Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
*(Correspondence Author) Former M. Tech. Student, Soil And Water Engineering Department,
Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
2
Associate Professor, Soil and Water Engineering Department, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
3
Research Engineer, Soil and Water Engineering Department, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
ABSTRACT: Field experiment was conducted in the Department of Soil and Water Engineering,
PAU, Ludhiana in 2008-09 to study the effects of low tunnel environment in growing of sweet
pepper (Capsicum annuum L. var. grossum). The experiment was laid out in split plot design
keeping five irrigation treatments (drip irrigation with IW/CPE ratio of 0.60 (I1), 0.75 (I2), 0.90
(I3), furrow irrigation with paired row planting (I4) and single row planting (I5)), in main plots
and three different low tunnel heights (45cm (H1), 60cm (H2) and 75cm (H3)) in sub plots and
replicated three times. The air temperature, soil temperature, Relative humidity, solar radiations
were observed. For the combinations I2H2 treatment gave higher air and soil temperature than
other treatments combinations and I3H3 gave higher mean relative humidity at 7:30 am but at 2:30
pm combination I2H2 treatment gave higher relative humidity than other treatment combinations.
KEYWORDS: Air temperature, Soil temperature, Relative Humidity, Microcli mate, Low Tunnels,
Sweet pepper.
I. INTRODUCTION
Capsicum (Capsicum annuum L. var. grossum) or sweet pepper is one of the most popular and
high value vegetable crops grown for its immature fruits around the world. High demand of fresh
vegetables generated in domestic and export market throughout the year. But due to unfavourable
climatic conditions there is a flood of vegetables in the season and very high priced vegetables in off season. Vegetables can be cultivated in off-season, with the induction of artificial techniques like green
houses, low and high poly tunnels technology, in which temperature and moisture are controlled for
specific growth of vegetables. The production of vegetables all around the year enables the growers to
fully utilize their resources and supplement income from vegetable growing as compared to other normal
agricultural crops.
For sweet pepper the optimum night temperature for quality fruits production 16 -18C. When
the temperature falls below 16C for extended periods, growth and yields usually decreases. It can
tolerate day temperature above 30C. Sweet pepper are generally raised in open during main season thus
causing glut in the market, which lead to price crash in the season. Punjab has extreme low temperature
during winter and high temperature during summer, therefore, availability of these vegetable is for a
short span. This situation suggests us to modify microclimate, which will not only increase the
availability span of vegetables but also the yield. Low tunnel technology can help sweet pepper in offseason during early summer. With this technology, the farmers can capture the market in the early
season and may get good return of their produce.
Low tunnels or row covers are plastic film covered shelters with small frames, producing
greenhouse like effect. For low tunnels the sheet of the film is placed over the plants in a single or
double row with an arch-shaped frame for support. The shape of the frame can vary but the farmer
cannot work inside the low tunnels. These tunn els facilitate the entrapment of carbon dioxide, thereby
enhancing the photosynthetic activity of the plants and hence the yield. These structures also protect the
plants from the high winds, rain, frost and snow. Besides being inexpensive they are easy to construct
and dismantle. Low tunnels are being used for producing high quality high valued nurseries and crops
such as tomatoes, cucumber, radish, beans and capsicum.
Libik and Siwek (1994) studied the changes in soil temperature affected by the applicat ion of
plastic covers in field production of lettuce and watermelon. It was reported that at 8.00 h soil
temperature was 3C higher than in the open ground and by 14.00 h the air temperature under the cover
was 10-15C higher than the ambient temperature. Lamarrel et al (1996) was found that the use of low
tunnel has been beneficial during winter when the crop has to be protected from frost and low
temperature for higher productivity.
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7.85
9.71
7.85
9.28
7.42
6.16
5.50
8.28
8.66
7.00
24.71
23.14
22.42
20.85
17.42
18.00
23.42
22.57
23.50
27.50
10.90
12.66
11.09
12.33
10.71
9.33
9.04
11.42
11.85
10.18
32.47
30.52
31.37
27.90
24.94
26.28
30.04
30.85
30.18
35.56
11.37
13.04
11.42
12.61
11.33
9.56
9.52
11.61
11.99
10.33
33.42
31.28
32.90
28.94
25.80
27.09
31.24
31.71
31.56
36.56
11.14
12.80
11.18
12.56
10.99
9.51
9.28
11.52
11.95
10.23
33.09
30.85
32.37
28.66
25.28
26.95
30.61
31.14
31.28
36.14
7.85
24.71
11.33
33.38
11.90
33.99
11.47
33.94
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9.71
7.85
9.28
7.42
6.16
5.50
8.28
8.66
7.00
23.14
22.42
20.85
17.42
18.00
23.42
22.57
23.50
27.50
12.85
11.28
12.61
11.23
9.71
9.61
11.71
12.09
10.37
31.61
32.37
29.33
25.94
27.28
30.80
31.56
31.71
36.66
13.42
11.76
12.90
11.66
9.95
9.75
11.95
12.52
10.61
32.56
33.04
29.80
26.61
27.99
31.66
31.95
31.99
36.80
13.19
11.61
12.80
11.42
9.85
9.71
11.80
12.23
10.47
32.04
32.90
29.61
26.18
27.47
31.61
31.80
31.85
36.95
7.85
9.71
7.85
9.28
7.42
6.16
5.50
8.28
8.66
7.00
24.71
23.14
22.42
20.85
17.42
18.00
23.42
22.57
23.50
27.50
11.04
12.76
11.18
12.47
11.14
9.56
9.18
11.52
12.04
10.23
32.90
30.99
31.8
28.75
25.33
26.99
30.23
31.18
31.66
36.42
11.76
13.23
11.61
12.71
11.52
9.71
9.56
11.85
12.33
10.47
33.75
32.23
32.76
29.42
26.37
27.47
31.61
31.66
31.71
36.75
11.33
13.04
11.33
12.66
11.28
9.61
9.47
11.66
12.13
10.37
33.61
31.04
32.75
28.94
25.90
27.23
31.18
31.33
31.61
36.52
7.85
9.71
7.85
9.28
7.42
6.16
5.50
8.28
8.66
7.00
24.71
23.14
22.42
20.85
17.42
18.00
23.42
22.57
23.50
27.50
11.04
12.76
11.18
12.47
11.14
9.56
9.18
11.52
12.04
10.23
32.90
30.99
31.8
28.75
25.33
26.99
30.23
31.18
31.66
36.42
11.76
13.23
11.61
12.71
11.52
9.71
9.56
11.85
12.33
10.47
33.75
32.23
32.76
29.42
26.37
27.47
31.61
31.66
31.71
36.75
11.33
13.04
11.33
12.66
11.28
9.61
9.47
11.66
12.13
10.37
33.61
31.04
32.75
28.94
25.90
27.23
31.18
31.33
31.61
36.52
7.85
9.71
7.85
9.28
7.42
6.16
5.50
8.28
8.66
7.00
24.71
23.14
22.42
20.85
17.42
18.00
23.42
22.57
23.50
27.50
10.47
12.42
10.85
11.90
10.42
8.85
8.75
11.23
11.56
10.04
31.23
29.28
30.18
27.32
23.80
24.42
27.90
30.28
28.99
33.57
10.95
12.66
11.09
12.33
10.99
9.33
9.37
11.47
11.76
10.18
32.18
30.09
31.90
27.66
24.42
25.04
29.04
30.94
30.42
35.70
10.61
12.57
10.94
12.14
10.71
9.04
8.90
11.33
11.66
10.09
31.33
29.85
31.33
27.56
24.18
24.90
29.23
30.47
29.94
34.61
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11.00
11.85
9.71
11.14
11.28
10.66
7.42
10.42
9.71
10.50
19.14
20.57
17.42
20.85
18.14
19.14
17.00
19.57
19.71
21.57
13.28
13.95
12.37
13.47
13.71
13.28
10.18
15.04
12.38
13.85
23.14
25.23
22.47
25.38
22.52
23.95
22.33
23.61
23.19
26.28
13.75
14.66
12.90
14.09
14.04
13.94
10.80
16.00
12.75
14.04
24.19
26.14
22.95
26.85
23.38
25.04
23.19
24.47
24.04
27.28
13.61
14.28
12.66
13.76
13.99
13.61
10.42
15.56
12.61
13.99
23.85
25.71
22.66
25.9
23.00
24.47
22.61
24.14
23.57
26.61
11.00
11.85
9.71
11.14
11.28
10.66
7.42
10.42
9.71
10.50
19.14
20.57
17.42
20.85
18.14
19.14
17.00
19.57
19.71
21.57
13.80
14.37
12.95
13.94
14.23
13.99
10.57
15.61
12.90
14.04
24.23
26.38
23.00
26.85
23.42
25.04
23.00
24.71
24.19
27.47
14.28
15.09
13.37
14.71
15.09
14.37
11.13
16.61
13.23
14.61
25.18
26.85
23.76
27.52
24.33
25.66
23.76
26.09
25.33
27.95
14.14
14.71
13.18
14.47
14.47
14.13
10.76
15.85
13.00
14.37
24.62
26.52
23.28
27.09
23.71
25.23
23.23
25.61
24.95
27.66
11.00
11.85
9.71
11.14
19.14
20.57
17.42
20.85
13.42
14.23
12.75
13.85
24.09
26.00
22.71
26.14
13.95
14.80
13.18
14.42
24.85
26.62
23.38
27.04
13.71
14.56
12.99
14.18
24.57
26.43
23.14
26.9
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11.28
10.66
7.42
10.42
9.71
10.50
18.14
19.14
17.00
19.57
19.71
21.57
13.99
13.75
10.33
15.37
12.61
13.94
23.14
24.76
22.66
24.33
23.99
26.99
14.61
14.14
10.94
16.13
13.04
14.37
23.95
25.33
23.52
24.80
24.95
27.52
14.33
13.95
10.52
15.71
12.90
14.14
23.57
24.99
22.95
24.76
24.52
27.14
19.14
20.57
17.42
20.85
18.14
19.14
17.00
19.57
19.71
21.57
13.09
13.80
12.09
13.28
13.51
13.04
9.94
14.95
12.23
13.66
22.57
24.42
21.19
24.95
21.71
23.05
21.38
23.43
22.76
25.90
13.61
14.47
12.70
13.85
13.85
13.71
10.33
15.75
12.52
13.85
23.81
25.71
22.76
25.95
23.09
24.61
22.23
24.00
23.62
26.81
13.47
14.14
12.37
13.71
13.71
13.37
10.04
15.37
12.37
13.76
23.28
25.09
22.33
25.57
22.19
24.19
21.90
23.76
23.04
26.52
19.14
20.57
17.42
20.85
18.14
19.14
17.00
19.57
19.71
21.57
12.95
13.28
11.89
13.04
13.37
12.90
8.71
13.99
11.61
13.04
22.09
24.75
20.52
23.76
21.33
22.28
21.09
22.81
22.24
25.42
13.33
14.13
12.33
13.56
13.71
13.42
9.23
15.66
12.23
13.56
23.47
25.38
21.76
25.61
22.42
24.38
22.14
23.62
22.80
26.52
13.18
13.80
12.09
13.33
13.47
13.04
8.95
14.56
11.99
13.23
22.62
24.19
21.57
24.90
21.90
23.42
21.42
23.19
22.47
26.14
11.00
11.85
9.71
11.14
11.28
10.66
7.42
10.42
9.71
10.50
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98.71
98.14
97.71
94.14
98.14
96.85
97.42
96.57
94.14
97.57
42.14
48.85
51.42
65.42
80.14
62
58.85
68.71
66
57.28
93.76
91.8
90.47
88.78
91.9
89.95
92.13
90.33
88.71
89.66
63.75
66.33
67.47
77.99
88.04
75.85
74.09
82.18
78.94
71.71
93.52
91.9
90.61
88.87
92.47
90.42
92.61
90.66
88.85
90.28
65.33
67.04
69.37
80.47
90.8
76.8
75.56
83.09
79.56
74.23
94.00
92.09
90.87
89.21
93.18
90.8
92.76
91.13
89.23
90.9
64.8
66.99
68.09
78.76
89.09
76.37
74.85
82.66
79.18
73.9
98.71
98.14
97.71
94.14
98.14
96.85
97.42
96.57
94.14
97.57
42.14
48.85
51.42
65.42
80.14
62
58.85
68.71
66
57.28
93.42
91.85
90.4
88.26
92.37
90.28
92.56
90.66
89.18
90.18
63.71
66.28
68.23
79.18
89.8
75.99
74.75
82.18
81.09
73.8
93.9
91.9
90.83
89.16
92.47
90.61
92.8
91.18
89.23
90.37
67.04
68.28
69.9
82.04
91.66
78.28
77.28
83.47
83.04
75.18
93.61
92.47
91.54
89.73
92.56
90.99
93.04
91.33
89.57
91.37
65.56
67.52
68.85
79.8
90.57
77.71
76.18
81.85
81.61
74.04
98.71
98.14
97.71
94.14
98.14
96.85
97.42
96.57
94.14
97.57
42.14
48.85
51.42
65.42
80.14
62
58.85
68.71
66
57.28
93.99
92.09
91.21
89.3
92.85
90.94
92.61
91.14
89.37
91.66
63.61
66.04
66.47
78.75
88.94
75.94
73.99
80.23
80.51
72.23
94.13
92.13
91.73
89.73
93.33
91.42
92.99
91.33
89.61
92.8
66.23
67.8
69.61
80.47
90.75
76.85
75.85
83.04
81.13
74.66
93.8
92.66
91.83
90.11
93.47
91.99
93.71
91.9
89.8
93.13
64.09
66.09
68.42
79.94
89.39
76.71
74.37
82.28
81.09
73.8
42.14
48.85
51.42
65.42
80.14
92.85
91.04
90.59
88.54
91.94
61.23
65.18
66.14
77.23
88.37
93.23
91.23
90.78
88.73
91.99
62.99
65.42
67.18
78.33
88.8
93.33
91.52
91.44
89.16
92.13
59.76
63.42
64.33
76.66
88.09
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96.85
97.42
96.57
94.14
97.57
62
58.85
68.71
66
57.28
89.47
91.71
90.04
88.37
89.8
74.09
73.61
82.09
75.71
72.14
90.18
91.94
90.56
88.42
90.09
75.42
72.32
81.18
76.71
71.71
90.23
92.32
90.9
88.47
90.8
74.13
71.18
80.37
75.56
69.75
98.71
98.14
97.71
94.14
98.14
96.85
97.42
96.57
94.14
97.57
42.14
48.85
51.42
65.42
80.14
62
58.85
68.71
66
57.28
92.61
91.04
89.49
87.59
91.13
89.37
91.33
89.71
88.42
88.76
59.71
63.13
64.13
75.85
88.9
73.04
72.56
81.8
76.28
71.56
92.85
91.18
90.3
88.11
91.51
89.61
91.56
89.76
88.47
89.71
61.75
64.42
65.14
77.57
89.66
74.09
72.28
81.75
77.37
70.95
92.9
91.37
90.78
88.4
91.7
88.99
91.66
89.9
87.9
89.76
60.04
63.28
64.61
76.85
89.18
73.42
71.47
81.56
76.75
69.85
40328.57
50471.42
45514.28
48614.28
31360.00
33342.85
44128.57
51885.71
46342.85
51442.85
26361.66
38304.33
30399.66
35270.66
19614.00
23380.33
29647.00
38966.33
33914.00
36556.66
27647.00
40166.33
31409.00
37866.33
19747.33
23557.00
29871.00
39728.33
34499.66
37004.33
28399.66
40423.33
33032.66
38147.00
19866.00
23904.33
30285.00
39842.33
34694.66
37104.66
40328.57
50471.42
45514.28
27218.66
39176.00
31118.66
27518.66
40361.66
31823.33
28385.33
41737.66
32261.33
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48614.28
31360.00
33342.85
44128.57
51885.71
46342.85
51442.85
36399.66
19695.00
23328.33
29380.66
38909.00
34480.33
36894.66
37899.66
19733.00
23666.33
29875.66
39666.00
34628.33
37066.33
39690.00
19914.00
23899.66
30161.66
39885.33
34842.66
37290.33
40328.57
50471.42
45514.28
48614.28
31360.00
33342.85
44128.57
51885.71
46342.85
51442.85
27037.66
39533.00
30652.00
37647.33
19485.33
23213.66
29294.66
39299.66
33833.00
36918.66
27499.33
40076.00
31542.66
37704.33
19752.00
23490.00
29842.33
39475.66
34633.00
37014.00
27818.66
41885.00
32299.66
37847.33
19899.66
23756.66
30242.33
39875.66
34880.66
37175.66
40328.57
50471.42
45514.28
48614.28
31360.00
33342.85
44128.57
51885.71
46342.85
51442.85
26814.00
39666.33
30318.66
35409.33
19633.00
23109.00
29704.33
39375.66
33380.33
36809.00
27347.00
40433.00
31856.66
37928.00
19761.33
23433.00
29928.33
39599.66
34490.00
37128.33
27609.00
41304.33
32807.66
38047.00
19861.66
23785.33
30190.00
39795.00
34652.00
37290.33
40328.57
50471.42
45514.28
48614.28
31360.00
33342.85
44128.57
51885.71
46342.85
51442.85
28123.33
39661.66
32566.00
38356.66
19718.66
23499.33
29723.33
39370.66
34447.00
36999.66
28795.00
40609.00
33209.00
38766.33
19832.66
23604.33
29990.00
39933.00
34618.66
37185.33
29999.66
43242.66
33752.00
39485.33
19994.66
23956.66
30528.33
39932.66
34780.66
37352.00
IV. CONCLUSIONS
The mean air temperature was higher in low tunnel than open field by 3. 25 o C to 3.71 o C and
o
6.38 C to 9.30 o C at 7:30 am and 2:30 pm respectively. The mean soil temperature was higher in low
tunnel than open field by 1.29 o C to 4.76 o C and 3.52 o C to 6.30 o C at 7:30 am and 2:30 pm
respectively. The highest air and soil temperature was observed in H2 and I2 treatments in the
tunnel height and irrigation treatments respectively. For the combinations I2H2 treatment gave
higher air and soil temperature than other treatments combinations.
The highest relative humidity observed at 7:30 am and lowest at 2:30 pm. At 7:30 am, in the
low tunnels mean relative humidity lowered by 4.58% to 6.55% than open field but at 2:30 it was
higher by 11.52% to 17.57%. The highest relative humidity was observed in H3 and I2 treatments
among the tunnel height and irrigation treatments respectively. For the combinations I3H3 gave
higher mean relative humidity at 7:30 am but at 2:30 pm combination I2H2 treatment gave higher
relative humidity than other treatment combinations.
The mean solar radiation under low tunnels lowered by 16.65% to 37.45% as compared to
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