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AUTHORITY
AMC ltr
AMCP 706-210
AMC PAMPHLET
cqa
0ENGINEERING DESIGN
HANDBOOK
AMMUNITION SERIES
FUZES
, 1mt~d to U.S,
ti
be
'.. dQuce.Lt must
Gov't.
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0-0
NOVEMBER 1969
!!i-_.1
107
-08
110
Ill
112
113
114
115
116
120
121
123
125
127
12B(S)
130
134
135
136
13'
138
139
140
145
150
160(S)'
161(S)
162(S-RD)
165
170(C)
175
176(C)
177
178(C)
179
180
185
186
187
18B
189
190
1l5
196
197
1'#8
1#9
QiJ
?f,1
No
il
too
104
lob
*UNDER
PREPARAff*N-vot
czuailaH,.
'ItlIe
HEADQUARTE%.
UNITED STATES ARMY MAERIEL COMMAND
WASHINGTON, D.C.
20315
18 November 1969
AMC PAMPHLET
No. 706-210*
Paragraph
Page
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS .........
.................. ix
LIST OF TABLES ..................................
xll
LIST OF SYMBOLS ............. .................... xiv
PREFACE ............. ...........................xvii
PART ONE - FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
1-1
1-2
1-3
1-3.1
1-3.2
1-3.3
1-3.4
1-4
1-5
1-5.1
1-5.2
1-5.3
1-5.4
1-5.5
1-5.6
1-5.7
1-5.8
1-5.9
1-6
1-1
1-1
1-2
1-2
1-2
1-3
1-3
1-3
1-5
1-5
1-6
1-6
1-6
1-6
1-6
1-6
1-6
1-6
1-7
1-8
2-1
2-1
2-1.1
General ....................
.................
2-1
2-1.2
2-1.3
2.1
2-2
I!
AMCP 706-210
Puge
2-2
............
2-2
Economics
2-3
2-4
2-4.1
2-4.2
2-5
2-5.1
2-6.2
2-6
........
Use of Standard Components..
,
Need for Formality , .......................
Human Factors Engineering.... ......................
Scope of Human Factors Engineering ...............
Application to Fuze Design Problems ..............
.....................
Information Sources ......
References.
................................
...
2-2
2. 3
......
....
.......
.......-
2-3
2-4
2-5
2-5
2-6
2-7
2-7
3-1
3-1
3-1
3-2
3-2
3-2
3-2
3-3
3-3
3-3
3-4
3-4
3-5
3-5
3-5
3-5
3-5
3-6
3-7
3-8
3-9
3-9
3-9
3-10
General .........................................
Target Sensing ...................................
Sensing by Contact .. ,. . . ....................
Influence Sensing ...............................
Presetting ...................................
Command ...................................
Combinations and Self-destruction .................
Mechanical Fuze Initiation .........................
The Initiation Mechanism ........................
Initiation by Stab ...............................
Initiation by Percussion .........................
Initiation by Adiabatic Compression ...............
Initiation by Friction. .........................
Electrical Fuze Initiation ..........................
The Initiation Mechanism .......................
External Power Sources .........................
Self-contained Power Sources ....................
Piezoelectric Transducers .....................
Electromagnetic Generators ....................
..............................
Batteries ....
Capacitors .................................
Timing Circuits ................................
Initiation of the First Explosive Element ............
References .....................................
General .:................................
4-2
4-1
4-1
................
4-1
4-2.1
Low Explosives
...............................
4-2.2
4-2.3
4-2.4
4-2.4.1
4-2.4.2
. .
4-1
4-2
4-3
4-4
4-5
AMCP 706-210
Page
Paragraph
4-3
4-3.1
4-3.1.1
4-3.1.2
4-3.1.3
4-3.1.4
4-3.1.5
4-3.2
4-3.3
4-3.4
4-4
4-4.1
4-4.1.1
4-4.1.2
4-4.2
4-4.3
4-4.4
4-4.4.1
4-4.4.2
4-4.5
4-4.5.1
4-4.5.2
4-4.5.3
4-4.5.4
4-4.5.5
4-5
4-5.1
4-5.2
4-6
4-6
.....
.: .,
............
Sqiii ........
I ....
Input Considerations ...
4-6
4-6
..........
..
4-6
4-6
.
.....
',.
....
..
..........
Output Characteristics .... I ..... . .....
.................
..
.
..........
Construction
Other Explosive Components ......................
Delay Elements ..................................
Gas-producing Delay Mixtures ..................
.
..........
"Gasless" Delay Mixtures.
.......
Relays .....................
..........
Leads .......................
Booster Charges ..............................
Explosives Used in Booster Charges ..............
Description of Booster Charges ....................
4-6
4-8
4-8
4-9
4-9
4-9
4-9
.
...
4-9
4-10
4-10
4-10
4-11
4-11
4-11
Actuators .................................
Igniters (Squibs) ............................
.
Fuses ..................................
Detonating Cord.............................
Mild Detonating Fuze ........................
Considerations in Explosive Train Design..............
General ......................................
Problems in Explosive Train Design ................
...........
References ..........................
4-11
4-11
4-11
4-12
4-12
4-12
4-12
4-13
4-14
Introduction ...................................
CHAPTER 5. ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES OF ARMING
5-1
5-2
5-3
5-3.1
5.3.1.1
5-3.1.2
5-3.1.3
5.3.2
5-3.2.1
5-3.2.2
5-3.2.3
5-4
54.1
5-1
5-1
5-2
5-2
General .......................................
Mechanical Arming Concepts .......................
Sequence of Fuze Ballistic Environments ..............
Ballistic Equations .............................
Acceleration .......................
.............................
Drag .........
.........................
Velocity
Rotational
Ballistic Conditions .........................
High Acceleration ...........................
.......................
Low Acceleration
Gravity Acceleratih ........................
Environmental Energy Soureq .........
Setback
. ......
.........
........
5-2
5-3
5.3
5-3
5-3
54
5-5
5-5
5.5
Ii
AMCP 706-210
Page
Paragraph
5-4.2
5-4.3
.
Creep ................
Centrifugal Force
...................
5-4.4
5-4.5
5-4.6
5-4.7
54.8
5.4.9
5-5
Springs ................................
5-5.2
5.5,3
. .....
5-6
5-6
5-6
..
...............
5.5.1
5-5
5-6
. ...
5-7
5-7
....
......
5-7
5-8
.5-8
5-8
5-8
5-8
General .........................
6-2
6-2.1
6-2.2
6-2.2.1
6-2.2.2
6-2.2.3
6-2.3
6-2.3.1
6-2.3.2
6-2.3.3
6-3
6-3.1
6-3.2
6-3.3
64
64.1
6-4.2
6-4.3
6-5
6-5.1
6-5.2
6-5.3
6-5.4
6-5.5
6-5.6
6-5.7
64
64.1
64.2
6.6.3
6-6.3.1
66.3.2
Springs .......................................
Types of Springs ..............................
Motion of Masses of Springs ......................
Elementary Spring Equations .................
Examples of Friction .........................
Effect of Centrifugal Force ...................
Springs Used in Fuzes ..........................
Power Springs ...............................
Hairsprings .................................
Constant-force Springs ........................
Sliders .......................................
Axial Motion of Spring-driven Sliders ...............
Transverse Motion of Spring-driven Sliders ..........
Transverse Motion of Centrifugally Driven Sliders .....
Minor Mechanical Parts ...........................
Pins, Detents, and Links .......................
6-1
6-1
6-1
6-1
6-1
6-3
&4
6-5
6-5
6-5
6-5
. 7
6-8
6-8
6-8
6-9
6-9
6-10
6-12
6-13
&-13
6-14
6-15
615
6-17
6-17
6-18
6-19
6.19
6-20
6-21
6-22
6-23
AMCP 706-210
Page
Paragraph
6-6.3.3
6-6.4
6-6.5
6-Z3
6-24
6-26
General ......................
... . ......
Components . ................
Switches ..........................
..
n
Exp!czi. Mors...............
7-2.3
Electronic Tubes
7-2.4
7-2.5
7-3
7-3.1
7-3.2
7-3.3
7-3,4
............................
.......
...
- ... .....
RC Circuits ............. ...
Basic RC Delay Circuits.............. ..........
Tank Capacitor RC Delay Circuit ................
Triode RC Delay Circuit .................
.........
Three-wire RC Delay Circuit ............
7-3.5
7-3.6
7-3.7
7-3.8
7-1
7-1
7-1
7(3
7-:I
7-3
7-3
7-3
7-4
7.4
7-5
75
6
:.6
7.6
7-7
7-3.9
7-6
Accuracy of RC Delays ............ e............
.,.,* 7-9
References ......................... ......
CHAPTER 8. OTHER ARMING DEVICES
8-1
8-2
8-2.1
8-2.2
8-2.2.1
8-2.2.2
8-2.2.3
8-2.2.4
8-2.3
8-2.3.1
8-2.3.2
8-2.4
8-2.4.1
8-2.4.2
8-3
8-4
.........
8-1
8-1
8-1
8-1
8-1
8-1
8-6
8-6
8-7
8-7
8-7
8-9
8-9
8-10
8-10
8-11
8-12
Introduction .............................
.,...
9-1
V
AMCP 706-210
/AlI
Pug"
iph
9-1
9-2
9-2.1
9-2.2
9-3
General
.......................
.. .. ............
9-1
9-1
9-2
9-2
9-3
........
9-3.1
9-3.2
9-3.3
9-3.4
9-4
9-4.1
9-4.2
9-4.2.1
9-4.2.2
9-4.2.3
9-4.3
9-4.4
9-4.4.1
9-4.4.2
..
,.
9-4
..
.,......
9 5
9-6
9-i
9-8
9-10
9-10
..........
.......
9-4
.......
Dt.,zign Features of Current Fuzes ..
Lamples of Current Fuze Design .. .........
Example of Rai,. Insensitive Design ...............
References ............................. ......
9-10
9-10
9-12
9-12
General
10-2
10-2.1
10-2.1.1
10-1
...
.,.....
...
10-1
...... 10-1
10-1
10-3.3
....
Controlling Motion .: .....
:.. :.:
:.
........
Sequential Leaf Arming ...
Fuze Components for Spin-stabilized Projectiles .. ...
.,
,.
. ........
Sliders .......
.......
..... ....
.
Rotor Detents .:.,
.......
, ...
.......
Rotary Shutters .
10-2
10-3
10-3
10-4
10-5
10-7
10-3.4
10-4
10-8
10-8
10-2.1.2
10-2.2
10 '
10-3.1
10-3.2
10-4.1
10-4.2
10-5
Clockwork Drive
.........
10-8
10-10
10-10
10-11
.......
General
11-2
11-2.2
Rocket Fuzes
Historical Fuzes
Self-destruction
11-3
11-2.1
vi
......
11-1
. .... .........
11-1
............
..
11-1
.
. .............
11-2
11-2
........
AMCP 706-210
11-4
11-4.1
11-4.2
11-4.3
................
11-3
11-3
11-5
116
..
....
11-7
12-2.2
.
General .................... ........................
Fuze Action
The Arming Process.............
..............
The FUILiuning Proicss...
. .......
. ....
12-1
12-1
12-1
12-2
....
.........
12-2.3
Clustering
...........
......
.
... ,...
12-3
Impact Fuzes ....
12-3.1
Superquick or Short Delay Fuzes . .........
, .............
12-3.1.1
A Typical Fuze ........
.,..,.....
12-3.1.2
Gear Trains .
............
12-3.1.3
The Explosive Tram .
.....
12-3.2
Delay Fuzes.
.............
......
.: .:.
Fuze
Operation
....
.,
....
...
12-3.2.1
12-3.2.2
Drive Assembly ...
....
...
. .....
...
.......
.......................
12-4
Time Fuzes
12-4.1
Op-ration ............
. . ., .
.... :.: ...
....
12-4.2
The Arming Pin
..
.....
...
..
12-4.3
The Propeller.. ,............
.
......
Special Fuzes . . ........
1. . . . ...
12-5
,,.
.......
. .............
12-5.1
Bomb Clusters,,
12,-52
Depth Bombs . .. , e.. - ....................
. .....
, , .".
12-5.3
Fragmentation Bombs -........
12-5.4
....
12-3
12-3
12-3
12-3
12-3
12-5
12-7
12-7
12-8
12-8
12-9
12-10
12-10
12-11
12-11
12-11
12-12
12-13
References ....................
12-14
General .................
13-2
13-2.1
13-2.2
13-2.3
13-3
13-4
........
I, .....
....
V.........
.......
.....
. ......
.
.......
...
.....
13-1
..
.
................
13-1
13-1
13-2
13-4
13-5
13-6
,.. ...,.,
13-1
........
14-2
14-3
14-4
Packaging.
.............
Linkage of Setter Components ........
.......
.......
...
..
....
,.
..
14-1
...
14-1
.. ,.. ,
14-2
14-2
.....
vii
AMCP 706-210
14-5
14-5.1
14-5.2
14-5.3
14-6
14-6.l
14-6.2
14-6 3
14-7
14-8
14-9
14-9.1
14-9.2
14-9.3
14-10
14-11
14-12
14-3
14-3
14-4
14-5
14-5
14-5
14-6
14-7
14-7
14-9
14-10
14-10
14-10
.
...
Materials .............
.. ......
.
Potting Compounds . . .
..........
Sealng Materials .......
Solders .....................
...
..............
Construction Techniques
..
......
..
Mechanical Considerations ......
........
..
Encapsulation .......
...
...... .: ....
Supporting Structure .........
...
............
....
LubrwatiL
.. .... ........
Tolerancing ...............
........
C'-mponents .
.. .
Sel-ction of Components.,, ........
Electrical Components.,. :.. , , . , .I ........
References
I ...
....
14-11
...........
..
14-11
14-12
14-13
... ......
.,..
.......
..
.....
...
14-13
....................
...............
15-2.1
15-2 2
15-2.3
15-2.3.1
15-2.3.2
15-2.3.3
15-2.4
15-3
15-3.1
General .....................
Performance Tests ....................
15-1
15-1
15-2
15-2
15-3
15-5
15-5
15-6
.........
15-6
15-9
15-10
15-3.2
15-4
1 5-4.1
15 4.2
15-10
15-5
15-13
15-6
15-13
References
..............
..
e
.....
.......................
15-10
15-16
.....................
............
............
GLOSSARY ,
GENERAL REFERENCES ............................
G-1
R-1
A-I-1
INDEX ,.......
viii
15-1
15-1
..........
...
. .
...............
.........
A-II-1
I-
AMCP 706-210
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Ftg. No.
7'ttle
1-1
1-2
1-3
Page
-2
1-3
1-4
1-5
1-6
1-7
......
Typical Bomb ..................................
Antitank Mine, M15, With Fuze, M603 ................
Fuze, PD, M525 ................
................
Arming Action for Fuze, PD, M525 ..................
1-4
1-4
1-7
1-8
2-1
2-2
2-3
2-3
2-4
2-6
3-1
3-2
3-3
3-4
3-5
3-6
3-7
3-4
3-4
3-5
3-6
3-7
3-7
3-8
4-1
4-2
4-3
4-4
4-5
4-6
4-7
4-8
4-9
4-1
4-2
4-2
4-7
4-7
4-8
4-9
4-10
4-12
5-1
5-2
5-3
5-4
5-5
5-6
5-7
5-8
5-9
5-10
5-2
5-2
5-3
5-3
5-4
5-5
5-6
5-6
5-6
5-7
6-1
6-2
6-3
6-4
6-5
6-6
6-2
6-3
6-4
6-6
6-7
6-8
1-3
ix
AMCP 706-210
t le
P'
page
6-7
6-8
6-9
6-10
6-11
6-12
6-13
6-14
6-15
6-16
6-17
6-18
6-19
6-20
6-21
6-22
6-23
6-24
6-25
6-26
6-27
6-28
6-29
6-30
6-11
6-11
6-12
6-13
6-14
6-14
6-15
6-15
6-16
6-17
6-17
6-18
6-19
6-20
6-20
6-21
6-22
6-23
6-23
6-24
6-25
7-1
7-2
7-3
7-4
7-5
7-6
7-7
7-8
7-9
7-10
7-1
7-2
7-2
7-2
7-3
7-4
7-5
7-5
7-5
7-6
7-11
7-6
7-12
7-13
7-14
7-15
7-16
7-6
7-6
7-7
7-7
7-7
8-1
8-2
8-3
8-4
8-5
8-6
8-7
8-2
8-3
8-4
5
8-5
8-6
8-7
6-9
6-10
6-10
AMCP 706&210
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (Cont'd)
,Lg.
No.
Page
I",t e.
8-8
8-9
8-10
8-11
8-12
...
.......
......
Fuze, XM717 ........
.......
Pneumatic Dashpot for Arming Delay ...
Delay Assembly of Fuze, XM218 ..................
Chemical Long Delay System ......................
Electromagnetic Induction Sea Mine ................
8-9
8-9
8-10
8-10
8-11
9-1
9-2
9-3
9-4
9-5
9-6
9-7
9-8
9-9
9-5
9-6
9-7
9-7
9-8
9-10
9-11
9-11
9-12
10-1
10-2
10-3
104
10-1
10-2
10-4
105
10-5
10-6
10-7
10-8
10-9
I ...............
Effect of Detent Length ...........
................
Booster, M21A4 .................
Timing Movement of Fuze, MTSQ, M502A1 ..........
Centrifugal Drive ................................
20 mm Fuze, M505A3 ............................
10-6
10-7
10-9
10-10
10-11
11-1
11-2
11-3
11-4
11-5
11-3
11-4
11-5
11-6
11-6
12-1
12-2
12-3
12-4
12-5
12-6
12-7
12-8
12-9
12-10
12-11
12-12
12-13
12-14
12-2
12-2
12-5
12-6
12-7
12-8
12-8
12-9
12-10
12-12
12-13
12-13
12-13
12-13
13-1
13-2
.......
13-2
13-3
xi
AMCP 706-210
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (Contd)
/"tg. Ao.
Page
13-3
13-4
13-5
13-6
13-3
13.4
13.5
13-5
14-1
14-2
14-3
14-4
14-5
14-6
14-7
14-2
14-3
14-5
14-8
14-8
14-8
14-12
15-1
15-2
15-3
15-4
15-5
15-3
15-4
15-5
15-6
15-13
A-1
15-6
15-7
15-8
15-9
15-10
15-11
15-12
xii
Tttle
15-7
15-7
15-7
15-8
15-9
15-10
15-11
15-11
15-12
A-I-1
AMCP 70,210
LIST OF TABLES
Tab le No.
Ttt le
Page
1-1
1-5
4-1
4-2
4-3
4-4
6-1
4-3
4-4
4-5
4-5
6-2
6-2
6-7
7-1
7-8
8-1
8-8
9-1
9-2
9-6
9-9
10-1
10-2
10-5
10-8
12-1
12-2
12-4
12-4
14-1
14-2
14-4
14-6
15-1
15-2
15-3
15-4
,
15-5
15-2
15-4
15-6
15-10
15-14
xlii
AMCP 706-210
LIST OF SYMBOLS*
= Area
= Restraining force
= Acceleration
= Acceleration in g's
= Force of friction
= Frequency, of oscillation
C
C
= Capacitance
= ApcitanteG
= Torque
= Shear modulus of elasticity
=A constant
C
c
G!
G
= Frictional torque
= Initial spring torque
CL
E
E6
EC
= Extinction
SI potential of a diode
He
P
2
Acceleration due to gravity. 32.2 ft/sec
Power output
hc
h
Potential energy
Het
Angular momentum
Moment of inertia
2nd moment of area
Generated voltage
Minimum operating voltage
A constant
= Electrical energy
H/
/, = Frequency received
= Frequency tranmitted
= Current
Generalized force
FC = Centrifugal force
FCO
F,
Coriolis force
Creep force
K0
= Drag coefficient
Fd
Detent force
= Wahl factor
F0
Drag force
= Spring constant
Form factor
FS
Normal force
= Length
= Proportionality constant
Symbols that bear subscripts other than those shown here are defined in their immediate context.
AMCP 706210
- Clearance
Velocity
,N - Moment
I'
L = Velocity of bomb radio receiver
1Q= Initial velocity (fps)
mt = Friction moment
= Mass
== Mas of a detent
- Mass of a part
N
N
n
= Pressure
P
p
- Hydyostatic pressure
= Damping coefficient
- A constant force
- Resistance
- Radius
= Radial distance to center of gravity
- Initial radius
= Weight
WP = Weight of a part
w = Width of a clevis
c = Width of an eye
X = Force in the x -direction
x = Displacement
X0 = Initial displacement
Y = Force in y-direction
y = Displacement
Z
z
= Force in z-direction
= Displacement
Greek Letters
a = Angular acceleration
= Compressibility
' = Concentration of a solution
Final radius
S = Distance
Sf
Safety factor; stress factor
1
s - Spiral constant
in degrees Kelvin
T = Absolute temperature
T C = Time constant
t = Time
t = Spring thickness
u
= Radial velocity
Spring deflection
q = Viscosity
0
= Angular displacement
0o= Initial angular displacement
K = Rate of reaction
= General coefficient of friction
= Kinetic coefficient of frietion
1
p, = Static coefficient of friction
*9ymbols that bear subscripts other tlban those shown here are defined in their immediate context.
xv
p
p.
p,
D-nd of a u
iDendty of ai
liquid, or sold
Desty of water
De
=Magnetic flux
Angular displacement
= Initial angular displacement
=
Ban
kding stres
oaee - Maximum stress
- Gear ratio
= Normal stem
a Sheer straw
- Poisson's ratio
II
*Symbols that bear subscripts other than those shown here are defined in their immediate context.
XV1
AMCP 706.210
PREFACE
The Engineering Design Handbooks of the U.S. Army Materiel Command
have evolved over a vwmber of years for the purpose of making readily available basic information, technical data, and practical guides for the development of military equipment. While aimed primarily at U.S. Army materiel, the
handbooks serve as authoritative references fQr needs of other branches of the
Armed Services as well. The present handbook is one of a series on Fuzes.
This publication is the first revision of the Handbook, Fu ze, , ,e ?a I and
,Uechan wa 1. Extensive changes were made to update the volume. Information
on explosive trains was condensed, this subject now being treated in its own
publication, AMCP 706-179. Illustrations of sample ammunition items, references, and test data were brought up to date. New chapters are included on
design considerations and design guidance. The treatment of electric fuze actions waR greatly enlarged with material excerpted from AMCP 706-215.
This handbook present6 both theoretical and practical data pertaining to
fuzes. Coverage includes initiation, arming, design, and tests of fuzes and their
components. Both mechanical and electric fuze actions are treated. The fuzing of all conventional ammunition items is covered.
Prepared as an aid to ammunition designers, this handbook should also be
of benefit to scientists and engineers engaged in other basically related research and development programs or who have responsibility for the planning
and interpretation of experiments and tests concerning the performance of
ammunition or ammunition components.
The handbook was prepared by The Franklin Institute Research Laboratories, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was written for the Engineering Handbook Office of Dukte University, prime contractor to the Army Research
Office-Durham. Its preparation was under the technical guidance and coordination of a special committee with representation from Picatinny Arsenal,
Frankford Arsenal, and Edgewood Arsenal of the U.S. Army Munitions
Command, and Harry Diamond Laboratories of AMC. Chairman of this committee was Mr. Wm. A. Schuster of Picatinny Arsenal.
The Handbooks are readily available to all elements of AMC, including
personnel and contractors having a need and/or requirement. The Army
Materiel Command policy is to release these Engineering Design Handbooks
to other DOD activities and their contractors and to other Government
agencies in accordance with current Army Regulation 70-31, dated 9 September 1966. Procedures for acquiring these Handbooks follow:
a. Activities within AMC and other DOD agencies should direct their requests on an official form to:
Commanding Officer
Letterkenny Army Depot
ATTN: AMXLE-ATD
Chambersburg, Pennsylvania 17201
b. Contractors who have Department of Defense contracts should submit
their requests, through their contracting officer with proper justification, to
the address indicated in paragraph a.
xvii
AMCP 7W210
c. Government agencies other than DOD having need for the Handbooks
may submit their requests directly to the Letterkenny Army Depot, as indicated in paragraph a above, or to:
Commanding General
U.S. Army Materiel Command
ATTN: AMCAD.PP
Washington, D.C. 20315
or
Director
Defense Documentation Center
ATTN:-, TCA
Cameron Station
Alexandria, Virginia 22314
d. Industries not having Government contracts (this includes Universities)
must forward their requests to:
Commanding General
U.S. Army Materiel Command
ATTN-. AMCRD-TV
Washington, D.C. 20315
e. All foreign requests must be submitted through the Washington, D.C.
Embassy to:
Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence
ATTN: Foreign Liaison Office
Department of the Army
Washington, D.C. 20310
All requests, other than those originating within DOD, must be accompanied by a valid justification.
Comments and suggestions on this handbook are welcome and should be
addressed to Army Research Office-Durham, Box CM, Duke Station, Durham,
North Carolina 27706.
xviii
AMCP 706.210
FUZES
PART ONE-FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1-1 DEFINITION AND PURPOSE OF A FUZE
The word fuze is used to describe a wide variety of devices used with munitions to provide
basically the functions of (a) sating, i.e., keeping
the munition safe for storing, handling, (including accidental mishandling), and launching or
emplacing; (b) arming, i.e., sensing the environment(s) associated with actual use including
safe separation and thereupon aligning explosive trains, closing switches and/or establishing
other links to enable the munition; and (c) firing, i.e., sensing the point in space or time at
which initiation is to occur and effecting such
initiation. See also MIL-STD-444, Nomenclature
and Definitions in the Ammunition Area.t
There is a very wide variety of munitions in
existence and new ones are continuously being
developed. They include artillery ammunition
(nuclear and non-nuclear), mortar ammunition,
bombs, mines, grenades, pyrotechnics, atomic
demolition munitions, missile warheads (nuclear
and non-nuclear), and other munition items.
Because of the variety of types and the wide
range of sizes, weights, yields, and intended
usage, it is natural that the configuration, size,
and complexity of fuzes vary also over a wide
range. Fuzes extend all the way from a relatively simple device such as a grenade fuze to
a highly sophisticated system or subsystem such
as a radar fuze for a missile warhead. In many
instances the fuze is a single physical entitysuch as a grenade fuze-while in other instances
two or more interconnected components placed
in various locations within or even outside the
mrnition make up the fuze or fuzing system.
There is also a wide variety of fuze related components, such as power sources, squibs, initiators, timers, sating and arming (integrating) devices, cables, and control boxes which are sometimes developed, stocked, and issued as individual end items but which in the overall picture
constitute a part of the fuzing system.
Leading nations such as the U.S.A. employ
the most advanced technology available in the
design of modem weapons and are constantly
advancing the state-of-the-art. This is particularly true of fuzes because of their important
and exacting role, constituting in effect the
brain of the munition. This handbook in the
Engineering Design Handbook Series is concemed with the basic principles underlying the
design of fuzes. Since the final design of any
fuze will depend upon the required role and
performance and upon the ingenuity of the designer, attention in the handbook is focused on
these basic principles. Illustrations of applications are purposely kept as simplified as possible,
leaving the final design approaches, as they
must be, to the fuze designer.
1-2 FUZE ACTION
Inherent to the understanding of fuze design is the concept of the progression of the
action of the explosive train starting with initiation and progressing to the burst of the maui
charge in the warhead. Initiation as the word
implies, sterts with an input "signal," such as
target sensing, impact, or other. This "signal"
then must be amplified by such devices as a
detonator (first stage of amplification), a lead
and M.R.Smith.
AMCP 706-210
to respond to the initial (weak) signals, it is
tbe basic role of the fuze not only to signal the
presence of the target and to initiate the explosive train, but also to provide safety by
at ' but provision is made for other arming finetions such as switch closures all of which are
finaliy completed at I, and the fuze is fully
armed and ready to function,
1-3 TYPICAL AMMUNITION ITEMS
UNARMED
PART
-)AM
*ARMED
Is
ALIGNED ARMED
Fu
MEU-'AMED--
i1-3(B).
o,
ALIGNMENT
_,___
OE-A
TIME
--
pertain tv Ileferences.
Nunivri al Refernce's are li,ted at the end of each
Chapt,-r hilc lettvred Hejerences are liq ted at the end
of tlhe text.
AMCP 706-210
or three fuzes are used sometimes to insure explosion of the hursting charge. Bomb
fuzes often are armed by vanes that spin in
RGITwo
-
--.
PIR
PRIMER
INTERRUPTER
FUZE
DETONATOR
ROTOR
BOOSTER
BURSTING
CHARGE
i
NOZZLEANO
FIN ASSENGlLY
fI
(
oc
okt
W&NNEAO
tMS
~BOOST(t"
O.AETY
U41 DETONATOR
NAND
ROTATING
BAND
jlEII0NPIN -
t4
o oz
0
ti
4(BP
Pure, M404AI
CHARGE
> %CARTRIDGE
CASE
IGNITER
,-CARTRIDGE
PRIMER
tR
f.-f-
-E
1-3.4 MINES
Mines are a class of munitions which are prpositioned or emplaced at points or in areas,
typically by burying, so as to deter the enemy
from moving into the area. Fig. 1-53 shows
Mine, Antitank, M15 with Fuze, M603. As a
tank or other heavy vehicle rolls over the mine,
it depresses the pressure plate which causes the
1-3.3 BOMBS
1-4 REQUIREMENTS
Fig. 1-42 illustrates a typical bomb with its
main parts. Fins provide stability in flight.
The body contains the high explosive; fuzes
may b? located in the nose, the tail, or the side.
SAFETY CLIP
SAFETY CLIP
---
" '-ARMING
WINE-
SUENINLS
NOSE FUZE
ARMING VANMESUPNINLG
L,
ur 1L4 Typca Bo
FEAIERSPIN
FUZE
P
SUR E
E
RE AI E
,
F ZE*
PR NG
S P RI NGE
ISEIL
Figure ~~
14AA
41,~
IPRIIN.
~
~
1-. nitnkMne
ih ~ ux,14
RUW
AMCP 706-210
#
ly End It.
Genade
GualedMisie
mine
Mirtar
Proetue
~(UU)Mechanica
Chuemical
Concrete-picng (Cp)
Ho Explo
- veAuitan (HAT)
lumition
signal
Target Practic
Training
BlyTactial ApUp'ation
,to-Air
Ar. .tomUnd
Emplaced
Caound.WO-Ai
Point-Ntonatng (PD)
DuDetonating
(BD)
Pointvinitltng,Bae
Detonating (PIaD)
Tocetm
By Purpose
ling
Somb
Time
Pyrotechnic Time (Pr)
Time (MTj
Self-Detruction (SD)
Pressut
Preaure
Hydrootatic
armet
my h ,,,,..
am
Internal
AMCP 706-210
delay fuzes for bombs and underwater mines
may have delay times after impact (emplacement) of from minutes to days. These fuzes usually contain antiremoval devices to discourage
defuzing by the enemy.
1-5.2 TIME FUZES
COMMAND FUZES
These are fuzes in which action is created external to the fuze and its associated munition,
and deliberately communicated by the fuze by
electrical, mechanical, optical, or other means
involving control from a remote point.
14
NONEXPLOSIVE FUZES
AMCP 706210
GUIDE PIN
FIIG
J!V~
'
2TRIKER
BoosgrER
~~LEAD
CHARGE
M44 DETONATOR
CL
KWR
CLOCKWORK
SLIDER SPRING
Figure 1-6. Fuze, PD, M525
1-7
AWMC
U210
FIRING PIN-
SAFETY
7
BLANK HlOLE
IN-
PDIDNAF
t
INTERRuPTER
PIN
GUIDE PON4---'-
SPRING
COTTER PIN
,AO
LED
LEAD
HAROL
f*f~
lUfh
fuse when the projectile emergies f&M *0 muzzle. The firing pin in its rearward position is in
the blank hole of the lider (Fig. 1-7) t sto act
as a second detent on the slider.
(2) Setback also frees the scapement pellet
to start the clockwork in the head assembly. At
the end of a 3-second arming delay, a spring
causes forward motion of the firing pi, asn
it to withdraw from the slider. The slider, then,
is preente from movig until both (a) the projectile clears the tube, and (b) the clockwork
runs5 down.
(3) When tie slider is fre to move, the
detoartor in he slid is alined with the firing
pin and lead. Upon target =mpact, the striker
pushes the firing pin into the detonator. The
detonation seta off the lead and the booster.
j
5tiw
REFERENCES
a-t Lettered references are listed at the end of this
handbook.
o Ary, ebrary
-190,
1 .TM
ocktsDep.
f Army,40e2ru) r
Dept
T
drkes
1TM1950
1958(uner
a TM9-130-20).N.
rvison
2. TM 9.1325-200, Bombs and Bomb C *nponents,
Dept. of Army, April 1966.
CHPTER 2
GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
The A s an examp e of a complex Modern
dvice. Cuitainly, its design requires an eq-
Beyond this
will
2-1
-M
N3
By direction, new weapon systems must provide more than marginal improvements over
existing systems. The improvement may be in
the ao of incresd effectiveness, reliability,
sis w:
(1) Objective(s)
(2) Alternative means or systems
(3) Costs or resources required for each
system
2-2
ECONOMICS
AMCP 706-210
POWER
ELECTRIC
2-4 STANDARDIZATION
2-4.1 USE OF STANDARD COMPONENTS
The decision as to whether to dapt a system
design to the use of a standardized component or
to design a new component especially adapted
to a system is often one of the most difficult a
designer has to make. On the one hand, a new
item has often been developed because, in the
layout stage of design, it took less effort to
sketch in something that fit the dimensions than
to find out what was available. On the other
hand, the hard and fast resolution to use only
shelf items has resulted in systems which are
2-3
cost and effort because every fuze requires development, arawings, jigs, fixtures, inspection
gages, packaging, and storage space. It is customary to make common fuzes interchangeable.
In some cases interchangeability may be
neither possible nor desirable. It would not be
economical or feasible to introduce into all
fuzes certain special features that are demanded
by special weapons.
Interchangeability of fuze parts has not always
received the attention that it deserves. All of the
advantages of multiple usage fuzes are valid for
fuze parts. Usually, the manufacturer of small
p-ts designs his parts for his machines and his
American-British-Canadian-Australian Standard.
to cut down on the vast number of parts. Explosive components have largely been standardized. No doubt, many advrntages will accrue
when similar steps are taken for screws, nuts,
nose caps, pins, detents, and other sundry parts.
24.2 NEED FOR FORMALITY
standard.
Another standard of this type is MIL-STD320. It lists the standardized series of dimensions for newly developed detonators, primers,
and leads.
One of the reasons for standardizing fuze
contours is to enable interchangeability. Maxi.
mum interchangeability is a design goal. Every
fuze shotld be usable on as many munitions as
possible so as to reduce the total number of different types of fuzes required. Savings arise in
NOTE - ALL DIMENSIONS I
WA-,
01A
1
,S
INCHES
r
&
'GgLt-O7
"4X
reports and drawings. The reports should contain brief statements of the problem and the
W AC
OG'
--
WEIGH?
I
--
16MAY
S0o.o.o,
- "s.0
V
376-NO
-.
.97 MAX.
2.4
AMCP 706-210
aassure clarity and completeness.
All changes must be properly documented
concerning their cause and effect because every
statement in the requirements has a purpose.
Requests for exemptions or modifications may
certainly be made, but they should be properly
handled. The designer might feel, for example,
that a change in color, protrusion, or material
will not affect performance. However, he may
not be aware that the color he chose to vary may
have been standardized as a warning of toxic
gases, that the protrusion may present a packaging problem or that the particular material is
critically needed elsewhere.
The problem is further intensified because
people in many different locations may be working on this particular fuze. All designers must
have identical and up-to-date information. A
change in one lot or in one drawing, even if an
improvement, could still confuse users, inspectors, and supervisors. Efficiency can be achieved
only by the freest use of clear communication to
avoid error and duplication of effort.
It is essential that patent disclosure be made
for all new inventions9 . A patent will not only
insure recognition for the inventor and protect
his interest but it will also protect the rights of
the Government. Any designer who has an idea
that he believes to be new, novel, or unique
should write up a brief description that will identify it. A simple, freehand sketch always helps.
The dated description or disclosure should then
be signed by two witn, ;es and by the designer
himself. Thereafter, a patent application will be
filed and the other customary legal steps can
follow if desired.
2-5 HUMAN FACTORS ENGINEERING
The term Human Factors Engineering has
been used in recent years to characterize design
activities aimed at assuring accurate, reliable,
safe, and efficient use of components, tools,
machines, and systems by human beings. When.
ever and wherever man is the ultimate user of
what we design, his capabilities and limitations
must be considered in the design process. Although many aspects qf Human Factors Engineering rely on the application of common sense,
it is often difficult for the fuze designer to pro.
ject the intended uses of his fuze, or the possible
-ways
2.5
KNURL
RELASE
BUTTON
2-6
..
=4
1
~AMCP
706-210
REFERENCES
a-t Lettered references are listed at the end of
this handbook.
1. Robert N. Grosse, An Introduction to CostEffectiveness "lnalysis, Research Analysis
Corporation, McLean, Va., July 1965, AD-622
112.
2. J. D. McCullough, Cost-Effectiveness: Estiriating Systems Costs, Rand Corporation, September 1965, AD-622 023.
3. AMCR 70-28, Research and Development Systems lnal sis, Army Materiel Command Regulotion, August 1966.
4. MIL-STD-721A, Definition of Terms for Relialiity Engineering, Dept. of Defense, 2 August 1962.
5. AMCP 706-110, Engineering Design Handbook,
Experimental Statistics, Section 1, Basic Conceptq and Analysis of Measurement Data.
2-7
AMCP 706W210
CHAPTER 3
PRINCIPLES OF FUZE INITIATION
3-1 GENERAL
A fuze is a device used to cause functioning of
a munition at a desired time or under specific
circumstances. To accomplish this task, the fuze
must become armed, determine a time interval,
sense a target, or recognize some specific circumstance, and then initiate the desired action,
including any delays or other specialized actions
that might be required. Commonly, the desired
action is to start the propagation of an explosion. These actions are divided into two main
parts, arming and functioning
Arming concerns the shift in the status of a
fuze from a safe condition to tiat in which the
fuze can function. It is discussed extensively in
Part TWO.
Fuze functioning is the succession of normal
actions from initiation of the first element to delivery of an impulse from the last element of the
explosive train. First, the fuze must sense the
target. When the proper target stimulus is received, the fuze mechanism is then ready to go
through the steps that will lead to initiation of
the first element of the explosive train. These
steps differ depending on whether the fuze is
mechanical or electrical.
3-2 TARGET SENSING
Different munitions are assigned specific tasks.
Some are designed to detonate as they approach
their targets, others are expected to detonate upon impacting the target, and still others are expected to detonate only after penetrating the
target. In some cases, it is desired that the fuze
provide for optional actions. Some fuzes are required to destroy the munition if no target is
sensed within a given time interval or flight dis.
tance. Some items, such as mines, are expected
to lie dormant for indefinite periods and then to
function when a suitable target moves into their
effective range. In every instance, the fuze must
first sense the target at the proper time or distance so that its subsequ'ent actions may be initiated. This problem is usually solved in one of
these ways: (1) sensing by contact between
AMCP 706-210
AMCP 70.210
remote sensing.
initiation then, it is necessary to obtain
relative motion between firing pin and primer.
For the simplest solution, the forces on munition impact are used to crush its nose, thereby
forcing the pin into the primer. In a base fuze,
the pin or primer may float in a guide throuph
which it moves when relative changes in mo.
mentum occur. Springs are also used to provide
relative motion between pin and primer, especially in time fuzes where inertial forces of impact are not available.
Firing pins for stab initiation are different
from those for percussion initiation as ex.
plained in the paragraphs which follow. Typical
firing pins are shown in Fig. 3-1. Ir.itiation by
adiabatic compression, on the other hand, does
not require a firing pin at all.
-11415-41012 OWAU
0.079-0.005
- -of
WAN.
4-4(A).
.4-.2
0.140.0
(4Stab Pin for Fuze,, M5.57
3-3
SContrary
w-
"
00
--
o2800I OIAtM
Lo.37_o~oo
NAM04s-Qo1
374-0002ce
SPHER. RAO.
KEyWAy
0.126 wI
(B) Percussion Pin for Bomb Pure, M904,
to Initiate M9 Delay Element
NOTE:- ALL DIMENSIONS IN INCHES
Figure 3-1. Typical Firing Pins
INCLUO
o
0
O
ANGLE 260-40
0.004 in.r
FINISH e~the
ALL OVER
INITIATION BY PERCUSSION
does not puncture the case in percussion initiation. This difference in action is due to primer
construction. In a percussion primer, the explosive is backed up by a metal anvil. The firing pin
dents the ca and pinches the explosive between
and anvil. The minimum energy of the firing
pin is, therefore, a function of the explosive, its
container, and the supporting stucture. Energy
must be applied at a rate sufficient to fracture
the granular structure of the explosive. Incidentally, percussion primers are constructed in "this
manner to seal the gas. Percussion primers are
discussed more fully in par. 4-3. Typical prime
are shown in Fig. 4B) and (C.
Criteria for percission firing pins have not as
yet been refined to the same degree as those for
stab pins. However, studies have been made of
the effect of firing pin contour on the sensitivity
of specific primers. It was found that a hemispherical tip gives greater sensitivity than a fiat
tip and that there is little effect on primer sensitivity as a result of changing tip radius. A hill investigation of the sensitivity relationship with respect to cup, anvil, charge, and pin has indicated
that sensitivity variations appear to originatk in
the nature of primer cup collapme Crather than in
detonation phenomenon itself
A study of the effect of firing pin alignment
on primer sensitivity indicates that there is little
effect if the eccentricity is less than 0.02 in.
Above this eccentricity, sensitivity decreases
rapidly because of primer construction. Sensi.
tivity also decreases as the rigidity of the primer
mounting is decreased.
3.3.4 INITIATION BY ADIABATIC COMPRESSION
A very simple impact fuze that does not contain a firing pin is one that is initiated by a process called adiabatic compression. Fig. 3-3 llustrates a small caliber fuze of this type. The
AMCP 706-210
ALUNUM
WASHER
FUZE BODY
I
HH
HIGH EXPLOSIV
AIR CJUMNN
--'
DETONATOR CHARGE
and place.
3-4.2
AMCP 706210
3.4.3.1 Piuzoek04ot
Tauduuaes
When a piezoelectric element is stressed mechanically, a potential difference will exist across
the element which will cause a charge to flow in
the circuit. One common method of manufacturing such transducers is to form a polycrystalline piezoelectric material into a ceramic.
These ceramics can be formed into any desired
shape, such as a disk. For actual use in a circuit,
the faces of the ceramic body are usually silvercoated to form electrodes. In general, the voltage
across such an element is proportional to the
product of stress and element thickness while
the charge per unit area produced is proportional
to the applied stress. The voltage is developed
immediately when the element is stressed.
A straightforward use of a piezoelectric transducer is to place it in the nose of a projectile. On
impact, the element will be stressed and a voltage
pulse will be supplied directly to an electric initiator. The element must be designed to provide
the proper voltage. A word of caution--it is possible to generate high voltage (10,000 volts) upon target impact, which will break down the
electrical insulation thereby grov-ding out the
initiating pulse.
Piezoelectric elements are stressed on impact.
The signal is transmitted at once in those applications where it is desired to function the fuze a
very short time after impact. In HEAT projectiles, for example, the main explosive charge
must be detonated before appreciable loss of
stand-off results from crushing of the ogive or
before deflection occurs from the target at high
angles of obliquity. This necessitates a fuze function time of 200 u sec or less after impact '
These elements have also been used in applications where delay after impact is specified.
To accomplish this, the energy pulse generated
by the element at impact can be applied to the
detonator through a delay network. Another
possible solution is to stress the element on
firing to charge a capacitor. At impact, an im3.6
cMA-
L
Figure 3-4. Piezoelectric Nose Element
A somewhat simpler arrangement, in which
the element is mounted in the base of a round,
is shown in Fig. 3-5. This arrangement also
eliminates the connecting wire and results in a
self-contained base fuze. Mounting the element
in the base, however, requires that it be stressed
by the impact shock wave transmitted to the
base along the walls of the projectile.
In some applications, the complete fuze, in.
cluding the piezoelectric element, Is mounted
in the nose of a round. As in the case of the basemounted element, this results in a self-contained
fuze. Care must be taken to prevent the fuze
from being damaged at impact, particularly in
applications where a delay-after-impact feature
is incorporated.
Quite often, better performance can be obtained by usir two or more elements connected
in electrical parallel rather than a single element.
To reduce the possibility of premature fuze
function, a bleeder resistor is normally connected across the piezoelectric element to dissipate any electrical charge that it might accumulate during storage or as a result of stress induced
by setback or spin. The value of the bleeder resistor must be high enough to insure that most
AMCP 706-210
P61ZOELIC?0I1
CAYST&L
Fir
3port),
Figure 3-5. Piezoelectric Base Element
of the energy delivered by the elemeit is dissipated in the detonator. Some protection against
prematures as well as decreased sensitivity to
light targets (such as 1/8-in, fir plywood) may be
obtained by the use of a large air gap (in the order of 0.150 in.) in the circuit between Lhe element and the detonator. This ap is closed by the
force of impact with heavier targets. A small gap
(in the order of 0.010 in.) may be used if a material with a suitable dielectric is added. Upon impact with the target, sufficient energy must be
generated by the piezoelectric element to cause
electrical arcing through the dielectric permitting
normal functioning. The use of a bleeder resistor
is recommended even with a spsrk gap, The
bleeder resistor should directly shunt the piezoelectric element and not include the spark gap in
its circuit.
The Piezoelectric Control-Power Supply,
XM22E4, is shown in Fig. 3-62 . It is the power
source for the XM539E4 Base Fuze of the
XM409 HEAT Cartridge. The power supply,
ElectromagnetIc Generators
SHORTING BAR
trical connection that follows through the adjacent parts and to the impact switch. Further
electrical continuity is interrupted by the switch
insulator. Upon deceleration due to impact or
graze function, the ball is driven forward, deflecting the tarks of the switch, and making con-
F:EZOIO
SWITCH
INSULATOR
CALL SWITCH
B
FULCRUM PLATE
A--
-"
TERMINAL
1os
In
AMCP 70210
these necestate relative movement between a
magnet and a conducting coil.
The generated voltape depends upon the numbet of lines of magnetic force which the conductor can cut and the velocity with which this cutting is accomplished. As an example of the first
type, a fuze may be supplied with energy from
an electric generator that is wind-driven by an
external propeller at speeds up to 50,000 rpm.
The generator must be small, light, rugged,
stable, and simple in operation. The rotor is a
small permanent magnet while the stator carries
two windings, one for low voltage and the other
for high voltage. The low voltage, AC, heat. the
vacuum tube filaments but the high voltage is
rectified with a selenium rectifier and the resulting DC siaa is filtered for the plate supply.
This voltage may also be used to fire an electric
detonator,
Fig. 3-7 shows a typical circuit for an electrical system tha&can be solved for the voltage
across the load resistance RL by applying Maxwell's loop current methods. Here
- d
II
3-4.3.3 BatWti
Batteries are appealing because they can be
adapted to a large number of situations. They
aof several types'.
Batteries with radioactive elements are, in general, high-voltage low-current-drain cells. These
(3-1)
where E is the generated voltage, N is the number of turns in the coil, and d4b/dt is the rate of
change of the flux in weber/sec. The flux is relatively constant, but since the rotor speed varies
widely, E also varies. The voltage may be regulated by the following method: The load resistance is made small in comparison with the inductive reactance of the stator winding. Then as
the rotor speed increases, the frequency of the
generated voltage increases. However, the internal impedance of the generator increases
which tends to hold the output voltage constant.
Also a capacitor is shunted across the load resistor. As the frequency increases, the impeINDUCTIVE
GENERATED
V0LTG
Eg
REACTANCE
xL
LO
APACTIVEI
EACTANCE
RRE
CURRENT
j .^
xNT CRET
LOO
g
Figure 3.7. Typical Circuit for Wind-driven
Generator
3-8
AMCP 706-210
operation. One way of providing heat is to sur-
'
G (E,2 - E. 2.)
joule
(
(3-3)
3-4.3.4 Capacitors
Capacitors can be used as convenient sources
when an electric pulse of short duration is required. Advantages are lightness, economy, and
stability. Capacitors may either be precharged
from an external power source or from a selfcontained source such as a battery or a piezoelectric transducer. Assume that the voltage to
which the capacitor is charged, the minimum,
voltage required to initiate the detonator, and
the load resistance are known. Then the time
interval t during which a given capacitor can operate as a power supply, i.e., retain a usable
charge, is given by
E
RL C 1n -L,
E
(3-2)
sec
where
RL = total leakage resistance of the system, including the capacitor, ohm
C
= voltage at which
charged, volt
=
capacitor is
& Co.,
applied. This is often a difficult problem because the parameters of the initiator have not
3.9
AMCP 706-210
necessarily been determined in the same terms as
those that define the power source pulse.
Suppose, for example, a battery is chosen
as the source. This battery operates at a certain voltage with one resistive load for a speci,
fied time interval. However, the voltage or
the time may be greatly changed if an initiator
is chosen with its resistance several orders of
magnitude lower or higher. It then may be
necessary to redetermine the action of the
battery or to choose another initiator. The initiators with larger resistance often require higher
voltage levels than those with the small resistanceb evn though the energy requirements
may be less. This circumstance sometimes develops into a, oscillating test program in which
one initiator is chosen to fit the available pulse
and then the power source is modified to make
the fit even ci, ser. Then a new initiator is
chosen, etc.
REFERENCES
a-t Lettered references are listed at the end of this
handbook.
1. L. Doremus, Piezoelectric Elements it,, High
PowerElectric Energy Sources, Picatinny Arsenal, Technical Report 2562, Dover, N. J., Sep.
tember 1958.
2. F. Spinale, Fuze PIRI). \.V539 Series and Suppli, Control Power, Y.1122 Series (U), HesseEastern Civ., Everett, Mass., Final Summary
Report, 14 February 1966, Contract DA-19-020-
3-10
ORD-5442, (Confidential).
3. R. G. Amicone, Batterie.s for Fu:es (C), The
Franklin Institute, Report LM-2024-1, Philodelphia, Pa., November 1957, Contract DA-36-034502-ORD-1, (Confidential).
4. R. B. Goodrich, Thermal Blatteries, Reserve
Power Supplies Developed for Immunition and
9We.pons 4pplications, Diamond Ordnance Fuze
Laboratories (now U.S. Army Harry Diamond
Laboratories), Report TR-155, Washington, D.C.,
14 March 1955.
AMCP 70&-210
CHAPTER 4
THE EXPLOSIVE TRAIN
4-1 GENERAL
The explosive train is an important part of the
fuze system in that it provides transistion of a
relatively feeble stimulus into tie desired explosive output of the main charge. An explosive
train is an assembly of explosive elements arranged in order of decreasing sensitivity. While
both high and low explosive trains exist, we are
concerned mainly with the former in this
chapter.
The reader is urged to study the handbook,
Exph~si,,e Trains ', if his interest is in the design
or development of explosive trains. This reference contains far more detail and many more
references on the subject than can be included
in the scope of this handbook.
4-2 EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS
Explosive materials used in ammunition are
substances or mixtures of substances which may
be made to undergo a rapid chemical change,
without an outside supply of oxygen, with the
liberation of large quantities of energy generally
accompanied by the evolution of hot gases. Cer-
velocity of sound through the undisturbed material. When used in its normal manner, low explosive burns or deflagrates rather than detonates.
The burning rate depends upon such characteristics as the degree of confinement, area of burning surf,-ce, and composition. In many instances,
low explosives are fuels mixed with suitable oxidants in order to obtain the proper burning
action.
As shown in Fig. 4-1, burning starts at the
point of initiation 0 and travels along the column of explosive as indicated'. The products
travel in every direction away from the burning
surface. As a result, pressure is built up within
the space of confinement. The velocity of propagation increases with pressure until it becomes
constant.
Low explosives are divided into two groups:
(1) gas-producing low explosives which include
propellants, certain primer mixtures, igniter mixtures, black powder, photoflash powders, and
certain delay compositions; and (2) non-gas-producing low explosives including the gasless type
delay compositions.
COLUMN OF LOW EXPLOSIVE
0lRI
FLAME FRONT-
--
1W
in fuzes. Each one has its peculiarities and effects. Some materials are described in order to
provide a basis for comparison. Since this is a
0 STANCE
INUNDISTURO
ALONG COLUMN
MEDIUM
I|
AMCF 71-210
as the vigor of initiation, particle size, amount of
charge reacted initially, and other factors.
0111
)
Secondary high explosives are not readily initiated by heat or mechanical shock but rather by
/
WAVE VELOCITY
STABLE DETONATION
1
DISTANCE
/t
[
STABLE DETONATION
4-2
..
out detonating.
The detonation velocities of high explosives
are illustrated in Figs. 4-2 and 4-3. Fig. 4-2
WAVE VELOCITY
NONOTONATING "
IGH EXPLO'. 1E
a
M
DISTANCE
=,
THROUGH
HIGH EXPLOSIVE
INUNDISTURSED
MEDIUM
AMCP 706-210
of a low energy input. All explosives have characteristic sensitivities to various forms of stimuli
such as mechanical, electrical, or heat impulses.
The most common form of mechanical stinmulus is impact. See 'Fable 4-1 for impact sensitivity ratings of explosives, Senttivity of an explosive to impact is determined by dropping a
2-kg weight on a sample of the explosive from
different heights. Sensitivity is then defined as
the least height at which 1 out of 10 tries results
in an activation. The greater the drop height, the
lower is the sensitivity. Different apparatus yield
slight differences in results. There are two types
of apparatus commonly employed:, one developed by the Bureau of Mines3 and one by
Picatinny 4,rsenal4 .
TABLE 4-1. IMPACT SENSITIVITY OF EXPLOSIVES
PA Illpa(t
irop of .- ky
xploste
Lead Azide
Lead Styphnate
TNT
RDX
Tetryl
Composition B
Weight, in.
Bur,,au of
Mines, in.
5
3
14
8
8
14
7
7
40
13
11
30
Stability is the measure of an explosive's ability to remain unaffected during prolonged storage or by adverse environmental conditions (pressure, temperature, humidity). Samples of the explosive are removed periodically (annually) from
storage and tested for any change in propertieb.
Ordinarily the time required for such surveillance
tests is too long, hence accelerated tests are carried out under simulated environmental conditions. Weight loss, volume of gas evolved, time
for traces of nitrogen oxides to appear, temperature of ignition, decomposition, or detonation
provide data from which the stability oi the explosive may be inferred with a reasonable degree
of certainty.
('omipatibility implies that two materials, such
as an explosive charge and its container, do not
react chemically when in contact with or in
proximity to each other, particularly over long
periods of storage. Incompatibilities may produce either more sensitive or less sensitive com)pounds
or affect the parts they touch. If the
metal container is incompatible with the explosive, coating or plating it with a compatible material will often resolve the difficulty. The compatibility of two materials may be determined
by st3ring them together for a long Lime under
both ordinary and extreme conditions of temper.
ature and humidity. Table 4.2 lists compatibility relations among various metals and cornmon explosive materials. The blank spaces indi.
cate no definite results to date.
Table 4-3 lists several physical properties of
high explosives. The densities are given in g/cm3
and the detonation velocities in m/sec. Other
properties are found in standard reference
books ' ".
Table 4-4 contains a list of common explosive materials. They are used, for example, in
primers, detonators, leads, and boosters (see
par. 4-3).
mm
AMCP 706-210
TABLE 4-2. COMPATIBILITY OF COMMON EXPLOSIVES AND METALS
Lead
Azide
Magnesium
Aluminum
Zinc
N
A N
C N
Iron
Steel
Tin
N
C N
AN
Cadmium
Copper
Nickel
C
D N
C
Lead
N
N
N
Magresium aluminum
Monel Metal
Brass
Bronze
VS
C N
DN
N
A N
N
N
Lead
Styphnate
PEN
7W
B N S
A N VS
A N
B N VS
B N VS
HX
A N
A
A
AVS
A
A S
A
Tetryl
VS
A N
B VS
B S
C H
AN
A
AN
AN
A N
B N S
B N VS
VS VS
B VS VS
AN
A VS
B N VS
B N VS
A N
A N
A
S
S
A N
AN
B VS
B NS
AS
A
B VS
A VS
ANN
A N
N
N
A N
N
N
B N S
CODE
A
B
C
D
no reaction
slight reaction
reacts readily
reacts to form sensitive materials
H
VS
S
N
electricity.
(6) Avoid flame- and spark-producing equipment.
(7) Keep to a minimum the number of per.
sonnel at work in the same area, but one man
should never work alone.
(8) Be sure that the chamberm for "loading"
and "exploding" are well shielded electrically
and mechanically.
(9) Some explosive materials are stored wet,
some dry, and some in special containers. Insure that the special requirements for each type
are complied with in full.
t
AMC-P 706-210
TABLE 4-3. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FUZE EXPLOSIVES
P/hy.twl (Clam-aterixtie~v
Ex~plosive
Howe
Loaded
Tetlyla
Premsed
Ihnsity
1
V,(./cm
Potit,
V*tonatiny Velocity
Density Usied,
gsr
,/. JI
Velocity,
i 'e C
I'?esvute.
psi
bensity,
g/cm
1.47
1.63
1.52
1.65
1.58
1.71
2.71
3.07
2.23
2.57
1.40
1.52
1.73
130
1.71
7850
5,000
RDb15,000
1.82
RDbPremsed
204
1.65
8180
5,000
15,000
5,000
20,000
5,000
15,000
5,000
15,000
5,000
15,000
PETNc
Pressed
1.77
141
1.70
8300
Lead Azide
Pressed
4.80
Decomposes
4.0
5180
Lead Styphnate
Pressed
3.02
Detonates
2.9
5200
TNT 1
Cast or
Pressed
1.65
1.56
6640
6825
NOTE:
81
Primer
Detonator
Intermediate
Charge
Base Charge
Lead or Booster
Normally Used
Lead Azide
Lead Styphnate
Basic or
Normal
Lead Azide
Lead Azide
PETN
Tetryl
RDX
RDX/wax
Tetryl
Acceptable
for mixrture8
Antimony Sulfide
Barium Nitrate
Lead Sulfocyanate
Nitrocellulose
Tetracene
Diazodinitrophenol
Mannitol Hexanitrate
Mercury Fulminate
Nitrostarch
Same as above
Same as above
Pentolite
Pressed TNT
PETN
effects of an explosion of the fuzes. For the purpose of hazard categorization, ammunition is divided into twelve classes depending upon their
relative strength and sensitivity. Of these tern.
fuzes are of medium hazard, hence are listed in
classs 3 to 8 depending upon their coaltents
and packaging.
4.5
AW MC70210
4-3 INITiAL EXPLOSIVE COMPONENTS
4-3.1
GE"JERAL CHARACTERISTICS
4-3.1.6 Squibs
The stab initiator is a rather simple item consisting of a cup loaded with explosives ard coyered with a closing disk. It is sensitive to mechanical energy. A t:m-ical stab detonator is
shown in Fig. 4-4(A).
II
WIRE LEADS~-
COINED'
BOTTOM
DISK
"071437NDGWR0.2
LEAD AZ0~E
SPOT CHARGE
PRIMER
Snd
CLOSING
EADAZIDE
RIMNG
LED
PfN#*AAIDEFERRLE
AM 7""O
FER~uL
CU
'E
COVER
(Paper Fall)
C,
126End
View
GRAPH ITE
elDE.7
PRIMER
CHARGE
CUP
DISK~
- BODYFERLSEAL,
A
ANVIL
Ns
Input
End
4--0
PLERUL
GAPIEED
RAHT
ZE
LEDAZ
FLASH
VENT
A-A
350
EETIA-SO
COTCS-0.370
CHAqGE
W E
LEADAZID
Output
PL
BRDGEWRF
1i
Endn
DISK
DIMENSIONS IN INCHES
NOTE
AMCP 70".10
air shock, the hangfire, namely the time lapse be-
BRIcwgRE
PLUG
SLEEVE
..
LEADS
-T
o01
037
N/
AMCP 706-210
4-3.4 CONSTRUCTION
PRIMER
OLDER
BAFFLE
0.173 in
ODER
DELAY
COLUMN
ELEMENT RELAY,
M6
plosive train to enhance target damage, by allowing the missile to penetrate before exploding, or
to control the timing of sequential operations.
When the explosive train provides a time lag,
the component creating this lag is called a delay
element. The delay must, of course, be so incorporated in the fuze that it will not be damaged
during impact with the target. This feature is
most easily achieved by placing the fuze in the
base of the missile. If this is not possible, the
delay must be buried deep in the fuze cavity in
the event that the forward portion of the fuze is
stripped from the missile on target impact.
Generally, delay columns burn like a cigarette,
i.e., they are ignited at one end and burn linearly.
Delays may be ignited by v suitable primer. Ignition should occur with as little disruption of
the delay material as possible because a violent
ignition, can disrupt or even bypass the delay column. For this reason, baffles, special primer assemblies, and expansion chambers are sometimes
included in a delay element. A typical arrangement is that of Delay Element, M9, shown in
BODY
Ii
AMCP 706-210
to produce "Palen" delay mixtures' ,2. "Gasles" mixtures are superior to other types, par.
ticulary where long delay times are needed or
where space is limited and escape of hot gases
cannot be tolerated. In general, "gasless" delays
are intimate pyrowchnic mixtures of an oxidant
and a metallic fuel carefully selected to yield a
minimum volume of gaseous reaction products.
Delays that are sealed or protected from the
atmosphere produce more consistent times and
have better surveillance characteristics. Hence,
there is a trend toward totally sealed delay
systems.
44.2 RELAYS
A relay is a small explosive component used
to pick up a weak explosive stimulus, augment
it, and transmit the amplified impulse to the
next component in the explosive train. Nearly
all relays ate loaded with lead azide, a pinary
explosive. The diameter of a relay is generally
the same as that of the preceding and the following component but it is often thin. Relay cups
now used are made of aluminum.
Relays are commonly used to "pick up" the
explosion from a delay element or a black powder delay train. They are sometimes used to receive the explosion transferred across a large air
gap. Subsequently, they initiate a detonator.
A typical Relay, the XM11, is shown in Fig.
4-8. It has a closing disk of onion skin on the
input end to contain the explosive but not to
interfere with picking up a small explosive
stimulus.
4-4.3 LEADS
The purpose of a lead (rhymes with feed) is to
transmit the detonation wave from detonator to
booster. Leads are less sensitive to initiation than
either detonators or relays and are arranged accordingly in the explosive train.
Leads may be of the flanged type or of the
closed type. Flanged cups are open on the
flanged end while closed cups have a closing disk
similar to that of the stab or flash detonator
shown in Fig. 4-4(A) and (D). Flanged cups are
pressed into place whereas closed leads are held
by staking. The choice as to type is based on
considerations for handling and safety. For example, the flanged type lead, having exposed
explosive on the flanged or output end would
be undesirable in designs where the lead protrudes from the base or where dusting or flaking
of the explosive charge could interfere with the
operation of the fuze mechanism.
The input end, the solid end of the cup or the
closing disk, receives the shock wave from the
detonator. This wall thickness is therefore im.
portant. In practice, the wall is generally 0.005
to 0.010 in. thick.
Loading pressures for leads range from about
10,000 to 20,000 psi. For convenience in manufacturing, pellets are often preformed and then
reconsolidated in the cup. Tetryl and RDX are
the mobt common explosives for leads.
Because leads are used to transmit detonation
waves, their size and shape might conveniently
be set by the configuration of the fuze; i.e., the
diameter is nearly equal to the preceding com-
0095 in
Iratio
/flot
foufe
LEAD AZIDE
CHARGE
---
OSK
CUP '--"4
-The
booster charge completes the fuze explosive train. It contains more explosive mate,,4
than any other element in the train. The booster
AMCP 706-210
the shape is commonly dictated by space considerations. If the booster charge is external to
the bunting charge, extreme ratios of length to
diameter are to be avoided. For best output, the
length to diameter ratio should be greater than
0.3 and less than 3.0. Ratios in the order of 2"3
or 1:2 seein to be optimni. Shapes with an increasing cross section outward from the initiating
end are more efficient, but difficult to load
uniformly' 3 .
44.5 SPECIAL EXPLOSIVE ELEMENTS
A number of special explosive components
may be found in explosive trains or as inde-
pendent elerrentA.
4-4.5.1 Actuators
An actuator is an explosive-actuated mechanical device which does not have an explosive output. In an explosive train, it is used to do mechanical work such as close a switch or align a
rotor. Most present actuators are electrically initiated. They are discussed more fully in par. 7-2.
44.5.2 Igniters (Squibs)
Igniters or squibs are used to ignite propellants, pyrotechnics, and flame-sensitive explosives. They have a small explosive output that
consists of a flash or a flame' 4 . A typical squib
is shown in Fig. 4-6. Igniters are electrically initiated and are similar in construction to electric
primers, Igniters consist of a cylindrical cup (usually aluminum, copper, or plastic), lead wires, a
plug and a wire or carbon bridge assembly, and a
small explosive charge. The cup may be vented
or completely open on the output end.
4-4.5.3 F
needed.
Tetryl and RDX are the most widely used explosives for boosters. Other explosives have been
AMCP 7W210
ll
\\PO
1111110"I
Piaumwus
F921 MOW
Wa
ADAPTER
iU$s
AKSLY
Z 1JW.ION
S.AUEY
onates rearward to ignite the black powder ejection charge through flash holes in the igniter
tube. The MDF continues to detonate rearward
to ignite the PETN burster charge in the boom.
The PETN burster charge functions before the
ejection charge because the MDF has a faster
reaction rate than the black powder. When the
burster charge explodes, it blows off the boom
with the fin and opens the rear end of the steel
body. The black powder gradually builds up
pressure, ejects the pyrotechnic mixture from
the rear opening of the body, and ignites to
generate gray smoke.
4-5 CONSIDERATIONS
TRAIN DESIGN
IN EXPLOSIVE
4-5.1 GENERAL
The explosive reactions employed in fuzes are
usually started by relatively weak impulses. It is
the purpose of the explosive train to amplify
these impulses so that the main charge detonates
at its stable rate. As described above, this proc.
ess can encompass the following steps or processes; initiation of a deflagration, acceleration of
the deflagration so that shock waves are gener ted, establishment of a detonation, and propaga on and growth n^ this detonation to its
stable velocity.
Normally, separate explosive components are
used for most of these steps. If the projectile or
missile
small enough, only one component
need be used. Larger projectiles have several
AMCP 706-210
components because it is too hazardous to
handle large quantities of primary explosive in
a single package. Hence, for safety in manufactur and assembly of ammunition, the txpiosive
train consists of several small components.
In military items, the smaller, more sensitive
charges are isolated from the larger ones for
safety in handling until the item is armed. Again
as pointed out earlier, mechanical desig ccnsiderations indicate the advisability of small cornponents and chemical kinetics design considerations indicate that the most effective explosive
material for oie component is not neceesarily
the most effective for another; these considerations result in further subdivision of the explosive charges.
In the course of the growth of each detonation, discontinuities are met. Transmission of a
detonation across a discontinuity is affected by
a wide variety of factors including the properties of the explosive employed, the density at
which the explosive is loaded, the material confining the explosives, the size and geometry of
each charge, the relative positions of charges,
and the nature of intervening materials. The permutations and combinations of these and other
factors are innumerable. Data on all of the vari-
4-13
AMCP 706-210
REFERENCES
a-t Lettered references ore listed at the end of
this handbook.
1. M. A. Cook, The Science of High Explosives,
Reinhold Publishing Corp., N.Y., 1958.
2. F. P. Bowden and A. D. Yoffe, Initiation and
Growth of Explosion in Liquids and Solids.
Cambridge University Press, N.Y., 1952.
3. T. L. Davis, Chemistry of Powder and Explosires, John Wiley and Sons, N.Y., 1943.
4. Standard Laboratory Procedure for Sensitivity,
Brisance, and Stability Tests (U), Picatinny
Arsenal, Technical Report 1401, Dover, N. J.,
18 March 1944, (Confidential).
5. AMCP 706-177, Engineering Design Handbook,
Properties of Explosives of Military Interest.
6. B. R. Federoff, Encyclopedia of Explosives
and Related Items, Picatinny Arsenal, Dover,
7.
8.
9.
10.
4.14
11.
12.
13.
14.
Journal Article 31.0 of the JANAF Fuze Cornmittee, 23 October 1963, AD-474 833.
H. S. Leopold and E. E. Kilmer, In tit ,tigation of Internal Venting for elai rlctuatorN
(U), U. S. Naval Ordnance Lab., White Oak,
Md., NAVORD Report 5724, September 1957
(Confidential).
D. E. Seeger and R. E. Trezona, Deivelopment
ofthe 50-Millisecond-belai T61t Electric ;,tonator (U), Picatinny Arsenal, Technical Report 2594, Dover, N. J., April 1959 (Confi.
dential).
R. Stresau and M. Lipnick, Some Aspects of
the De ign of Boosters, Journal Article 21.0
of the JANAF Fuze Committee, June 20, 1961,
AD-270 275.
F. B. Pollard and J.H. Arnold, Jr., Eds., Aero-
AMCP 700,210
IN 1'I1)11 CTI ON
t.
?4 oru
riuujiitisith'u,
dw vllilv. (main,
W11~
andu~ oinioulrit lorieiiles
P'art Two. itiiti-i
InlL mthoil asvil in the irinhi; IpT'o.
itiviulvilti
p~rovidehs it fnimsi (ii
(vs,
Thvi
arivlI,mv, 'r
whihIs (We nornal for fuewndling: If thi,wriitive t*,plosivt's aire initiated at the souIevttql
timidj
n place', tlic huriting chaurge'will texplodeI"
See liar. 01.2.2 for safety r';e(loins-nts.
CHAPTER 5
ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES OF ARMING
5.1 GENERAL
ance with the safety requirements of theisparticular munition. Occasionally, in' high ,Orformances
weapons, an elapsed time inherent in the arming
process provides -sufficient delay to meet fuze
siWety requirementts. More often though, the
fuze designer must devote considerable effort
to develop a suitable tlmt, measuring device
that has the required precision.
Arming mechanisms operate upon an input of
energy resulting from the launching environment.
AMCP 7M6210
AMCP 706-280
LEAD
Of TONAIOR
froin a design v'iewpoint, ea--h presents limitations which are best .:harac.rized by examnining
the types of mnissile used in each environment.I
&-3.1 BALLISTIC E'%UATIONS
A
600STER -
IRING PIN
ond~lonbasic
(A)
afe uze
(OU~T OF
LINE)
1-DETONATOR
FININ
PINwhere
BOOSTRZ_
IRINGtil
WI)NIH
ACCELERATION
LOWACCLERTIO
(3)
(fidOWfbS
0
INTERIOR
BALLISTICS
(durinlg launching)
EXTERIOR
BALLISTICS
(during fighlt)
TERMiINAL.
BALLSTICS
(target)
AMCP 706-210
U 25
020
0 15
0I050
P R O JE C T ILE
TR
M A C HN U
MBE R
53.1.2 Drag
A missile encounters air resistance during
flight and decelerates. Various theoretical derivations have been proposed for the forces of deceleration of which Newton's method is easiest to
understand. The drag is caused by the impulses
communicated to the projectile as particles hit
and bounce away from it. The formula is
(12
-
12 ,,
'b /g, ,
(,-3)
VEL
;'
24nrvre/e
r/
=
12
rev/sec
(5-4)
(5-5)
AMCP 706-210
R~ATES
?Wmm
?'.yn.
3N.~Miu
%,M4,
CUM,( MIA,21 6 M9
w,
1,
it-A,t
d MI, i
30 C,
of
fA
'V
d",
'
-1"'k-
!01N
Af.'
A" C.JfN
1
!1,!
1600
1400
I EA-MPLE
2PROCED
3 PROCEED
II4.
PRIOCEED
.200
'~,
2870 fps
CAIR.
vol
.. f~l, ef; !Cl.
NOG~
1,
,
Ivf
?'
~-~-
*q~~q--
\I~~.>
VELOCITY ifps
;M1
"Ot
4~
TO-8, 30 C~/UN
MUZZLE
)cl.
4 00
"
IL
GJ
40....
100
GO
nL
f'oGAMW.
PHY 0.oct
gf Prokfrcte
5-4
--
706-210
_________AMCP
*5-3.2.-3,
Gravity Acceleration
consistent.
lkirplaiie'bomibs- are launched-with an acceleration nearly equal to that of gravity. F ijg Z5- 21-lustrates this- as the third- ballistic environment.
Release from the bomb rack pr-oduces a stimulus
that is sifiiiaf-inagnitude to ordinary handling
stimuli; hiencej- th-e designer. must resort to a
-manual or mechanical operation to etreate.,a suitable force for-a-,rmihg. lie mray'also utilize aero-dynamic or- barometric forces created, as the
bomb~talls. Iw--any case; the fuzing -problens are
vey different from -those in an artilily projt~ctile.Thus
:Hand- girei-udes rn'ust -be armed manually by
removiig safety pin. -Thi,action is-positive and
has-.the advantage'of proyidng-a-vi~ualsignal' that-a
014 .4 J2;:0
32.2
exl1v.'
red~ forces. Sea
mines_-and'depth charjes havec automatic arming
-processs with elaborate triggei devices- that
requiri designs similar to, arming devices-of- other
ammniton.WPk
~uzz~%a~
These~~
mus
bey
i-
='
.- 1
1,0
.04x
000
-ie
-i.
'o(5-8)-
14l b(.9
(RSUE=R
-
P W
-PROJECTILE,
~
- t NViA6ONMENtAL _ENEGY-SOURACES
-
II C-'
,1 -LL 11
1b-5.7)
I
'lFig. 5-6 shows the propellant forcePA and-the
onthfue
sebc-frei,
-for a -0.0014 -lb part undergoing~an
acclrto
of10g 32,0 tsC 2 ) the
foc wlb
the
(a-6).
F -Avi
W,),
-~(WEIGHT'
SETSACK
FRC
0
E --
~~So
many forces of differentcnsaddf
AE-A
UEP~
(WEIGHT -WP)
-ferent. map Initudes -act upbn -a muiinition,, from
.. StakFreo
uePr
marnufacture -to target impact, that fuzes must be,
- Fgr
_&.ced wihspecial care so as- to discriminata,
among -the, forces. The fuMe mut-be capable of- 5-4.2 CAEEP
responise- to the desired frcesand inqapale of
jreisi~ ii lere;oxipe:teatin
Creep is the 4endeicy for compact parts, of a
the arming -mechanism may, be conitrolled solely munitionT to move forward as the munition slows
or in Combination by -any of -the following down. This is-similar to setback but is much
forces: setback due to initial acceleration, cen- smaller and acts -in -the opposite. direction; -The
-trifugal- due -to spin, creep due to deceleration, inertial force -Is calculated by multiplying the
wind -due to airflow past the munition, or pres. weight If, -of the, part -by the-deceleration of"
sure due to ambient conditions':.
t-i-nunitibfn,see-Fig. 5-7. By use of Eq. 5-3, the,
creep force on a fuze pdrt is given by
5-4.1 SETBACK
Setback is the relative rearward movement of
2d
ID, P
(5-10)
gCr
-55
AMdPiO6M2IO_
--CREEP FORCE
F.
F .
4
i
____;n
sine
curves.
PROJETILE015.1,elocity-time
(WEIGH ::)-46CR
DRAG
DRAG
FRCEShe
th
'force as Lhatsnecessary- to change Actangential-
Figqe5-.
a Fze 0(1may
~reepFore~o
L&O
E
CFRORCEORS
eutionlincrase sufojnl
veoct
ofoce
t enifuga
WesA xist
quthin~l
fWrtefrom
of
grrtof
r-altdter
f(Fi.~58
lb~ar
Figre
.8
of-rfgd~c
a
masin,,e 5.9.
5.4.
TNGENTIA/FORCETorqe
iy of*
Fori examplhe sring -ad'ed weroft
genialy uderth~aplictio ofangla accc.
i ace~eraionI ca be
where~j7
theangulr
FF
(5stak.13)y
q te ala isdsafc~rrntec
and.(,s oe
5-9,c
pr
nguzelar6lty
eois rdceo as
foren its-9
spo
ceeato ofIat n h ceeai
porecoato tetrqiue ab'ov th atiaecessary to
ausdby-cntrifuale effet,
and(3thldroise
AMCO 706-210
al~spinnifig b6odies.
Consider the firsit type. ThQeorque is equal 'to
the produict of-ihe -iiiinenL of inertia and~ the
angular accdleratioil. If a.n a'ccelerating torque is
tranzmqitted--through a small shaft, the effects ofinertia aLre useful forarming d~ies-becauspe'the
f--UNITION AXMIS
rVT--1LC
1
'NADI /
--
or
RATY
RVT
-axis
ig.- -10(B);
TOROUC-
FORC"EX
9'
*of-
,~Present,_poirit
AMCP 706210
5-5.1 SPRINGS
--
REFERENCE
![
5-8,
AMCP706-210,
When unbalanced forces act.on a body, differential-equations can be written to express its motion. The simplest equation couples a, simple
Springs play an important role in fuzes. When
produced. Additonal,
properly designed and manufactured, they 'pro- force with the acceleration
forces can be -included such as spring constant,
vide a convenient source of-stdred'energy which
viscous resistance, setback, and ce'frictional,
relife
shelf
,remainconstant over the 20-year
forces. These are al treated' in an, elefor. trifugal
as restrainers
also act
or 'fuzea.
quirecd
enr faho wihsltnsteqtos
pins, balls,
(detents,
of a fuze
,parts They
L-he various
bal, entary- fashion with solutions to equations
stated-as simply as possible;
dea
fdllowsis
which
rotors). The informationscription,6f the springs normally foiind'in fuzes,
the motion of parts with springs, attached, and
When a mass is supported and mOved hor-the starting conditions required- for spring-held
Parts.
zontally by an attacheds spring, the force 'diagram is as indicated in Fig. 6-1 where the spring
6-2.1 ,TYPES OF-sPRINGSfsiunder.andnitial compression-equal -to, x.. Eollowing Newton's second law,
hlere are three general types of springs, all of
(6-2).
F =i x
which are, used in fuize arming meclianisms. The
-flat leaf sping-is a thin beamiiwhich create stenwhere i is the acceleration in the x direction and:
sile and compression stresses when it bends. The
m the mass of the'bcdy, When the spring is corni.e.,
fiat spiral spring is similar to a clock spring,
there is a displacement x. When measurpressed,
coil
helical
The
a leaf spring wound into a spiral.
the equilibrium position,
from
x
ing
inis
stre.ss
spring-is a wire coil in which a shear
m =-kx
.
duced when the coil is deflected.
(6-3)
methods,.the
of
standard
The general equation for a spring is anexpres- By meansBy mansof
sandrd mthosi,.hegeneral solusion of-Hooke's laW (restoring force proportional
tion of Eq. 6-3 is
to displacement)
6-2 SPRINGS'
'
FB-kx
t+ C Cos
(1Bsin
where k 'is the spring constant, x is the displacement from' -the equilibrium position, and the
minus sign' Is an indication that-the force F is in
.3
AMCP'706.210O
tABLE 6-1. SPRINd. ECULATIONS,
Ge,;eril'Spring
-l
13
Flat-Leaf
(Center Moment
-two end supports),
Round Mir
(Axiil'NMoment)
C'~s
ons~al'i
F - lx~
Flaelcaf
-(Cenier load,
-two end supports)
-2
I.12
-0
El,
--
o.
fAr1'
Spiral Leaf
(Torsional).
121'-
Helical
F~-G''d!X
&zaiple E11qiois
Type
arammnt n'=rdu
mllomet
aea
s
n
eghopring, in.
F = force, lb
=
=
hi
frudbr
N
r
raiu of ron bai.N=oru;i.
N= inumzber of a~tive coil
d =mean diameter of coil, in.
d.
0
diameter of Wire in
angle,- rad.
=deflection
,=tru-i.l
k
x
=
=
spring constant~Ibfin.
displacement, in.
Q, (
X =)COCOSF t + 71
X = XCos
...- t
(6-5)
At assembly, most fuze springs are given an initial displacement dencted, by x,.
*When
*
(6-6)
MQO
n
-,Cos
r),QI
-tJ(6-7)
\-
DISPLACEMENT
Q-
(6-8),
kx
-
Fgure
6-2
-tT\
co
(609
Amcp 7064210
Ahave been raisedby the amount Ik
Fig. 6-2(C) , shows the displacement of the
point- when Eq. 6-9 is-used. For the first- and
41
third half cycI6s the displabcets -ar projcctions'from the- circles drawn- with their center at
Q;forithe second half cycle the disolacements
are Projections from the circle drawn with its
-center-at -(k. Since thecircles must match at
B-arid D,,the radii-gradually decteaseuhtil at Fa
circle cannot be drawn as a continuation with its
center at -Q/k. This illustrates -the effect- of
frictional forces actifig'againit the motion. At F,
the resisting force -Ojkis greater than the spring
force, which means that the body stops moing,
This, is a frictionaY type force that-always -opposes the .motion.
Sometimes the mass m.moves through a fluid.
In this. case a,term representing the viscous
resistance shduld beadded toEq.6-3
where,
p
force of the -surrounding medium proportional'
to the velocity. The solution to this equation issint + i, cosit)
(6-11)
f...(.
1:
t:O.
ap0
MOTION-
P4-
(6-10)
~MY -kx - pi
the
hee velocity and\ p isthedamping
where j9 is,
MOTION/
-MOTION
A/
'A
IF
Ia X0
a*Co" ehJ7
X' oe,k/mn
!O/k (I-CosJi
t)
(A)()
Figure '62.Projection of Spring Motion
,4
AM CP 706-2i10
~ %7This,
Fe, M525' (Fig., 1-6), -contains a spring
k*I
loaded Component, that moves under two- conditions:- (1) -when the setback acceleration is small
enough to allow trafsversle nmotion int the g4n,
tube, and: (2) when t'he-drag forces are. constant
in-the air. The problem, is -solvedby a step process wth boundary conditions (velocity, -position,
and 'time) -matched, at the, common point. The
follo Ing is, a sample spqqen~e.
Condition (1):,
(a)- Suppose the restraining force. F, to be removed. The compressed spring, will accelerate the
mass to, the left (Fig. -6-3). The friction force,
Wil be reversed-and resist, the motion. By using
tIhe static c oefficient, of -frictionfor it, the valu~e
of a' can be determined for which the masswillm
-move to the left with the equation
myx kx (f+ 1dv a)
(6-16)
-SPIN- AXIS
---
e. xz DISPLACEME~NT
~~
k
-
iue63
FITOsiigE.64o
asadSrn
ne
c~~rto
time to armtcanbe-dathrmined.
last calculation gives the time after
-6-2.2.3 Effect
of'Centrifugal Force
Centrifugal forces caused~by projectile Iotation are effective- in- moving sliding masses qper7
pendicular to the spin axis, of the projectile. The
'force is computed as the product of-thelmass of.
the body te distance from its Center 6f-gravity
tO the axis ;of rotatlion, and the square of its
angular velocity in-rad/sec..
, Suppose, as -in Fuze, M48A3, the-centrifugal
force is opposed by-,a, spring. The equation, of
-motionib.(see Fig. .6-3)
(-7
k+m 2 (+
)-f
k+inl(x+r)6172
Y
where co) is the spin of the projectile in r~d/sec
and r,, is the-radius of the center of mass of the
1bodyfr-m -thie
sp in axis-w-hen the disolacemeift
is zero. With 'an initial-displacement x0 the equation -for the displacement at any -later timni is
.(b). -In- -Condition- -(1) -the--projectile is stillwithin the, gun tube undergoing a forward acceleration a'I that -is decreasing. As the acceleration
falls, 'the value obtained :in 'Eq. 6-16 will, be,.reached and the mass will move, and the time
interval during which the aicvreh-atio -!s, present
f;(6-18)
c !
can be found from- gun data.
-6-16,s solved
O~f(
L.
6-18)
like Eq. 6-12 to give Eiq. 6-14- so that the dis-tance the mass ,will move can 'be determined and
and the time toxmove a given distance S'is
called-S
Condition (2):,
-
*
-
it
perience a creep acceleration. From (b) in Condition (1-). he remaining distance which the-mass
must move -o, complete its-part in the armfing
sequencecan~be-determined..
(b) :Using an equation similar to 6-15 but
having the-,plus Signs replaced by minus signs,,the
6.4
.--
coS
S-
(6-19
M.
-
AMCP'7O6-2--0
of the sprinig. lts ,inotion, theninust be studiedunder two copdijions:--Eq,- 6-17 and. the following,____
pp
x+
-f"(-2)
t'-of
___
__
__
'
62*
'"'(2*
'(~i
~)
d~~
6-2.3.2, Hairsprings
I.'
'
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AMCO 706-2-10
un m u
) .i .A .. s ,o ~ u
UfIUO~lwu)i~uzS ofcurvtur
CASE
-
V~
(-4)
and
62.
'2l The stress factor S1 usedin
given. in
the equa4tions-depends -upon the material used
-and th6nticpatk
nglife.. For high-carbn
steel- at less than 5O00 cycles, a Value 6f 0.02 is
suggested. In- the fib]e, x 'is the deflection rein inhes, and- E is ,the mfodulus in -psi.
The other symbols aredefined above.
njqure
nound-
-biul
_,-PRN
d-
of ;,
('8)Wound-
-SIPR
Many fuze components, such as interrupters-anlckismoewtutheidfrlerr
bal berings. Since substantial forces. are available for slidinig motion in spite of friction, com
ponenis cill&;, slideris can - be- incorporated in
fuze design. Also, larg tlrance canbeallowed
in order to-reduce the -cottofmanufacture.,
Sliders ate~rnoved'by springs and inertial forces
Siders-may be designed -t travel along noma
'f]to,or it anangle with,-the muanition axis. they
F=~T ~
\n
lb
(62)
whee r istheminmumnatral(fre-psiton
Variable, in.
Spring Width
Vriimium natural
radius of curvature
Springs WIith
10 Coit&. or Less
26.4 F
-b -Et -.
Springs Wit ?
Over 10 Coils
--
26.4F
b REt~
Eb:0:
rin
-f
Maximum natural
radius of 'curvaturei
Spring thickness
Et
A.F
t
> 6A
>
AS 2
EbS 2
Arbor raius
Spring lengt
r2
12
,
lr2
10
r2
4l.2r.
-,.+
lOin 2.
-64?
-AM 6P 706-210-
(A)
-0
.Free -Position
18()
Oderating Posiion
"MountedOn Rolle
Unmounted
I'
(6.27)
Under setback or irpact conditions, the frictional forces are much smaller thanthe inertial.
p
'force I1'a'
and may be neglected. the timhe of
action may be obtained from Eq. 6-7 whete
Q=
However, ,under drag or ait resistance forces
,where the deceleration is constant, the solution
to Eq. 6-27 becomes
SkSk
k "cs- kxo
(6-28)
+ fa,
is;7
f/
,s
tains
-I14'I'i(i.4 n
idos,/) - mo(A.
m
M,)2:(cOs - i~si)
(cOs2 )- 11cosds I
(6-29)
AMCP 706-210
:where b is the slide angle. This equatii is ex-
amined to determine (0 and a't.a whici Y becomes positive;,this is the condition under which
k"
M --
k-
co's1<
kx
,- cos siio)j
SIn XIS
"
PN
,that
(6-30)
--s'i(6:31)
2A
A is-the-pin cross-sectional area ih in?. and the 2
as required if Ihe, pin is in- double'sheai (supported on twc. sides). The, area of the pinmay be
found fJIrany decdleratioh a' by-,U. ing the ultimateshdar stren&th, iy 75,000,psi.
Hinge pins-(Fig. 6-8) are slightIy, differentin
a larger clearance'is necessary for the mating
parts to move. Bending ,of the pii then occurs
which ,reduces the allowable shear stress. AKmaximum bending moment'is cormputed by, assuming
thatthie wholid-i bnitentrated at the middle
of the pin and that the pin isfreely-supported at
the middle of each clevis arm.,
The shear stress r Will be
-C6.
In
Fa
OS+
(eosq - isn9)
.r
""
&
-- MPtU1
SPIN AXIS
,.S"
'1s
q)(,'s'
-j-
+icos )
....
/0
.1
ha (sa$
..
-, .
)
11V (sino + pcoso)' i tr. xo(cos 2 --2 jtcos~sii4
mo~ro (cos - jisin1) - mc2S(cos 4/>- jicosqsink)
,in.-, lb,
(,3
psi
(
(6-34)
TA
Vi
f-
""*-- *"
-= ="
-= =" ;=
' -m
AMCP 706'210
HINGE
PIN
'76-4.2'
~'Knlobs,
KNOBS,,LEVERS,"'AND PIVOTS
(A) Asembfr
"
'(8)
AREA A
Both stresses r and a must beoless than the u'ltimate strength of the pin'for it to be safe..
Linkages are bulky, 'and~are not used often
because space is'limitedinqfuz~s. Since links-are-,
long slendler rneris that, are primiarily adapted
to transmitting miotion in one Plane, neiiher they
nor their 'joints resist lateral -forces well. They
tend to wobble and bifid. Setback and cenitrifugal forces are nearly always at right angles- to
each other;,hei 4ce, linkageg are not desirable in
fuzes f6r ug -in spin-stabilized 'projectiles. They
are better suited to stationary or 'low velocity
munitions.
Detents ~qre shdrt-rods with a"length -to diameter rativoof 2:1 or,3:1, Their'purpose istorestrict, moO. n by exerting their shear strength.
6-10
()c~'laac
dqaeLni
/./
////
Short Length
AMCP 706-210.,
.. *
because a sliding iadtion once- started will' conttinue. 'the kinetic coefficient -bf 'friction IPk is
less than ,the , static coefficient p, Which means
'MOTION.
._.-
'
'
r"shows
-Fr
10, 'in,-lb
(6-36)
/-REACTION
FORCE
GUIDE
NCLOSINGE
TRIGER
IRIA
'--RIVING
FORcE
LATE
FINGERS
_MOTION,
Unarmed
'A
-DESIRED
SPRING TORQUE
GUIDE
/
LEVER
COIL SPRING
FS
FINERTI
FORCE
TRIGG"ER'
SPRINGN3
GUI
RIGPLT
(B) Armed
,,
6.11.-
AMCP 706210
the inertia ring. The fingers thenraise the lever
along its-guide.
Pi'ots are made fronr hardsteel rather than
from jeWels because the operating life of the
pivot'is.so short. Thus, the impact .ength necessary tp withstand~setback forces,;bedbiies the
-importarit iequirement, Sleeve or- ball bearings
can be used When necessary, but simple surface
contactis normally usedlbecatise space is limited;
1f'the-bearing must be-lubricated corrosion problems arise, particlarly afteriong storage.
6-4.3 SPIRAL UNWINDEk
The spiral unwinder ,system, provides arming,
-delay in fuzes due to the effect ,of projectile
.spin. The unwinder c6nsists of a tightly. woind
,spiral coil of soft metal ribbon, located concentric with the slin axis around a fixed hub,
'surrounded by a cirdtlar~cavity (se# Fig. 6-12).
After firing setback has ceased, projectile slpin
causes the "free end of the ribbon to move outwa rd Across the gap 'to-press against the cavity
wall. Continuing spin transfers successive por-,
d
tions of. the dolled ribbon progressively put*a dF
until all of the ribbon hai unWouhid from the
central hub. The time taken by the unwinder to
un-tirap provides the arming delay. As the last
coil, of the unwinider ribboil :opens, successive
members in the ,arming process are released or
unblocked. The unwinder' has been ;used to
block a striker 'in the safe position- to restrain
an explosive traii barrier, and to provide electrical switching.
The tightly wound' bundle must-be free to
rotate around the fixed central,hub, either by a
loose fit or, preferably; a bearing sleeve onto,
which, the ribbon ,is
*rapped. Correct direction
of coil winding relative to prbjectile spin is,
"' f
~.
-,
S-..provided
(A)UNARMED
(Wound)
'(6) ARMED
'(Unwoond,borrer
displaced)
|k
A7 ,,
Fe
l
(6-37)
rbo bidel
where W is the weight of the, ribbon bridge, lb
and N is the rotation, in rpm. The, force tangent
to the bundle at its outside diameteris
F
= F cos 0,
lb
(6-38)
(6-39)
Because of-tha manypossible varieties of interlocks and engagements, calculations for the frictional drag on the unwinder are not given here.
The' calculated value 'of total frictional torque
C. should be compared with G1 for the appropriate-Values of r., r,, r. at several points,
in the unwinding, action, specifically at its beginning and ending. It may then be 'determined"
from the results whether the unwinder bundle
will start'to operate and fully operate.
The excess of G, over GF will rotationally
accelerate the coil bundle. Rotation of the bunribbon from a .smaller diameter 2 r I to'a larr
AMCP 706-210
~lf(C-40)
7
where I is~the momient'of inixtia
w /
il.
Ib-r2c
-2
2g ~
~
Also
"
/with
(64)
(.1
(6-42)
1"p tws
q2 0
2g GI ri
a '
ral/c
radse
1 2t
(6-43)-
of inertia of the -rotor wvith -rqspect to the munit ion spin~axis is a muaximum.
6-5.1 OISK-ROTOR
TIhe disk rotor is forc-ed&-to turn about its diaineter that is coincident, with the munition
spin axis. In this motion, the disk will rotate in
its own, plane about an axis perpendicula to the
spin noxis according toteabove princpe The
rotor shown in Fig. 6-14 is in its initial'position
itssyinmetrical diametral axis at the anigle 0
to spin axis of the munition.
-When'the angelo is zero, the disk has assumed
the-positioii. of' dynamic equi'librium. According
to Fig. 6-15, the device may actually become
,. This ip because the detonaari-ied',before 0
tion wave from the detonator, may be~prol5agated
across the gap at the overlap of detonat - r and
lad edges; This meAns thefuzeais nbJA11liger safe.
-A.)
fr r~-.-~p
r'ad/sc
(6.44)
dt2
- ct90
error.
6.5
ROTARY DEVICES
,0 13
SPINAXISwhere
~mediate
(i
:~iETNATOR
FIRING PINt P6RT
1
,'
K___sin00
,nd
.a
CAV(T
LE~b
0)-,. (6-47)
LEA2 CAV0T
Figue 6J~.Dis'
RtorThis
ID)
sia60 cos0'=
W a'-A r '(6-45)
tf
()
f(0)0
f
(6-48)
FIRING -PIN0
e.
DETONATOR0
-'
'the
6-14
ANGULAR VELOCITY
I'L3'
torqueequation,'
20~
SPIN AXIS
ANGULAR
.in
,
______
overy
____
-
CONT
PLATE
..
90'D
dO
(co- coso0 )
gz
(-)
to move.
6-5.3 -THE SEMPLE PLUNGER
the moment of, inertia Y'about the -pivot point, Wheni a sustained acceliration' occurs-as w~hen
must be calculated' fromn the expression.
Ifm~d ?tates
-. rm(6-49)
PIVOT
PIN -HOLE,
SPlIK
-AXIS,
PIVOT
PIN
PLUNGER
C.G.
---- FC
1
SPRI NG
DETENT
0
-j
AKCP,706-110,
'
ROTOR OR LATCH'
= weight of leaflb
'
".
\,-
DIRECTION '
ACCELERATION
;OF PROJECTILE
of rotation,
_2
in?'abu~xi
in
angularacceleratib,
~
0
AI'\
rad/sec2
RELATIVE"
a"
-DIRECTION,
acceleration assumed
design minimum
.. ..
'-
constant, g
OF INENTIAL
O N
F5tCE.
LEAVES
-4'-
G,,
spring,
torque due to prewinding of
in.-lb
k
Gf
fa'
(t)
-J
a" Cs - kO - Gf
0 (0)
,the solution is
6"(0) =
9Wrg
(6-53)
(a*
(- - a"- -5OO' 0 k
(6-54)
'I
~where
-leafi~tu
(1
AMCP 706-210
fVkIie
arming. time 'for a single
FLASH HOLE/
o&iI-
ate
Hlria ta
-1 a")
PIN SPRING
-7
LEAF
U O \LAnumerical,
TIME
'Figure 6419.
J6-5.5
-that:
.sec,
0016
ROTARY SHUTTER'
-t
--
dosf
atio
r2 2,
1+ 2tiat
4-
BALL
(A)
-11
6-1
To solve Eq:-61 conveniently and obtain an approximate soltitioni, defin 6r asr + 90 *here sis
thespiralcnat -recognize Ithat r tan S6equals
4r/d0;jet(1I - p/tanSQ)/ (1 + 2 ILtan O)equal C,
asm
a constant; assume p (tan-6;an
2
r &) > Fwhere F is theradial acceleration of the
ball. Making the indicaied substitutions, one
can write the, chfferenti!ii equation
'(6-02)
Acosh~/
-This
A~~n
(Q-63)
(M) Forces on
mw~r*
(0Frcsonte e
(C)Fores
n Iie o/lspin
AMCP I U210
( J_ -)S
drpou
sinilCOS(L
sfon
(~4
RING PrN
.7
SPRING STOP'-
'BALL
"I
Ncal-
ETNOR
Because the -.ball inevitably rolls in its spheriseat so that the contact point varies With
-time,, the~differenitial equations, becomne exceedmngly~ complicated. Usually, the practical solution
for, the- bai rotor is obtained by experimfental
-iiethodg.
'
ATOA
CDETENTS
()
nre,
L
SPPING STOP
oi o
_-FIRING-PIN
DETONATOR CAVITY
__DET
-HOLE
ROOR
dPsto
;
Figuri?6-22. Ball-Rotor
-CLOCKWORKS
Aclockwork may be used to establish' a time
6-.
SAEMN YE
-iitervahfromnthe-instant-'of launching-to~he initiation of'the primer. It is not ordinarily used toEscapements are the re-gulaidrsof mechanical
-measurel -arming- times--although- the principles- time fuzes-while gear-tratins.are-theirttrzisduicers.
could be extended'.to iring.:,Clockwork is one. There are three types of regulating; devices:'
"of'the. oldest devices used successfullyi in'fuzes
.(1) Group I - Untuned' TWo-center Escape
for-timing.
ments: A"pivoted mass driven by "an escape
There are many partsof a clockwork *butonly wheel. Physically, -this is a mass oscillating withthe escapements And gear trains arediscussed in out a spring by depending on its own inertia to
detail. Design, features of gears, bearings, and' control its motion. Example:. runaway, escapeshafts are covered in -standard design'texW".
inent.
Note, however, that "conventional designs must
(2) Group JI - Tuned Two-center Escapebe used with care. Normally, the procedures amn: Acobatnofapivote balneadvanced are for machine elements having smooth mass restoring spring,. pulsed -twici_ per cycle by
power transmission. in contrast, -the. fuze clock- an escape wheel. Physically, this is a m,ass on a.
work transmiits-low levels of torque at low run- spring, executing simple harmonic motion. Exning speeds. In addition, the fuie~has space limi- ample: Junghans escapement.
tatio' P'that requir the use of small pinions with.
(3) -Group' III - Tuned Three-center.Escg
few tef ',(usually 8). Remeinber.'also that the ~ments: An intermediate Ink is placed'between
in vere (see par. 9..2.1), special escape wheel and oscillating mass to improve the
lubrication 1 problemfs. exist (see .par. 14-7), and precision of impulse delivery--ind to minimize
the relation of- the- setting~and-indicaiing devices drag torque. Eiapedtah' lever' escapeis critical'(see par. 14-4).
'et
.~.enviro11r.,a*crQ-
'
AMCP 7W6210
6 6.2:i UNTU1
" " ED TWO-CENTER ESCAPEMENTS ,-..
LEVER
Ani unturied or runaway escapement-is.4Ainidevice with a 'cyclic. regulator that does not
ing
,execute
LE'7/,TI7NDS
"
~.
SPRNG-
.)
..
7.
,
,
pt
,'x
.~~~~MISSIL,L,'(,/ ,
OAX,\ ,McSSLO
II
.t
GEAR TRAIN
;!'
MASi
se
-~ESCAPEWHE
wEL
PALLET
'
Figure 6-23
RunawayEscapement
40,
0I
o
-
0
TIME, sec
AMCPI06210
1
X
Eq. -65 describes an idealized~device-anid cannot account for effects of' friction or-materials.
mica
For a particular-one-eodteth
equation for the averagd velocity 0 of the escape
Whe sienb
(6171)
6.
(6-66)
k~f~where
beas
i eedsuo t~nmero4osiltios o thpalet
nd'h~ne~uon ts reqeny
f,'k, is a. proportionality 'constant. The dis-'
tance, along the -trajectory that the rocket will
travel during the arming -time,-assuming constant,
acceleraion,
istha
t~=
S=
+a t 2 -
(6-67)
4'2
Thetorque is given by
Z= mar,, k2
(6-68)
where mnis the mass of the driving mass on Fig.,
6-23,,a isthe rocket accelerati'on, r. is the radius)
ad'~istheraio onsan
he scae
ofhee,
between driving gear and escape wheel. CIornbining Eqs. 6-65 to 6-68, a'conistant arming ,distaceca-b e.pes-das
kmkr~(6-69)
hihn lltemsonth rgh ae ndpedet
in
ofith rokallis-thergh rsidpedn
of te rbke~balistcs.trols
The runaway escapement can'lbe employed to
establish a constant arming distance in thi's circumstance. -However, the'analysis assumed.'that
forany -one -rocket the a~celeration during flgt
Would be -constant whichisnot nec~ssarilytrue.
Some rocket motors -exhibit ch9 racteristics,which
make the rocket, accelerations vary with, time.
-'
'.S
S+'(6-70)
3
ka
~'Since both k3 An'da are large compared to S, the
second -term~bedbmes insignificant.
rVI
~
U
A'
17C-11
'0
Do
RNEOROCKET
49
6001
20ACCELERATION
~0
110 20
'40
ACCELERATION,
50'
606
70
86
qgs
AmCp idrj2160
recivs ha
nerymintin te scilaio,
Ai the pallet. *t.Atrapand, releas escape wheel,
teetthhAe rotation of the escape wheel-dependsupon the frq4ency 'pf-ose~illations ,ok the pallet,
6.3.1 DeQiption of Es6appnent MehanIsms
'in the recoil' or~unghans, mechanism, the escape wheel. recoils- or moves backward after a
pallet tooth impact. Hlence, -the escape wheel and
DIRECTION -OF
'FALL IMPULSE
-PIG
B ASE CIRCLE
ROTATION,-.
(8)Pa7/let Of Eiquilibrium
D '4
STOPPED
(C)
RTTO
NK.ROTAION_
'ECP
Esape ~Whel
Sction
T0soe'he
oothi Foiling au-Pallel Tooth
HE
(0)Pal/t dt Equilirium
6-'22''
-)
-A CP-70&;10
i
--
TOOTHT
FO6
FOR DETAILS-
'WHEEL
-~Ab
-~
*,
-drawn
'
_valu&j,
r-
- -
Kelly and Zar derived an- equation for the escape wheel tooth- contour using the conditions
for maximum efficiency"'. The x cand-y cordinates shown in'Fig. 6-28 are related by the equa-1
tion
~ r21rx
--16-73)
2V
the escapement
cycle/sec
z(6-74)
AMCP 706210
QCENTER
I
"
TO PALLET-'rO
io
CURVE
FOR ..
C
ON
rpo,
.
.-
01-~UV
oNO
FRICTiONd
900.
TO ESCAPE,
WHEEL CENE-R
r~
RA
5...
nOIUS
6-26
used
hs bee
or -mny yeas. Th fi
ft360/(ON)
(6.76)
t is the functioning delay, and f,. is the esand the data from a representative fuze-'A i ion,
capement frequency. If f, is'368, N is,20, and
is 1.86 x 108 slug-in.
6.56 x 10 "11' in.,
t is 30 seconds, then x would be 2208 if the final
I is 0.953 in.i and E is 30 x 10 psi-the freNaturally, the d6- pinion rotates 900 .
quency will be 184 cycle/secl.
N, must be designed to .place a maximum
sign 'includes a means to change the dimensions
of the, spring because an adjustment is usually
number-of teeth on the escape wheel without increasing the moment of inertia, ,should be high
necessary to compensate for manufacturing tolerances of the timing mechanism.
for stability, and t is' setby the requirements
placed upon the fuze. The. ear ratio must be set
Another type of torsion spring has been introso that, the above stipulations may be met. Noralong
bari
placed
duced recently. If-a torsion
will
mally, individual gear ratios are held to small
the munition axis, the spin of the munition
wholenumbers.
Tabie
given'in
formula
action.
The
not affect its
For the Jdnghans-escapement, thpe maximum
cros
'setion.
6-1 is good for a spring of circular
escape wheel torque is that at which friCtion
For other shapes the formula is given by
G
0
6-24
:
-iV
'G
(6-5)
AMCP 706210
Hairspring
--
Balance.heel'
SaAt.
"Pallet Lever
-
-/
Pallet Pin'-
Esiapemrent Pinion
I. I
FT1
""-Safety
Roller
Safety Lever
iallet Staff
Escapement Whel,
Figure
6-25
AMCP 706-210
,REFERENCES
1. B. R. Dudley and H. W. Swift, "Frictiontil Re;-.
Journal of' 4c 'JANAF Fu;.e Committeb, S4-ial'
lbxation Oscilla'tions," .Phil. Mag., Series 7,
'No. 27, June 1967,,AD-384 530 (Confideintiail).,
40, 849-861 (1949).
1O.,K. Sch6Igasser- and C. Do.k, "Development of,
2.MLSTD 29A, Springs, Alechanical; Drawing
the Dock Escapement , Proceedings of the.
Requiremzents For, Dept. of Defense, I March
Timers for 'Qrdhan~ce Symposium, Vol, 1,, Spon1962.
sbredbyU.S.Ariity'Harry Diamnond-Labordtories
3. A. M. Wahl, 3echiiniical Springs, McGraw-Hill
Wa'shihgtoh, D.C., N~vernbei. 1966, ri.15-34.
Book Co., Inc ,N,' %, 1963, Chapter 12.
11. D. Popovitch, Tirnipg Escapement- A1echanism,
4.F. A. Volta, Theory and 'Design. of Long12 . Ptn 3,168,833, 9 February 1965.
Deflection -Cstat-Frce Spring- Elements",
Y .KlyadJ
.Zr
A mrvdFz
T'rrts ASE 7.43-451192).Esebpement~for the MK 18 and 'Other-J:S. Navy
5. _,LeGrand, Ed., The New ilmerican, MachinIMechadicaI Time Fuzes",j. of Applied'Mech.
ist's lla1ndbou.k, McGraw-Hill BFook Co., -Inc.,
13, A285-A290 (December 1946).
N.Y.
7.13.-R.
195,'Pat
6. Knt' ?,edhaictl'
iigiecrs landbokDesign, Shop-Practice, John Wiley &<Sons,,N.Y.,
0.
195
7. R. E. Miller and, W. J. Worley, "Mathematical,
'Analysis, of a.-bynamic 'Arming 'Mechanism for
a Projecti le: (V)", -University, of IIllinois, Urba~,ll,
ppnIx B nD A ednri
Summary 'Report, Fuze,. P1131) T370 Series (U),
The Maghavox Co.1 1 October 1964, Cointract
~DA1
. ] 958.
,6;26
T_
=T=
9Er.
_AMCP 706210
CTAUTER, 7
-ELECTRICAL ARMING DEVICES'
71 GENERAL
Elhdtric, arming actipns include-bothall-electfical,'ctiohis (for example, clhsinga switch)aiid
mbvemnent of. mechanical devices by electrical
mealis. Electrical de'vices' possess- many advantags under' certain conditions especially when
'fast aqtidn is desired. Switches and explosive
motors are commonexamples.
Electrical, arming is an,obvious extension for
fuzes. that/function by electrical means. Itmay
be ,conVenient to activate 'the but-of-line device'
by electrical'means"or add electrical arming as an
'extra safety deqice tointerruptAhe circuit'ortosh6rt ciicuit 'the leads of the electric :detbhator.
A n electric fuze always contdaiis th'latter safety
feature. When desighing :p electric fuze, tle
order of armingis important. Since electrical dischiges may occur,, the electric circuit should'be
corhpleted before mechanical arming actions
NO
OUN
SwITc-
o.IN.ULxTW
occur.
in
4
-
CONTCT
0.185
SIX LACES
sPRIN CONTACT
TEIA
,MoUAS
,NoUYAC',NC
L-
DISON
"Ot
ArKINSON,
MAY
WIS.
AMCP706-210
SP(NR1
LASS
-CABR-\
70
pellet of
____I__avvressed
__________
____
POROUSobta
BARRIER
CLCTICLsures
LEADSp
rLCRCLswitch-
CONTAC
CNAiik~
N~hCT
INSULATOR
(8)Cloed. osiion
(A) penFostion
(A)
penPosiion
YB,
cloed. osiion
Figure
7-2
I2c
NEAT
SATIE
HOLES
co,
EL-
-EN/
~
_
iA'pi
oi o
/sdPsto'
'
AMCP 7O6.210'
o.292 DIAM.WIRE
LEDS7,
mle
ande:
o/r4-
'16 CONVOLUTIONS
1DIAM.-
zi
(A Dipi-ido,#
-AFlER-V
DIMPLC
_____
WRELLEADS
7-3 AC CIRCUITS
KC circuits provide arming delays in many
fuz ap4ctos'Tecrcisaesmlra
sonably accurate, -and' economical. The desired
delay interval may -be .'easily set by varying,'the
value, of -the resistor, capacitor, or charging
-
____
-175
AMCP 7064210
7-
*mann,
*
potential.
in simple delay systems,, a battery -is switchedon at-the star-t of the delay period to charge a capacitor,through a resitr.L In other systems, such"Athe EBomb 'Fuze.Sy-SteW, f1' ,a tank capacita ischared from~he aircraft power supply'.
-The 'tank capacitor then charges Asecond cap'acitor through a resistor to obtain the desired delay.
Si*x- types of RC delay circuit are discussed in
tiparagraph:' the biasic -RC delay circuit, the
tank. capacitor RC delay circuit, 'the- triode6 RC
delay circUit,.'the three,wire--RC delay'~circuit,
the cascade RC delay- circuit, and, the RuehiRC delay circuit. The-equationis for these
circuits are- basedt on the assumption that theca,pacitors; have negligible internal leakage currents;
Fcr-circuits used over wide temperature ranges,
temperature'vakiatiois ofthe leikage resistances,
alongwith temperature vafiati6fis of other circuit
elei~nts, .limif the lengths of delays realizable in
piactice,
The 'simpler 'types of- RC circuits have 'been
used- successfully for delays up to a minute un-dersevere c'onditions. Casc'ade and three-Wire differential circuits extend,.he delay range several.
fold. Under restricted conditions, RC delays of afew hlours cin' be obtained,
7-.
7-3. BAIC'T
RBSCCELAY CIRCUITS
about
107131
fie dtoatr n oaL.When 1.7equals striki ng potenitial' k ,,the diode fires and ,permits a
current through thecload.
In terms of time t, measured from switch dlosure,,potential E' of capacitor Cis given by
7-3.2
C1
and
E, (1
-C
'i
74)
C1 +C
T'is the time,constant of the tank circuit, in this,
ChE2 eul prxmt
cas th tiea'h
0.42 E. Eq. 7-a can be solved to give the time t
fr aaio ~'ora
sm'pee
rqie
C2
teEld au
.
/ROAC
C1
\
)I
21
9b
C1
:\E
' 5 b (l..et/Rc~
(7-1)
and'
RC In
se
b c
POWER
SUPPLY
'c
_tEb
(6
c,
'
'
,,E2/
C
kTE,0
CIII 'J
(7-2)
(7-.3)
etT)
e~
C2
AMCP7OS210
closure of'switch-SF. Potential Eb
2 may be,either
higher ,or lower-4han .potentiaI F_
P7
SPWEW
;$
~2=ja
b ut the dif-
Istriking
Potential'i
of-capacitor-qi- remains at the
constant- value Ej
biWhen switch'S 3 clome, cathe
piioC dshre hog eitrI.At
Figur -7.7. Tank CapacitorRC'Delay Ciruit
end of-a delay t, potential F-2 rfialy-drops to
7-3.3, TRIOD6ERC DELAY CIRCUIT
such a Value, that -the potential ( -E,1 - '-, 2
across diode. -D reaches its striking potential E.
The. diode -then firesfanid initiates the desired opin. Fig.7-8, capacitor. C is charged through reerition of the load.
sistor -R. ,Potential El' of capacitor-C at time t,,
of capacitor C it given by
-Potential
measured, from- closure of1 swi tch, S,,, is given by
to
otental
atainEis
any gven b Eq.-72~E6
E et2CEq. 7-1, and the time re-quired for capacitor C
thC
Diode D)striking potential' E. itthe end- of delayWhen potenitial V reaches ,the required pae
given by,
potential, of' the triode and sgwitch-S2 is closeti
applicationi of-,a suitable- ignal to the grdo0 h
(1-7)
& -c E62 (6 '?/RC
Es=Ec tfride causes 'it to conduct. Capacitor' C dis2
charges through -load' , to initiate -the desired
When this equation is solved for delay
operation.
This circuit is used, in the,.arming systeiii of
E2
some proximity fuzes. Switch, S,Imay be omitted
tR
2 i
78
2
if a reserve battery is activated at' bomb release.
8
l
be-closed
may
it
orfitted'or
-ma~y-be
S
witch 2
an iuxiliary~arrning system at~the end of-its
-
.-
-'by
-E
This circuit may be used as, atwo-event -iing system.MTe first event closes switch S, or
activates' th batteryj source. When capacitor C
is charged to th eurdpaeptnilo
h
tiode, the secondevent-ztriggei* the-triode. :LoadL is an explosive switch or-explosive iotorthat,
aligns the, explosive -train, closes functioning ircuits, -orverforms; other operations to complete
the armiiig..
SUPL
POWE,
-b
so
Cd
X T-
[_jTI
L
--
Figure M-.
-Three-wire'RC'belay Circuit
Figs. 7-10 and& 7-11 show the, discharge, behavio.-.of this circuit. InFig. 7-10, b2 is'higher
than E ; in Fig. 7-11, E62 is lower tV'ianm Eb
In -either case, diode, D' strikes when $potential
',2 falls to the value -of--Ebl E,
This circuit -has less Variation. in delay with
variation in temperature than the circuits menohSp2tr ekmr thge
thn
tioned previously; particularly- if Eb2 'is higher
-.-
LA
,Figure7.8. Triode.CDea Circuit,
'i4THREE-WIRE RC DELAY CIRCUIT
-5
E.2
siktkii-clsure is givenby
POTENTIAL 5 Ecz
[e~
E22b
2 -b-Sleaks,
-J~y
OTENIALEca
J_
7--
~Ebl
-CIT
1C.~
Ec2
SOURCE;EIS
-'cuit
7 9
(eb!-JL)
'Fig 74etenson
snws~i tthb~i RC
Three tank capacitors give th Ruehlmnanfi
ciutadaagsoeriplrRCcrct.
delay circuit, (par. 7-3.1) to lengthen delays several fold, -while using componentsof comp~arableTedoesrkn
oenil~nwihR
ea
accuracy depends, is-stabilizedimmediately bevalues. Delay 'begins When switch S, is closed,
fore delay begins. Therefore, wide'powei supply
The, switch, is kept closed- throughout the operation of the syste m.
variationis-can be tolerated.
Thesolution is simplified if7-.
TW DI E L H IVA N CAb T
R R1
2 and C
7.C W-ID
UHMN
ICI
R
I CI
SOU#CE
,.delays
T11T lResistances
C~~
~I
7-6'
oZ
delay. The ratio of E4 toj E, onewhich delay depends, then remains constant even though, supply potential' P, may vary.
-AMCP 7064210
1--
SU
AE)
LI'Rc
M,
(1)4
4kE
Cthen"
'Cl
-E
U,
1
(12)
(743)
from which,
-i
and'
(7-14)
ln- RI
t
a brief, closur& of -switch S1 .,Capacitor '02 -is
chargd through diode- D to a potential (E potntia of
diod D,where t is2 the extinction
h d
When AE is negligibl, with respect. to El, Eq.
dite
. Cpaeite r 2 the dischrges- throuh
y nealy
Uals
, and capacitdrC-C tintpo-diode ,! ,resistor
tewial E,- equals
E, .Af
where Fii 15,
(7-15)= jc)
C 2 AE
-diode )s stiking potential. I C <fmay be-of the order of lOmillivolts. The paramr
Sic
Sic
eters of, the diodes, and potentials E j1 and'E4
:.
.4+
...
.
..
.~4
',i+
+
E'r.
.
4.C
aceos
potential
the
that
so
chosen'
be
must
EciC,
D2 does not. again reach-the striking po0 0.dode
teitial. The resistance of diode' D2 can be cono n '.T h e r esla x ation
s i de re d in fin it e af t e r, e xt in c t i
LOAD
opefatiorids, completed in- about 0.25 sec.
'
:"
E\
E 14
t'
Finlyzero)
--
E 2 -- k
Ehs
R,_
-
(7-10)
eo
4, +
( u ri e.n t as sum ed -
_ _r__
'
E2
rt
1 -J
"ER
+__,
AMCP7O6-210
O
ACCRAC
RCDELYSby
At JA
tproabf
Xc
-j+(
~%(7417),
swi thes
TABLE, 7.-.
__
'Type of
Error
Component Errors
At
AR1
1
At=
AC1.,
1R=
-1
Variat~on~of
Striking,-Potential
Error
uation
kInk
7-8'
4required
for
At
t
-IAt
Elkink
IlAk
Ink 1A
1ink TE
1
--
-~
--
AMCP706.210
REFERENCES,
a-t LeTtere'd references oarit listed at--tbe- end of
thiihdaidbook;
L. 'Notes on' Development Type '.Muteriel: T11Electric, Impact a~d Time Fuze for Hand Grenade (U),
AryHariy,
'US
Diariiond Lbboratories, Rcoport TR 649, Washington, D.C., 17
Oct-oher 1958 (Conf idential),
21 .IR. '. Rouse,' Tlier,,.ai Time Pelay, National
Bureau of Standards, NBS Report 17-189 Wash-ingtoni-D.C., September 1953.
7-9
,AMCP 7O6-210:
JJ
CHAPTER 4
of -fluidics, in-which fluid components and systerns perform sensing, logic amplification, or control functions without 'the use of any moving
parts. The terminology, symbols, and'schematics
used'with flueric systems are containedc in a proposed MIL-STD3 .
The application of flueric techniques to fuze
arming-systems is-in its infancy. However, a start
-has been madeto apply these devices to fuze de-sign ' . Much of the original research and devel-opment was oncemed with the invention and
improvementof flueric comporients. Present prograns'are-more and more concerned with the development of, complete flueric systems with, increasing numbers of the individual components
beiig available off-the-shelf. However, the fuze
designer will still, find it necessary tohave some
of his components specially developed. Present
te~hnologypredicts that many of the control and
sensing functions, nowprimar'ly in the domain
of electronics, or other nonfluid 'power techniques, can be accori'plished by flueric systems.
In fact, flueric analogues exist f6r ,most elec'tronic devices.
8-2.2.2 Flueric Components Used for Aiming
'In a typical electronicfuze timer, thefunda-
8.2.2 FLUERICS
8-2.2.1 'Fluidic and Flueric Systems
8-1
S-
-_
'-
.'
'-
----
'
-AMCF106-210
output ports 0 a >and,.. The outputports serve
as conduits for, irectiYg fluid pulses -tothe'succeeding element i thefluid
.
circuit. In this de-
0
./
vice, a-gas supply.S',of' onstant pressure is provided t6form a jet stream through nozzle, N. The
jet stream will entrain fluidofrom the space between the stream nd&the "wall,-1owering thepressure. The higher-atmospheric pressure will force
the stream against the Wall The geometric con-
'SPLfTTER
WE
/C
CA
{
(A) IITAL
VENT
o0
yENT
VENT
,____..._______
CA
(B) PROPORTIONAL
Figure 8-1. Schematic of Flueric Amlifiers
8-2
AMCIP706I210
other. The rate of oscillation depends on, thle
speed (sonic velocity) at which, the portion of
the outout jet streari travels through the feedback, path back to interact, with tlhe main jet
stream,,causing iL to deflect #.c the'opbosite output port. For example, when the jet stream is
deflected to 0 A of this proportional amplifier,,
the portion 6f 'the jet stream in the feedback
path P8 which-is causing the deflection thenbecomes zero. ,However, the'main jet'stream being
deflected over to 0 A now provides an output to
path 0A and feedback'path PA .Part ofzthis output is now diverted back along P4 to interact
with the main jet stream, ,causing the main jet
stream to oscillate to the opposite side. The frequency of the oscillation is'directly proportional
to the velocity (speed of sound),of the outputs
in thefeedback paths.
The outputs'of -theproportional amplifier in
Fig. 8-2 drive a~digital amplifier so that the outputs from the proportional amplifier are connected directly to the cofitroLports of the-digital amplifier. Inthis manner, the'main jet stream
of'the digitalaniTplifier is switchedto follow-the
oscillations of the proportional amplifier. The
purpose of connecting the two types of amplifier
in tandem is to provide an csdillator (the combination) which has ai oscillating frequency that
is relatively insensitive to variations in ,the common supply pressure (Sp - St) The proportional
amPlifier will inherently increase its oscillating,
frequency with increasing pressure, and the digiO
1-1we
WA
DIGITAL AMPLIFIER
VENT$-
ATTACHMENT WAL0(W,)
GoAsSUPPLY
4A
~
PROPORTIONAL
pA
VENTAMPLIFIER
,
GASSUrPLY (S,)
-SONIC FEEDBACK
PATH(P,)
00
last stage.
gas
by to
pressurized
of gas,S.supplied
A jet power
streamsupkply
through
flow follows;
,is caused
dfrom
the o~ifice and will attach itself to one of the
walls. Fig. 8-3 shows the stream attached to wall
tA (w) after being switched-by the buffei ampliIV
fier-signal applied at input Iw . When the bu;fer
amplifier signal is removed from input Iw a partial vacuum will now be formed at the attach(W) (Bernoulli's principle), causing
ment wall IIA
8-3
i
!
LA
AMCP 706210
an entrainmient flow of gas frdm' the controlport of the wall 11 A(W) around the Warren
loop in a clockwise direction. When asiknal -fromn
the, buffer:aniplifier is-reapplied at A. it follows
~the lpreferred'direction ~setup jn the Warren loop
.(clockwise) ibd causes'the mainstre~i-4tsWitch
.to OB(w)
When the buffer amiplifier',ignal is
removed, the -entrahrinient nfow in Athe Warren
lqbp -will reverse 'to 'a couinterclockwise direction. Thebuffer-anplifier signlal, when reapplied,
Will, be directed around the 'Warren- loop 'in a
counterclockwise direction and, switch the main
stream back', to 0 (),.as,
shown in Fig. .3.
0 A(W)
0 B13(W)
DIITL AMPLIFIER
PAW
IWARREN
BUFE"AMPLIFIER
~\
IA(B)
t
SB
LOOP
7****
CONTROL
'B(B)
AMCP 706-210
SETTING GAS
UPPLYV!
BINARY COUNTER
(12 STAGES)
VENT-PORTS
AMPL. .POWER JC
POPTS
A: "AMPLIFIER
I.FLIP'
..-=.
-i'VOLUM
I, 5 CUBIC ]NIHES
'
PLATE
IROPORTIONAL
OUT PUT
10;
OSCILLATOR
AMPLIFIER
OSCIT
PLATE DT
man
COUNTER
PLATE
'AMPIFIER
APIR
SEPARATION
PLATE FEED
LACL O
COUNTER'PLATE
MEMORY
____I_
SEPARATON
PLATE
OSCILLATOR
OSCILLATOR
OSCILLATOR
SEPAPATION
PLATE
iA
,
I\ ."
Sfor
AMCP 706.210
about1/2_in3 while air supply system occupie the rest of the space.
8.22.3 Reiuatin OW1I*tor
"
*"'0
S.tions
CAPA'CITA'NCE~
r....
AE$SAC
I
",
C,IAr. c,
PU
,STANCE
RESI
.
J,
8-2.2.4 ArmingConsiderations
The+size limitations that fuze arming devices
place upon the designer create a special'problem
with respect' to flueric systems, namely, the,
problem of the power source. To drive a flueric
system, one must have a reservoir of fluid:of sufficient size to deliver the proper, amount.of fluid
for the desired period of time. Most of the presen' thinking has resulted in the use of selfcontained' pressurized' gas bottles. If times are
short and space is not too critical, then gas botties are-a valid solution. If times are longer and
space problems are critical, small volumes must,
be usedwith the-fluid at high pressure. Since operating pressures for typical miniature flueric
BLEEpS
OSCILLATOR INPUTS
"*i
**
COMMON, INPUT
--ASSEMBLY
,AMC 70621
t4
0,
~~~
4~C'
2A'
~~~~
4)
2'.0.~
.
0
>0
i~(~
~~
0.
-.
,.
fi-
~~~-0
')
O1
0(4
v4 4
0. a
.00
o0
0-~
uO 0~~
-C)"
CC
-Jj
Uso
.0
4)
2~~~,
o~.
0')'
~
0
0-
0~
~
,.20
.0M
AU
0o 8
-0
U>
Co
~0
.-
2R
0r
10.
~ ~
:3 >0,
(40ty
.s~
I0 .~~
--Q
.0
It
I..
.~'it
)00
C2~>*
ANMCP 00210
-The
. - HEAD
6
: SAFETY PIN
H -,GUIDE -PIN
A - STRisRthepressure
C S-"SPRING
--FIRING :PIN
---L _
SLIDER
"F-
J - DETONATOR
K- - BOOSTER'LEAD
*L TFTRYL BOOSTER
."'PLUREsTRICTER
RING
- -S-"o"
F"
.S_
T
_-
SL
"
:<
.n.Ges
V - SEAL
&
R'-.CAP
SS
"
fSPRIN6--
. in d m te
disk aida
consists of a 'metali backing
~~~~~~~~assemblfy
lticasebu34
HOLDER
/heat
i
:,for
CYLINDER
PISTON
(A Oort Deley
against the delay rotor Assenibly (the space between the two assemblies in Kthe ,illustration was,
introduced solely to show the -sac assembly
clearly). In operation, thedelay is obtained when
Theory of operation- is based on the cornpressible flow of air -through the orifice. The
annular orifice, in this case, acts the same as a
8-9
.,----
-\
''
i~ l
'1
ooR._
~
~4TOR
LAE
RoO 'DELAY...D AY
that oifice.
Glass'beads have the advantage that their opdependent thanless temperature
eration is much
fiit~d_.
~flis.G~bead~el~.?mec~fiism
thatof-ruefluds.Glas bed~dla~mecanims~
SPRING
-ACETONE,
10-50 g.
SOLUBLE
PLASTIC
RING
SBPIN
PIN
OETONATOR
8-10
-'-
'
AM0CP706.210
SY
mifd ithe original.concentration. varies, thereaction- rate varies accordingly. For simple reactions, the Aarhenius equation, is a good'apprdxinati6nfor the rateof reaction 2 .
fuies'.
K = Ko
(8-2)"
-'
17,e.
(8-3)
,whre Po in moles/ccisec is the initial concentration and K isgiven by Eq. 8-2. Although these:
equations are valid, they should be used only a
an approximation. Then, empirical methods
should be employed to set the dimensions. These
tests ,involve measurements of, concentrations
which can be done in any of the following ways:
(1) measure- the solution concentrationby quan-,-titative chemical analysis (the-.mbst -reliable-but
expensive), (2) measure the volume of gas prod~iced (sinile butgreatly affected by temperature); -(3) correlate-thecdncentation with light
-absorption (continuous measurements),(4) meas-.
ure the density -of the solution (comparatively
simple and widely used), (5) measure the refractive index (continuous and not too depend- "
ent upon temperature), (6) measure the viscosity
of the solution (slow, inaccurate, and inconvenient), and (7) use radioactive isotopes as
tracers (expensive and not as wellknown). Once
the rate of reaction is deteimined, the approximate delay time- may be found by calculations.
'(8-4)
dt
where, Eg is the induced voltage, in volts; N'is the
which'the
number:of coils of wire through.manetic flux (,in webers, changes.
This is1usful in sea mines as shown in Fig.
8-12..The earth's magnetic field is shifted by the
iron ship- so that the magnetic flux threading the
coil is changed, as.the ship passes, over the mine.
The electric voltage induced in the coil actuates
a sensitive relay which closes the detonator firing
circuit. (See also par. 3-4.3.2.)
COMMAND FUZES operate by receiving signals from an operator. For example,. harbor deses have been operated thusly; an observer
-8-11
It'
I
,
'
$/ A
','
'
',
"
..
..
Mio,,b's
Afo.ro,,c
,,0S
field
--
11
I
IN.
"
o.,
'C' l(
-'
'
5~l
S(S
tW !'U'i.4
.........
Figure 8.12. ElectromagneticInduction Sea Mine
'
Ak6P 706-210
-RE FER ENC ES
R; L Dugher-ty and A. -C. Ing~rso -1, Fluid'
1.1. Natha n -Seideri and, Donald Ruggerie, Product
Mlechanics, -McGrawH iI[-: Book. to. i,
New
Improvement of, the 1 59,42 Puxzo, Picatinny
'York, NX., 1954.
Arsenal, T'echical Report '3568, -Dover, N.J.,
2. --H. W'. King, and E'. F.. Brater, 'h/andbook of
February197
11) drqulics,, 54.h Edition, McGraw-Hill 'Book
12. TM 9?-300O203, Artilletx Amm.~unition, Dept. of
n.,Newv YorkNY,16
:Aemy, Apii 1 1967.
3. IL;STD1306 (proposed), Fluerics, 1'ertninot!
13._'D~S.:,Breed, ,The Th'eqryand-Design of a- Pneuog)', Symbols,_ and Schematics,, Military. Stand-,
inatic Time Delay, 'ife~lanisin, Massochuseiti
6rd, Dept. of-Defense, AOHF[1967;
~Institute
of Techn6l cg-, Cambridge, ;Mdss.,
4. R.'afe.TheAplitin
'Master of Science Thiess, 'September 1961.
'Techno5logy to Ait illery Fuz~es (U1), Frankford
14. PA,j
A Pneumatic ilnneihir 'OrificcDashpot
ArsinaI, Rep~ii M66.20, Philadelphia,, Pa.
Suitable for Use in.-Orditance Safety -and- ArnMay 965 AD19O4(Cnfiental)ing- Delay Alechauinis,_Br'eed'C6r p., Fairfield,
-5. The Application of Flueric Devices to OrdN.J., January 1967.
ijunce -Timers, Jouial' Artikle 51.0 of the
15. U.S.-Patent 3,171L245 Dasho ie,
arh
-Co.,
'PueFid
6.
7.
8.
10.
8-12
AMCP-706-210
CHAPTER 19
CONSIDERATIONS IN,FUZE DESIGN
9-1 GENERAL
A designer's ability to develop a fuze is contingent on his knowledge of exactly what a fuze
must do and of all environments to which it will
,be exposed'the purpose of this Chapter is to discuss the more basic safety and environinental require ents; to present a general plan for the
major phases of development from first pencil
sketch to final fuze acceptance for production;
aneto illustrate the-sequence of design and the
application of the principles developed in'Parts
One and Two.
9-2 REQUIREMENTS FOR A FUZE
Fuzes are designed for tactical situations. They
are used with various series of ammunition items;
artillery projectiles, aircraft bombs, sea mines,
-small arms, rockets, and guided missiles. Each
series has its own set of tactical requirements and
launching conditions which govern the final design of its fuzes. Within a series of ammunition
items (artillery projectiles, for example) a fuze
AMCP i66-210
-- 2.1 ENVIRONMENTAL FEATURES
Tactical requirements vary -fgr specific fuzes,
but every fuze will undergo a number of-environmnental .conditaons: from assembly to.
5 use. While
all fuzes do-not undergo the same environmental
conditions, the -more common areas' have- been
'standardized, and g6uped together -for, cdfivenience j. Accordingly, the specifications foi new
fuzes can be written simplyby reference. The environmental conditiohs influence choice,of-materials,. iiethodlof sealing-and'pr6tebting the fuze,
ayotit and design of component-parts and
-method of packaging. Many of the-Pwidely used
,features- are included'in, the following, list (for.
more details, see pars. 15-3 and 15-4):
(1) OPERATING TEMPERATURE.Thefuze
must-withstand temperatures ranging from an air
temperature of 125F (ground temperature, of
145F)in-hot-dry climates to-an air temperature
of -50F (ground temperature of -65"F1 ) 'in
cold-climates'. Temperatures can drop to -80 F
,inbomb-bays of.'high flying aircraft,,and aerodynamic, heating can raise the temperature of
missiles launched-fromohigh speedplanes above
1450F.
(2) STORAGE TEMPERATURE. The 'fuze
must be capable of-withstanding storage teiperatures from :-70 to 160 F and be -operable
after removal from storage',.
(3)- HUMIDITY. The fuze, must withstand
relative humidities up to 100%.
(4) RAIN. The fuze must function as intended even whenfired in a rain storm.
(5) WATER. The fuze -may, -in certain instances, be required to be waterproof, showing
no leakage, and be safe and operable after immersion-in wvater at 700 100 F under a- gage pressure of 15 + 5 psi for one hour.
(6) ROUGH TREATMENT. The fuze must
withstandthe rigors of transportation (including
perhaps parachutedeiivery), and rough handling.
(7) FUNGUS:Thefuze must be able to withstand fungus growth.
(8)- SURVEILLANCE. The fuze must remain
safe and operable during and after storage in a
sealed' can for 10 years (20 years are desired).
9-2.2 GENERAL SAFETY FEATURES
The basic mission ofa fuze is to function reliably, and to, receive and amplify a stimulus
9-2
AMCP-706-210
The fuze rius never remain'in the parti.lly
armed position. As soon as ihe force that caused
partial arming is removed, the fuze must return
arming device.
adjusted.
Some fuzes and fuze -components are assembled in.production by mechanical spin'assembly
equipment. To insure that spin-actuated fuzes of
37 mm and' above are not armed by this operation, the fuze must at no time be spun in excess
of 300 rpm nor can thetfuze be acdelerated-to
300 rpm inlessthan one second Thus the designer must insure that production riiethQds can:no compromise-the safety feattires of f .'uzle.
After the preliminary design, has been approveu, the required explosive train has been established, and the-basic arming actions have been
selected, the ddthil drawings are prepared from
which prototype models can be made. Materials
are considered. As was done in the preliminary
stage, all tactical, enirbnmental, safety, and de-,
sign requirements for fuzes ,afe ,reviewed criticatly. Other similar fuzes already>in production
should be examined for typicalparts that might
be used interchangeably (screws, shafts, and collars); this step frequently reduces manufactdring
costs.
At this poiri, the designer evaluates forces
9-3
74
AMCP 706-210
acting, on the fuze, selects materials, anJ determines componeftt sizes. External, forces to
which a fuz e may besubjected are shodks aid vibfations that ocdurlvhen a fuze is transported or
whien accidentally dropped. Accelerating forces
on different fuze parts ocicur during launching
(setback), during flight (centrifugal and creep),
and, at the :tLrget (iriipact).. All these >forces the
fuze must-be able to withstand without changing
its operating characteristics. Forces nust bd conputed in detail. 'Finally,-the choiceoof materials
and dimensions for the parts depend- on elastic
modulus, strength, corrosion resistancei machinability, availability in. timeg of emergency, and
cost., During this phase, performiance is calculated and reliability is estimated.
Secondary effects thiit might necessitate a
change in shape or *balancing of parts are resonant -vibration frequencies, Coriolis effects, -and
overweight. Those who are familiar with-handing, storage, and tactical requirements may suggest other changes.
The final drawing-board layout should include
different views, so that interferences may-be detected'and the orrect iotion of every part may
be assured. The failure to make such checks is
often responsible for costly delays in the modeL
shop, and -in scheduling, proof tests. See also
Chapter 14 for additional guidance on design
details,
.9-3.3 MODEL TESTS-AND REVISI6N S
The complexity of forces acting and the stringentrequirements imposed on a fuze.emphasize
the need for extensive tests after-the prototype
or modei has been fabricated. The actual'sdhedule
used and the number of items tested for evaluatingia fuze design depend on the type of fuze,
severity of requirements, available time and
funds, and related factors. On one hand, the
evaluation must be reliable. On the other hand,
it must be realistic, must permit design revisions
at various stages of testing, and must allow short
cuts when indicateo by the particular iipplication. The tests are described in more detail in
Chapter 15 on Fuze Testing.
While most tasts are performed on the cornplete assembly of the prototyp fuze, model testg
during the preliminary layout stage can be most
helpful and may save many headaches. For instance, a novel idea for an arming action could be
evaluated, by ;ubjecting the pertinent compo9,-4
AMCP 706&210b
and-firiiig- tests. In- the end, the succe~ss of the~design depends onrwhether- the fuze is practical and
its ost-reaonabe.
4.81
80
.50709.0
7 NMI
AMdP 706&210
The requireifents- which govern the fuze design- for'the illustrative exlamiple are summarized
in Table 9-.
In addition to -the,,specific tabulated requirements the.esigner tiust -keep 'in -mind the general requiremients..(par.-9!.2) aidthe acceptance
teits (pars. 152-to 15-5).
-the fuze designer has his assignment; the requirements -have- been outlined. In- essence,'he
has -been handed-a chunk of metal witlrthe hinitations shown i'n Fig.. 9-3. Into. this,space he must
-fit'eiplosive train and armiing mechanism.
alsi
uie
40,000 psi9000 ji
2870 fps
I-turn in,30-cal
1.5754in.,(0.1312 ft)1.985 lb
-Othee
9-4.2-DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
Arming.Distance-hore-safe
Tetryl
Boostei Pellet Mateiial,
Iilc
Typeli of Initiation
PD SQ
Functioning Action
n
'
the space allotted; This space can ~be mhachined.
-out-of single block for the fuze or it ,can be gen6rated by assembling-, pa~te -pieces. For. this
small fuze, a did cast Ablodk may be cheaper to,
,manufacture, than any other ,type. Thenf for convenience inthe loading plant, 6s6ter, detonator.
and "initiating assemblies should be>encaed-In
Ai
....
....
I-
AMCP 7'06-210-
IPIN
FIRING
JI
1'
~~~FUZE
'N
WEC
--
**-.
ULIVINAT00.
/ -RENT
7-30
IMESOSINICt
NOE- ALL
-Ficure~~ f
ueCnor
9..
uln
0.3Tk
I
se bieflos
Bo' er Aseml
j4.1
kftdoeipreq3.
eija
initiate,
Bocstert'&
67i/ii r
leprovid
Forbe~otputAfi
chage'
bursing
bsend
Thaet borster semly incldese then03n
plet,the boo'sterp. cup,4)The stdandard-closing I
ato
deis F(oeart to finishsthe4n i deieter,
e funciltioningav
b u o ued
onier inoadito
way c2i'
n
ufiwring
andoperatinge reqrasa eent th , we
.
pand ongtechiqe thtaeihcmo
Te abovdeiehar5 bas on tey at a dein
sta ofe0.057tlbin ared-rextiendto ithae theto
or esthetu helilt
burtin cargety
9.4.2d.1
-e geatr thn 03 ad
dimetr iaio-shold
-L&
iue''PeiiaySaeSec
antl
ieta,4rmso
semlie folow.
i-f
hee s
cee'n6tefz
urtn.hre.Eog paems e
bd.n
'Preliminoary
th outpuren'94th
ale i
eth
careenogrsae.utb
ahtxpinte fui
Ted foto methie waose oup th bternpt
mulosion.hic
oier heer
poerl
ehed iaosi
Swalg thetboostedntr should
fuztrwilbae
ithl
the
a rist
dsrminagv,Fghw
pthecbte.Fr pelletenae'inaagcupstimulus
swedth inator~h fis boda Siclth cuptisl
Anter plac-e
ouacing isk has.
oeni predd
the otu ndof: -the beonter oreainoth reirby
iexptosie filloser. i h~a hl hog ~
einutyo
th.ln.Toasr
booster
it fthcup)
Thnbttm
en 6fthe-ooserhoweermus hav a9hic
AM&P706-210
DETONATOR ASSEMBLY
-EEN
HOUSING
/DETDEOAATO
ASSEMBLY
'
ROTOR HOUSING
BOOSTER
ASSEMBLY
BOOSTER
9-8
AMCP 766210
selected',a -7/16 in. in diameter 'and 5/32 in.
thick inorderto properlyhouse the-detonator.
-Rotor-'material is selected on the basis of density, confinement, and safety. An alunihium alloy
that can be die cast would be convenient.
Next, the designer deteimines the arming,
limiti. While in theory a fuzefanns,at a certain
instant, in prctice, allowances-must bemade'for
dimensional tolerances-and variations in friction,
Hence, both mininum -aid -maximum.,aminng
limits must be selected. The specified armig'
levels are converted into units' applicable to the
particular design, such as setback or spin levels.
The minimum arming level (must-not-arnivalue)'
must be sufficiently high to assure'safety during,
handling and testing. The maximum arming
Solid disk
Hole for lead
Hole for detonator
Hole for detent
Disk
Detonator
Lead weights
'Disk assembly
1.1-74'x 10"8"
0.078
0.151
0.0046
0.830
-0.0954
0.322
1.569
1.042 x 10 "8
0.082
0.014
0.0032
0.836
1
0.0106
0.340
1.527
1.042 x 10"
0.0092'
0.151
0.0019
0.858
0.0954
0.038
1.029
0 x 10-1
0.0,73
-0.137
0.0013
-0.022
-0*0848
0.302
0.498
AMCOJ7-210
,94,2.3Initisting.Ausnbiy
spring is convenient to hold the firingpin: deiTentsdnward. See pa. 10-3.2 for the ca'Qcuations
T
ahis
aembly, shown in-fig. 9-6, contains the
appropriate for such a spring.
firingpin, the firingpin extension, twodetents,
Frchd the specifications provided for the ogive
a firiN pin housing. -and the spiral -spring., One
shown on Fig. 9-3, an enlargement of Fig. 94,,it
notes that the firing pin will be subject to~rearis noted that the nose of this particular projectile
wardmmotion on setback. Since this is highly unis rather long. Hence, the, designer should :use.a
desirable (the point will,-be damaged), some
light firing pin in order to decrease the inertial
means are usually provided to prevent such~reareffects. A plastic firing pin extension on -the
ward, motion. Fig. 9-6 indicates two hourglass
metal firing 'pin will suffice if the two, parts are
shaped tetenis between firing pin shoulders and
rigidly connected to provide for oblique impacts.
container to preveht reaward motion. Th~e
The firing pin itself 'can be reduced to a weight
detents are subject to the snae considerations6of 1-1/4 grains and the firing pin extension~to 2
rotor detefits relative to length and ,clearance
grains.
(see par. 6.4.1). The hourglas shape provides a
Will'this~firing pin asseifibly provide the necesmore positiye lock than a cylinder because setsary 24 in.-oz to initiate the detonator? One
back tends to cock the detents to restrain their
could calculate ,the 'kinetic energy for a reason-motion. Therefore, these detents will be-releised
able firingpin velocity, sa
3.iOfps, making the
at a:higher spin than-the otor detents. This arnecessary assuihbtions, for" riction in the firing.
rangement assures Athat the firing pin cannot
in motion for. both ,square and oblique immove until the detonator-has rotated into i e.
pacts. However, such computatibn 'is not of
Onc& the setback acceleration is removed, the
much value; It is more reasonable to assume
detents are free to.move radially outward just as
that the firing pin stops (in ffdct), on impact,
the rotor detents are
and that the energy of the projectile is available
,For this geometry, a spiral (wiap-around)
to fire ,the detonator. Hence, the. detonator has
'a satisfactory, input sensitivity for this fuze.
_-- FIRING -PIN
EXTENSION,
FI.RING PINFderived.
OU I
SPIRAL
' )
SPIRLhas
I 'i ".
.
RG PIN
." ,-
SPF6,G
DETENT
, I ----7
i
=-i
9-10d
Fthe
-- ---
..
AMCP 706-210'
of-. the XM65 Electric Detonator, a lead, and theboosterpellet-is :intbrrupted by the QuV-of-line
psition-of the rotor- 'rhe-rotor is locked-in the
-
V
k'
7'
ftyA
-l
~/0
fjj'contact
-
-and
HOUSING-
tROTOR
(AUIGINT)
,
ASSEMBLYCU
-0
-~~~~
22INCH4ES
B00STER,-D1SK
-
'(AIG
BOOSTER PELLET
GNENT)BOOSTER
XM5ECTI
ATOR-
______
RTORt RETURN.-
WEIGHT,
MAC
PLATE
COTAC
TERMINAL POST
TERMINAL INSULATOR
~W~ROORJ
(SET
(FUZE ORIENTATION4)
TRINALPOST
SCREW
DCUP ASSEMBLY
ETSCEW
DETENT
WASHER(2)
0;k_
*Alng
2DHNW
HA
C006IRAN 141iti
\M
.9,4 of
4 4 ain
lxat nppi
e~sti~
De igndrops
Am effective empirical rain d'esensitizing fcature for point-detonating fuzes, consistsof a recessed cavity in front of thie superquick eblement
(which consists of'-firing pin, firing-pin support
cup and a d~tonator) as shown in 'Fig. 9-9. The
head, assembly is the one used 'to make Fuze,
M557A1E1 rain insensitive. The cavity dimenhsions can be varied' so~as not to seriously ~affec.
finctioning against norialArgets.. Dimensions
of the cavity illustrated are 1/2 in. diameter and
3/4 in.'deep. The recess is baffled by three cross
bars of different depths and -oribntatiomsdn the,
holder. These bars effectively break-up rain
PIPN o SUPO I
m~
\COSS SAN131
\Iw
REFERENCES
Tf1
L
AMCP 70&210,4
CHAPTER 1
FUZES* WAOCHD- WITH HIGH' ACCELERAION
'..
'
pica~p~g.
FQR FIN-SAB-
ED\SfRIKER
iue
edAseby
0.Fz'
LIZED1PROJECTILES'
Fin-stabilized' projectiles either-do not spihi-at
all or spin at alate belowv that'iequired to stabi-
'it04.
'0.3r
,where F is the, lad~at solid~iheight, saly, 4 lb;,d is
the,'meandiameter of the spring, in.; and ris the
safe~shear stress, in the wire, psi. Frm Fig. 101
the allowable mnea- diamieter is 0.15 in, -Let hs
be d and the allowable strms be 90;000,psi. .Eq.
10.1 indicates the wire diameter to be :0.040 in.
Although, the spring formpulas take inkL account-ol torsional stress, the tescaused by
~10.1
AMCO 106-210
transvekse shear may be accounted for by ineludinig the Wai factor h~ This correctioni facme1 diamneter
ill.tor depends upon 'the ratio of
of the spring toihe wire diameter.
'For 4his spring
d /d
11. 3
(10.2*)
'diameter
13 active coils;FINGPWOR
-(3), 'Free' heighth ofthe coil (1.94 in.)SHTE
Np,
din. -
(107)
10.2
.9 n
'
SETBACK PIN
(BOTTOM POSITION
.079 in,FROMIN
SAFETY PIN)
L~
LEAD CAVITY
'SAFETY-PIN SPRIN.
LSAFETY -PIN
AMCP 706-210
pressing on~the pin. The equation ofamotion'for
-the pin- is-sinilar to Eq. 6-12 where j is 0.25-lb
and a' is 10 g. To solvefor tie-time to move the
distance
, the initial compression of the
spring x, must be known. This is typical of design problems: assumptions are made, computations are performed, and-ihen the original dimen-
pin.
,-"
e,
AMCP 706-210
ith-
10-3.1 SLIDERS
Sliders form a conwenient way to hold the
-detonator out-of-line. Here tie- designer is interested -in -the time interval, after firing the
projectile, during which the fuze is safe or the
slider ha- not moved, lie calculates this froin
estimated dimensions of the slider. The time
interval rcquirement may be stated in this fashion: (,1) the time interval for sliders must not
begu-until after the projectile leaves the gun because the fuze must be bore safe (the separate
time delay, required-while the fuze is in the bore,
is usually achieved by setback), (2) the fuze must
not arm below a certain spin velocity (the contrifugal field is too weak to cause afining),,and
(3)'tie fuze mustdefintely arm abovea certainspin velocity. These coicepts are discussed-more
fully in par. 9-2.2.
'If lte- slider is, placedat air angle less than 900
-to the spin axis, setback-forces will have a cornponent that opposes radial outward motion of
the slider. This provision .an satisfy. requirement
,(1). For a nose fuze, a convenient angle is that
which makes,:'the slder perpendicular to the
ogive. An angle of 75' wil! serve as a, first ap'1'he final angle depends on the
ratio of setback to con trifugalforces.
A retainer speing can.satisfy requirement (2)
as well as the-rough handlintgrequiremens. It remains to adjust the spring constant and'the position of slider mass cente" with respect to the
spin axis, Fortunately, requirement (3) is ohtained with the same calculations.
Siice the slider will generally continue to
move once it starts (tile spring;force is balanced
by the increasing centrifugal force and the kinetic friction coefficient is less than the static
onc), the designer needs to know the conditions
under which the slider will move. Set x x.ein
Eq. 6-29 and reduce it to
tdf - -kx - Wia! (sined ,i cosd)
(10-8)
f, f)2 r. (cos - Itsinq)I
*EEr'NOr.B SH4
1~~FQW
ASSSEMOI
At O
i~~~ -4br~3
qqu,
hT
- -7
)J
Figure 10-3.
i0.4
--
AMCP706-210
ball?
-,F,
7EEN
'
-DETENT-5-
..
(1)
<0
<0
(2 <0
(3)
>'0,
..
a'
Atic1111 IValues
(1
reasonable value
muzzle spill
muzzlespin
muzzle spin
,,pIitg
.11m
i11se~,
No
No
'No
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
lb
-13,600
.2,500
'0
-- 10
1o
.'
tolin
in)
0
z9,000
0
i25,000
0.300 12,9800.300 2,520
.10-5
AMCP 706.210
'RN
DETEtNT
~.
(100
SPRING
0563
0
'
BALL
IR076R
t
j(1011 (A)
'
0136
DETENT
STO
STO
NOTE.-
,DIAM
SPRING
Long Detent
563
OIAM
''BALL
SPRING -'
ROTOR
(W/ Short Detent
where
area,cnd
met of t
cross-sectional
1)
YA
Sprint thicknessiin.The
..-4
1 2)
and
=
(1 - 0. 139), in.
(10-13)
/'114'-2
10-6
=1200
;607
0.03601V
= 0.005in.
S
P = 531 slug/ft
,,
I
,1
=_ 18 x 0 6 pgi-= 1 .0
(0.7361l
1 - 0.0116 =
10.3812 + 0.00155) o 2 >; 10-
(10-16)
The rotor 'must not arm at 2525 rpm. Hence, I
can be 0.246, in. The spinghas been'deflected
0.432-' 6.650/2 = 0.107'in. during assembly so
that the detent will not moye until, the spin
reaches at least 2525 rpm-. -What spinis required.
with an initial'spring deflection of 0.107 in. if 1is
0.246 in. long? According to Eq. 10-46, the
AMC.Pl706.210
ROTARY SHUTTERS
a'
______
-a
10-7
AMCP 70C-ZIO
1,is
Airgoi-~
ox(101
p.
S(te
FAt
[nq
2000
'C~e
0.050
~,
115la
-hn
levels for regular servico~ proetls
*,.I
the motor may not fife when desired, producidg a short-range-projeectde. In-the
former case, a-sensor wvould~be desirable to function the p~rojectile in the ait before it passes be-
-ternatively,
0.2
Setack-
0.00833 t366
100.05
0. 0.0833s.33104
(s
-(10-20)
1-
EHNCLTM
UE
Mechanical- time fuzes are used to providerbil
functioning time. They are applicable to
antiaircraft proj esY -bomntsiser-tc~hurst aboverud r iilr
rje~lsstfrarbit
They are initiated when they are launched rather
than- when they sense the target. A largenumber
of 'tinning mechanisms has been employed iii
-)i
fuzes in the past 4 . Note-that rocket-assisted proh nua is~cnfrtid
where (b -andti-e
s te agulr dsp~c~mnt ad, jectiles will- require longer runining 'times ahd
adteangular acceleration, k;j is assumed con- mgt
agtraclrto
uigfih
-san fo te~tmer
]rmmigh-5-wtt~h
undergo aglraclrto
uigfih
-stnt or he-tine-t.
Froi. q; -56r-wth he-(whiile. tht: -timing mechanism- -is-in- operation):
conditions mIn 0.0016 lb-.slug, o. 12000 rpm,
For details, of -clockwork desgeepr 6-6.-sgsepr
anl .- <10"6 su t-the iitial acceleration bis 0.154 x, 106 rad/sec". if ((k
-10.4;1 CLOCKWORK-DRIVE
-1.71 rad, then twill be 4.5 msec.*
Once the arming time is-found 'to be within
In current fuzes, the clockwork is driven by a
the proper order of-magnitude, the de:signer may
prewound clock-type power spring (see par.
solvie the problem,-by,/numerical integration or-he
6- 2.3. 1); Older <fuzes'in spinning projectiles *rere
may :build-a model-and test it. Usually a-certain- sometimies driven by the, action oftwo, centrifuamount -of computational work will. be worthgal wdigbtsin the centrifugal field produced by
hild-imW~vr~ti~-ds~uon~owwlidthe--the-spinning projectile'. Although-this drive is no
assumptions are and how closely the-mathemnatics
longer used, it is described here to-illustrate a de-will. describe 'the actual conditions.
-sign- approach.
*Fuze; MTSQ, M502A1,-is an',ekample df a fuze
-~)
When -designing fuzes for use with rocketassisted projectiles, certain factors need to be
considered. Mechanical time fuzes for these
10-8
AMCP 70&210
HAIMMERS
SETTING
P~
rE
f1l -'ijCii'9
WE2IGHT
SETTING LuG_-'-*
SPRING.
SETBACK
PIN'SFTY
EE
ESCAPEMENT
LEVER
AMCP 706.210
clockwork.
The'tiniing, disk -rotlites with the inain, pinionl
su that the centrifugal gear rotates the timing
M(
mc =
sr
(10-21)
silh
is the
Gis.thetorue
n~te pvotshat,
pivot-shaft, m istim
onthe
torque
where G is thewhee
mass of the gear segment with its center of mass
at A, the radii, r and r, are shown in Fig. 10-8,
and 6-represents the angle tlrough which-the gear
could be turned by this-torque.
Fbr this gear, the mass is 0:014 slug; r,:and rp
escapement
7
s o tat
t6toqu
-ratioisraio275
sothatthe
torque on the esca
t
shaft is decreased to 0.0144 in.-lb. However, be-
MAIN PINION
-On'the
-
that
to assure
spring-loaded
the firing
it
will releasearidttiecounterbalanced
firing pin- when
it v rese ,ielfi
10-5 SMALL ARM-FUZES
-tion
SI Apar.
PAPE
d-
CENTRIFUGAL-
,CENTRIFUGAL-'
WEIGHT
GEAR
A-,
.(3) Small arm fuzes are subjected to additional forces while being -fed into -the weapon.
During feeding from magazine or belt into the
HIXBOTRCRIN
HARGE
PERCUSSION PRIMER
SHEAR COLLAR
FRN
"iIDSIL
--IOiSK ROTO
\DS
OO
REFERENCES
(s),
"MCP 706;210
CHAPTER 11
FUZES- LAUNCHED WITH- LOW ACCELERATION
11-1 GENERAL
Chapter 10 discusses exanples of fuzes-undergoing high accelerations duringlaunching. Accelerations on the order of 10,000 to 50,000 g and
-rotational rates of 10,000 to 100,000-rpm are
Munitions having
accelerations of lessroe
than
"gnea
clfcdsgth.fr
I
&
i'iS
-=
Amcp 706-210
-11-2.2 SELF-DESTRUCTION
*11-3
lay -caps, connect the output-of these niechanSelf-destruction, devices -are added to- gujiied
isms to., three Warheads. Only -one of the paths
missiles (and projiectiles) degigned~for~defeat of
need be conmpleted for successful 5missile --operaaircraft. Such, de(icec, are to prevent afined-ami
tbon.
'inuntion from falling to the giouncl and causing'
-Even~tloug1 severai-of -the-;uzes described indamag~'in -friendly-teirito~ry. Thefollowing inechth6 foregoing thxt might opera6te in guided misanismns, iiiany of whichliVe also used for arming -siles, the- conditions on these-mnechanisms warand, iiave-'bebin' descibfi elsewhiere', in, this hand&
ran~t designs peculiar to- them alone. At thebook, are used to provide self-destrutio-n:
_present time, missiles ai'limied4o'anacceleia(1), An ordinary inechianical' time fuze contion o.f about 60-g;,therefore, the arming mechtaining a clockwork that wil detonate-the burstanism mus-be designed to operate withthislacing~h~geat
heendof~ pese tihe ineral;if
celeration. Although a wound spring might be
the'targetrangeis too shiort, the missileivill overused as a source 6fp4 er asa
eral rule anyr
shoot, in which case the clockwork. acts as a selfarming system~lhat uses stored energy, is thbught
destructioni device (see par. 1O-4).
to be undesirable. Perhaps the best power source
(2) ,pyrotechnic de lay eler it that is usufor these low a'ccelerations involves a time acce[;
ally desigried, to be initiated or.. setback, With a, eration integrator.
separate firing' pin; thie output of the delay eleSuppose an arming device' is required for a
mnent ties ~n with the-explosive trains (see par.
hypothetical, missile that has the followingcharacteristics! (1i) it shall arm when und~rah-aceel
(3) In case of a spinning rocket,, spin- decay
eration of 11 g if-this accbleration 'lasts for five
devices may be used- the d6vices may 'onsist Of' seconds, and- (2) it shall not-arni whenwunder-an
3equential lever mechanisms (operated -by cePacceleration less than 7 g for a period of one,
trifugal. force); of detents, -or' of -centrifugal
second. Onsider the armiing device shown -in'
weights that release a spring-loaded firing pin' Fig. 11-1. Setback forces encountered- during ac(4)e
p Aar.
mai deic-hihwil).tit
celeration of the missile apply an inertiafoct,
(4) , 'bf~m~ic
evic whch wll iitit
he, slider. Thus after a specified time, the detthe weapon when it has fallen belowa predeteronator will "be,aligned with the booster'and the'
mined heighti
latch will drop down to lock 'the slider"'in the
armed position. 'If at any time during'tis procGUIDED MISSILE FUZES
ess the acceleration, -drops 'below 7 g, the slider
fii'ust 6be fuimed-to 'its initial-pbsition by','e
Guided mnissile fuzes contain an arming mechturn spring. Because of its- weight, the slider
'aiinimand an explosive trainl'just as othei fuzes'.
would mbVe too fast under these, accelerations;
How!6ver, the various -fuze componments may be
hence;, a restraining forceVs necessary.;It is-possisepalated from the warhead as well as from each
ble that a clockwork escapement may be used to
other. The'terr' for the:separate arming device is
regulate the moition. The following da ta. andasAhe safing And ar'ming (S&A-) mechanism. The iii- sumptions will help to determine the' size 'of
Atiation sources- may be physically separated from
sprimigs and wbights:, (1) neglect friction in- the
this mechanism. The S&A mechanism may also
systiem, (2) altangentiai force is needed to over-be separated from the warhead, the only conneccome the ifitial restraint -of the' clockwork,
tion- being a length of detonating co~rd or an
(3) the .weight to be founid includes the -in'ertial;
electric cable. 'S&A- mechanisms -ie the subject
ffcts' th-hlssm
n 4,hspring is
of a compendilim2
not stretched beyond its elastic limit.
The guided 'missile "is a large, 'dxpengive item
In order to prevent motion of the slider under
with high functioning probability required so 'setback Accelerations less than- 7 g, an initial tenthat miultip1lc fuzing is co'mmonly employed. The
sion
x
sgvnt h sebe pig
advantage of 'the multiple paths is that-/the prob- The differential equation of motion can be used
ability, of failure decreases exponentially. For
to determine the restraining force P,
example, one warhead detonating, syrstem of, a
'1
missile consist. of -two Oaralleled S&A &.echan- Yal
- kx
isms, eachi containing a detonator. Then five,
&1
-F(11
11-2
AMCP4076-21O
lengths-,of detonating cord -fitted- with PEJNreJlay caps connect the output -of these mechan'Self-dlestruction-, devices are added to- gutded' isms to- three warheads. -Only one of- the paths
missis (aiid proj-ectiles) designed~for-defeat-of -need' be comnpleted for successful missile~operaaircraft. Such- devices are to prevent afnied-amntion.
munition from falling to-the ground anid~causing ~Even-tiough several' of -the -uzes described'in
amg-in friendly territory. !lhefollo wing inechthe for&going-thxt- might operate in guided, mnisanisis, many of- whiclivare also- used for arming
th6 conditionscon these- mechanisms warafd havd-bebn described elseWhiere)-in, this hanidrant designs peculiar to-them alone. At the
book, are used to provide self-destruction:
p~resent time, missiles are limited-to an, accelera-An ordinary mechanica- time fuze contion of4about 60-'g -therefore, the aim-ingmechtaiiing a-clockwork-that will detonate4the- burst- -ansm- mus~be -designed to opraewtthaatthe'end of a preset tirne interval; if -celeratioli. Although a wound spring might be
the target range -is too short, the missile -wiill overused as a source bfpbwer, -as-, a-generaml rule any
shoot, in which case the clockwork acts as a selfarming system-thatuses stored energy, is'th6ught
destructiofi device (see par. 1Q-4).
to be und1esirable. Perhaps the,-best power source
()Apyrotechnic deliayee
ithaissu
for these lowaccelerations involves-a time accel;
ally desigifed, to be initiated or.- sbtback with a- eration integrator.
~~separate firing- pin; the output ofthe delay eleSpoea rigdvc-i
eurd:o
mont ties-a-n with the, explosive train- -(see par.
hypothetical,,rmissile,th t has the folloighr
* 4-4-I~acteiisticsi:
(-1-) it shall arm when upndera-accelb
(3) In case of a spinning rocket, spin-decay
oration of 11 g if-this~acceleration-l ,asts~fIor five
devcesmaybe used; the dsvices may 6ohsist o - seconds, and,-(2) it shall not-arni whenudra
3equential lever mechanisms (operated-by cenafceleration less than -7 g fo r a period of onefugal force), of detents,.--~or of -centrifugal
second. Cbzisider the arming device shown -in,
that' release a spring-loaded firing pin
Fig. li-i. Setback forces encountered- during ac:see -par. 6-5).
celeration of the missile apply an inertial force-to
(4 Abm~mtrcdeie hihwilintat
the slider.-thus after a s ecified time, the dotth weapon when it has fallen-below-a predeterQnator iwill be- aligned with the booster-and themined-height;
latch will drop down to lock'the slider in- the
-armed position. -If at any time during'thi procGUIDEDMISSILE FUZES
ess the acceleration drops 'below 7 g, the slider
miust-be ietfiied-to -its initia,41 pobsitio6n -by a-reGuided missile fuzes contain an arming mechturn spring. Because of its- weight, -the slider
Aism and an explosive traiin-just as other futes'.
would mb~e too fast under these, accelerations;
Howeaver, the various -fuze, components may, be
hence; a restraining force-is necessary. Iti-psseparated from the warhead as Well as from each
ble that a clockwork osdapementmdy be used to
other. The-term for-the-separAte aiming device is
regulate the rhotion.. -The following data and-as-The safing And aiing3(S&-A- mechanism. The ini- -su-mptibns will help -to -determine the, size -of
tithiosouce may be physically, separated from
springs and wbights:,-1)' neglect friction in the
timechanism. The S&A mechanism may also
system, (2) a~tangential force is needed to over-be separated from the warhead,,the only connec- -come the 'itial restraint -of the clockwork,
tion being a length of detonating cord or an
(3) the -weight to be found includes theiftial
electric cable. -S&- mechanisms-aie the subject
effects of- the whole-syslm,-and (4),the-spring is-,
a ompendilimm.
not stretched beyond its elastic, limit.
Thie guided missile -is a large, 'expensive item
In order to prevent motion of the slider under-with high functioning probability- required so
Accelerations less than- 7 g,,an initial thnthat miultiple -fuzing is comimonly. employed. The
sion F = kxO is given to the ai~embled spring.
Advantage- of the multiple paths is-thai/the probThe differential equation of motion can be used
of failure decreases,- exponentially. For
to determine the restraining force F,.
example, one warhead detonpating sy'stemn of
missile consist. of -two paralleled S&A machan.w-k--(-)
&"
isms, each containing a detonator. Then fiVe11.2.2 SELF-DESTRUCTION
-silos,
--
-(1)
-ing.,charge
-weights
-11-3
-of
-setback
-ability
-a
11.2
-11
AMCP706-2i10
FLIGHT, DIRECTIONLATCH --
OPENING TO BOOSTER-
-SL'IDER,
DETONATOR,
transcendeAl equation
j,
-W
S(a
gk
- a)cIos
V"t +-%
-T
('
(li-4)
ST
'FROM
CLOCKWORkRT
(eAA'/
h.
where i is, the acceleration of the Weight- with repect t0 the ,mechanism, a'is the acceleration Of
the mechanism in g, and k is the spring constant.
By -assuming that the velocity -of the weight
reaches a-steady value quickly-and then relmains
constantuntil the arming process is cople
V,, (1 - e t/Tc)
(11-2)
in which the velocity is zero at t= 0 and approaches v0,2 the initial velocityi as t becomes
'infinite. The time constant of'the equation TC
fixes the timfie for, - to reach-37% of v . By int&.
grating Eq. 11-2 to obtainx, differentiating itrto
obtain Y, and Substituting these, three (-x, i, and
) into Eq. 11-1, Fr is-determined as
"
kx
kvT )-kvt
r
a
+
r
-=
'113'
kT\
(11-3)
e-/r
-- + k
-
C)that
11-4- GRENADE-FUZES
11-4.1 HAND GRENADES
A hand grenade is a munition hurled against
the.enemy. Its fuiction is explosive (blast or'fragmentation): or chemical (irritant, incendiary, or
smoke). Unlike projectiles that strike on their
nose,, the trajectories of-hand grenades are- unstable so that- the direction oftarget impact cannot be, 'set. They experience no -unique-forces
can 'be used for arming, none that are not
also present, during normal shipping and handling. For this reason, therequiren-ments for outof-line detonator safety and an independent arming force have been waived for all past grenade
fuzes, While there are no, present grenade%'fuzes
having the detonator safety features, it is highly
desirable that a practical detonator safety device
be developed -aid incorporated into future designs. Grenades are treated more fully in a separate publication 3 .
Fuze action, is either time (4-5,'ec) or impact.
Impact action fuzes also contain a 1:2 sec arming
11.3
ATCH
-E
Ta: C
RETURN
SPRIN13
ASSEMBL
CONTACTSIGN" T
o,-
Figure 11-2.
delay anda self-destruction feature that-willexplode the grenade in 4-5 sec. Since timing a6curacy is not critical, a pyrotechnic element is-thv
simplest and most widely used-method to achieve
delay. The explosive train consists of a-percussion
primer, an obturated delay element, and a flash
detontd broblAstiig cap -that wilLdetonate the
grenade. The detonator 'base charge -may be
omitted in chemical grenades where the main
charge is merely igni!.ed.
Since. the grenade's orientation to the target
at the time of functioning cannot be,predicted,
impact action-is difficult to achieve. by mechanical means. With an elehtric detonator, an omiidirectional switch will solve this-problem. Two
trembler switches (Fig, 7-1), at right angles to
each-other perform th desired, action; but tiis
arrangement is probably too bulky. The M217,
Grenade Fuze (Fig. 11-3), for example, has an
all-ways ball switch. Energy -is provided by a
thermal~battery having an activation time of 0.5
sec. This interval plus that-of a thermal arming
switch, closing in 1.5 sec,, provides the arming
delay. A self-destruction switch closes in 4.5 sec.
Manual arming of grenade fuzes occurs i;ntwo
steps: the operator pulls a safety~pin (pull~ring)
and a safety latch (hand lever),is released when
11-4
..
the grenade'leaves. the operatr's hand. Thetrigger mechanism of hand grenades is similar to that
of, the firing device shown in Fig. 13-5. The
M204A2 Hand Grenade Fuze is shown' in- Fig.
'11-4". An example is given, in par., 3.3-4 in which.
the design featuies of the sriker spfingae discussed.
Let us design. a typical haid- grenade fuze
using the firing device and, other standard coinponents with a functioning delay of 4 to 5 sec.
The energy used to initiatethe percussion primer
isderived from the potential energy B, stored in
the spring and released when the striker swings
= GO
=1o kO rdO-
(1!5)
= -7
-,u lb-in.= 352. in.-oz
.(11-6)
AMCP:706-210
f 7,
PULL,
80TER
81W.
-SEMB.Y-
.f-
It is recognized that the current standard service rif1 is not designed to accommodate a rifle
grenade. The inclusion of fuzing for a rifle grenade is for the record and to make-the handbook
complete. Rifle grenades are used by the infantry
to hurl larger charges of ,explosives longer distances than can be thrown -by hand. They are
fired from a rifle by use of a grenade adapter.
"
LI
11.5
AMCP 7064210'
SPRING,11-4.3',PRIMER, ,M42
ULA.
RING
-ASSEMBLY
NON,-GASiOUs1'OEL'A
CHARE
BLASTING
LAUNCHED GRENADES
--
-*
-rear
CAP
'SPRING ASSY&
HAMMER- WEIGHTS,
(3)
STAR WHEEL
W/
/9
'
WEIGHT SPRING
'--CENTERPLATE
'HAMMER.
"-E
NTO
-9
AMCP706-210
*pinion
RIEFERENC.ES_
1. K. A. Van Oesdel, Primnary Yactors T'hat ilffecet the Design of Guided Ifiss i/c Fucing Systems,, Navad- Ordnanei Labcratory, NAVWEPS
Report 5953, Corona, Calif., 6 July 1960.
2., A-Compendium -,of f'Mecbanics -Used? in Missile
Safety and Arming Devices,(U), Part I' Journal
~AkOP
76.210
SHAPTER-12
BOMB FUZES,
]
-12-1- GENERA
12 ..
oak"hte
Lrk..h
.thend is'threadedi.(f6ugh tepar-r -ing vane, gothat it prevents the vane from ro-tating. Wlhen the bomb is released, the wire being,
attache,dto the !omb rack is withdrawn from the
uzf; the vafieis-4free-to .rotate in the air stream
and the arming process can begin. This feature
-gives- -tlie- vane-actuated, mechafism a -definite
advantage over a clockwork because the clockLwork is only held- inoperative, by the -arming,
wire. if it becoinms necessaiy- tojettson the
bombs, th'- arming wire is no6twithdrawn from
the fuze but is allowed to fall'with theb6mb.
While the arming -process appears straightforward and is usually, successful, certain difficulties may arise and.stepsmuct be ,takentom iniiLe their danger: -the wire may break before
the bomb is released so that the part remaining
-in the fuze- will prevent its arming; the wire may
not b securely attached to the bomb rack so
that it falls with the "bomb, and when the bomb
-isjettisoned, the wire may catch on the aircraft
and' be withdrawn unintentionally, On the other
hand, air-integrating zero-g.devices could be used
that Would optrate whe h-e. bomb is in free fall.
Such.-a device -must be-capable of differentiating
betWeen free fall-6f, thebomb and free fall of the,
aircraft with boih.
Fig. 1"2-i shows the trajectories of a -bomb
afterrelease from an aircraft inlhorizontal flight
at various speeds. Parameters commonly used
(1)
SVD:
'Safe vertical drop,, SVD, is,, the-vertital,
distance 'below release altitude in, which the
fuze must be safe. The 'distance albngthe bomb
-trajectory to, this point iscalled -minimum safe
airtravel, or Min SAT. Hence, SVD is, the vertical
component of Min -SAT. The arming zone is that
part bf-the bomb trajeetory-in Whic)hthe-armin
-process is completed. Even for fuzes of the same,
type, the 'arming process is not complete at the
same poitit in, the trajecto . This spread is created by the existence of manufacturing tolerances and the variations of speed and altitude of
thd plane at the moment of release.
12.1
.
.
AM CP-706-210:
plane speed and tajector.
and altitudes
-trajectory, adattds
oomph
1
3o
~"~,MO
\ T -OO-
""..
\r
A00
--<..
400mph
"
200
DI0rnpIA--
:,:
~
""
r-!
-:Zo:::,_
I
______
700
500-
to
be detonated atthe moment it first contacts
the 4 get, tihi
'xx\TR6ETo
I .
000
displays
Fig. l22
xtrikef:-dr,,b-
inertia-of~sbme riioVable.
1000
TARGET
'RANOF, ft:
Figure 12-1 Bomb Trajectories
(2) MDA:
The maximum, drop to arm, MDA, is the.
vertical distance below release altitude-at w hichthe fuze: mrst be armed.. Thc. minimum release
altitude, MRA, is a minimum altitde At -whichc
beireleasd
still, have
'W
,released,
may and
anltile
av 4nr,.
the bomb may thebom
Itimeaction
tail fuzehaving ira
and aonnelay
pact -inertia action., With this -combination, the
nosefize is ekpected'to function inthe air after
the expih-tion. of a certain time interval. -But if
.ooo
, L,,f a"'L;44
"
',
:.
-the
.A
.E
-O
'
--
*W
-a"
-0 200
"')"
4000
WO00 W00
fI.
C..MT
O ML
?''-)
I0X000 12,000
14,000
MO00
AMCP 706;210
12-2;3 CLUSTERING
Clustringaccomplishes two. purposes. First,,it
enables an aircraft'to carry its'ftlbomblO~d~regardless of'individua bomb size. For exahple; a,certain plane is designed to carry two 1000-lb
bombs. In order -to carry the same weightof
100-lb bombs, 'these s maller bombs, can be
grouped- into two clusters of 10 bombs eadch.
Secondly, clustering, also-provides a convehient
means (of releasing bombs for area bombing tin
contrast
Clusterto~pdiil-bonibing.
b'6mbs.are.held together and suspended
'from the plane by meansbf acluster-adapter. The
adaptei may- -be designed to. open 'immediately
,upon release from the plahe or after-a delay. Usually, a mechanical time fuzewith its'asso.iated
arming. wire opens the adapter. Each b6mb in
'the cluster' is equipped With its own faze, the
arming of -which may be started by withdrawal
of an arming vire,, by opening of, a fuze vane
ldck,'or by other m-cans.
12-3 IMPACT FUZES'
Impact fuze is a term used for,bomb fuzes just
as for other fuzes. The 'tacticalpurposes ofobomb
fuze- are depicted in Table 12-1. The general
categories of detonation when- approaching,
when contacting, and-after-inmpacting the target
are also typical of'other items of ammunition;
Bombs do not strike the ground at 900 hut always at a smallerangle depending upon release
-altitude, and aircraft- velocity. Table 1'2-2-gives
approximate, striking velocities and angles for
two altitudes and several bombs. This table indicates that the fuzes inust be initiated atan obilique -impact.
1OUof
12-3.1 SUPERQUiCK OR SHORT DELAalFFzZES
!
of the ariniiigstop rotatethe striker body assembly (5) that in turn drives the striker:1pin aiid
determined
guide assembly (6); Arming delay .is
bythearc thrbughwhichthe striker body assem'bly must rotatebef6re. itindexes-with the.index
stop (7). At this time, the strikerlbody spring,(8)
forcesthe striker body assembly forward-to make
contact with the bottom plate, oi the arming
stop. Immediately thereafter, a striker ball (9) is
for~dd .by spring action into the void above the
striker pin.
At the same :time, a longitudinal' slot in the
striker pin guide- indexes with the rotor release
plunger (10) allowing ,itto move forward by
spring action. 'rhis.frees:the-rotorassembly(11)
to'rdiate by sping~action bringing the detonator
into line with-the rest of th6 explosive train. A
detent (12) locks the ioto in the armed position.
.Subsequent impact on the nose of the fuze'
sheafs'the lugs holding itin portion allowing the
entire nose assembly to-move rearward. This motion forces the striker body assembly agaihst the
striker' pin which -inturn -ihitiates the explosive
'train.
Various arming delay times are selected-by depressing.the indexlock pin (13) and rotatingthe
nose assembly as a unit. This establishes the arc
through which the striker body assembly must rotate before it'indexes with theifidex stop. A minimuhi arming setting of 2 seconds is provided by
tijt 4ndex ring (14).
blaperfquick 'action, and functioning-delays of
0:010, 0.025, 0.050, 0.100, and 0.250 sec~are
l
proper-Delay'Element,
selectable by-inseiting-the
M9, ,inthe fuze cavit just aft of the striker pin.
This is a pyrotechnic element, shown in Fig. 4-7,
which Contains Primer, M42, a pyrotechnic delay
column, and'an Element Relay, M6.7,he output
the element flashes into an addi. iona lead
azide relay:and thence into the detonator.
12.3
'IA
AMCP. 06.210,
TABLE 12-1. TATCLPURPOSES OF BOMB FUZES,
Pisij iiOil of
-Chtrac ter tstic
Fwric tioni -De lay, Fuze in Bomb-
(Airburstlbef~re'
-cqntact)'
Approachinig
First
kinhimum11
P1ossible TIypep
of Fae
Nose or
Tail
Mechaniciil ~ime
Nose
Proximity
Nose
Impact-SQ
(instahlten~ous)(itatnos
-Contacting
Penetrating,
Bounc~ing. Or'
Resting . in
COL-tac
Short
'tail
Imp-act ineitia-nopdelay-
Nose-
Impact-A
short delay
'Impact inertiadelayi
Taft
~short
wtth'
.-
'Medium
Tail
Impact inertia
triggered-medium bel6ay
Long
Tail
',Impact" chemical
or, mechanical
triggered long
delay
Plus, antiwithdrawall
10,0600 Feet
ALtitzide
Bomb No.
AN-M30
AN4M57
AN-M64
AN-M65AN-M66
AN-M56
We ight,
$triking
Ve 16citiy,
Ageo
Impact,
100
250
500
1000
2000
4000
750
800
850
850
875
850
61
59
-55
5
55
57
lb
fps
25,000'Feet
Strikinzg
Angle of
Impac t,
Vel6c ity,
fps
850
975
1050
1050
10561050
0__
12
'72
69
64
68',
69
AMCP 76&21d'
IFLIGHT
ASISEM
0
VANE
ASSEMBI.Y
TN'-
TH4RUST
BEARIU O
9 INCHES
GA
RI
PRN
ASPINBDLE
AN
~l
OENORDUEES
DIK=~
T~E
BOOT'
LOC UASHER.O
MELA
'OC
YPZH-.
SRLEYBD
j
INDEX INE
PELLE12
LBADRIUG
INDEX
RING
'BIO ERDISK
TAGG
I
DEA LCW
RM
REANNGRN
SLEEG
INSTRUNTIO
RaN*
iDEX- STOP
XIOC
11iE/O
DEOAO
RTO ROQE
LEAS
LOC
WASHN
P BODYR
IN
DW
DE
TONOR
POT AS9MB
AHE
BODYOWBUSHINGCWINDOW
4
AF
Figre;1-3 FuzE,
LEAD
CUPM94
xlsv ri
'i'f
obfzsdsge
7)
'AMCP 706-210,
GOEROR GOVERNO
SPPLATE
--
N*DEXSTOP RING
--:ARMING STOP-
GOVERNOR~-WEIGHTS.
PiNION'SHAFT
ftountei shfI)
-
-incorporated
REDUCTION
GEAR AND PINION
ITRA
GEAR
of-target influience into a d~tonation- that will initiate the buisting charge of the bomb. Thi iste
same action, that is required:for-any other fuze
explosive train. Specifications for bomb fuzes.
comniohl , require that, a functioning dela.y be
into the explosive train. ,One bomb
may be used aigainst many different targets-and"
its effectiveness against ch target often depends
upon the functioning delay. It istconvenie-t to
-provide~plug~in-elay elements to make the fuzes
more versatile.
Ijely is usrually achieved, by pyrotechnic
means. A primier is needed to initiate the delay
element because it reIquires input energy, in-the
-form of, flash of 'flame. Further, since deflagration of the delay, element does not. produce a,
flash -that will initiate -a, detonator, a relay, is
nieeded to- amplify the- output of the delay- element. Of c6uise- the detonator is -required to
produce a detonation wave. -Abooster -isIneceissary to9 enliarge the detonation- wave for reliable
initiation of the high -explosive bursting-charge.
Furrther, a lead' is useful to guide the-detonation
waveinto the booster. These components (firing
pin, primer,. delay, relay, detonator, lead, And
-booster) form the explosive train..
A2-designer might-start his 'Work at theoutput
end'of the train. T'he size of the booster charge isdetermined from empjrical data. Fortthe M904E2
Fuzej 1100-grains of~rlpesdat 10,000 psi
12-6--
-will be- sufficient if used -as a qylincier with a,ngth to diameter, ratio, of 3: 2- This mnakes the
cylinder 2' in. long (density, of -tetryl. is C.'056'
ibi in?): itisusually convenienit to make-up the
booster charge of two or 'three-pellets. The cup
may be made 6foaluminumf because it ,is easy-t6form, is readily available, is'lighit, will ,protect th6
tetryl against effects ofniough handling, and'is
compatible with tetryl (see Table 4-2).
The initiating inout-req~uiremenit for tetryl is a
-deto jiAtion wave that is'proViIAed- bya detonator.
A detonator is sensitiet hc n et" o
safety, it must be placed out of line with the'booster. Thus' it will' be,,held~in ~a movable part
'and'shielded-,from- the booster- charge until thefuzeis armed. A large thick plate is used;,to separate them, as shown on Fig 1225' ~4. Wlhen the
detonator swings into alignment,. ther6 will be a
large gap (the -thick'ness 'of the shield,.0.30, in.)
between it and the booster. Whil2epossible
in
-some2 -desigfis, it'cannot be aisumed~hat thte outpi#_ wa.e- from the detonttor will. carry across
this, gap and rdliably initiate -the booster charge,
Hfence, -a tetryl' lead (same'explo'sive as booster
charge) is-added to eliffinate -oart of -the gap.
it- is, 'necessary
Co -etr
-the lead- over, tihe
tiocdter face. Approximately 1.5 &ains-'of tetrlwith a specific avity bf, 1.45 to 1.60 encased in-an aluminum cup is sufficient. A slight- ga be-,
tweeh detonator, and lead-is desirable in- oi'der to
--
AMCP-706.210
RELAY
ROTOR
-BOOSTER
THICK
4'lays
I / %I.
lq
i
DETONATOR
-LEAD
'
',,
ALUMINUM, CUP
,12.3.2.
uzeOperation,
'
A.
12-7
AMCP 706.210
FLIGHT
2
65
3.44
Section, -A-
!d9
I -
PINION AND
2-
PLUNGER
3-
PLUNGER ASSEMBLY
4.-
CREEP SPRING
EXTENSION
RELEASE
-ASSEMBLY
SCREW-
-6-ROTOR.
7-DETENT
FIRING PIN
IO-INSPECTION
'WIN60W
2
The fuze arming mechanism-is driven through
a flexible shift by Drive Assembly, M44, in' the
tail- fin" of the bomb. Since the -fuze canbe used.
on many sizes of bombs, this arrangement allows
drive and fuze to be-separatedLdifferent distances
raiern~is~c~e
as required by various tail finassemblies.
Three
different lengths of 'flexible shafts coverthe nec-essary range of-bomb sizes.
The governor is the same as that in Fuze,M904E2, Figs. 12-3 and 1-2-4. A, close-up of the
governor-is shown ih Fig. 12-7. Vanes spin the
internal drum which enigages one-piece die-cast
aluminum weights. At 'the, proper speed (1800rpni) the weights disengage from the drum under
the influenco of the centrifugal field, -thereby
preveiting f rther increase of output shaft speed.'
The governor spring is-made strong enough-4 9
hold' the weights in contact with-the internal
dum ,at the desired speed. Note that,the centrifugal force Uipon the parts increases as they move
radially outward. The -equation of motion for
these parts-at a constafitspin velocity (Ois (see
-4
= (rjO
k) r
(12.2)
-broken
down into p#ts,
thii iiisss deterinied,
and the centrifugaJ
forces. calculated,
to detero
is dspring,
mine the initial spring tension.The
signedas discussed in pars. 10-2.1 and 10-3.1.
12.4 TIME FUZES.
12
DRU'A
,.
3
-
GOVEROR
SPRI,
,
.
Figure 12-7. Constant Speed Goverinor~of Drive;
M4&
..
A4CP7OS-210
ejected -alowing- they fiing-pin.(2): to-move-forward" oUt of the slider. cavrity. Thris motion permrits the 'P5 moVemfent-assembly to'-stairt. Similtan~ously, the varfie-(3) is freed to rotate. Then
(a) ARMING uIS'-ACCOMPLISHED AS FOI1 LOWS: Jtbtatiori of the vane drives the governor
drum (4) ,directly. A governor spring, (5)- holds
12.1OPRTION
cenirifugal'weikll4s in ~do(t-tith- this drum;--deFig. i2-8' illustrateseFuze,. Bomib Nose, MA98, 'sign, of -the spring and, weights, .povfides 'for-a-that -contains a tither'for both arming And firing,, governing speed, of :approxim~ately- 1950t rpm.
gear reduction
0olos
ngh-a his~ffiotion- translated throu'te-afolwUpn
b
processes. Tepats operate as
(6)-dri~'es the arming gear (7). 'The arming~delay
release from -the -aircraft and^ consequient withdrawal- of aringf wire, the arming pin (1) is- is determiined- by-the arc 'through which, this gear,
M-ARN
WIRN
AFIERR INGIN
SLICER
PINN-'I
AN
0- PEMOIMER
WO
2-TE
VANE
(W
SE
ARIN
SECIO
AA
EN 7VE
Fiue 0-.Fz,
Z,
obNsM9
I ARMNG PN
8-AMIN12TE
FIRIN
9SICER
'PI
- po
.7
. ..-
'
ACIP706.210
-theThe mass,, 6.34 x i0.7 slug, is calculated from
must rotate to index 'a notch, in it with
volume and density; the spring constant,, 6.43
a
g stem (8). The stem themmoves.forwArd
in.-lb, is obtained from-Table6-1; and.by letting
ahd allows the slider (9) to move by sping action
S'be 0.55,in,, one-half the maximum.tr vel (the
,bringnthe'primer,(10) into line with the-firing
same- as x), the time-is.found to be -4.5 ifisec.
p- andthe rest of the explosive-train. A spring
This 'short time mayobe neglected. Even, With-a
loaded detent (11),thendrops into a hole in the
'slider and holds-itin the aimed-position.
'friction force .of 1 ,b, the-time is only extended
wpractical..purposes then, the
to .6-mse. For all
(b), FuNCTIONINGIS ACCOMPLISHED
time- to eject the arming pin may be neglecled
AS'FOLLOWS: Ejection of the- ariing, pin rein coniputing the ain-ing delay.
moves a~prjectiononit "from,a slot in theDisk
__
0.090
0.16
_
"-
o.1
PI N
COTTER PIN 7
terms)
NOTE.t,
.610
0'oi2
-j-"-
0
.30
2
0.0478
0.350
os"
(12-3)
1210
4,q
AMCP706.,210
-v~
in'0s
temt
ID
12p,,d2V 2
(12-5)
AMCP 706210'
.The
---------.....
8OT
2-
"should
l--pvor
,
4-
- NE'R"IACON"T
-wfHS..f,
S.
-"---wide
Figuie-2.
Sthe
Fluze, Bo b TaiIA
*
*stances,
Tli
nept
ic f-~ 60eratinof 'pro~iit f uz es-
fr
-
ICL + VL\
ft (
, cycle/sec
-
(127)
I
is offered merely as an introduction to the subjct of proximity fuzes.. These fuzes are treated
v, thel
radio-aves,
sfit oe thendl
~c
which
in wf
the isCL is ethe velocitywof
is
quency trhsmitted, and -vL=
L v the
-,t
vertical velocities of receiver and source. Since
the bomb velocity v, << CL , the expression for
fAcan be approximated~by
12-12
rt =
(128)
'a
J,
"0
s?
pp
IsBMB
~-
di4
Z-
igurere
42he3 mTyia Adesg'tepier
toeCuv
a constantPgain.nthrughout- the pothibl
Fiqyhrlve
made
80.
up
of
sevra
bob
Wfb0/;bc
bbltbigfuBOhiidalMBmbe
4r"ei
ue
i h aemanra obfzs
Fig
1214
~qipe
FRsteQUNCYai
Bm,.LUB
FFgzr 12-11.~i
ejecte
1
BOBLTsOipqs
f-om
th fzUsfeyclpS1
s mntioraned h ar.1.,bm'cutrae
'mae p of seveirL boms 6aiiiibleti, ach3)
GROUD
40~~~~~~~~ARHT
MB 806i
THUTE
S MY
MA E
s)APCOTANIOPZE
(2)
1RflA....
CL
IP
Bomb-~~~~~3
wthdrp eihtN
veoct vaie
w';P
,"
STRAP
-AMCP 70W210;
cap. Withdrawal of the firing-pin fromi its posi
REFERENC-ES
a-t Lettered references are'listed atthe,end of this
handbook.
1. fM'9-1i285a00, -,Bombs and Bomb Comnponents,
Dept. of Army, April 1966.
2. Fazing Systems for AIir Launched, Weapons i(U);,
Joint Technical CoordinatiA 'Group -for Air
Launched Non-Nucleur Ordnance, JTCG-ALMNO,
issued by the Naval Air Syst ems Command,,
Washington, DCC., 1966.,(Confidentaio).
I3 Marvin 'Kospei, and Arthur Wrenn, '1lK 81 and
M1K 82 Bomb Reljease Curves, UflS. Naval Ordnonce Laboratory, White Oakr Md., Technical,
Report 65-230, 20 May 1966.
12-14-
AMCP 706-210
-CHAPTER' 13
STATIONARY AMMUNITION FUZES
13-1 GENERAL
Stationary ammuniin, such as a mine, is ammuiition thatis set intoplace'to impede enemy,
i3-1
AWCP 7dO-'
APPLIEO FORCE
ts
"
, -energy.
SPRING
PIN
JI
:,
do,
PRIMEand
(8)India/ion of Primer
2(132)
h-
,
/h
specifiedliiit.
It remains to determine whether the spring
where E is the-moduilus Ofeiasticity of the material; . 'is the leaftthickness, y is the spring deflec,tion,,h-isothe initial distance-ofthe.leaf.from~the
ha...ii m
'i
a tri
iuse
the use of a trip wire.,One foa land mine
is shown -inFig. 13-2'. The main fuze body is
mounted' firmly to the mine. The trip wire is
stretched across he expected path of enemy advance and the slack taken -up by turning the
(13-3)
B=
0 d In (d/d
+2 d
13-2
Maximum stress-'ar
of'the spring when y
'Tntes'th6
t'
(do + d1 )
AMCP 706.210
-DETONATOR~
SAFETY -C0OTTER
4 PIiN
~BODY
SAFETY
P:.N
CKUID
KNOB
-SAFETY, INTERLOCK
FIRING PIN FINGERS
-tension is applied to the trip wire, the trip plun- faces6f the fingers, the equations of-ec,iiibrium
ger auid thp'firing piwt fur cantilever spring, will be
F,
F
fingers move-to -the right and compress the coil
(36
F4 0 s 1 FIT sinO =spring. 'If the-large section of the fingers passesn
4
4firom-beneath the shoulder, only the stiffness of
F1 =F , sino - PyF, CoO
the fingers and the friction at the joint can retard
their opening.-,As,- the..sprinig~force-k, -increases,, 'The- two -equations- are- solved---simultanfeously'the forces at point B increase causing the fingers wihE.1--oyelthtrp ie rgein-ie
to deflect and the joint to separate.- The trp freF predclrtt
plunger continues to the, right, and- the firing,
D
pin is di"Ven into the detonator by the firing
Pin spring.
L
The -forces on the- trip plunger and finger are
.ATCEE
ia-led
-'
as,\d
atn
'ONL
Sectin A-A
mCO
F1 3IA
--
(3.5'
-FORCE'
/FTRiP
GC
--
OC
FIiN-
'AMCP 7M6210,
Sten-footwir,1=
~(13-7)
~) 2
A=~~Ti~h~~J~r2
21
ato)rbynfucnce (antcaosio
Pressure action).
Safet is, provided in a number 'of- Ways. Sursoluble washer thdtfct-i''iesisalyhv
prevents arming until the washer has been dissolved- by sea water (see par. 8-8). Aircraft laid
Mines employ an arming wire. just like bombs.
Suibmarine mines have-a positive lock safety bar
which falls :free when the mine is ejectLd from a
seaatn
detonato
the
A
torpedo tube. Detonator safety is provided by
hydros Itatic extender mechanism is a conm'momi defor Moving the detonator close to the'booster charge. Many ines'also have a timing
4 .~,)
/
echanism to delay arming for a preset time
wer
e prng
F
ore~t-elese Sis
after planting. This 'same timer can oalsosrea
is the
oso,
thenservedeS
ash
wher
'
__________
----
Sts--------
Ft
"
"
---
-AMCP'706.210
UAF;IAEK
13-4'BQB.YTRAPS
TCET
HL
per.n tp
riggers its 'firingt- mechaism- as by, step~k
ping. upon, lifting, or -moving'harmless lookingobjects'. The- pressure-release. type' firi devica%
(mousetrap),is an example.' Fig. -1875' illustrates
the action'of theM5' Firing Device. The release
FIRING PINt
plate has a-long-lever so that a--light weight Willsot'
5
restrain it The spnng,-propels the firing pin
A(YP
\~
against, the porimne'r when the -release plate lifts.
PIE
The firing-pin spring tuins',the firing pin through
an angle of about 1800.
COUPLING BAWi
The ex'plosive train in- the fuze consists simply ~
of" the firing pin and-a Percussion primer. A-tuibe
directs the~flash.to'the'b6ase cup which. is coupled
I
at the threads. Nordelayi is,iisd>' Safety'is~provided by a safety ~ininserted-and~held by acotter
pin-so*asto prevent the release -platefrom~lifting -.
The 'firin pi
4srngi
of the torsion type in,gtire,13-5. Pressuri-reesFiring Device, M5
which a wire coil is wound as the device is cocked.
This spring'force is calculated from the equatioh,
provides static friction on -the shaft., When a
focei xre o h-,pull wire, the spring de-.
'A
-F 0(13410)- "flectsuntil the force'is large enouglt to overcome'
_ir
shaft friction; At this imze the' -shaft slip -sthrough 'lk
wh~e
he 1is
engh o th s r.is the lever am
the explosive arnd'wip~s-aainst the igniter mix.
-of the-force F-,-aid'Oisth-angle-of'-,tWA in-rad for- The--friction- generate6s- enough'-heat--to--start--the
the coil. For this spring'tihe approximate dimeni- chmcsretignodrtogiethcag.
0 ~ 0 ~ ,0.5in.
sion
e- miht
d~
Design. of-this mechanism, therefore, depends
-
.7
06i~ ~4ns ~~
critically upon the
reuired to
64
satfriction. The spring should' store:-enough
E 30'x 16psi, -and.,O0.-7 rad. F then- is 28 lb, enierg-y to extract 'the~ shaft, once motion 'is
anbcueof the-7-:1 lever jatio, tIhe force on, started,, because the- rise ini temperature at thie
-the release * Jate will be about 44lb. Thus, a-heavy jr~erfade of head and- explosive is'a fUnction" of
book could serve ag the bait for-this boobytrap., !4aft Velocity.
Adifferemit method -ol iniiating boobytap
is employed 4ii
Firing Device, -shown in
FRICTIGN COMPOSITION
'Fig. 4-6s. A f riction device initiates afuze from
COATED
HEAD
the heat created' by an action similar to that of a
Safety mnatch being- pulled through a, pair of-.C.
striker covers placed face to face. The-head-of
SHT
the Wire, coated With a. fri~tion, comtposition,.,
UPR
*usually
a red phosphorus compqund&i supported
/UL
0.035~~~~
ht'A*~
-force
-ove'cm
-hM
IGNIT--CR
MI
A-TR
-AMCP 7W~2,10,
REFERENCES
13.6
4.- NAVPERS 10797-A, N!,ii'aI Ordiiance and Gun116y - 1/b1. 1, Bureau of Naval- Persdnnel, ,.
-- ;t 1957.
5., FM '5-31, Bbobytrias, Dept. of Army, Septem'ber 1965.,
AMCP 10 -21O
-CHAPTER. 14
'DESIGN- "GUIDANCE
14-1 NEED FOR DESIGN DETAILS'
:4
14-1
'
AMCP,706-210'
bot.
Smeof hemethods 'for analysis, are,
solubility testsi, spectrographic -analysis, chemica spot'tests, micoscoo0py,.
electron, diffraction, X-ray diffraction, radioactive tricers, infrared' spectroseopy, and plastic
replica,.
(5) Take appropriate st psto eliniinate.the
'contamination by acomplete materials review of.
-metals, insulators, and gases used, an -inispction
of the manufacturer's-quality control and clean,ing techniques, ind _an inspection of the.,Validity
of test results for thehermnetic seals.
14-2
-AMCP 106210
IT
(HIGHTOQE
TO9U)
(A)
-comodund',and
CO
MoENtS
tAP
ETR-IPAY
TE
8EN~STThe
(LO TOQUE
(I~
OROEN
-esters,
SETR S~tTER-DISPLAYI
ALOW
TOR~UE
-~..
'S~lRexplosiV6'areL
(CST
SETTER
I;PU
NT
"I SF
COPOENTS
14-2ofSeter
Likag ompnens
Figuregerptis.4t
bility, is-'of ittle c'oncern. Curing of? some resinsdirectly 'in contact wfih explogives is the-most
-risky. condition., Also; intimate mixtures,,of-precred' resins with certainexplosives may be'dan;
ithe amine curing-,agent and lnot the
resin -itself that is incompatible with- an- explosive., Frequently, acid, anhydride -curing agents
'14-5 MATERIALS
-can be used near explosives if temoeratures are
not too high In any event, the fuze-designer
The characteristics and properties of-the 6ngishould, always specify that mater ili 4 used near
'peering materials used' in. the- constru.-,tion :of
explosives 'must be compatible with them 6 .
fuzes are, best deternmined -by- consulting handThe potting, comipound desired for a "fuze
books and specification sheets prvvided thv manuAsseibI' 'shouild:
facturers. The mffaierials- are .Continuously sub(1) ?Hermetically, seal the unit from~ ts-einject to improvements, because, of-development
vironment with 'a minimum of stress at the
work, and- technical dta are subject to constant
revision. This paragraph,, therefore, presents in- 'boundaries and'a,,minimumn of'strain in the-resin
iiself.
formation. only on a few specialmaterials of par(2), 'Support the unit and cushion it. from
ticular ,interest to' the fuze designer.
shock. This requires some resiliency at all operating' temperatures.
i 4-6.1: POTTING COMPOUNDS
(3) Provide good electrical' i'nsulation at all
freq1qencies, and- low abortn epeilya
Potting compounds are used to encapsulate
high fr~quencies.,
etectronic ,parts for protection against-tempera(4) Protect the unit from extreme temperaturb, pressure, moisture, dirt, corrosion; fungus,
'rbiftion, -shock,- and--arcing-;between '-compo-- -ture> changes,. yet dissipate the internal ea
generated.
-nents.-(5) Be transpajelit s, thaft em bede.ld com-The electronic components of-rnioderate.power
ponient's can'be. seen.
-rating, such. as-those- used, in fuzes, arc more re(6), Have good adhesion to all potted surfaces
liable, and have loniger-life when properly encapincluding sides of the container.,
sulated. In this case the pottinig material provides
(7) Hive Acuringor baking tmperature not
not, only protection, from the adverse environ-higher than' 1500 F. Have low-iter'nal- temperame Ints but also structural rigidity.
-tures due to controlled, slow exothermal reaction.
bDisadvantage ofptigeectronic compo(8) N6t-shrink duringcuring.
'4,nents are: -(1) replacing~mires and components of
1(9) Not becomfe brittle at. ,temp~ratures as
a potted assembly, is almost-impossible,.(2),qcornpounds geierall y do not Wvithstarnd very, high or- low as -~65o F,, ielt at'I high temnperatures, or lose
any of the ab6ve desirabIe qualities at any- op very low temperature, (3) inc6e the potting-,maerating te6mperature.
terial' odcupies all- fiee spate in an-assemibly,,it
(10) Resist deterioration by the weather and
sometimes 'adds weight to, the assemblyi (4) the,
chemical' agents.
circuit must. bespecifically designed for potting,
(11),,Be compatible with -the~effbedded corn(5)extra time and labor are required to clean the
pnbt and adaetmaterials.,
circuit ad to protet components prior to em'aticlecontami(1)Ntcueognco
bedment, (6) component heat is trapped and-renation of electrical contActs (see par. 14.2).
-tained by, the insulating, character of the potting
14-3
_A
-P706.210-
TABLE 14A1. C
Colkhicilty.
vr lowv-meid,
vetry low-low
w-hiih,
36w-high
low
low-igh
low:medium
high
mediium
'very,16w-low
V'ery lo*
ivqr-'
Sh~rttk'ge'
-Unfile
*Fillwd (rigi)
illed (fli6:4le)
*WitV
Fom.
~
Pu
nk'Fla
The~tUiI
k~p uo,
*iri-'V
K"
(rigid)
'Filled (flie)
Cai(iw
trwfi
Tlg~l'oluxmeIilcit
citvtk
good~exceI;very good-excel.
g966d-vpry good'
erl6
veiytgqod
veiy good-excel.very good
go
vey owlow-high,
'high
*ery low-high
very low
ieyf o
very low-
'gjodd
rned-very'high
6iid.VMr h
low-high
high,
mhediumn
medium
good-very good,
godgood-veiy
very good,
high
veyhh
excellent
!4000
lowum
0.02 owO02-OO;geiun
INASI7NAE (iTiV) very~r
0.0;hi00101; very highVery 9
(in.Iin.
high,
meeyilw 20;6low
e.le.5.
(hot avad.)
v.
.04
goodl
good
V
excell.ent,
TEMLCONDUCTIVITY,'(cil/siec/&mi /*00 per cm) x 10"4: veiy low 1'5; low 1.6-4
-40; medliumi 4.1--9.0;h igh,9A-20; very high,20.1.
VOLUME RES ISTIVITY, (ohm-cm): good 10' ' -101' ;very g',od 1O'"-10" ; xcellent
~DIELECTRIC STRENGTH,
A),
AM60-706-210,
-~
S'- -:
tively ow emperatures..
(1) They- can be usedrto join metas at reiahey can Withstand-c6nsiderable bend-
(2)
The ni6st-commonly, used soft solders are tinlead-alloys. Thse soft solders; have the primary
are availability of materials, cost, ease ofapplicatfon, txicity, useful pot life, and service-life?,
The mateials commonly Used, asfsealants in-lude- ,various rubbers, neoprene,, polyesters,
alkyds,. phenolics, vinyls;, and flexible epoxy
resins". No? sealant has,-been found Which will
pro4ue-a-joint as tight-as-a- well-soldered joint:
The designer, should look to the present ef-fort made to apply-one-componentsealers soas,
to avoid pot iife problems.
disadvanage tath-ey have .low 'sirength, compaired with the metas usually joined. Characteristics of soft solder alloys are shown -in, Table
14-2."
Conductive adhesives can sometimes, be, used,
in applieatiofiswhere heatgenerated during the
soldering process might damage temperatue-
'
P:LYETHYLENE:
NOSE CUP,
146-CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
Two -important aspDects muist be colnsidered in
he_ design-of a fuze.-First, the componentsmust
be selected and incorporated into the fuze in
such ,a manner'that they will- perform ttheir in'function- properly. Second, the -com:ppnents must be assembled into;the complet6dfuze so a's to maintaini their. integity, their re-
BASE GASKET
,A*ASN6R
..
NG
m-
8s'tended
-ng, reliability in spite of-the extremeeiviron-ment. to which they are subjected. This-seond
T
,RING
-9
Electronic Fuze
14.5:3-SOLDERS
C," N
-Solders are: one of-the more troublesome engineering materials" , ' 0 The two general.classes
offsblder, are soft sol der and hard solder:
Soft splders, which are used extensively in
fuze program.
. .. ..
- __+. .
;.
F,+
-.
--.
+-
..
+.
+-
..
9-4+
. .
..
.....
AMCP706-21O
TABLE_14-2. LOW-MELTING SO$FT SOLDERS USED IN*ELECTRICAL-tEOUIPMAENt
&!,%
4. -
4in
ed
L iqiidWas, 'F
So Iidus,
v .
361
-496
361
477
40'
45,
50
60
55
50
36
61,
361,
460
441
421-
GeneMFlPurpose,
r~iTV
60
',62
4038
361
361-eutectic,
370
361
Electronics, printed
circuits
16,
25
205,eutectic
266
374,
338
-205,
205
.205205
Low temp'orature
50,
3225
50'
25,
51
31
-288-eutectic,
288
Low-.te peratuire
52,
-5Q
12.5
25
-18
3-C
Wiping solders
'7065
(7) Design. all uzes, with -the possible excep-strength, volume, -and weigh t. Inmainy instances,
tion -of the miost inexpensive designs, so that
-their effect on'the performance-of the. fuze-must
they miay, be taken apart- should a functiona or
be considered, The dimensions4 o1 some parts,
andAth tolerances-on the dimensions, may-have- safety 11failure-occur in ~subsequent~ot-adceptance
testingk.
to, perform ajice. 'On other parts,
(8), Locatez-ororienit lunctionil compoients
- degree 4of stifffneis or- p6sitioniaV variation
so as to experience the least detrimental: effect
under conditions of shoc~k o"' vibration may-affrom'interior and exterior~baflistic environments.
feet-the pe'rformn'ance of'a fuze,
n()
rent gear and' pinion assemrbly -in
M!Any mechanical design problems cnin be elimAie~piion ,shoulder-suptnr 19i~S
matIed by, following-ajogicakL#eign.ipproc..
ports, the- gear under setback'loading rather than
suggested approach is as follows:
relying on tesaigospnprtons'usdi
-(1): Determine- the--mechanical requirements
4shape, dimenision,,rigidity, material, andfinish ,assembling the gear'to the -pinion- to accomplish
structural, integrity- under, setback.
'th erqie
imosd
eyfunct is of the fuze.
(b) Use a- vertical- hairspring ';n the
(2) Determine the mechanical -requirements
shiape, dimensi'_)n, Wtrngth, material, id- Popovitch escapement to, reduce hairspring disfInish, etc., -impo'sed, by operational use, trans- tortion due- to ballistic environments, thereby increasing,-timer accuracy.
portation, handling, and storage.
(9) Prepare the mranufacturing,,informiation,
(3) Make a preliminary design and- check
Incorporating, all of the information which must.
for stress, resoant frequency,
criticaL
be observed in 'the manufacture and inspection
sttcaddynai aacec
othfue
(4 xmine these desigfis with resoect,to
ability of -the shop to nianufactureand to maintam 'therequired, tolerances,(see par. 14-8).14.ENASLTO
(5) Check the preliminary 'designs by 'ob.
One -of'the most commonly used methods of
serving the performane. of a,preliminary -fuze
mnaitaining -the funictional 'relationship of commodel subjected, to tests pertinent to the verifiponents-and preserving the integrity of the fuze
cation of the design..
is'that of, encdpsulati6nof 'the, main, fuze assemf-()Revise the design as, indicated, by the
bly . The ,materials used for encapsulation Are detests -and repeat the tests -if necessary.
scribed, in' par.' -14-5.- The present discussion is
-adirect-relation
-elemfents-
pmodel,
Bi,
30
35
~37.5
4the
Pb,5'
14-6
AMCP 76-21O,
concerned with- encapsulation as a-construction
technique.
The-basic ec.apulating methods arepotting,
dipping, coating, -mdcasting. Potting involves
el"tin the, embeding copmpoundand pouring it
into a pot 6r mold.The pot-is normally left in
place, and-the rein used is comparatively. soft.
Dipping and- coatingare-generally cofifined to
Ssigl'e-components such as coils, resistors, or capacitors.Cstingusually involves te use ofesins
which require th, chemical 4rcess of polymeriati,
t
is-hardThe
'the moldis stripirom it. Molds may be made
iie of the, fuze. The remaining electronic cornponenticonsistiig of-a'two-stage arnplifier and a
thyratrnfiringc-hcuit, are mountedifmediately
below the. oscillator tube.. A plastic catomb,
which houses many- of the electronic components, is shown in the lower right part of-Fig.
14-4. The catacomb also serves As a mounting
block around which the coqponents are wired
-(Fig. 14-5). 'In othe applications, printed-end
plates have been.used on one or both sides.of the
catacomb,(Fig. 14-6).
catacomb may'be molded-from',ap las'tic
material, cast, die-cast, or machined from inetal.
14-7 LUBRICATION
linear sliding only, the balls in a ball'bearing involve essentially all rolling motion, and meshing
teeth surfaces, experience ,both, rolling and'
sliding motions. For any given type of motion,,
'the lubricant found to be satisfactory in one-case
will -not -necessarily be suitable for another if
loads, speeds, etc., are not similar.
Selection of the proper lubricant requires not
only knowledge of the specific 'function which
Ahe lubricant is required to perform in the device being, lubricated- -but also consideration -'of
-gear
14-7
VV
AMPLFE
ASSEMBLED
ELECTRONI
:HEADb""
41
i--
VANEN
hi
j
OLATIC
-CATACOMB
AC
AsS EMB LY
14-8
AMCP 706-210
) 'such
the -interactions- include' chemical processesas coiiosiv 4o the: metial-partby comnpo-
j"
-'range
'(above
4.-'
'-
environmen.i. coiditions underwhicha -the ft"e operaies (s par. 9-2.i);he must also ecognize
thef effect of the combinatioh.ofndifferent conditions. Of'particuiar imp~rtanceis "th relationship between temperatuiread rate bfchemical
action. 'This relationship- ais
citical, factor -aft
ecting the-storagelife, of equ#Pmen t,Eplosive
components p7es~nt specl problems t6 thefuze
designer (s
apter4).
agir.g, and temperature characteris ics. In,addi.tion, the componehts must meet, many other
In many cases,failuie of afuze component is, specifications 'depending, upon -the, p rticular
a greqter calamit than failure of a-component;
fuzein Whichthey are6to:be used.
6inanother
system. Early:activation .can causea
Components must be rugged' enough topero,
,p0sonnelhazard . Improper activation, results in
ate after withstanding. betback -forces, high rofailure of.the weapon after'other systems have.
tational fories,, and ocasionall severe'deelera
done, thairjob.
tion forces 'imposed by target impact~i Toa]leWhen selectirg fuze components, the fuze deviate these requirements, 2jmponents Canbe
signermust.bear in mind that many cmpohents
mounted in a preferred oientition, For ex-of. questionablie reliability for, long-time applicaa nple, a. fuze which 'is subjectedf to high rota.tionsimay bentirely uitable for -use-.infuzes.. -tional forces-can have its cb )onents so:4iounted,
'Components with a relatively short operating- that the rotational forces operate on their stronglife or with, failure,-rates that rise -sharply with
estdirmensions. Another solution is topot allof.
cycling might not be usable in other typesofsys,
the components so as -to addstrength to the en-.
tems. These componentsibowever, might be quite,
tire configuration and'to give added support 'to
satisfa~tory f0r fuzingapplications. Even though
the wire-leads.
some -fuzes-undergb many tests prior to actual4
To relieve the effects ol aging and thermal,
use, their total operating life expectancy'is 'norchanges, three sdlutions are available: (1), co-n-mally much, less than that of other weapon sysponents 'might beused whose c-iginal properties,
tem components, 'and they ari .subjected' to far
are adequate (to begin with ,r after bum-in);
'less cycling. Similarly, tolerances of'some com(2) the fuzecor'the components alone may' be
ponents may prohibit their use in certaintypes
hermetcally sealed to'prevent excessive damage
of electronic equipment, but they might be used
from Wre environmental conditicns;.or, (3) the
in anon-off fuze application.,
comlonents can be so chosen that.the'varia'tion
The factors, working against fuze component
-in one is'oplosed by that in another. The third
reliability vary, with'the type-of fuze with which
indicates, that careful selection,.could minimize
'the components are used. The requirements for
the total effect in the circuit. For exm"iple, in a
.long inactive shelf life,, extreme efivironmental
simple RC circuit, a resistor whose value inconditions while in operation, and the inability,
creases with increasing. temperature can be
'to pretest for complete function before use add
'coupled wih a condenser whose vrlue decreases
"
14-10
-'
"C.
-C!
AMCP1706"210O
with increasing. tempoirture. if the .bhanges ,in- -teristcs after lorz periods of inactive-storae.
Lubricants, if used; must be carefully chosen
these conponens are ,comparable, then the-,net
(se par. 14-7). In-compbnents where-theparts
eff6ct on the RC'time'constant is small.
require- operating clearainces, there is the- possiAt tpresent, practical limitations of,size aj . rugbility of frt I ing Gor'osion'that will inactivate
gedness odncomponents limit:the maximum time
the coniponent'
-delaypossible-with RC operated'devices to an orTo relieve' the effects -of aging afid thermal
der of magnitude of ten seconds. Resistors are
h
cha ges, several solutions areavailable. The fuze
and capacitors for
available up :to 10 2 6bhm
or,-Ats. compoients ,may be hermetically sealed,
fuze circuits are imited' to a-maximum of'10
-the c6mponents may: be chosen so 'that heir'
microfarads.
An additional problem is introduced'with cold: ,perforance is n0or thanadcquae, or the coMoponeht design- may- be such that Ainy variation
Scathdeddiodes andtriodes. These tubes-depend
in performance with- time would be in ;aonoiupon 'light to -provde initial ionization. This
critijal diection.
problem hasbeen solved by, placing -aband of
radioactive, material ar6und the tube. The band
14r10, USE OF ANALOG COMPUTER
helps to obtain, a consistent-breakdown voltage..
The choice between'a-diode and-a triode is often
The, analog siiuiation technique'is a valuable
made on the basisof aiailable energy' because. a
tool in the design-of fuz.3s. This technique will'
triode, while slightly more complicated, has more
reduce the number 6fpreliminary tests and will
efficient energy transfer characteristics,
aid "inithe determination bf effects thatare diffiSwitches must be positive in action, must close
cult to evaluate by-other means.
every time; should' have as low power losses as
The equatiofsdescribingfuze-behavior are expossible, i.e., low contact resistaiice;-andshould
tremely time-consuming tosolve without the aid,
remain, 'closed sufficiently: long to permit the
of a-cpmputer. Also, the~instrumentation to-monpowersource to deliver adequate energy to the
itor. the 'performance of various compohentsin
circuit.
'pr6ving grounds tests is comllex. The usual test
result determines' only whether the fuze funcz
149.3 MECHANICAL COMPONENS
tions or ,not.
Incontrast, the- analog computer determines
Mechanical components are the. oper.ting
elemental behavior of the fuze-under conexamthe
mechanical elements;used in fuzes. Some
laboratory conditions where' every variarming
trolled
are
safing,
and
ples of these components
'able-,1'esily-chaiiged- and-itsnfluence-on- eachs; abcelerbm
mechanisms, arming rotbrs,
..
component observed. For. example, 'the effect,
eters,,and power-operated-switches.
of'different setback-forces or the effect of-varyThese components differ from the electrical
ing design parameterssuch as masses or spring
components in that they are not usually availconstants can be readily investigated.
able as standard items: It"is often required that
Fuzes of many different types-have been anthe fuze- designer provide mechanical compoalyzed using analog simulation" 3- .These fuzes
nents having characteristics different from those
have included components such as mass-spring
presently in use. In this, case it is td6his advantage
systems with various types of spring, clockwork
to reap the benefits of previous work in the field
mechanisms, dash pots, gear trains,'rolling balls",
by starting with the basic features of an existing
sliders, and rotors. The simulations'involve asubdesign having similar characteristics.,In tiis way,
the eliability and environmental 'resistance of 'stantial amount of logic elements to account for
the various operations such as the movement of
the basic design, are incorporated into the new
a detent a certain distance freeing another'comdesign.
ponent and "bottoming and topoing" action of
The mechanical comronents must be rugged
springs.
enough to perform reliably and towithstand the
Anialog simulation is used by the test engineer
setback, rotational, creep, and target impact
to-provide a more diredted and 'economical testforces that are imposed. One-of the major probing program by providing more information
lems encounteredin the design and application
about the perf6rmance of the fuze. In cases
of operating mechanical components in fuzes is
where manufactured fuzes are not functioning as
that of maintaining the proper frictional charac14-11
AMCP7O6-210
required, simiulation &an. -often indicate the.
-typical'
-operatio~n
14-12
AMCP'706210
~~1 ~<
afty of fuzes.
Iola
algfebra, and'probabilfyi
lOgicdagais
hal been developed. This method,, knowni'
1442: MAINTENANCE'
as -Fault Tree, Analyisis, hel ps to, assess the safety
f fuze y-pointing outthe weaknesses of de Ideally,, fuzes, should ,be completely, maintesign, maiterial, manufteturing--piocesies, inspec-tion-procedues, or adverse environmental condi- nurice free. They should be so designed- that, they
ti~ns''~' 7 .can
be placed-on'the-shelf and-peifoperfe tly
ehenways.
wnsv withdrawn for use,20- years later. Every
An: itemn may fiinsvral different
effort should'be., made- to aoproach- this, condition,
Hence, it-Ai essential' that a, Fault Tree, clearly
to produce Ammunition having optimum -propersttsthe sitdation to be, 'ifves-tigated. 'Some
ties of 'handling, storage,,shelf -life, and iervice,
typical situations are:
a1bility
(1-fiize prtemfaturely, detonates,-projectile
Design for',maintainabiity requires incorporaduritgtirnsport~Ation -and rough hanidling.
()'Satinig-and'arming, device- detonates mis- tion, of at 'least the following maintenance
sle'lbefore inimitum,-safe distanice -down range. -principles'.
()Design to mihimize-'maintenance-and'sup (3), Fuze prematurely detonates rocket -in
-ply'requiremfents through attainment ofootimum
launcher.
Haii~slete the: situation- to,'be investi- durability and~service life of materiel.
-(2), Recognition of. field' -maintenance probW
gawe, thieFault Tre s onstructed in diagrmmatic form,,based 'on the Iproposition' -that' a, lems, encountered, in earlier designed items.
('3) Design for ease of maintenance by aslogil statementis eithrtu"rfle butee
wuring 'accessibility to facilitate inspection, repartially true or, partially false. The~se logical
statements are used to describe a condition, Which pair, and replacement.
(4) Consideration of field maintenance based
-alone or in comnbination with 'another,condition
on geograpia loain n lmtc conditions.
would cause an event. If 'several conditions, inide(5) 7Design for niaximum'utilization of inteipendently, can. cause an--event, the branch is
changeablecomponents.
mrade through an O gteIftoomrecdi.
(6) Detection of canditions which will' adtions are neided to cauise an eventt, thebranch is
made through an AND gate.,
versely affect .the, condu-ct of mnaintenance ,operations. or generate exce ssive maintenance and
When the, Fault Tree construction 'has,.been
-completed, al ,the-coitibu-ting' conditibns-are''suPPIYrqu ief et-s'.
'(7) Design to effect'maimnum compatibility
comfibined by the use' of-goolean algebri.'FurtheL',
each -of the 'contributing condition can be'given' of maintenance-"operations with 6ontemporaryI probability value of occurrence. These values common tools.
(8) Evaluation for ease' of. packaging, carcambe'actual numbers., if 'sufficient data exist or,
the values can be hypothetical, based -on' engi- loading, arkd shipment.
(9) Design to enable removal- of major~comneering juidgment. After thie val~~es have been,asponehts as individual 'units.
signed anid 3properly~substituted in'the algebraic
;(10) Assurance-that proper mateials ifnd spe-expressi'on, 'final probability nufinber,,can be de.
terihiW' for the -hazardous condition being cial treatment are used for maximum resistance
to deterioration.
scrutinized.
(11) donsideration of long term- storage, with
While not the only method whichcan'be used,
the 'Fault. Tree tech~nique is considered to be a a minimum of periodic checks and maintenance
Very -effective ajialytical tool 'in 'assessing the in storage.
REFERENCES
1. J. J. McManus, "Improving Contact Reliability
in Low-Level Circui'ts". Electro-Technology
69, 98.101 (1962).
jv 2, S. W.Choikin, Study of Effects and Control of
14-13
AMCP 7062106
REFIERENCES (Cont'd)
3ACP706.121, Enginieeringt Design'Handblook,.
Packaging and-Iock Engineering.
ORDBB-TE5.0
D'a
,N.
c.15+Cn
fidenfiol).
General Specifieation~jor.
.E . 'A. Schatz, '-'A> Survey- of -Encapsulating Sys-.
-tems," Pr~duct EnginieIring -31, '38 01960);
6. AMCP 706-177, Engineering-'Des ign 'Handboo6k,
-Propertics 'offExplmives of- Military Interest.
7. MIL-HDB-212. Gasket Materials iNohnetdllic),'
Dept..of ;Defensi,2 6-Setembei -1958.
8.A.'Dbmusis,, Ed., Sealants, 'Reiih'6!d Publishing.Coip.-N.Y-.; N.Y., 1967.
9. M.'Schwartz, Solders and SoIdering-Techniques,,
Diamond Ordiince-Fu zeiLaborotories,Iiiow'U.S.
Army Harry'Dioand Labordtorlis), ReportR53.
57-43,VWashingtojn, P.C., 18 November 1957.
16.R. Mel's and-W.. Roeser, Solders and Soldering,
National, Bureau of Stand ards, Circular 492;,
'Washington, D.C., 28 April 1950.
11. The Lub~ication of Ammunition. Fazing MlechanwI
sms, Journal Article-49.0 of the JANAF Fuze
1968.
18. AMCP 706-134, Engineering Design, Handbook,
Maintainability Guide -for D esiIgn, Chapter- 28.
--
-AMCP-706-210
RUZETESTING
151 GENERAL
Throughout the develbpment of a-fuze, the designer submitseach component to development
test& to ansWer.the question: Does-this, componient act-in-the aiinaner for-.whichit is designed?
When the prototype of the fuze is built, tit is subjected' to Perfornancezor proof:-tests in' order-to
answer the question: Does this fuze satisfytit;
quirements ?- Since ,these-tests, often destroy the,
f.ze-aid-since
the available
number
of'fuzes is
'limited,
it is necessary
t apply,
speciar'methods
of analysis to-the test data. There-is a defifite
trend "tbow&d standardization so that-special'attention is given tostandard tests-(see Table 15!5
in-pa. 15-5). There are,-however, many-established procedures- that aih serve in',the ,absence
of a-standard(se6 JouraLarticles, Appendix II);
15-2 PERFORMANCE TESTS
Fuzes are tested in various ways -to determine
whether-they operate as intended, -whether.they
are safe, and whether, they withstand different
environments. Performance -tests -include- both
those concerned with operation of the complete
fuze and of the individual components. Common
-or-standard-tests aredescribed-and - yicallaboratory -programs for testing-fuzes during develop-ment phase or acceptance phase of the fuze design are suggested: It is necessary to include test
programming in the initial planning for a fuze
development project.
15-2.1 DEVELOPMENT AND ACCEPTANCE TESTS
Development tests are performed to evaluate
the designer's latst effort; acceptancetests-are
performed to evaluate the final design and are
often called approval tests-or evaluation tests.
Development tests seek an answer;-while acceptance tests .confirm it. The tests are.similar, yet
theydiffer in threerespects:
(1) Development tests are-applied to individual components, to modifiedfuzes or to the entire fuze; acceptance tests a-e aiplied to the en'tire fuze only. Armodified fuze-or-a- test model
AMCP-706-210,
each component and fOr the entire fuze. Each
progKam should b6 adapt
to the particular
fu ze being d6signed. A mple program ofsafety
and uveillainceAs'shown in Table 15-1. It is recrbimiended that schedules of this sort be set, at,
t e~strof'a dev0Pment
0
progii. Such planning -- ilf :avoid -wating fues ihiovertestingand'
* prm
eil it sequertialm esting when desied. FOr
any particular fuze design, some of thesetestsmay be omitted while other more approprite
ones-may.,be added: It is fiportafit,thatthe sampie size be-sufficiently larie that the conclusions
arevalid (see par. 15-6).
The, order Of tests. mustbe considered;.carefully. Somieiimes,the orderione of'mere con
venience; at-other times, a definite order is-essentiA. Generally-prior to firing teits,-a particulai
fuze, design should' be subjected to a variety of
ribughhaiidling tests to fisure that it is-safelihile
Sbeipg handled by proving groundrpersonnel. It is
-most desirable tozperform sequential tests where.
the same fuze is subjected first'to one test,then
to another. In this way,-cumulative effects-may
be-evaluated.. It is necessa to have extra fuzes-r
15 is a, tyical quantity- for -comparison pur,poses. These, are inserted as controls at various
stages in the sequential test.
Tist
Typical
Quantity
-Jolt
Jumble
-Five-foot-drop
Forty-foot drop
Transportation vibraton
Temperature and-humidity
Vacuum--steam pressure
Waterproofness
'Salt spray
*
102
ill
103
104
105
106
108
107
6"
6
10
10
10
5
5
2
Sequential in 3 positiois
,-
-of
154
since fuzes must furiction, explsive components are the:key parts They are tested singly or
in combination' with other-elements of-the train.
Component tests are-normally-dividedinto-three
parts-input, output, and train continuity-wheie
the'last one is reallya combinationofthe-other
two.
For-stab andpercussion detonators and primers; input is-simulated by dropping onto thdfiringpin a ball of a known-weight from a measured
height. Flash detonators and'other flash initiated
components are set off with a standard primer of
the particular train. -Electric detonators are initiated from test sets, that simulate the characteristics-such as voltage, current, capacity,and
duation-of the planned power source.
There are several explosive output tests but as
yet there is no definite agreement as to Which
test most aptly indicates the ability of a comp0-nent to transmit detonation -to the next- component . While absolute results of these, tests
may be in doubt, they are a good yadstick for
q-uality assurahce-and for measuring'the effect of
mi-or changes. In the sandbomb test, the detonatoi is set 7off Jn a prescribed fixture where it
'u01
crshes sand of i specified:grade. The AMount of,sand crushed is a measure-of output (see par.
4-2.3). -In the iead disktest (MIL-STD-331, Test
302), the detonator is placed on top of a specified disk (usually Grade B lead sheet,.0.1345in;
thick and 1/4 in: diameter). The size of the holeblown through the disk-is a measure of output.
In the steeldent test (MIL-STD-331, Test 301),
the detonator is placed Within a prescribed sleeve
on top of-a specified size steel block. The depth
the dent is a measure of output.
Depths range
-AMCP 706-210
-.
S,
A,centrifuge consists of an- arm or plate rtated about, an axis. i. principal use-is foy simulation- of setback The fze br its parts cahbe
mounted
po ins 52.1lt
ontecanwbe.,seen
arm ofthe
centrifgein-various
as$howft~in'Fig..
FEST
V
t
-
in Table 15-2.
FININPI
TEST
TESTNH
,-
~)ToA~of
DTOTORo
JTETRYL
BOOSTE
,ISHOL
H
Y IN ORDERYOjNTIE THEDETONATOR
Centrifugal or setback forces-that are encountered -by a fuze-can be employedto move mechanical devices. These forces are simulated for
test cdnditions by centrifuges, spin machines,
-air guns, and other miscellaneous devices.
AMCP7O6-M1
_10
RES,-TOSL P RMtG
-: /~~W """'
At
Type
Low g
100
60,000
'Secimen weight,.
ib
Arm length,
ft
High g
15-4
100
1
14.5
1.5
-*
J
-.
AMCP 70&210
-,
"' ,
-vo
If
TONtest
ti
conitains the parachute aid deployment-mechanism. in addition to the fuze component under
test.emrin
in
thebase
o
vethe
i
t
STelemetering i thebroad sensei
transmissio n,,of data by any meahs from a remote and usually inaccessible point to,an accessible location 2 . Usually, :telemetering refers to
electrical, means of acquiring, and transmitting
transmission usualy being accomplished
zbyzmeansof ahRF--link from, themunitionto a
ground station. The requirement for telemetering
" " data from fuzes'-may be quite severe, as in-the
artillery fuze where survival of the telemetering
transmitter, power source, and antenna is essential under -accelerations, in excess of 50,000 g
that
can be determined by proof tests..
Proof tests have not~been standardized to the
I15-
l-
AMCPO6-10
_S
SENSOR
CARI0
OANTENNA'
SE NSOR
OSCILLATOR
. .
. .
"NE TIA.:
TSWITCH
PREAMPLIFIER
SENOR
ANTENNK
SUBCARRIER OSCILLATOR
FREOUENCY.,OSrATOR
O
LRADIO;
Systeir
Cablebonly whnA~fz~~nthre~n
Dependent upon Target
Independent of Target
Clockwork
1Fluid flow
Pressure (for mines)
Self-destruction
Manual disturbance
56
Drop, jolt, and jumble tests check the ruggedness of a fuze and measure the sensitivity of explosive components when subjected to severe im-
-~
oo
-s'#
200q
300
15,009
0~o
10,5
0,
-5
U 300
706.210-
-AMCP
WSOPTROP
1,
0 -5
200
10,000-
100
5000-
100
200
3W_ 400
rv p
15
TIME, msac
300 400
100200
TIMIE,
sic,
AM NTS
.+
-the
~~machline, is shown in Fig. 15-7. During the development phase, te6sts are sometimes continued un-
CM
UC
HE
ETPOIIN
til destruction to gain' additibnal design infonration-. On the, other hand, many designers re-quire operability after both stdndard,.jolt andue157
ot ahie
jumble tests.
Ts 0)
In the jumble test,(MIL.STD-331, Tet10)
fuzes -are tumbled in, the appropriate,'machine.
-or parachute delivery), and, (2) not as planned (acThis test est.ablishes,'the basic ruggeoness of a ~Cider~tal missile release -during take-off or landfuze design. The machine .(Fig. 15-8) co-nsists of
ing). &eral tests-,hiv6- been. standardized. that
a, Wood-lined, steel box which, is rotated, about
simulate such fal fronri aircraft. For example,
iwodiagonal corners at 30 rpm.
je t tison 'tests may be performed in one of,-four
It shculd be noted, that-'shape and size of-the -ways, (MIL-STD-331, Tests'_
- 205): (1) drop,
fuze being jumbled are important factors and
from Aircraft (frmurnitions that are~released),
may cause the machine to record shocks different
(2) 'launched from aircraft (for munitions that
from those experienced by the fkuzein-actual use,
are fired), (3) simulated' Aircraft drop by firing
Aircraft may drop ammunition with unarmed
from a gr6und launcher into a sand filled bin at a
fuzes for two-reasons: (1) as planned (jettisoning
velocity- that approximates the termi~nal g'peed of
15-7
AMCP 706.210
~~ ~
TW
TWOJUMBLE COAES
EAC
'IDE"
a high-altitude drop, and (4), simulated aircraft Test 2A'1) determines the distance 'from the
-launch by- firg from a grond launch:YAr.n all, weapon within 'which- the- fuze wiilnoifunction
cases, arming wires are left-in place and the~fuze- as a result of impiact if free to-arm. 'This test is
must not exCplode after droppifig. Tests like these performed under the,-same conditions as those
are becoming-,more -popular- and- ar exqpected ,q o-hmuzzle-Iinpact-test, except-thath tre
become more applicable to all types of military
is placed at-several positions near theminimum(
items.
distance specified in design requiirements., The
The accidenlal release ('low -alitude,hard, percentage "that function ar determined-at each,
s'urfc~ce) test (MIL-STD;331, Tesi,206) is used position alongthe range. Fig. 15-9 showsatypical,
to determine Whethr uzes-assembled-t'o muni- -curve'bf results for a 20 mm fuze.
tions released from-an aircraft- during: take off orThe miss ild piill-oJffrom'aircraft tist,(MILlanding Will remain safe after hard-surface impact.
';Di
Ts20)stoetth-fldaey
Thie need for this test ari'ses fr'om the pos.4ibiity during arrested landing. It is -used to assure that
that"'Lhe nial'function of an aircraft or its release
the, fuze will undergo impacts in 'th6 unarmed'
equipment (occurring, during or, immediately co6ndition equivalent to- those that might be re-,
after takeoff or -1andinig), could accidefitaly re- <ceived if the munition-were to strike ahard surt
lease 'or necessitate the release. ofinunitions.
face after accidental release- during arrested
'The muzz le impact test (MIL-STD-331~;Test
15-j
landing.
The time- to-air burst test.(MIL.STDL331, Test
210) is an operational test used to deteiihine the
timing efror-o'f the fuze under field firing conditins. It consists offiring a time fuze, assemubled
to an appropriate explosive'loaded jrojectle, set
to function at a predetermined'time. The time to
'AMCP-706-210"
'~~'
Ai
ise
ibrt'ftdit~
edbyrnmsurifig the~~td
fo.sft~
-the6vent of ainalfunctniprcu.
tirw Of, fligt 6U--he pr'ojecild. fr nvie' vaon
4cdh.poii~C~b~iSt. Sfi,&1 Ssteins'used
n r'
~ lIectuuIt
andin!' tes-t (MIL>
o~easrfe ltime to-Aa hUtrsgt ares tsop -watch es,
S'1Th31, Test -212) is -needed .6 ~r~a
'eletfc cokaifuehrogph.fuzis-can.,,ithistbid'catapiilt takeoffand arrested'
lAniding foie'ceS-and~yet relnain-safejbtasot
T~~CRE A
hn'dlei and',store, as, wellbas renmain-,oeal
cunonWditiofl.,
cTeirE
The' fuze is
dasnbe
4h nrIae'nnto
for'~hich-it iAdsignie4
P~puited &'iaccelerated-to'obtain -the aceleration
Jtime
patterq~s required. iEach -ddeelated fuze ~iS
examined~for evidence ofu -saf6,conditiofis.
~'1
60"
1'
I.niplitudes,
I
'~
-40
Th6 equipment for this test consists of a springtable having an adjustable, unbalanced,,
___
_____
20'
-____ '~'mounted
10-~
20,
30
'
50
ISTANE UNTS,
mote 'controL'system regu lates the varticad-motion of the table by shifting the rotating, weights
'and I manual control of the motor spedrglts
the frequency of vibration. A photograph of the
transpo'rtation-vibratioh machine' is shown' in
Fig. 15-10.
i.
AMCP,706-210'
M-
TI
Piuk
F~OM~CR
A~~t
-.
~~
73
Ofal
vN
MCIIS
15 4 SURVEILLANCE TE TS
p
Surveillance is the observation, nspectioiiivestigation,.-test, .study, afid classification of' ammunition; animunition, components, and ex~losives in movement storage;-and use-with respect
,to egre of serviceability-' and rate: ofdeterioration. Since fuiesmay -be kept in storage over a
'number of years, they requite surveillance at their.
place -of -storr e to determine their serviceability
aany given time. Tests td detect ih~sical and
chemical changes-as wel-as to-check'operability.
are -performed at intervals of shc months pr a
15-4.1 FACTORS A0FE6TIi4G SHELF~ato
LIFESHEL
*
*
xpedient'.to-condIuct accelk
'fetryl
2.98
''
K>.
',;.-.
AM CP 7W210
'K V]
-The-
'0C1MV
70
-65
160
"
__
Cj
A
I
75
50
100
125,
Io
200
175
Lil
SPRAY NOZZLES
,NOS
15 ROM vERTICAL
'3'N3SE
UPXISBELOW
'
-AIR SUPIY
NOZZLES
NOSE OOWN.AXIS
150 ROM VERTICAL
FOG m4IABOVE
~
HORIZONTAL
COLLECTORA
IIIISALT
~...,.~j
SATURATOR
SOLUTION
15-11
AMCP 706.210Ei9
iiT
777
A
_:I-
MBER
'-
--
--
Stadar
dd tets
pecfictio~ ire'~ssntilSta nd
dadtets
pecfictios- ire ds~ntal,
for, efficient ciberatimn, intelligent design, and'
suc~ ffi
mas iodudtibti. 'They Piit
tffiiform evaluationi ind'promote inthehangeability.
Military Siandard Tests hive beeniestablished for
all military itemns-anid the tests in MIL2STD-331
contain the 'bulk, bf the, information on fuze
tests.
In add ition, there is for each service fuze a
-Militaiy .Specification- that describes Ri fully.
Typical. headings of a fuze.-specificatiofi--include
~name; purpose, description, 'requirements, related
specifications, -handlig "or safety precautions,
and assembly, drawings.
A series of Military Stafidards covering perti-nent technical 'knowledge has been developed
jointly by- the Army, Navy, and Air Force. Some
of these Standards and -Specifications list materials and components used in fuies, and suggest
methods for testing, sampling, and packaging.
The Military Standards for fuzes are tests for
checking both safety, 'features, and operation of
AMCP1O6-210
_AMCP706210,
*
1.
MIL-D331, 'Fuze
-10JanuaryO 1966.
(ilk!
hze Coirqwnenfs,*-nutronme.ntaI
S6pe rsededAIIL-8$iD
Test M;. 7h Clh
--
101
Jolt
n00, 350,
6'July 1951
102
Jumble,
301, 351
6 July 0951
103
40-foot Drop
302, 352.
6 July 1951"
104
Transp~oitation, Vibration
303,
22'July: 1963
353'
15 October 19
904,
-6 July 1951
354
-27-Maich 1952,
305,
26 March,1952
355
13 April -1953
306,
27 March 1952'
356
105
166
107,
Tern erature,Humnidity,
Vacuium, SteamPresgure
108
WAteiproofness
-314{
20 September,1954.
10
k23
110
Fungus Resistanc6
324
12 June,196.~
Ili:
5-foot Drop
325,
30 S&ptembcf 1963
'358
17 November 1958
112
326
113,
Therm61 Shock
327
114,
Rough Hanidlling,(Packaged),
.328
1.5 Odcobei'1960)
115
Static Detoniator-Safety
315
29 November 1954,
201
307
17 Novemfber 1958,
202
308
-4 'August 19,53
203
309
5 August 1953
2 4
310
5 August1953
15-14
~~~Sup
Test Vo.
Title
Nos,
I)ate
rC
205
321
rSeptember '1959
206
811
4-Augus1i953
207
312
15,January i954
208
313,
15 January 1954
209
210
8319,
20 May ,1959
211
Field Pxachute'Drop
329
4 November 1963
212
330
7 November',l963
18'
6 February 1959-
301
Detonator OutputMeasurement by
Steel Dentb
316
23'N0veniber i961,
302
317'
i December 1959'
I
&AhOpe
is large,,its behavior-under test will' conform closely with that of-the'drigin lot. Ho.-ever, the sample size has practical. limitations
based on costs of procuring fuzes and running
tests, pa ticularly so because many,-tests' are'destructive so that each fuze can, be tested only
once.
Realizing the impoitance of considering all aspects-of evaluation, the fize'designer is particulrly concerned with the peculiarities arising
from fuze testing, with sampling procedures, and
15.15
a'
Ishe
with data ana lysis. Ahaysis of variable data dif&~rs from-totf yesoruno datstd aftyanla
omenphauzs iscmiictdb
av
dteomn
''f
*ue
,
is omplicated
-the fact, thatthe_ only completely
reliable test is
7. K.,,C. Reynolds, Rain Measurement and'Simfilalion 'for Supersonic Erosion Studies, Sandia
Corp., Albuqyer~ue, N.M. ,'Feb. 1962.
S. ABCA-Arrny-STD-101A,. Standardiiatio of, 2"'
oFijzc.llolesranzd~hu.-e-j2'ntouirsforArittery Pro2Jectil's 75,mm diidL~rger in Calib-r, iiclaidng
81 mmn, 4.2" an-107' mm Moirtars, 'Ameredn.:
'British-Canadian-Australhian, Armies St, rndardization Program, 5 April (066.
9 AMCP 706.1 10, -Eiginiering'Dasigg Hgndbook,
'Exftrimental'Statigiics, Section 1 Blasic Contcepts and Analysis of'Aleasuremenl Data.,
10. AMCP, 70&1 11, Engineering Design -Handbook,
E&perim enta1 Std iisties, Section 2, Analysis ofEnurat'zive.and Classificatory Data.
11.,AMCP '706,-112, Efigineering' CDesign Hondbqk,
Experimental' Statistics,, 'Section, 3, Plannin-g
and' Analysis of Comnparative Experiments.
12. AMCP' 7061' 13, Ehqineeri~g IDesign Handbook,
Experimtlental Statistics, Section 4 i Special
7'011
ics.
13. AMCP 706-114, Engineering Design Handbook,
Experim-ental Statistics, Section 5, TIables.
AMCPIOG6.21 0
aGLOSSARY
J
This- Glossary is prinpipjally an experpt; of,
---
-~--
ammunitiontopnhectaeindism
thcoens
Bursting Charge-The main explosive charge-in a,
mine,. bomb, proje~tile, or the-like .th Abreak
the~ casifig and produces fragmentaion or,-de-
--
-Armng
--
-AMCP7O6'210Cord Dooairg A flexibte fabric tWhecdntiniprimer. In the -former case-il. is also called ini-lafg a-fillet of-high explosivejntendedtto bdeintidtor. It is-caprablesof reliably initiating hlighi
itiateda by-a: blastinig Aca relectric detIoniator..
ordei detoniation in. the -next high. explosive
:omjjqnehtof-; he--rain.
relapartsfuze
6fmotion
Creep-The forward
t'6eth- fl iilIo tatis.a1i"
by deee~--Detonktor SafetY.-A Au
said' to have aci(0Qtio-o
te mssledUriil~flight., Also called
'natorsafetywvhen-funictioninig-of, te~ietujt
creep action..
carnot iite subsequent e"plosival train cornDeflAgration-;A, viry, rapid conuto
ome
ponints.
-times-accompanied by- flame., parks- oir spatDdAnexplosive ammuifnition or compoentLering otbrnnI
atls
A,deflagratijon al-that 'has failed, to expldde, al4though detonathiough -classed 'as an-explosion, genieilly untioh Wsas inUended.
tebi~in
fa ustne ih ef
Escapement Amechankidbdevice that regu)Ats,contained- oxygen so -that the reaction- zone
-ie ra te"of tranismissioni ;of-energy- -It-is noradvances into the -unreacted~i-mterial ,at" less
mally used -as a ipart (X-thie-clockwork in
thanAhe velocity of- sound in, the unreacted -mehncltm
ue
material.
Explosion'-A chemical -reaction. or change of-Delay-An explosive train co-nponent that introstate, which is effected'ifivan exc;eedingly short
duces -a controlled -time d~,ay ii-the -functon-time withithe geiierati6n of a high-te'mpe rature
ing proqes.
and-generally a large quantity-,of gas. .An-eDelay, Artming-I. -The interval'expressed ifi time
Olosion produces a shock wave in the surroundor distance-, between the instant a piece o6f amin
eium. The term, includes -both detonamuitnition, carrying a fuze is launcehed-and the
-tion and deflagration;
instant -the fuze becomes armed. 2.-The.time
Explosive-A substance-oiriniixture of subs-tances
interval required forthe "arniing proceesses, to-be
which miay be made to undergo arapid chemcompleted i a nonlaunched piece of amimu'ical-change; -without anmoutside:supply of oxyDela, Fnctoin-h inev epesdi
ewithi the liheration - f laige quantities of
M~y, Otnctonig-le
:iteral xprsse in
energy generally addornpanied by the -&olutiontime or distance betweeninitiition of the fuzze,
ofhot gases.
ande'onutioh of thbbuisting~qharge.,
Explosive,'High-Scee High ,Explosive.
Destructor-A cylindricametallic item containE*plosive, Lo- See Lbw Explosivei
ing explosive components fo dstructioii of * Explosive,Priniary High-See Primary- High Exiniterial by -explosion.
pOlosive.
Detent-A rdleasable eleffient used to restrain a. Explosive Train-TA trin -of 'comfbustible ,and ex,
-part before or' after its motion. Detent are
plosive elemenits arranged in an order of decreasing sensitivity. Iti function is to accomconinon-in arming miechaniisms.
_etonation-An--exotheimic dchemicaL~f~66
plish t- ciftrled- iiientation of a smal
impulse ifito -6ne of- suitable energy to cause
that piopagatLs With suc rapidity 'that the
t1w main-charge of the munition to-function.
rate -,fadvance of thereaction zofie into the-It-may consist of priffer, detonator, delay, reunreacted -material exceeds the Velocity of
lay, 16adcand booster charge, one or, more of
scujnd, in the unreacted material., The iate, of
which may be either omitted or combined.'
advance of the reaction-zone isAtemeddeton1ation velocity. I-When- this rate-of advance A- (Fail Safe-Descriptive of fuze design feat -urestairis such a-value thit it will continue without
whereby a component failure preventb'he fuze
dimujiution -through the uni~eacted material; it
from-functioning.
termed the stable-detonatin velocity WheOn
Firrpg Device-Amepchanism. design to detoiatb
the -detonation velocity is edual'to orgrdatei,
the maiin charge of explosives' contined iii
than the stable detonation velocity- of the 6k-boobytraps, inineg,- and-O demolition charges.
plosive,.-the reaction -is terijied a- high -order
There are ,several -tpes --of 'either metailli or
detonation. When.W
i is lower- the-treaction is
nonmetaPic construction: pressure, pull, :retermed a low order detonation.
'lease, or combination thereof.'
Deionator-An -explosive- train comp46nent that. Firing Pin-Sce&Pin, Firing.,
can be activated by either a nonexplosive imFunc'ioning-The sucession of norma! actions
pulse sitch asa firing-piln orby the-action of-a
from initiation of the first element-to Qeilvery
-,
-~-ple
*is
G-2.
'
44
-or-an.-ipuls~4roAX thi-last element of the ek posive 'train. Futietionifig -is onec of the- two
principaltactions of~a fuze,(the other one is
-ani~.Fuze,
---.
-anda
ical'acti, iffipact, mechanicil time, "Or a corn- -Fuze, Long, Delay-A typ -oft delay fuze,,-especially for- boffibs, in which the itizel-sectioxi is,
bifiitiofi of these* Types-,ot fuzes are distinidelayed, for 'a relatively long period., ofire
tfig rmE torming Part of
gshed ,Oy mo
frotmfinutes f~days.
Th6xposive,the, itei iifiine.N som cseiU
componentsw may be ,simiulated or omitte6d.). Fuze, Mechanical Timne-A fuze which is actuated
by'a clocklike-mnechani mpre-,et toqthe desired
Fuze, All:way- An impact-fuze designed to-functime.
tion regardless-of -the- direction of- target im-;
F'uze, Mdditi'Delay-A type oi delay fuze, esPact.
pecially for bombs, in which the fuieaction
Fuze, Antidisturbanc6-A fuze designed to -beoring
edota~h impate,mv
turbance will result in detonatioft.,
Fuze, Bare-An, tiproteted ,and- unpackaged
fite
seconds.
is deied1A
hll~uto
cn
fue N&yetnomiy- o sml-imet
tinuojis metal-,tubing-having-a ,high-explosive
core. The core consists of 1-to 5, grains per foot
ammunition.
Fmze, ,Base-A- fuze inistalled in -the base, of a
,projectile.
'Cmearedafter ipat.or
afe benem-
plcm
ic
BFze
asedonating (BD)r-A fuze, located on
the base -of a projectile, designed to be~acti-vated as a resuit of impact.
fu~ hat has. a-means-for
Fuz, -ore-Sfepreventing the ddtonatbr'from initiating an ecx-
7plo'sion,
-jectile
target sensing elernent~n the nose- of the inunition. The detonating poition of such-a fuze is
usilally in t.he base.
Fuze, Proximity-A fuze wherein primary initiation -occurs by sensing- the pressure,, distance
G-3
AMCP 706-210
-61anlnpuse ro~thclast eement of the extranic-nature. Such a fuze-does not necessarily
osive rin.Fuioigionoftewo
have, to be enitirely, electric -butrnay contain
principal aciioiis of -a'fuze
o -te
oeris
-mechanical components.
arming).
F;e,, Electric, Timed-A 'fuze ii- wichihe time
Funictioniog De6ay-See Delay, Functionittg.
from. initiation of action to-functioning can-,be
Fus-Aniguitngo eploiv-device in-the form
conitrolled by setting, and'is determined byof-,a ord, -o istii of-a-flexible-fabric-ttibe
electronic events.
~ ~~
~
~ ~ ~ ~ sv.Ue
~ U -ada-cr-fo'rhg-x
in
Fuzi, Hydrotaic--A fuze employed with depthblnad~dm to -work, anid-in certain,
bombs or depth charges to cause underwater.
ammunition.
detonation ,At a predetermined- depth. -Initia
Fuze-A- device- width kplosiVe components- detion is caused'by amnbient fluid .pressure.
signed to initiate -utrain of 'fire- or detonation
Fuze, Impact-A. fuze in-which, the,action-is miin -anitemi-of ammunition by airaction-such-as
hated ,-by-the force of imfpaict. t is sometimeis
hydrostatic -pressure; electrical -enery, chem-!
called-a c'ontact fuze or percussion ffuz.
-icalacfiofi, iilipact,; mechanical time, ora comn- Fuze~ Long. Delay-A typ-of delay -fuze,e6spe
hinatioii of ilise. Types of fuzes are distincially- for -bombs, in -which the fuze -'section-is
guishied by 'modiyng, termsE formn prof
delayeu for a relatiVely longpeiod. 6fltime
th itni iiiiii~.ln sme
Aethe explosive,
from fuinuties >f6 ays.
omonets-maybe-simudlated or omitted.), Fuze,Mechanical Time-A fuze which is ibtuated
e, Alway- An impact-fuz-3 designed to fund-by'a clocklike mnechanismpre-,et~t& the desired
ti n. regardless- of the -directioni of- target imtime.
Fuze, MdicimnDelay-A type at deay-fuze, esFuze, Antidisturbancee-A fuze designed to bepecially for bombs, in which the fuze~actioh
armed' after impact, or after being-ei-Js delasied "normally, four to 'fifteen seconds.
placed, so that' any fuirther movement -or dis- Fuze ,'Mild Detonatinig-A small-diametercn
*turbance
will result in detoniatioji.,
tinuouis metal, tubing, having a high-explosive
Fuze, Bare-An, unprotected and unpackagedq
core. The core consists of 1 to 5,grains per foot
fuze separated from -its" in tended piece of.
of PETN.,,t is initiated by, a~detonatdr or lead.
ammunition.
Fuze, Nondelay-A fuze that functions as a-reFuze, Base-A- 'fuze ,ifistalled in the base of'a
sultzofinertia of firinig-pin (or primer) as the
munition is retarded during penetration of tarv
Fuze, Base-detonating (BD)-A fuze, located on
get., The inertia causcs the firingpiii to strike
the base
projectile, designed to" beactl:
the primer, initiating fuze action. -This type-of
-vated as a resuit of impact;
fuze is inherenitly 316Wer, -ut ,action- -(usually
'Fuze, 'Bor&'S-f&-A fuse- that has, a means- for
250-500' ptsed) than the- superquick or inpreventing, the detonator'fromn initiating'an e'xstaneous fuze bbcause its action depends upon
*plosion, of the bursting charge While the priodeceeration (retardation)' of t-he munito
jectileisis-within
launching.tube.
during impact with the,target. Also called inerFuze,-Cormand-A fuze thiat functions as a result
tid fuze.
intelligence transmittedto it from-a remote
Fuze, Nose-A fuze -fr use in the- forward end
location by means not directly associated-with
(nokeY of a~bamb 6r other munition. The term
its enVironment,
is not generally 'applied to-fuzes "for use iii arFuze, Delay-Any- impact fuze incorporating a
tillery projectiles, Where ~thb term point fuze
mneans of delaying its action-after-contact with,
is more commonly used.the-target. Delay fU7es axe classified according Fuze, Point-detonating (P0)-A fuizeWhich i-a
to the -length of- time of the delay '(Se'e'also
ca ted in thieN nose- of, a~proje ctile and is-deFuie, Lang 'Delay; Fuie, Medium Delay; Fuze,
signed to be actuated as a fesult "ofimpact.
Short Delaynand Fuze, Time.)
Fuze, Point-initiating (P1)-A fuze which has-the
target sensing-elementin the nose of the inuni.
Fuze, Duniv-Animi ,tation of a-fuze 'Which has
the same sh~ape, wei gh t and center of gravity as
tion. The detonatinfg poition of,such a fuze is
the fuze hut has no cx~losivegs o r moving as.
usually in the base.
Fuze, Electric-Afuze which depends for its armFuze, Prdiiity- -A fuze wherein primary initiaing and fuzictioning, upcn events of -in election occurs; by sensing- the pressure, distance'
-
-Fuz
--
'
'pact.,
-come
-projectile.
-ofa
-its
-of
G-3
AMCP 706.210
' PRIN~G
OTN
SPRTNP
10
(T1P
'i'ens are de
o
06
7.
DA
SPRINJG
BALL
"d
0563
IAK
BALL
NOTwE
a2 =1200
a, = 60"
0
r
= 0.0360ft'
ts = 0.005in.
P
. 28 1 + .139 - -
, in .
( 1 0 _1 )
(1
- 0. 139),
n.
(10-13)
pl(3
P
2,
0 35 3
27
(10.14),
1 .Q'x '1'Q 9 in !
1A -
A'
and
,sg
531 slug/fts
18x0
x 6 psi
E
..- =-
(68Short Delent
SPRING
ROTOR
EI
]ROTOR
where
DETENT
STOP
lIEK
t(0.7361,-
1 - 0.0116
10.3812 + 0.00155) w2
>:
10"
(10-16)
AM&706.210
-or,
-tic cap.
Y
G-5
AMCP 706-210
GENERAL REFERENCES
It is assumed, that the reader has a general
knowledge of military ammunition. For this
f-rcasonAhc
'
'Not thtree~e~e~
spcifc
sedfor hematerial discussed in this handbook are-listed at
the end of each chaptei.
ofilmnuntio,, ohn
a. . C 0hrtEleent
a. T. Cd.SOhar, Elents of.Ammuitin, John
the basi elment
inolve inthe
Disc'sse~Fuzes';
deign nd eveopmet o ~mmniton.Type)
e. MIL-STD-32.0,
MaIertJl, vI
nFus,
Ocbr
'1962.
Provides a uniform evaluation of input, output,
and environmental'response ofinitiated explosive
eeet
ro oTeruri-iia)ies
g. S. 'Odir,6o, Informnation Pertaining to Fuzes,
Volume I, Mlechanical aiid .'lectronic Tiume
Fuzes (U), Picatinny Arsenal, 'Dover, N.J.,
15 August 1963, AD-355- 052 tConfidentio I).
fzs
Ctlg h hrceitc
fatleytn
-hi. S.~ Odierno, Inforinadon Pertaining to Fuzes,
Volume 11, Propeiling Charges, Picatinny Arsenal,'Dover,N.J., 22 November 1963, AD-45 1 449.
Catalogs the characteristics of propelling
char&~ for-ammunition.
mdeo,
Informationt Pertaining to Fuzes,
-S.
Wl'me 'Ill- Artillery, Afinor 'Defeat- and AMortar
PD,, BD, PIBD and Time (Pyrotechnic
(U), Picdtinny Arsenadl, )Dover, N.J., 1
b.
and
'flerinolog) , lmions w'
EvIdiosize Comp~fonent-, for 1Ue ill
hcaatrsiso
erfinince
ue o ri.
Caalg thI chrceitc ofgzsfratl
lry-dmotrpjeies
Odierno, Informration Pertaining to Fuses,,
Volume IV, 'Explosive Components, Picotinny.
Arsenal, -Do'ver, N.J., September 1964, AD-451
450.
Catalogs the characteristics, of explosive cornponents used in fuzes and of die sizes, for bdd~ter
pellets.,
k. 'S. 0dibrribi Informnation -Pertainingto, Fuzes,
Volume V, Fuize Safing' Phuil6sojih,p Picatinny
Arsenal, Dover, N.J., April- 1965, AD-456 253.
uar'/ 1966.
Specfie
eniromenal
th
.S.
R-1
book, F u:e
Appendix 11).
Cont~ains at present 51rilscovering~various
subjectsdealing with fuzs.
o. Gunther Cohn, Arq
ay nd Air Force -Fuze
Catailog, (q), The 'Franklin Institute, Report
F-vA2238, Philadelphia, Pa., March 1959, and
Supplement F-A2238-1, November 1959, AD-305
02 an
5
J tbo'
ectrical, Part Four
()
onall
stanardand
devlopentl fzes nd uzeex~
,plosive components.
armin devices.,
tchncal dat
mii~ay
ad,
Coirpfls
R-2.
AMCP 706-210
.~vector
triad is oriented with-its direction along thle deLand is turned in space at the velocitytl
exactly as the detonator axis turns. The ball may
frther rotau aboult this-triad with the velocity ~.
The ball is encased' within the missile that is as.
Suflied to be following at straight path along -itsZ
axis-aid -to be spinning at the -rate(,)
In-the figitre,-tbe y ,-the z, and The spin axes are
-on.-or
-0
f- jCOja-0
(A-2)
1
(a-0
ItY
hsi(a
>.~~
-
"'1
+ 2P r-.1-)
SPIN AXsstAically
Fd
4-..(J-I)
/-
cssia
d-
2-Y
i(ORCES)
Figureq A., _AqII Rotor Nomenc latur -
0,2
Sina
Cosa
ttZr
-(Ak7)
2r
From Eq; 6-17'and f = vFd ),theapproximate
spin- at which the detents tend, to. modie will -be
I -ly c it ig-
i(s.61
obt.uiicc72bimn~s
an
--- -
ki x
i-
~f~)Sa.
1i Lt~
2 ~ ~oul,
-A-I-/
the( 'Jynami -
must be -- ua
Sfoir, 0 to he reictr than- zeto. When. iLbey are
thle ball wvill be relkoy to move. Thenl,
or
an 4
1Vhr~io
il-I hi~n
co-r
/)'~u
"r
(-A-9)
Dover, N.J., January 1.955(Confident~ai).I. W,. Kizner,fl'- Baull Roto'r Profini - Nu 11 (Q1.
Picatinnpy ArsenaI,.Rebrch4AMemorandum No.7/?
Dover, N.J., Februo:y 1-955-(Confilentiol).
i~AMCP110iO
APPENDIX 1l.
468-066.
05.0 'Wt ti anl Operal iliti I'est aUppt r Seri i, v.
lEre.e., of icceleration., for ('xVcin l)e
velopment of Projectile Fuzes, 20 June 1956,
18.0 "potting(.Ir
20.0
Vonetor Fuzk
I Surv,'
of Fl.;,I,,, i'li
ltaated 1 1.tu,ios
AD-468 067.
140.
11.0, Automatic-Loading -Test for- Use in Developnent of Projectile Fuzes, 10' September 1957,
AD-210
o
te44,
12.0 Breakdown of Tested .Fuzes, "10 September
Evaluation, A. W. Bal1din, ,US.. Nayal OrdnanceLaboiatory, White Oak, 11d., I Feberuary 1963, AD-296 582-
27. 0 A.
Compendiumn of Mechanics Used inMissile
S~t"adAnigOvcs()
Aclr
1057,fety
-February
.e as i.ri t
7I!,tw,,.
June 1960, AD.468 071.
19.0 1 llibh .lhaps of lr, troli_ 1 ftLztg Prineies (C). 6December '%,0-tSecret).
15
AD208 2.m
13.0 The Sensitivity of Explosive Initiators, 13
1958, AD-208 252.
F~brary
AP-0 958
22.
'Nlactroe
aneaJ "Sy
U.d. 'a
rh
noi
atos
S
hitee,
A 4
e b1962(Con.i
125.
"Clock
Escapment
'Tiimers
(U);';"Par~t
"Coc
a
e
en
tis
)A
-2 ,11,
Section I, June 196T.(Confideiitial),AD-3845...
530.
Jumble TesuIlistory, -C. A. Dock, Frankford
Pa., 13 September
, Philadelphia,
19631 AD-453,621;
AIMCO 706.210,
~or
F30MIL-STJ}-13, Picatioy Arsenal, Dover,
NJ., W0September 1964, AD447 755.
8hk~nik U.. NoelOrdanc,
Laoraory
White Oak, Md., 18 August .1964, AD-454'840.
kf Catie-Hight. lerraine-intercepft, Fuze lest
Technique, A.P. Sutten, U.S. Army Hirry
Diamond- Laboratories, Washington, D.C.,
14 September 1964, AD-449 94 1.
351 0 Flasi X-Ray Techniques for Studying F'uze
Operation, L. J. Shkolnik, U.S. Noveal OrdT
nance Laborbtory,- White -Oak, Md., 18 August
42.0
'oo
Sedld' CvityFu~e
LekageDetetionandin
Laboratory' and Fieldl Tests of 'Fuzes,
f~lesurmen;
'..
uai, Lbortor Tet'sLaboratory Tests Subcommittee, 3 May 1967,
Spbcommrittee, 1-1January 1965, AD457 968.
38.0 Rotary Acceleration Jlthods andIlnstrunenA.3'18
51.0 The Application of Flueric Devices to Ordintion, \kR'; K. Krueger, Explos ive Comiponents
stance Timters, 'Mechanical and ElectraS~ibcommittee,_5,N'4vdhiber 1964.
rie-hi'c'al[ 'Sstii Subcommittee, 3- May
-Radar
39.0 A Field Test Prograffi for Jfissile1967,,AD-834'083;
ittee,, A-Sep- Fuzes, Field Tests
52.0 A' Rain Survey pf' iBain Simulation Techtimnber 1965, AD-468 871.
40.0 Air 'Delivery of Ammunition and Explosives,
nius
aboratory ,Tests Subcommittee,
3 May 1967, AD-834 086.
'by Parachute, Laboratory 'Tests Subcbnm.
,Subcomm
A-1 1-2
53.0 XCoib'ined 'Environments Testing, Laboratory Tests Subcommittee, 12 April 1968, AD'835 813.
AMCP 706210
INDEX
A
Acceleration
drop, 15-6
firing, 5-2
high, fuze design, 10-1
low, fuze design, 11-1
rocket, 5-3, 6-21
Actuator, 4-11, 7-3
Adiabatic compression initiation, 3-4
Air force, 5-7
Air gun. test, 15-3
Alignment force, 5-7
Ambient pressure, 5-7
Ammunition, typical 1Analog computer use, 1t-11
Analysis of data, 14-12 15-14
Antiremoval device, 13-2
Arming
bomb fuze, 124', 12-7
chemic.d,8-10
consideiatons, 8:2
delay, 8-2, 8-7, 8-9,,8-10; 12-6
el~tric,'7fluid, 84,,'8-9
mechanical
concept, 5-1
devices, 6-1
rotary devices, 61.3, 98, 10-.3, ACommand
sequential leaf, 6-16, 10-3
spiral unwinder, 6-12
motion-induced, 8-11
pin, 1-7,12-9
principles,.5-1
,pi6cess,,1-2
two-featurv requirement, 9-3
fragmentation, 12-12
fuze action, 12-1
impact fuze, 12-3
propeller gear train, 12-3
proximity fuze, 1-2-12
time fuze, 12-8
trajectories, 12-1
typical, 1-3
Bomblet-fuze, 12-13
-Boobytrap, 13-5
Booste"
M21A4, 10.7
assembly, 4-11 9-7
ase, 410
charge, 4-0
Bore safety, 9-2
C
Capacitor, 3-9;,J14-10
Centrifugal force, 5-6, 6-4
Centrifugal pendulum, 6-14
Centrifuge test, 153
Chemical aiming delay, 8-11.
Clockwork,'6-19, 10-8. See a 1s6 Escapement
'Clustering, bomb,. 1-2-3, 12-11
tdCoanda effect,8-1
Coirspfing; 6-10-1
Combinationrfuze,.1:6
fuze, 1-6, 3-2, 841
Compatibility, of common explosives and metals,
4-3
Components, 14-10. See-also, Explosive coinponeni
Compression spring, data, 6-5
Computer, analog, 1441
-Constant force spring, 6-5
Construction.
techniques,prevention,
4-9, 14-5 14-1
-Contact
contamination
Contact sensing, 3-1
Contour, .2-4
Cord, detonation, 4-12
Coriolis force, 5-6
Creep; 5-3
D
Dashpot, 8-7
Definition and. purpose of fuzes, 1-1
I-i-
~~AM;P'7062"I0
Delay
'
$'element,
,Junghians,
,-9, 12-7
for rming, 8-1, 84, 8-9, 8-10, 12;5
6-22
rinaway, 6-20
spring design, 6-23,
Design
Explosive
F
Fault tree analysis. 14-12
Fin-stabilized projectile, fuzes for, 10-1
Firing pin, 3-3
Flash detonator, 4-6
Fluerics, 81
Economics, -2-2
'Electric
arming,, 7-1
comp6nent, 14-10
component .initiatibni 4-6
'fuze initiation, .4-6:
,generator, 7-3
ihitiator; 4-6
-power- source
battery, 3-8
electrostatic generatoi; 3-7
piezoelectric generator, 3-6test, 15-2,
timing, circuit, 3-9
Electronic 'tube, 7-3
Electrostatic generator, 3-7
Encapsulation, 14-6
Environment,, 5-5, 9-1, 15-10
Escapement
M198, 12-9
M204A2,, 11-4
M211, 114
XM218, 8-9
M404A1, 1-2
M502A1, 10-8
M505A3, 10-11
M517, 14-8
M525, 1-7, '6-4
M532, 10-3
XM539E4, 3-7, 9.10
XM544E1, 4-12
M551, 11-'6
AMCP,706-210
Fuze- (Cont'd)
XM557pl, 9-12
XM717, 8-7
M9042, 3-i, 12-3,
M906, 127
action, 1-1
calculations, 9-3
categories, 1-5
definition of fuzes, 1-5
design considerations,- 2-1, 9-3, 9-3
development steps, 9-3
model desigiation, 1-6
purpose, 1-5
requirements, 1-5, 9-1, 9-3
specification origin, 2-1
'Hairspring; 6-5
Hand grenade fuze, 11-3
.High explosive, 4-1
'Hinge pin, 6-9
engineering, 2-5
:Human
ItHniiditfactors
-envirorfent,'9.2
Hydrostatic pressure, 577
Igniter, 4-11
Illustrati6hs, list, ix
Iipact fuze
,action,,1-5
bomnb,12-3
description of representative, 1-7'
design, 9-5, 12-2
Impact sensitivity of explosives, 4.3
Influence sensing,,3-2
Information sources, 2-7
Initiation
electric fuze,-3-5
:mechanical fuze, 3-3
principles, 3-1
Initiator, 4-6, 9-7
AMCP 706-210,
Percussion primer, 4 6
Peforianhetest, [5-I
Philosophy -f design, 24
.Physical prbperties.of explosivos,-4-5
Piezoelectric.tiansduc6; 3-6
Seinple plunger,,6-.5
;sequential leaf 6-15, 10-3
Rotational velocity, 5-3
:Ruehlmann RC circuit, 7-6'
Runaway escapenent, 6-20
S
"
10
-linkage 6.
Y
S
Safety
sh~e .6-9
ivot, 6"40,
Pneumatic arming delay,. -7
Popovitch escapement,.6-23
Potting compound. 14-3
Power source, 3-5, 3-7, 15-2, 15-5,
'Power spring, 6-5
Presettiig oftime fuzes, 3-2
Pressure, ambient, 5-7
PresSure-travel relation of:projectile, 5-2
Primary high explosive, 4-2
Primer, 4-6
Projectile'fuze
design,'9-5, 9-10, 12-2
impact, 1-5, 1-7, 12-3
mechanical time, 10-8
typical, 1-2.
Proof test, 15-5
Propeller, bomb fuze, 12-10
Proximity fuze, 1-6, 3-2, 12-12
Pul-release device, -13-2
Purp6seof fuzes, 1-1
R
Rain insensitive fuze, 9-11
Rain test facility, 15-12
RC circuit,'3-9; 7-4
References, R-1. See also the endofqeach chapter
Relay, 4-10
Reliability, 2-2
Requirements, 1-3,:9-1
Resistor, 14-10
Rifle grenadefuze,.11-5'
Rocket
-assisted projectile, 10-8
fuze,-1-2, 11-1
sled test, 15-4
Rotary device
ball cam rotor,,6-18
ball rotor, 6-18, A-I-1
centrifugal pendulum, 6-14
disk rotor, 6-13, 9-8
rotary shutter, 6-17, 10-7
1.4
C.-
onsideratidns;.'2-2
eatures, 9-2,
requirements , 2-2, 9;2
tests,94,15-2, 15-6
Safing and armihg mechanism, 11-2
Sa mine fuze, 13-4
Sealing material, 14-4'
Secondary high explosive, 4-2
Seif-destruction, 1-6, 3-2, 11-2
Semple plunger, 615
Sensitivity of explosives, 4-3
Sequ-ential leaf arming, 645, 10-3
Setback, 5:5
Setfbrward, 5-7
Setter componentslinkage, 14-2
Shear pin, 6-9
Shelf life factors, -15-10
Shock machine, 15-4
Slider, 6-8, 10-4, 11-2
Small'arms fuze, l0-10
Solder, 14-5.
Specifications, 2-1, 2-4,'9-1
Spin,
during Asseibly,9-3
-stabilizedprojectiles,.fuzes for, 10-3
test, 15-3
velocity,
Spiral unwinder, 6-12
Spring
Belleville, 6-5, 13-1
coil, 6-1, -10-1
compression data, 6-5
constant force,, 6-5
design, 6-23, 10-1, 10-3, 12-10, 13-1
equations, 6-2
escapement, 6-19
hair, 6-5
motion of masses of springs, 6-1
power, 6-
types, 6-1
Squib, 4-6, 4-11
Stab initiation, 3-3
Stab~initiator, 4-6 Standardization, 2-3
AMCP 7064210
procedure,.9-3; 15-1
safety, 9-4, 157surveillance, 15;10
Thermal battery, 3-8
!limne
3-9;'T-3
fuze, 1-6, 12-'8
presetting;'3-2.
setting,,mecharuism, 2-6.
Tolerancihgi 14'9T ooth desTin-for escapementsi,6-23,-6-24
Torque, 5-6_
Trade-offs in design, 2-2
rembler switchi,77
Trip lever, 6-11,,13-4
Tube,, electronic, 7-3
Vane, 12-10
Velocity, of detonation, 4-2
+-5