The purpose of this note is to show how

obtain limit or equivalent of sequence with Theorem Stolz-Cesaro

by Moubinool OMARJEE

Let me remind the main tool in this note

___________________________________________________________
Theorem of Stolz-Cesaro: a n n0 , b n n0 sequences of reals numbers.
Assume b n n0 is strictly increasing , unbounded and the following
limit exist
lim a n+1 a n = L
n+ b n+1 b n
Then the
lim a n also exist and its equal to L
bn

n+

____________________________________________________________
APPLICATION 1 : x n n1 sequence of real number with x n > 0 for any n 1
lim x n = +
n+ n
Then
n

lim 1
n+
n

k=1

1 =0
xn

Proof: With S.C (Stolz-Cesaro)

n

lim 1
n+
n

k=1

1 = lim
n+
xn

1
x n+1

= n+
lim

n+1 n

n+1 + n
n+1
= n+
lim 2
=0
x n+1
x n+1

APPLICATION 2 : x n n1 sequence of real number given by

xn =

n
k. k!
k=1

n + 1! 1

Find the limit of x n n1

Proof: With S.C
lim x
n+ n

= n+
lim

n + 1n + 1!
n + 1n + 1!
= n+
lim
=1
n + 2! n + 1!
n + 1n + 1!

APPLICATION 3 :x n n1 sequence of real number with x 1 = 1

x n+1 = x 1 + x 2 +. . . +x n
Find
lim x n
n+ n
Proof: All the term of x n n1 are strictly positive x 2n+1 = x 2n + x n
x n n1 is strictly increasing, if it was bounded then
lim x
n+ n

exist = L

L2 = L2 + L
This gives the limit L = 0 contradiction since all x n 1. So

lim x
n+ n

= +

x 2n+1
= 1 + x1n 1
x 2n
lim x n+1 = 1
n+ x n
With S.C theorem
x n = lim x n+1 x n = lim x 2n+1 x 2n
lim
n+ n
n+ n + 1 n
n+ x n+1 + x n
= n+
lim x x n+ x = n+
lim x n+11
= 1 = 1
n+1
n
1+1
2
+
1
xn
APPLICATION 4 :Find
lim

n+

lnn! n lnn
n

Proof: With S.C.

lnn! n lnn
lnn + 1 n + 1 lnn + 1 + n lnn
lim
= n+
lim
n
n+
n + 1 n
= n+
lim n lnn + 1 + n lnn = n+
lim

ln1 +

1
n

1
n

= 1

APPLICATION 5: Find
n
Ene n
k=1
1

lim

n2

n+

Proof: With S.C

n
Eke k
k=1
1

lim

n+

n2

Ene n
n
= n+
lim 2
= n+
lim
= 1
2
2n + 1
n n 1 2

APPLICATION 6: x n n1 sequence of real number with

n

lim x
x2 = 1
n+ n k
k=1

Prove that
lim 3 3n x n = 1

n+

Proof: S n = k=1 x 2k , x n S n tend to 1. The sequence S n is strictly increasing

n
if S n converge to L , then x n L1 > 0 and we will have S n = k=1 x 2k +
contradiction. We have
n

lim S n = + and n+
lim x n = 0

n+

We also have x n S n1 1 when n + and

S 3n S 3n1 = x 2n S 2n + S n S n1 + S 2n1 3 when n +
With S.C.
S 3 S 3n1
S3
lim n
=3
lim nn = n+
n n 1

n+

We deduce that

3n
1
Sn

3n x n =

3n
x S 1
Sn n n

APPLICATION 7: x n n1 sequence of reals numbers with 0 < x 1 < 1 and

x n+1 = x n x 2n for any n 1. Prove that
lim nx n = 1

n+

Proof: The sequence x n n1 is decreasing and bounded

lim x
n+ n

= L exist

L = L L2
So L = 0
Consider y n =

1
xn

with S.C.
y
y yn
x n+1
lim n = n+
lim n+1
= n+
lim x nx nx n+1
n+ n
n + 1 n
x 2n
1
= n+
lim
= n+
lim
=1
1 xn
x n x n x 2n

APPLICATION 8: x n n1 sequence of reals numbers with x 1 = 1

x n+1 =

x 2n +2
n+1

for any n 1. Find

n
xk
k=1
lim
1
n+ n
k=1 k

Proof: By induction 0 < x n 2 for any n 2

2
0 < x n+1 2 + 2 0 when n +
n+1

With S.C.
n
xk
k=1
x n = lim n x 2n1 + 2 = 2
lim
=
lim
1
n
n+ n
n+ 1
n+
n
k=1 k

APPLICATION 9: x n n1 sequence of reals numbers such that

lim x n+1n x n = L > 0
n+
Prove that
lim

n+

n+1

x n+1
xn
n n!
n + 1!

= eL
2

Proof: Since x n+1 x n nL the equivalence of partial sum for divergence

n1
n1
gives k=1 x k+1 x k L k=1 k this gives xnn nL
2
With S.C.
x n+1
nx n
n+1 n+1!
n!
x n+1
lim
xn
= n+
lim
n+
n n!
n + 1 n
n+1 n + 1!
= n+
lim

x n = eL
2
n n n!

Since

1
n!

e
n

e lnn+ln2
2
n2

+O

1
n3