek beds on deep
alluvial soils. Woodland or forest. In this region most river red gums will be subspecies
camaldulensis, although there are some subspecies acuminata near Narrabri.

29

Eucalyptus blakelyi (Blakelys red gum)

Small-medium, low branching tree to 20m. Bark
smooth, grey to orange-red, shed in large flakes.
Juvenile leaves ovate to round, to 14cm x 10cm, bluish
green. Adult leaves lance shaped, slightly glossy to
16cm x 2cm. Buds in groups of 7-11, spindle shaped,
elongated horn-shaped cap to 14mm x 6mm. Fruit ball
shaped, broad raised disc, exserted valves, to 7mm x
8mm. Common in sandy soils and well drained hill soils.

Eucalyptus dealbata (tumbledown red gum)

Small tree to 15m. Smooth grey to white bark, flaking
in large patches. Juvenile leaves ovate to round, with a
waxy bloom, to 14cm x 8cm. Adult leaves lance shaped,
grey-green or with whitish bloom, to 14cm x 2.5cm.
Buds in groups of 7 on angles stalk, with white bloom,
egg shaped, to 10mm x 4mm. Fruit hemispherical, to
6mm x 7mm, broad disc, exserted valves. Common on
rocky hills in poor soils.

30

Eucalyptus chloroclada
(dirty gum, Baradine gum)
Small tree to 15m, occasionally multi-trunked. Bark
mottled, grey to white, shedding in large patches.
Juvenile leaves ovate to rounded, to 14cm 10cm. Adult
leaves lance shaped, green, to 15cm x 3cm. Buds in
groups of 7, egg shaped, with horn shaped cap, to
10mm x 5mm. Fruit hemispherical to 6mm x 6mm,
broad disc, exserted valves. Locally common on deep
sands, often with Callitris spp.

Eucalyptus prava (orange gum)

Small tree to 15m. Smooth grey bark, often shedding
in large patches to reveal bright orange new bark.
Juvenile leaves ovate to round to 12cm x 7cm. Adult
leaves lance-shaped to 20cm x 3.5cm, green, thick.
Buds in groups of 7, cylindrical with cylindrical hornshaped cap, covered with whitish bloom, to 14mm x
7mm. Fruit hemispherical to cone-shaped, to 10mm x
10mm, raised disc and strongly exserted valves. Locally
common in granitic sandy soils or sandstone.

31

Eucalyptus cypellocarpa (monkey gum)

Tall tree to 65m, though usually much smaller in this
area. Stocking of rough bark, then smooth, white to
grey, shedding in ribbons or plates. Juvenile leaves
opposite and sessile, to 17cm x 7cm, intermediate
leaves to 35cm long, adult leaves lance-shaped to 20
x 2.5cm, green. Buds in groups of 7, flattened stalks,
elongated egg shaped, ribs on side, conical cap, to
12mm x 5mm. Fruit sessile, cup or barrel-shaped,
valves enclosed, to 10mm x 9mm. Occurs in Nandewar
and Warrumbungle Ranges and on deep soils in sheltered gullies south from Tamworth.

Eucalyptus rossii (scribbly gum)

Small-medium tree to 20m. Smooth white, yellow or
grey bark, shed in short ribbons from all parts, covered
by scribbles. Juvenile leaves broad lance shaped, to
14cm x 4.5cm. Adult leaves narrow lance-shaped,
sometimes curved, to 15cm x 1.3cm. Buds in groups
of 11+, club shaped with hemispherical cap, to 5mm x
3mm. Fruit ball shaped to hemispherical , broad raised
disc, to 5mm x 6mm. Widespread on low ridges on
poor rocky soils.

32

Eucalyptus viminalis (ribbon gum, manna gum)

Tall tree to 30m. Smooth white bark shed in long
ribbons, may have rough stocking. Juvenile leaves
opposite, sessile, lance-shaped, to 15cm x 3.5cm. Adult
leaves, lance-shaped, 20cm x 2.5cm, glossy. Buds in
groups of 3, egg shaped to 10mm x 5mm. Fruit ballshaped to egg-shaped, broad disc, exserted valves, to
8mm x 9mm. On deep, fertile soils, Inverell district.

Eucalyptus oresbia
[syn. E. goniocalyx var. parviflora]

Tall tree to 30m. Smooth bark, white with yellowish

patches, shedding in ribbons. Juvenile leaves, glossy
green, oval to lance-shaped. Adult leaves lance-shaped
and sickle shaped, to 180 x 20mm, green. Flowers in
groups of 7, buds club shaped and slightly swollen on
operculum and base. Fruit hemispherical, on short
stalk, with single rib. Grows in wet forest only between
Nundle and Hanging Rock. Threatened Species.

33

Eucalyptus elliptica
(Bendemeer white gum)

Medium tree to 20m. White, chalky bark, with

coloured patches at times and shedding in ribbons or
plates. Juvenile leaves opposite and ellipse-shaped.
Adult leaves dull green, lance-shaped, to 250 x 30
mm. Flowers in clusters of 7, on 4-angled stalk. Buds
egg-shaped, waxy, to 7 x 5 mm. Fruit egg-shaped, to
8 x 8 mm, with protruding valves. On sandy soils near
Nandewar Range. Threatened Species.

34

7. BLOODWOODS
(All in family MYRTACEAE) recently placed in the genus Corymbia.)
Corymbia tessellaris
[syn. Eucalyptus tessellaris] (carbeen)
Tall tree up to 30m. Stocking of strongly tessellated
bark, with sudden change to smooth grey to white bark
above, pendulous branchlets. Juvenile leaves alternate,
slightly hairy, lance-shaped, to 24cm x 5cm. Adult
leaves lance-shaped to linear, grey-green, +/- curved,
to 18cm x 1.5cm. Buds in several groups of 3 or 7,
pear-shaped, small hemispherical cap, to 6mm x 4mm.
Fruit cylindrical to urn-shaped, thin-walled, descending
disc, to 11mm x 8mm. Occasional in this area, near Narrabri. Common further west on
alluvial plains. Usuall on sandy soils.

Corymbia trachyphloia [syn. Eucalyptus

trachyphloia] (white or brown bloodwood)
Medium tree to 25m. Bark tessellated, all over soft and
flaky, brown to yellow-brown. Juvenile leaves elliptic,
opposite, green, to 14cm x 6cm. Adult leaves alternate
narrow lance-shaped, green, feather-veined, to 15cm
x 1.5cm. Buds in several groups of 7, club-shaped to
pear-shaped, small cap with slight beak, to 5mm x
3mm. Fruit urn- or barrel-shaped, smooth to 10mm
x 8mm. Scattered but locally common on poor soils,
particularly sandstone or granite sands.

35

Corymbia dolichocarpa
[syn. Eucalyptus dolichocarpa]
(long-fruited bloodwood)
Medium tree to 25m. Rough flaky, tessellated bark all
over, brown. Juvenile leaves elliptic to lance-shaped,
green, slightly hairy to 18cm x 5cm. Adult leaves lanceshaped, grey-green, lighter on underside, feather
veined to 18cm x 2.5cm. Buds in several groups of
7, egg- or club-shaped, hemispherical cap, to 14mm
x 8mm. Fruit egg to urn-shaped, smooth or scaly,
to 25mm x 15mm. Uncommon. Confined to deep alluvial sands north of Warialda.

36

NON-EUCALYPTS >6m
8. BIPINNATE ACACIAS (All in family MIMOSACEAE)
Acacia leucoclada (northern silver wattle)
Shrub or tree 5 to 20m, smooth to fissured bark, lightdark brown. Branchlets angled, hairy and +/- whitish
bloom. Centre stalk of leaves 2-10cm. 6-18 pairs of
pinnae to 60mm. 15-40 pairs of pinnules, to 6mm x
1mm, leaves hairless. Glands all along centre stalk of
leaves. 20-26 flowers in rounded golden yellow heads,
in groups on axillary slightly hairy stalks. Pods linear,
to 12cm x 1cm, slightly hairy. Flowers late winterspring. Common on a range of soil types throughout
the region.

Acacia dealbata (silver wattle)

Shrub or tree 630m. Smooth dark grey bark.
Branchlets angled, ribbed and hairy. Centre stalk of
leaves to 100mm, 10-26 pairs of pinnae, 2.5-4cm, 2025 pairs of pinnules, to 5mm x 0.7mm, all hairy. Glands
only between opposite pinnae. 25-35 bright yellow
flowers in rounded heads, in groups on slightly hairy
axillary stalks. Pods oblong, to 8cm x 1.2cm, hairless,
with bluish bloom. Flowers late winter-spring.

37

Acacia filicifolia (fern-leaved wattle)

Small tree to 8 m. Bark dark, rough to deeply fissured.
Branchlets hairy. Centre stalk of leaves to 120mm,
9-12 pairs of pinnae, glands present between pairs of
opposite pinnae, 30-40 pairs of pinnules per pinna, +
hairy. 20-30 bright yellow flowers in balls, in groups of
15 on extended axillary stalks. Pods flat, black, to 90
x 10 mm, slightly waxy bloom. Flowers in late winterspring. As understorey in dry forest.

Acacia deanei subsp. deanei

(green wattle, Deanes wattle)
Shrub or small tree to 8m. Smooth greyish bark.
Branchlets angled, green. Centre stalk of leaves to
80mm, glands between pinnae pairs and at base of
each pair, 4-8 pairs pinnae 25-50mm long, 10-30 pairs
pinnules c.5mm long, green. 20-30 flowers in rounded
heads, pale to bright yellow, on axillary stalks to
100mm. Pod flat, straight, slightly constricted between
seeds, to 130mm, dark brown, + hairy. Flowers
irregularly. Also subsp. paucijuga has pinnules to 11mm and prominent margin on pods.

38

Acacia rubida (red-stemmed wattle)

Shrub or multi-stemmed tree to 9m. Red-brown,
finely fissured bark. Branchlets angular and red to
red-brown. Juvenile leaves bipinnate, often remaining
on lower stems and new growth. Adult phyllodes
lance shaped or sickle-shaped, to 150mm long, dull
green with reddish tinge. Prominent gland on margin
below centre, mid-vein raised, yellowish. Flowers in
ball-shaped heads, bright yellow in clusters on central
talk to 120mm. Pod straight, flat, brown,
to 120mm x 10mm. In woodland on
rocky sites or beside streams.

Acacia debilis
Shrub to 7m. Smooth grey to pale green bark. Leaves
with central stalk to 100 mm, usually with 3 or 4 pairs of
pinnae 50-70 mm long, with 12 15 pairs of pinnules,
no glands on leaves, except near base. Flowers bright
yellow in ball-shaped heads, approx 20 on axillary
stalk. Pods flat and curved with prominent margin,
brown and slightly glaucous. Usually on sandy alluvial
soils near creeks.

39

9. PYLLODE ACACIAS (Wattles) >6m

(All in family MIMOSACEAE)
a) Cylindrical Flower Heads
Acacia burrowii (yarran)
Tree 6-13m. Branchlets angled to rounded, Phyllodes
narrow ellipse, curved, to 80mm x 13mm, curved tip,
mid-vein, with one small gland at base. Cylindrical,
golden yellow flower heads, 15-30mm long, 2 heads
on short shoot. Pod straight, flat, to 110mm x 3mm. In
mallee on rocky ridges. West from Gunnedah.

Acacia doratoxylon (currawang, spearwood)

Erect tree or shrub to 8m. Dark fissured bark. Rounded
branchlets. Phyllodes straight or curved, flat and thick,
to 200mm x 8mm, many feint veins, slightly swollen,
flattened sharp tip. Small gland at base . Cylindrical,
golden yellow flower heads, 10-30mm x 7mm, 2-5 on
axillary shoots. Pod dull brown, rough, flat, to 100mm
x 4mm. Flowers spring. In woodland, mallee and
shrubland on sandy or rocky soils, in the south-west
of the region. Closely related to A. caroleae which has
slightly narrower leaves and angled branchlets.

40

Acacia caroleae
Small tree or tall spreading shrub to 6m. Angled
branchlets, green to brown. Phyllodes narrow, curved
and flat, to 200 x 5mm, grey-green. Small gland at base.
Cylindrical, golden-yellow flowers on 15mm axillary
shoot, in groups of 2-4, to 30mm. Pod straight, slightly
flattened, brown, to 120 x 3 mm. Flowers late spring.
On sandy or rocky soils near creeks, especially in Pilliga
Scrub area. Closely related to A. doratoxylon.

Acacia crassa (curracabah)

Erect tree or shrub to 10m. Dark grey ridged bark.
Branchlets angled. Phyllodes thick, elliptic, flat +/curved. 3 longitudinal veins join margin at base. Small
gland at base. May have hard hooked end. Cylindrical,
bright yellow flower heads, 40-90mm long. 2 on axillary
shoots. Pod linear to 80mm x 4mm, flat, constricted
between seeds. In woodland or heath throughout area.

41

Acacia leiocalyx
Spreading shrub or small tree to 8m. Grey bark with
deep grooves. Branchlets are angled. Phyllodes sickleshaped, flat to 190 x 35mm, green to grey-green, 3
prominent yellowish veins, small gland at base. Flowers
yellow in cylindrical clusters to 60mm long, in pairs in
leaf axil. Pods brown, twisted, to 150 x 5mm. As an
understorey in forest on non-alluvial soils. Flowers
winter to Spring.

Acacia cheelii (motherumbah)

Tall shrub or small tree to 8m, usually smaller. Basal
bark rough and finely grooved, branchlets angled, +
finely hairy. Phyllodes sickle-shaped, flat, green, to 180
x 18mm, with three prominent pale veins, + glaucous.
Flowers yellow in cylindrical clusters to 60mm, in pairs
(3) in axils, flowering in spring. Pods brown, straight,
slightly constricted between seeds, to 150 x 4mm,
with prominent margins. On sandstone or rocky soils
throughout region as forest understorey.

42

Acacia williamsiana

Spreading shrub to 8m, usually smaller. Grooved flaky

bark with + angled branchlets. Phyllodes lance-shaped
but wider near tip, grey-green, to 120 x 10mm, apex
with a sharp tip, prominent veins with 3 to 5 very
prominent. Flowers in axillary pairs of cylindrical
clusters, 20-40mm, pale yellow, flowers late spring.
Pods papery, straight to slightly curved, flat, to 90 x
4mm. In shrubland and woodland on rocky soils in
Torrington to Ashford region. Threatened Species.

(b) Round Flower Heads

Acacia stenophylla (river cooba)
Small tree or shrub to 10 m. Weeping habit. Dark,
fibrous bark. Phyllodes straight or slightly curved,
150-400mm x1.7 mm, small gland at base. 25-35 pale
yellow flowers in round heads
in small clusters on felty stalks.
Irregular flowering March July.
Pod straight, wrinkled, to 150 x 10
mm, constricted between seeds.
Common on watercourses and
alluvial flood plains, west of Inverell.

43

Acacia pendula (boree, weeping myall)

Small tree to 13 m. Grey fissured bark, pendulous
branches. Phyllodes silvery, curved, minutely hairy,
gland at base, narrow lance shaped, obscure veins, flat
and thick to 140x 10mm. 12- 20 pale yellow flowers
in rounded heads, in groups of 2-4 on axillary shoots.
Flowers irregularly usually summer-autumn. Pods flat,
straight, slightly hairy, winged margins, to 80 x 20 mm.
Common on flood plains on heavy clay soils, forming
pure shrublands or low open woodlands.

Acacia omalophylla (yarran)

Small tree or shrub to 7 m. Thick dark flaky bark.
Phyllodes narrow elliptic, straight to slightly curved,
flat to 100 x 8 mm, 1-3 prominent veins, leathery.
Small gland at base. Bright yellow flowers in balls, on
felty stalks in pairs or clusters 20 30 in axils. Flowers
May September. Pods straight, flat, papery, to 70
x 9 mm, thickened margin. Common in woodland
and shrubland, on brown earths. Often in Belah/
Rosewood/Box communities.

44

Acacia melvillei (yarran)

Tree to 10m. Finely grooved grey bark, branchlets
angled and often flattened at leaf junctions. Phyllodes
grey-green, slightly curved, sickle-shaped, to 90 x 8mm,
finely-pointed tip, some veins prominent. Many yellow
flowers in round heads in axillary clusters of 3 to 5,
usually prolific flowering. Pods flat, to 100 x 12mm,
with prominent margins, brown. Distinguished from
A. omalophylla by seeds lying across the pod rather
than lengthways. Flowers in spring. On clay soils in
woodland.

Acacia excelsa (ironwood)

Small tree to 15m, furrowed bark. Branchlets angular
and may be covered with a whitish bloom. Phyllodes
straight or slightly curved, elliptic, to 75 x 16 mm, 5 or
6 prominent veins, gland in lower half. 20 35 golden
yellow flowers in round heads, in pars or groups of
3-4 axils. Flowers March July. Pod straight, flat,
constricted between seeds, slightly winged margins,
to 110 x 10 mm, sometimes with a whitish bloom.
Common in woodland and shrubland on red brown
earths. Western part of the North West Slopes.

45

Acacia melanoxylon (blackwood)

Medium tree to 30 m. Dark, deeply furrowed bark.
Angled or flattened branchlets. Phyllodes straight
or slightly curved, to 140 x 30 mm with 3-5 veins,
small gland at base. Bipinnate juvenile leaves may
be present. 30-50 pale yellow-white flowers in
round heads, in groups of 208 in axils. Flowers July
December. Pod coiled and twisted, to 150 x 10 mm,
thick margins. In moist situations on good soil, at higher
altitudes. Liverpool and Nandewar Ranges.

Acacia implexa (hickory wattle)

Small tree to12 m. Angular to rounded branchlets,
trunk with rough tessellated bark. Phyllodes narrow,
curved, to 160 mm x 20 mm, 3 main veins, other veins
conspicuous, small gland at base. (Distinguished from
A. melanoxylon by lateral veins at angles rather than
rectangular). 30-50 pale yellow to white flowers in
rounded heads, in groups of 4-8 in axils. Flowers late
summer. Pods curved, coiled and twisted, to 200 x 6
mm. Grows in forests and woodlands on a range of soils.

46

Acacia harpophylla (brigalow)

Small-medium tree to 20m. Hard, black furrowed bark.
Branchlets angled. Phyllodes narrow, flat, curved,
to 20cm x 2cm, 2-5 prominent veins, silvery-grey in
appearance, small gland at base. 12-30 golden yellow
to white flowers in round heads in groups of 3-8 in axils.
Flowers July-October. Pod thick and woody, flat, ridged,
to 100mm x 8mm. Common on low phosphorous soils,
clay loams. In box woodland and pure stands.

Acacia falciformis (broad-leaved hickory)

Small tree to 10m. Grey-black, fissured bark. Branchlets
angled, downy when young. Phyllodes curved, broad,
grey green, to 14cm x 3xcm, prominent mid-vein and
lateral veins, large gland in an indent in the margin
with a vein leading to the mid vein. 15-25 pale yellow
flowers in round heads, in groups of 10-18 in axils.
Pos oblong and constricted between seeds, bluish to
dull brown, to 150mm x 22mm. Flowers July-January.
Occurs in eucalypt forest and woodland, in moist gullies
or exposed positions. On heavier clay soils.

47

Acacia penninervis (mountain hickory)

Small tree to 8m. Grey, mottled, finely fissured bark.
Branchlets angular. Phyllodes oblong to broad lance
shaped, green to blue-green, to 15cm x 3.5cm, thick
margin, prominent mid-vein and lateral veins, 1-2
glands near asymmetric base. 20-30 white to pale
yellow flowers in round heads, in groups of 10-30
on axillary shoot. Flowers November-February. Pods
thick, straight, brown, thickened margin, constricted
between seeds. Widespread in eucalypt and woodlands
throughout the region.

Acacia salicina (cooba, native willow)

Small tree to 20m. Rough fissure bark. Pendulous,
angular branches. Phyllodes linear to narrow elliptic,
curved, prominent mid-vein, thick, pale green to bluish,
to 16cm x 2cm, 1-4 small glands along one margin.
15-30 pale-yellow to white flower in groups of 1-6
on axillary shoots. Flowers irregularly throughout
the year. Pods woody, rounded, straight, brown to
120mm x 12mm, thickened margins. Seeds with
bright red aril. Common in woodlands and grasslands
along watercourses on alluvial soils, north and west
of Tamworth.

48

Acacia neriifolia (silver wattle)

Small tree to 9m. Grey bark, open angular branches.
Phyllodes straight or slightly curved, blue green, linear,
prominent mid-vein, to 18cm x 1.2cm, 1-3 glands
along top margin, prominent margin. 20-40 bright
yellow flowers in round heads in groups of 8-20 in
axillary shoots. Flowers June-September (Jan.). Pods
light brown, smooth, flat, slightly constricted between
seeds, to 160mm x 9mm. Occurs in woodland on
thin granite soils often on rocky hillsides. North from
Tamworth and Baradine.

Acacia acrionastes
Shrub or sparse tree
to 8m. Rounded
branchlets. Phyllodes
straight, linear, to 170
x 4mm, green, one
prominent mid-vein,
gland one-third way
along margin. 10-20
pale yellow flowers in
round heads, in axillary clusters of 10-15. Pods straight
to slightly curved, flat, slightly constricted between
seeds, to 130 x 10mm. Flowers in winter. Understorey
shrub in forest. Recorded only from Pindari Dam.
Threatened species.

49

Acacia fimbriata (fringed wattle)

Spreading shrub to 6m. Branchlets angled, + hairy.
Phyllodes straight or slightly curved, green, to 45
x 5mm, with a prominent mid-vein and fine hairs
fringing the margin, small gland on margin near base.
12-20 golden yellow flowers in round heads borne on
axial stalks in clusters of 10-20. Pods brown, flat, to
80 x 10mm, prominent margins, slightly constricted
between seeds, with black seeds. Flowers late winter
through spring. As understorey in forest, on clay or
alluvial soils, often near creeks, east of Inverell.

Acacia oswaldii (miljee)

Spreading shrub or small tree to 6m. Branchlets angled
and flattened near leaf junctions. Phyllodes straight
to slightly curved, to 80 x 10mm, fine and prominent
veins, sharp tip, grey-green, small gland at base.
6-12 pale yellow flowers in round heads singly or in
pairs in leaf axils. Pods strongly coiled, flat to 250 x
10mm, woody, dark brown. On alluvial and clay soils
in woodland or open shrubland in west of region.
Flowers late spring.

50

10. NON-EUCALYPTS Leaves reduced to Scales,

Needle-like leaves
Exocarpos cupressiformis
(cherry ballart, native cherry)
Small tree to 8m. Yellow-green to bronzy-green
cypress-like foliage. Branches rounded, finely ribbed.
Leaves tiny triangular or pointed scales. Flower tiny,
green, in pendulous clusters. Fruit a yellow to red
berry to 6mm. Widespread in woodland and forest
on a range of soils.
SANTALACEAE

Allocasuarina littoralis (black she-oak)

Small tree to 15m, separate male and female trees.
Branchlets (needles) to 20 cm x 1mm, in jointed
sections with 6-8 tiny teeth at each joint. Cones
cylindrical (variable), to 30 x 20 mm, on a short stalk
(5-18mm), containing black winged seeds. Around
Mastermans Range.
CASUARINACEAE

51

Allocasuarina luehmannii (bull oak)

Tree to 15m. Rough, deeply fissured bark. Branchlets
(needles) in jointed sections, 8-20mm long, long, thick,
wiry and ascending. Leaves tiny, in rings of 9-12 around
branchlet joints. Cones flattened, to 15mm wide with
2-3 rows of valves.
CASUARINACEAE

Allocasuarina inophloia (hairy oak)

Small tree to 10m, open spreading habits. Brown,
fibrous, shaggy bark. Branchlets in jointed sections
5-12mm long, fine and rounded. Leaves tiny in rings
of 8-12 around joints. Cones on stalks 3-8mm, woody,
10-20mm x 8-12mm. Dark brown seeds. In woodland
on iron or sandstone ridges, Yetman-Emmaville area.
CASUARINACEAE

52

Allocasuarina rigida
Shrub to 4m. Separate male and female plants.
Branchlets (needles) to 33cm x 1.5 mm, with 7-10 tiny
teeth at each joint, with teeth curling back. Cones to 25
x 12mm, cylindrical, with small winged seeds (to 6mm).
Only on volcanic rocky ridges, Howell and Kaputar.
CASUARINACEAE

Allocasuarina torulosa (forest oak)

Medium to tall tree, rough bark. Branchlets (needles)
in jointed sections to 14 cm, square in cross section,
with 4-5 tiny teeth at ach joint. Cones warty to 35 x
28mm with prominent teeth. As understorey in tall
forest on Liverpool Range.
CASUARINACEAE

53

Casuarina cristata (belah)

Tree to 20m. Dark grey, regularly fissures bark.
Branchlets (needles) grey-green +/- waxy, thick,
rounded, in jointed sections 8-20mm long. Leaves
tiny, in rings of 8-14 around branchlet joints. Cones
oblong, woody, to 20mm long. Widespread in Eucalypt
or Cypress woodland or as a dominant species on a
range of soils.
CASUARINACEAE

Casuarina cunninghamiana (river oak)

Tall tree to 30m. Grey fissured bark. Branchlets slender
and pendulous, dark green, rounded in jointed sections
4-9mm apart. Leaves tiny, in rings of 6-10 around
branchlet joints. Cones spherical, to 10mm. Common
in dominant stands along river banks.
CASUARINACEAE

54

Jacksonia scoparia (dogwood)

Shrub to 4m. Branchlets are mostly leafless, minutely
downy, grey-green. Flowers cream to orange, sweet
smelling, pea-like, 5-10 mm long. Fruit is a hairy pod
to 12 mm long. On poor gravelly clay soils.
FABACEAE

Callitris glaucophylla (white cypress pine)

[syn. C. columellaris F. Muell.]
Tree to 20m. Single trunk, rough fissured bark. Leaves
aromatic scale-like, small, in whorls, forming round
needle like grey-green foliage. Cones solitary, 15-25mm
wide, smooth, falling when mature, separating into 6
thin scales right to the base, small column in centre. In
pure stands or mixed woodland on coarse red/brown
earths, or sandy soils.
CUPRESSACEAE

55

Callitris endlicheri (black cypress pine)

Tree to 15m. Single trunk, rough bark. Leaves aromatic,
scale like and keeled, branchlets coarse-angular,
forming needle-like green foliage. Cones spherical,
smooth, to 20mm wide, with six unequal scales, with
a sharp projection at the top, 2-3 columns in centre.
Greener and more upright foliage than C. glaucophylla.
Common in mixed woodland, on rocky hills or granitic
sandy soils.
CUPRESSACEAE

Callitris glaucophylla (white cypress pine)

56

11. TRUE LEAVES, OPPOSITE, <15mm

Atalaya hemiglauca (whitewood)
Small tree to 8m. Bark rough on trunk, smooth on
branches. Leaves alternate with 1-3 pairs of opposite
leaflets. Young leaves lobed. Leaflets bluish green,
to 20cm x 1.2cm, linear and leathery. Cream-green
flowers in axillary groups. Distinctive two-winged fruit,
to 40mm wide. Occurs in bimble box communities and
woodland, on open alluvial plains.
SAPINDACEAE

Bursaria spinosa (blackthorn)

Shrub or small tree to 8m. Branches spiny, leaves small,
opposite, in tight whorls or alternate on stems, linear to
wedge shaped, green +/- notch in leaf apex. White or
cream flowers in clusters to 25cm on end of branchlets,
in summer. Fruit is a small purse-like capsule. Common
in forest and woodland. Widespread.
PITTOSPORACEAE

57

Elaeodendron australe [syn. Cassine australis]

(red olive plum)
Shrub or small tree to 8m. Leaves oblong to oblongelliptic, margin with shallow rounded teeth, glossy with
stem 4-10mm long. Flowers tiny. Fruit a fleshy, orange,
to red berry, 10-25mm long. In dry vine thickets or
brigalow on deep sands or alluvial soils.
CELASTRACEAE

Beyeria viscosa (sticky wallaby bush)

Shrub 3-4 m. Leaves approximately rectangular and
tapering towards stem. Upper surface green and sticky,
lower surface whitish. Flowers to 4mm, white. Fruit
is a spherical 3-segmented capsule with a persistent
stigma. Common on shallow soils, rocky outcrops and
limestone.
EUPHORBIACEAE
See also Alstonia constricta.

58

12. TRUE LEAVES, OPPOSITE, LARGEST LEAVES

>15mm WIDE
Notelaea microcarpa (native olive)
Shrub or small tree up to 10m. May be multi stemmed
with tessellated bark. Young branches downy. Leaves
lance-shaped to 150mm x 30mm, veins raised on
upper surface, 2-4 pointed buds in leaf axils. Flowers
in small groups on slightly hairy stalks, in leaf axils,
greenish-yellow. Fruit is a dark blue berry, 5-10mm
long. Common in box or mixed woodland, on rocky,
poor soils.
OLEACEAE

Xylomelum cunninghamianum (woody pear)

Small tree to 20m. Leaves narrow lance-shaped, with
entire or toothed margins, to 12cm x 2cm, prominent
veins on both surfaces. Flowers Grevillea-like,
brownish. Large woody pear-shaped fruit, splitting
along centre. Winged seeds. Occurs in deep sandy soils
in woodland north from Warialda.
PROTEACEAE

59

Psydrax oleifolia [Canthium oleifolium]

(wild lemon)
Shrub or small tree to 6m, stiff horizontal branches,
young ones with spines. Leaves oblong to elliptical ,
to 75mm x 25mm, yellowish green on both surfaces,
veins obscure. Flowers fragrant, white, funnel-shaped,
in clusters in the axils, spring to autumn. Fruit a 6mm
spherical, green then black berry. Forms thickets in
woodland on sandy, stony or loamy red earths in
undulating country.
RUBIACEAE

Psydrax odorata [Canthium odoratum]

(iamboto)
Shrub or small tree to 8m. Leaves elliptic (may be
broadest above or below the middle) to 80mm x
35mm, rounded at the tip, upper surface glossy green,
lower surface paler. Fragrant cream flowers, funnel
shaped, slightly hairy on the outside, all year. Fruit a
7mm compressed spherical berry, green then black.
On rocky hillsides and ridges.
RUBIACEAE
See also Elaeodendron australis

60

Alstonia constricta (quinine bush)

Small tree to 12m. Branches with milky sap, bark corky
and deeply fissured, upper bark smooth. Leaves dark
green, thin, soft on long slender stalk. Numerous
yellowish, scented flowers on loose clusters. Fruit is
a tapered pod to 180mm, splitting open to release
numerous flat, silky haired seeds. Common in
woodlands and scrubs and in riverside woodlands.
APOCYNACEAE

Santalum lanceolatum (northern sandalwood)

Small tree to 8m with open crown and drooping
branches. Bark tile-like. Leaves blue to grey-green,
oval, 20-90x 20-40mm.Flowers cream to green, in
axillary clusters, 5mm wide. Fruit is plum-like, purple
with a hard stone, to 14 x 10mm, with a prominent
scar on the end. Woodlands.
SANTALACEAE

Also Santalum acuminatum (Quandong) occurs in SW of region. Round hard seed with
prominent pits and dimples.
61

13. TRUE LEAVES, ALTERNATE, LARGEST LEAVES

<15mm
Alectryon oleifolius (western rosewood,
boonery)
Small tree to 9m. Pale deeply fissured bark, pendulous
branches and leaves. Leaves linear or linear-lanceshaped, to 140mm x 12mm, stiff, greyish green, with
very fine hairs. Flowers inconspicuous. Fruit 2-3 lobed,
splitting away to reveal black seed with fleshy red
appendage. Widespread on heavy black soils (sandy
soils further west) often in association with Casuarina
cristata (Belah).
SAPINDACEAE

Banksia marginata (honeysuckle)

Small tree to 12m. Grey tessellated bark. Branchlets
with stiff hairs. Leaves linear, oblong, smooth margin,
top of leaf cut off square, lower surface white
and woolly, conspicuous veins. Flowers yellow and
numerous in spikes to 100mm
x 60mm, forming bottle
brushes. Fruit is a two valved
capsule with many forming
a woody cylindrical cone to
100mm. In dry forest and woodland south from Baradine.
PROTEACEAE

62

Hakea eriantha
Shrub or small tree to 10m. leaves narrow lanceshaped, 5-15cm x 5-15mm, with a sharp tip. Flowers
small, white in clusters in the leaf axils. Fruit is a
hard, woody nut, splitting into two halves, 25mm
long x 15mm. Understorey in forest on Melville and
Nandewar Ranges.
PROTEACEAE

Pittosporum angustifolium [P. phylliraeoides]

(butterbush, berrigan)
Small tree to 10m, pendulous branches. Grey mottled
bark, leaves narrow and flat, with a small hooked
point, to 120mm x 12mm, shiny and thick. Fragrant
cream flowers, small, winter to spring. Fruit an orange
capsule, egg or heart shaped, with seeds in a sticky
orange pulp. In woodlands on sandy red earths.
PITTOSPORACEAE

63

Pittosporum spinescens [Citriobatus spinescens]

(wallaby apple)
Shrub or small tree to 8m. Spiny branchlets. Leaves
wedge-shaped, to 20mm x 10mm. Small whitish
flowers. Fruit a spherical berry, hard, 15-50mm wide,
ripening yellow to orange. In dry forest and scrub north
from Warialda.
PITTOSPORACEAE
See also Bursaria spinosa

Callistemon viminalis (weeping bottlebrush)

Shrub or small tree to 10m. Weeping foliage, dark
furrowed bark. Leaves linear to narrow-elliptic,
to 70mm x 10mm, one side straighter that other,
young growth hairy and pinkish. Flowers bright red,
in bottlebrush spikes to 100mm x 60mm, spring to
summer. Fruit is 6mm hard capsule , persistent on the
stem. On sandy soils along watercourses in the north
of the region.
MYRTACEAE

64

Geijera parviflora (wilga)

Shrub or small tree to 10m, pendulous leaves and
branches. Leaves narrow, aromatic, to 180mm x 7mm,
prominent midrib, leaves hanging from stem. Flowers
small, white, in clusters at end of branchlets, fetid
smelling. Fruit lobed and spherical to 5mm. Common
in woodland communities, frequently at the base of
eucalypts, on a variety of soil types.
RUTACEAE

Eremophila mitchellii (budda, false sandalwood)

Shrub or tree to 10m. Rough, dark brown, irregularly
patterned bark. Leaves linear, to 60mm x 5mm, sticky,
bright green, aromatic. Flowers whitish, on sticky
stalks, bell shaped with 5 unequal lobes, to 18mm long,
2-3 in axils. Fruit a dry, silky, haired, pointed berry, to
6mm. In bimble box, cypress and wilga communities,
on sandy or clay loam soils.
MYOPORACEAE

65

Eremophila bignoniiflora
(eurah, bignonia emu bush)
Shrub or small tree to 7m. Leaves drooping, green,
resinous and fragrant, to 200 x 14mm. Flowers
approximately bell-shaped, cream with pinkish tinge
and occasionally spotted; 20-30mm long. Fruit is a
firm berry, to 20 x 15mm, splitting at the tip. On heavy
clays near rivers and on floodplains, usually with river
red gum.
MYOPORACEAE

Myoporum platycarpum (sugarwood)

Shrub or small tree to 10m. Deeply fissured bark with
squarish segments. Leaves elliptic to curved linear,
margins with a few teeth, +/- sticky, to 95mm x 14mm.
Flowers white, bell shaped, in groups of 4-8 in the
leaf axils. Flowering late winter-early summer. Fruit
a dry flattened 6mm berry. In woodlands and BelahRosewood communities on red and brown earths.
West of Quirindi.
MYOPORACEAE

66

Myoporum montanum (western boobialla)

Shrub or small tree to 8m. Coarsely fissured bark.
Leaves lance shaped to linear, 100mm x 10mm, pointed
tip. Flowers white with purple spots, bell-shaped, 5
uneven lobes, flowering ate winter-early summer. Fruit
is a spherical berry, ripening purple to 8mm. In bimble
box and white cypress communities on red earths and
rocky hillsides. Widespread.
MYOPORACEAE

Ventilago viminalis (supplejack)

Small tree to 10m, single trunked or with multiple
intertwined trunks. Rough, dark, furrowed bark. Leaves
to 150mm x 12mm, lance shaped, glossy green, blunt
tipped, with prominent light mid-vein. Flowers in
drooping clusters in leaf ails, cream. Fruit has a yellow
green, oblong wing to 25mm. Scattered in woodland
from heavy clays to sandy soils.
RHAMNACEAE

67

Melaleuca bracteata (white cloud tree)

Small to large shrub, to 10m. Dark, hard +/- fissured
bark. Alternate linear to lance shaped leaves,
sometimes twisted, to 28mm x 3mm. Flowers white,
in loose bottlebrush spikes to 35mm near the end of
branchlets in spring. Fruit is cup shaped, woody with
5 short teeth on rim. Common on watercourses,
drainage lines and depressions, usually on red alluvial
soils.
MYRTACEAE

Maytenus cunninghamii (yellow berry bush)

Shrub to 6m. Leaves alternate, narrow ellipse-shaped
or linear, leathery, 10-20 x 2-8 mm. Tiny white flowers
on short branches. Fruit is a yellow spherical capsule
splitting into two valves with 1 seed. On shallow rocky
soils.
CELASTRACEAE

68

Citrus glauca (desert lime, wild lime)

[Eremocitrus glauca]
Shrub or small tree 2-12m. Occasionally leafless, with
sharp thorns. Leaves narrow, wedge-shaped, 10-50
x 5-10mm wide, with prominent oil glands. Flowers
white, bell-shaped, 10mm across. Fruit a berry 1020mm diameter, pale greenish-yellow, with prominent
oil glands, thin skin. Edible. On heavy clay soils southwest of Coonabarabran.
RUTACEAE

See also Atalaya hemiglauca

Bursaria spinosa

69

14. TRUE LEAVES, ALTERNATE LARGEST LEAVES

>15mm
Brachychiton populneus (kurrajong)
Medium tree to 20m. Thick trunk with smooth grey
bark. Leaves bright shiny-green, elliptic to lanceshaped, may have 3-5 lobes, to 150mm x 30mm, on
long stalks. Flowers creamy-white, bell shaped, 15mm
long, in clusters on long stalks from axils. Fruit a woody
boat shaped pod, green, drying black, splitting on one
side to reveal yellow seeds surrounded by fine, dense,
irritant hairs. Widespread on the slopes in forest and
woodland.
STERCULIACEAE

Alphitonia excelsa (red ash)

Small to medium tree to 20m. Steel grey smooth to
fissured bark. New branchlets with golden brown
down. Leaves broad elliptical to lance-shaped., dark
green and glossy above, silvery-white and hairy below,
to 140mm x 50mm, raised yellow brown veins below.
Flowers small, creamy-green. Fruit a rounded berry,
black with small cap on the stalk end, 5-10mm. In
scrub, open forest and sheltered gullies on a variety
of soils.
RHAMNACEAE

70

Banksia integrifolia (honeysuckle)

Tree to 15m. Rough tessellated bark. Leaves in whorls,
narrow elliptic, smooth to toothed margin, to 200mm
x 35mm, lower surface white and woolly, midrib
rusty-hairy. Flowers yellow and numerous in 5-10cm
bottlebrush spikes. Fruit is a two valved capsule, with
many forming a woody cylindrical cone to 100mm.
Limited occurrence in Wallangra area.
PROTEACEAE

Capparis mitchellii (wild orange)

Shrub or small tree to 6m. Dark, rough bark, broad
crown. Spiny creeper when young. Leaves elliptic, dull
green and leathery, two small recurved spines present
at the base of each leaf. Flowers cream to yellow, to
50mm across, numerous stamens. Fruit a large (50mm)
sweet-smelling and warty, globular berry, grey-green
with yellow to orange pulp, borne on a long snaking
stalk. Scattered individuals on red earths in open
woodlands.
CAPPARACEAE

71

Ficus rubiginosa [F. macrophylla f. columnaris

(C. Moore) D.J. Dixon] (Port Jackson fig)
Small tree to 15m. Smooth grey bark and spreading
branches with milky latex when cut. Leaves elliptic,
leathery, to 100mm x 60mm, lower surface rusty-hairy,
upper surface smooth and dark green. Fruit a rounded
fig yellow-red, warty to 12mm. In rocky sites, dry hills
in open forest or scrub in hilly areas.
MORACEAE

Pittosporum undulatum (pittosporum)

Small tree to 15m. Leaves often clustered at end of
branches, elliptic to lance-shaped, to 150mm x 40mm,
undulating margins. Flowers fragrant, in clusters at
end of branchlets, cream, 12mm with a short point,
numerous seeds in sticky orange pulp. In sheltered
situations in forest and woodland on a variety of soil
types.
PITTOSPORACEAE

72

Petalostigma pubescens (bitter bark)

Small tree to 12m, spreading branches. Grey and
black, vertically fissured bark. Leaves +/- circular, dark
green above, grey and finely hairy below, to 60mm x
25mm. Flowers creamy. Fruit an orange-yellow berry,
slightly hairy, to 17mm. Widespread in open forest and
woodland, on deep sands.
EUPHORBIACEAE
See also Alectryon oleifolius

Senna artemisioides (silver cassia)

Shrub to 4m. Leaves variable 30-60 mm long with 1-8
pairs of narrow, cylindrical leaflets, greyish-green. 1
gland between the lowest pair. Flowers buttercup-like,
bright yellow on short side shoots, sweetly scented.
Fruit is a shiny brown, papery pod, 40- 80 x 6-10 mm.
Alluvial soils in woodland or shrubland.
CAESALPINIACEAE

73

Hymenosporum flavum (native frangipani)

Tall shrub to 12m. Leaves green, alternate or whorled,
+ovate, 8-15 x 3-4 cm, with lightly hairy midrib on
lower surface. Flowers in clusters with hairy stalks,
cream to yellow, 5 petals, slightly hairy inside, 5cm in
diameter. Fruit is a capsule, 20-30mm long splitting
into two valves. In this region on the Liverpool Range
in rainforest.
PITTOSPORACEAE

Pomaderris lanigera
Spreading shrub to 6m. Leaves hairy, lance-shaped to
ovate, green on upper surface and whitish and rusty
hairs on lowers surface, to 10 x 3 cm. Small bright
yellow flowers in prominent clusters. Fruit a small hairy
capsule. Usually in creek lines in hilly country.
RHAMNACEAE

74

Alectryon subdentatus
Shrub or small tree, with hairy stems and branches.
Leaves with 2-6 leaflets, lower ones smaller; leaflets
opposite, ellipse-shaped, toothed, to 8 x 4 cm, hairy
on underside. Flowers small in clusters. Fruit is a
2-chambered capsule, to 10x 20mm, hairy, stalkless,
with 2 black seeds encases in red arils. In dry rainforest
communities, often on rocky outcrops.
SAPINDACEAE

Geijera parviflora (Wilga)

75

GLOSSARY
Alternate Leaves:

Leaf stalks are joined to stem at different levels.

Axillary/Axial:

occurring in the angle between the main stem

(or trunk) and a leaf or side shoot.

Bud:

an unopened flower, leaf or shoot.

Cap:

also referred to as operculum or calyptra. The lid or top of

a eucalypt flower bud, which falls off after flowering.

Disc:

a ring or plate of tissue occurring in the top of the eucalypt

fruit. The rim of a eucalypt fruit.

Feather Veined:

also called penniveined. A central main vein and many

secondary veins at right angles to it.

Fruit:

the seed bearing part of flowering plants.

Gland:

a secretory structure on the margin of a leaf, appearing as a

slightly raised bump.

Lateral Vein:

the veins of a leaf which come off the midrib.

Opposite Leaves:

leaf stalks are joined to the stem directly

opposite other leaf stalks.

Ovate:

(leaves), 1-3 time longer than wide

and broadest below the middle.

Phyllode:

a flattened leaf stalk, replacing the leaf blade in many Acacias,

and appearing leaf-like.
76

Pinnae:

the primary segments of a divided leaf.

Pinnules:

the secondary segments of a divide leaf.

Pinnate/Bipinnate:

a leaf divided once (pinnate) or twice

(bipinnate) as in some Acacias.

Sessile:

(leaves) without a stalk; the base of the leaf

joins the stem directly.

Staminal Ring:

a loose ring of tissue around the top of the fruit in

some eucalypts.

Tessellated:

(of bark) in plates or small chunks; tile-like.

Valves:

segments of the divided top of eucalypts fruit.

Whorls:

groups of leaves attached at the same point on the stem.

Eucalyptus conica (fuzzy box)

77

USEFUL BOOKS
The following books may help you confirm your identifications or will provide valuable
information on local trees and-shrubs. These are listed in the format:
Author (Year) Title of Book, Name of publishing company.

Andrews, S., Carr, D.B., & Ward, H. (2004) A manual for planted farm forestry
for the northern inland of New South Wales. Greening Australia NSW Inc and
Northern Inland Forestry Investment Group., Armidale, NSW.

Beadle, N.C.W. (1972)-Students Flora of North-Eastern NSW Vol 1-6, University

of New England, Armidale.

Boland, D.J., Brooker, M.I.H., Chippendale, G.M., Hall, N., Hyland, B.P.M.,
Johnston, RD. Kleinig, D.A., McDonald, M.W and Turner, J.D. (2006) Forest Trees
of Australia, 5th Edn. CSIRO Publishing.

Brooker, M.I.H. and Kleinig, D.A. (1983) Field Guide to Eucalypts, VoI 1, Inkata
Press, Sydney.

Carr, D. (1997) Plants in your pants: A pocket guide for the identification and use
of the common plants of the northwest slopes Greening Australia Northwest
NSW and Manilla Landcare Group., Armidale, NSW.

Carr, D. & Curtis, D. (2000) Plants in your Pants II: A pocket guide to the trees
and shrubs of the North West Plains of NSW. Greening Australia Northwest
NSW, Armidale, NSW.

Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research.2006. EUCLID: Eucalypts of Australia.

hird Edition. CSIRO PUBLISHING. DVD. (An interactive computer key)

Clarke, P.J., Davidson, E.A., & Tremont, R.M. (1998) Your bushland: Tips for
managing bush plants in the New England region. University of New England.,
Armidale, NSW.

Clemson, A (1985) Honey and Pollen Flora, Inkata Press.

Costermans, L (1994) Native Trees and Shrubs of South-Eastern Australia,

Lansdowne.

Cremer, K.W (ed)(1990) Trees for Rural Australia, Inkata Press.

Cunningham, G.M., Mulham, W.E., Milthorpe, P.L., Leigh, J.H. (1993) Plants of
Western NSW, Soil Conservation Service, 2nd Edn., Inkata Press.

Harden, G.J. (Ed)(1993) Flora of New South Wales, vol. 1-4, NSW University
Press, Sydney.

Kelly, S. (1978) Eucalypts - Volumes 1 and 2, Nelson, Melbourne.

Maslin, B. (2001) Wattle: Acacias of Australia. CSIRO PUBLISHING / Australian

Biological Resources Study (ABRS) / Department of Conservation and Land
Management (CALM) Western Australia. (An interactive computer key)

Stewart, D and RE (1995) From Seeds to Leaves - a complete guide to growing

Australian trees and shrubs from seed, Agmedia, Melbourne.
78

Tame, T. (1992) Acacias of south-East Australia; Kangaroo press.

Williams, J.B- (1982) New England Eucalypts, University of New England,

Armidale.

Williams, J.B. New England Acacias, University of New England, Armidale.

Williams, J.B. (1983) Notes on the Eucalypts of the North-West Slopes and
Plains, NSW, UNE, Armidale.

Williams, J.B, Harden, G.J and McDonald, W.J.F. (1984) Trees and Shrubs
in Rainforests of New South and Southern Queensland. University of New
England,-Armidale.

Websites
Australias Virtual Herbarium (http://www.anbg.gov.au/avh/)
Association of Societies for Growing Australian Plants (ASGAP) (http://asgap.org.au/)
Border Rivers-Gwydir CMA (www.brg.cma.nsw.gov.au)
Florabank (www.florabank.org.au)
Greening Australia (www.greeningaustralia.org.au)
Namoi CMA (www.namoi.cma.nsw.gov.au)
PlantNet (http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/)
UNE Herbarium (http://www.une.edu.au/botany/herbarium.php)

79

USEFUL CONTACTS
For further information about trees, landcare or similar issues, you can contact one
of these organisations
Greening Australia (www.greeningaustralia.org.au)
Florabank: Australias native seed resource: (www.florabank.org.au)
Greening Australia NSW
142 Addison Rd, Marrickville, 2204.
P: 02 9560 9144.
The Herbarium, Botany Department, University of New England, Armidale,2351.
The National Herbarium of New South Wales, Royal Botanic Gardens, Mrs
Macquaries Rd, Sydney 2001.
Namoi Catchment Management Authority
PO Box 546
35-37 Abbott StreetGunnedah NSW 2380
P: 02 6742 9220 F: 02 6742 4022
Web: www.namoi.cma.nsw.gov.au
Border Rivers-Gwydir Catchment Management Authority
PO Box 411
15 Vivian Street Inverell NSW 2360
P: 02 6728 8020 F: 02 6728 8098
Web: http://brg.cma.nsw.gov.au

GROUPS TO JOIN
Your local Landcare Group. contact Landcare through the national website
http://www.landcareonline.com.au
National Parks Association guest speakers, bushwalks
http://www.npansw.org.au/website/

80

Species

Other names

Botanical
author

Page

Illustration

Pedley

49

Herb

Maiden

40

GC

Acacia caroleae

Pedley

41

GC

Acacia cheelii

Blakely

42

GC

Acacia crassa

Pedley

41

GC

Acacia dealbata

Link

37

GC

Acacia deanei subsp.

deanei

(R. Baker)
Welch,
Coombs &
McGlynn

38

GC

Acacia debilis

Tind.

39

GC

Cunn

40

GC

Acacia excelsa

Benth

45, 5

GC

Acacia falciformis

DC

47

GC

Acacia filicifolia

Cheel &
Welch

38

GC

Acacia fimbriata

Cunn. ex
Don

50

Herb

Acacia harpophylla

F Muell ex
Benth

47

GC

Acacia acrionastes
Acacia burrowii

Acacia doratoxylon

Burrows wattle

Lancewood

Acacia omalophylla

A.
homalophylla

Cunn &
Benth

44

GC

Acacia implexa

Lightwood

Benth

46

GC

(Domin)
Pedley

42

GC

Acacia leiocalyx

81

Acacia leucoclada

Tind

37

GC

Acacia melanoxylon

R Br

46

Herb

Acacia melvillei

Pedley

45

GC

Cunn ex
Benth

49

GC

Acacia oswaldii

F. Muell.

50

GC

Acacia pendula

Cunn ex
Don

44

GC

Acacia penninervis

Sieber ex
DC

48

GC

Acacia rubida

Cunn.

39

Herb

Acacia neriifolia

Oleander
wattle

Acacia salicina

Broughton,
Doolan

Lindley

48

GC

Acacia stenophylla

River Myall,
Belalie, Gurley

Cunn ex
Benth

43

GC

J.T. Hunter

43

UNE

(Desf)S
Ryan

62

GC

(F. Muell. Ex
Benth.)
Radlk.

75

GC

Acacia williamsiana
Alectryon oleifolius

Heterodendrum
oleifolium

Alectryon subdentatus

Allocasuarina
inophloia

Casuarina
inophloia

(F Muell &
Bailey) L
Johnson

52

GC

Allocasuarina littoralis

Casuarina
littoralis

(Salisb.)
L.A.S.
Johnson

51

GC

82

(Smith)Swe
et

52

GC

(Miq.) L.A.S.
Johnson

53

Herb

(Aiton)
L.A.S.
Johnson

53

Herb

Alphitonia excelsa

(Fenzil)
Reiss ex
Benth

70

GC

Alstonia constricta

F Muell

61

GC

Allocasuarina
luehmannii

Casuarina
luehmannii

Allocasuarina rigida

Allocasuarina torulosa

Casuarina
torulosa

Angophora floribunda

Rough Barked
Apple

(Smith)Swe
et

GC

Angophora leiocarpa

A.costata

(L.Johnson
ex G Leach)
K Thiele

GC

Angophora
subvelutina

F. Muell.

Herb

Atalaya hemiglauca

F Muell

57

GC

Banksia integrifolia

Lf

71

Herb

Banksia marginata

Cav

62

Herb

Beyeria viscosa

(Labill.) Miq.

58

GC

Brachychiton
populneus

(Schott &
Endl) R
Br

70

GC

Bursaria spinosa

Cav.

57

GC

Callistemon viminalis

(Sol ex
Gaertner) G
don Ex
Loudon

64

GC

83

Callitris glaucophylla

C columellaris,
C.hugelii

Callitris endlicheri

Joy
Thomps. &
L.A.S
Johnson

55, 56

GC

(Parl) FM
Bail

56

GC

Capparis mitchellii

Bimble,
Bumble

Lindl

71

GC

Casuarina cristata

subsp. cristata

Miq.

54

GC

Casuarina
cunninghamiana

subsp.
cunninghamiana

Miq.

54

GC

Citrus glauca

Eremocitrus
glauca

(Lindl.)
Burkill

69

GC

Corymbia
dolichocarpa

Eucalyptus
dolichocarpa

D Carr & S
Carr

36

GC

Corymbia tessellaris

Eucalyptus
tessellaris

F Muell

35

GC

Corymbia
trachyphloia

Eucalyptus
trachyphloia

F Muell

35

Herb

Elaeodendron
australe

Cassine
australis

Vent

58

GC

Eremophila
bignoniiflora

(Benth.) F.
Muell.

66

GC

Eremophila mitchellii

Benth.

65

GC

Benth

19

GC

Maiden

25

GC

Eucalyptus albens

Gum topped
Peppermint

Eucalyptus andrewsii

84

Eucalyptus
apothalassica

L Johnson &
K Hill

25

Herb

Eucalyptus bakeri

Maiden

27

Herb

Eucalyptus banksii

Maiden

23

Herb

L Johnson &
K Hill

12

Herb

Eucalyptus blakelyi

Maiden

30

GC

Eucalyptus
bridgesiana

R Baker

21

Herb

Maiden

11

GC

Eucalyptus caliginosa

Blakely &
McKie

15

Herb

Eucalyptus
camaldulensis

Denth

29

GC

Eucalyptus
chloroclada

(Blakely) L
Johnson

31

GC

Eucalyptus conica

Deane &
Maiden

20, 77

GC

Blakely &
Jacobs

24

GC

F Muell

11

GC

L Johnson

32

Herb

Cunn ex
Schauer

30

GC

Eucalyptus beyeriana

Eucalyptus caleyi

Eucalyptus coolabah

E.beyeri,
E.panda subsp
illaquens

subsp. caleyi
& ovendenii

E.microtheca

Eucalyptus crebra
Eucalyptus
cypellocarpa

E.goniocalyx

Eucalyptus dealbata

85

Eucalyptus dwyeri

Eucalyptus elliptica

E. mannifera
subsp. elliptica

Eucalyptus exserta

Maiden &
Blakely

26

GC

Blakely &
McKie

34

UNE

F Muell

24

GC

Eucalyptus fibrosa

Red Ironbark

F Muell

12

Herb

Eucalyptus goniocalyx

E.elaeophora

F Muell ex
Miq

22

Herb

Eucalyptus
laevopinea

R Baker

14

Herb

Eucalyptus
largiflorens

F Muell

17

GC

Eucalyptus
macrorhyncha

F Muell ex
Benth

14

GC

Eucalyptus
malacoxylon

Blakely

21

Herb

Eucalyptus mckieana

Blakely

15

Herb

Eucalyptus
melanophloia

F. Muell

10

GC

Eucalyptus melliodora

Cunn ex
Schauer

20

GC

Eucalyptus
microcarpa

Gum-topped
Box

Maiden

18

GC

Eucalyptus
moluccana

E. hemiphloia

Roxb.

19

GC

L Johnson &
K Hill

27

Herb

(Blakely) L
Johnson

23

GC

Eucalyptus
nandewarica
Eucalyptus nortonii

E.cordieri var.
nortonii

86

Eucalyptus oresbia

J.T. Hunter
& J.J. Bruhl

33

Herb

Eucalyptus panda

ST Blake

13

Herb

Eucalyptus
pilligaensis

Pilliga Box

Maiden

18

GC

Eucalyptus populnea

subsp. bimbil

F Muell
(subsp L
Johnson & K
Hill

17

GC

Eucalyptus prava

E.bancroftii

L Johnson &
K Hill

31

Herb

Eucalyptus
quinniorum

Monkey Gum

J.T. Hunter
& J.J. Bruhl

28

UNE

Eucalyptus rossii

Inland Scribbly
Gum

R Baker &
HG Smith

32

Herb

Eucalyptus
sideroxylon

Cunn ex
Woolls

10

GC

Eucalyptus sparsifolia

DC

16

Herb

Eucalyptus viminalis

Labill

33

GC

Eucalyptus viridis

R Baker

26

GC

Eucalyptus volcanica

L Johnson &
K Hill

22

Herb

Eucalyptus youmanii

Blakely &
McKie

16

Herb

Exocarpos
cupressiformis

Labill

51

GC

Ficus rubiginosa

Desf ex
Vent

72

GC

87

Geijera parviflora

Lindley

Hakea eriantha

R.Br.

63

Herb

Hymenosporum
flavum

(Hook.) F.
Muell.

74

Herb

Jacksonia scoparia

R.Br.

55

GC

Maytenus
cunninghamii

(Hook.)
Loes.

68

GC

65, 75

GC

Melaleuca bracteata

Black Tea
Tree, Honey
Myrtle

F.Muell

68

GC

Myoporum montanum

Waterbush,
Boobialla

R Br

67

GC

Myporum platycarpum

False Sandalwood.
Dogwood

R Br

66

GC

Notelaea microcarpa

R Br

59

GC

Petalostigma
pubescens

Domin

73

GC

Pittosporum
angustifolium

P. phylliraeoides

Lodd.

63

GC

Pittosporum
spinescens

Citriobatus
spinescens(F
Muell) Druce

(F.Muell.)
L.Cayzer,
Crisp &
I.Telford

64

GC

Pittosporum
undulatum

Vent

72

Herb

Pomaderris lanigera

(Andrews)
Sims.

74

Herb

88

Psydrax odorata

Canthium
odoratum(Fors
ter f) Seeman

(G.Forst.)
A.C.Sm. &
S.P.Darwin

60

GC

Psydrax oleifolia

Canthium
oleifolium
Hook

(Hook.)
S.T.Reynold
s&
R.J.F.Hend.

60

GC

R.Br.

61

GC

Santalum lanceolatum
Senna artemisioides

Cassia
artemisioides

(Gaudich ex
DC.)
Randell

73

GC

Ventilago viminalis

Vinetree

Hook

67

GC

D Foreman

59

GC

Xylomelum
cunningham-ianum

Illustrations: GC = Gail Cannon, Herb = NSW

Herbarium (Flora of NSW), UNE = NCW Beadle
Herbarium, UNE.

89