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About iSquare
iSquare
(InterOperability & InterChangeability Solutions)
Pune, INDIA
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Focus Areas
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Relationships
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InterOperability:
With International TechneGroup Incorporated, USA having more than
20 years of Experience in CAD Data InterOperability technology,
solutions and services.
cadfix@isquare-india.com
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Relationships
InterChangeability:
With Dimensional Control Systems Inc., USA having more than 15
years of experience in Dimensional Control Techniques, Solutions
and Services.
3dcs@isquare-india.com
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Our Offerings
CAD Data InterOperability:
Focused & Customized Training Programs on:
CAD/CAM/CAE Data Exchange : Problems and Solutions from CAD, CAE, CAM Perspective.
CAD Model Quality Assessment : CAD Model Quality evaluation from downstream application
perspective
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Our Offerings
InterChangeability:
Focused & Customized Training Programs on:
Dimensional Management : Understanding and appreciation of computer aided tools for.
Takes participants thru evolution, various approaches and real life problems from their
application areas.
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Course Title
Pre-requisite
24hrs
(3 days)
None
24hrs
(3 days)
Basic knowledge of
GD&T
24hrs
(3 days)
Basic knowledge of
GD&T
32hrs
(4 days)
Basic knowledge of
GD&T preferred
Duration
32hrs
(4 days)
Basic knowledge of
GD&T
24hrs
(3 days)
Basic knowledge of
GD&T
8hrs
(1 day)
None
24hrs
(3 days)
Basic knowledge of
GD&T
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10
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11
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GD&T
Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing
61
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History
62
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63
Later, the idea of locating round features such as pins/holes etc, with
round tolerance zone rather than traditional square tolerance zone
introduced which later caught up and adopted by military standards and
late became unified ANSI standard
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Introduction to GD&T
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64
Simple part for own use No need for drawings when designer, inspector and
manufacturer are same!
Designer often creates an assembly, parts fit together with optimal clearances, He
conveys ideal size (nominal dimensions) and shapes to each manufacturer.
Volume production?:
Impossible to make every part identical
Every manufacturing process has unavoidable variations that cause variations
in manufactured parts.
Designer,with due consideration must analyze how much variation may be
allowed in size, form, orientation and location.
Then along with nominal dimensions, he must communicate magnitude of
such variations or TOLERANCE each characteristics can have and still
contribute to functional assembly.
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Often words are inadequate; eg. A note Make this surface a real flat
only has meaning where all concerned parties can do following:
65
Understand English
Understand to which surface the note applies and extent of the surface
Agree on what Flat means
Agree on exactly how flat is Real Flat!!
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66
It conveys both: ie. Nominal (or ideal) dimensions and variations (or
tolerances allowed for that dimension.
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67
Its not a creative design tool; it cant suggest how certain part surfaces should be
controlled (methods )
It does not convey parts intended function. Eg. Designer created a bore to
function as hydraulic cylinder to withstand 15kg/cm2 pressure; however GD&T
cant convey the purpose (intended function) of part.
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68
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So,
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You may find claims that GD&T affords more tolerance for manufacturing, but by
itself, it doesn't. GD&T affords however much or little tolerance the designer
specifies. Just as a common claim that using GD&T saves money, but hardly
such claims are accompanied with cost or ROI analyses.
70
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72
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279.24
20.60
139.59
78.79
152.55
68.78
20.80
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Overall Size of
component
Chamfers and Radii
Locating Part Features
Controlling angular
relationships
Defining the Form of
part feature
74
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Mounting face being important for the function of the rotor; has been made flat within 0.1.
Later Mounting face assigned as Datum A (foundation for drawing..)
Another critical face of Rotor has been made parallel to Datum A within 0.16
The Dia 139 bore has been made Perpendicular to mounting face; therefore directly controlled to our foundation (ie. Datum A) and
labeled as Datum B
75
Together Datum A and B form a sturdy reference from which dia. 10 bolt holes and other round features can be derived/ located
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Contd
76
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Hence, GD&T
77
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78
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quality and most workers strive to achieve them. But these standards are minimal requirements.
Further workmanship customs of precision aerospace machinists are rarely shared by
ironworkers.
Common Sense. Experienced manufactures develop fairly reliable sense as what the part is
suppose to do. Even without inadequate specifications, he will try to make bore straight and
smooth if he suspects its a hydraulic cylinder.
Probability. Todays modern precision machine tools have accuracy / repeatability say upto
0.0002mm, therefore, it is assumed that part dimensions should never vary more than that.
Further there is no way to predict what process may be used, how many and in what sequence to
produce a part.
Title Block, or contractual standards. Sometimes, these provide clarification. But often
they are very old and inadequate for modern high-precision tools. An example of a title block note
is All surfaces to be flat within 0.005
All above laws carries obvious risk. Where designer deems the high risk, GD&T
Specifications should be spelled out rigorously .
79
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80
1.
Identify part surfaces to serve as origins and provide specific rules explaining
how these surfaces establish the starting point and direction for measurement.
2.
Convey the nominal (ideal) distances and orientations from origin to other
surfaces
3.
4.
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81
Geometric
Inspection Procedure
Ambiguous. Without
explicit references
(Datums), results
would vary depending
upon inspectors.
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82
Inspectors do not know how to locate and orient the part in inspection
equipment, which leads to dispute on parts acceptance.
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83
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Limit dimensioning
12.34
12.30
12.45 12.49
24.54+0.35
0.25
84
or
or
11.65 0.45
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Millimeter values
When a dimension is less than one mm, zero must precede the decimal point
ex. 0.4 NOT .4
When a dimension is a whole number, neither a decimal point nor zero is used
ex. 45 NOT 45.00
When a dimension is a whole number and decimal, zero does not follow decimal
number
ex. 47.5
A tolerance for dimension can have more numbers of decimal places than
dimension itself.
ex. 47`0.34
+0.76
When unilateral dimension is used, no sign be used with zero; ex. 450
3400.45
When a bilateral tolerance is used, both; the plus and minus tolerance must have
identical number of decimal places
ex.
85
or
45+0.76
0.45
NOT
34 +0.55
0.4
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Millimeter values
When a limit dimension is used, the decimal places must match. ex:
54.15
54.00
NOT
53.15
53
Basic dimension can have any number of decimal places in Feature Control Frame.
ex.
86
50
or
50.35
NOT
50.00
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Few Examples
87
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Exercise 1
88
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Part Features
89
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Part Features
Up till now, we used term Surfaces and Features loosely and almost
interchangeably. To speak GD&T, we should begin to use terms as
defined in Y14.5
Feature is the general term applied to physical portion of a part such as
surfaces, pin, tab, hole or a slot.
Usually, part feature is a single surface (or a pair of opposed parallel plane
surfaces) having uniform shape. You can establish datums from, and
apply GD&T controls to features only.
There are two general types of features. Those that have built-in dimension
of size and those that dont.
90
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91
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Features of Size
92
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12`0.2
5`0.15
12`0.2
11`0.15
=??
5`0.1
5`0.1
95
4.95
4.9
5`0.1
5`0.1
20`0.2
20.2
5.1
5.05
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Material Condition
Material condition is yet another way of thinking about the size of
an object considering objects nature.
For example, nature of a pizza is base with
topping. If you have exxxtraa topping, its
material condition increases and pizza gets
bigger and thicker.
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One can think of MMC as the condition where the most part material is present at the surface of
feature, or where part weighs the most (everything else being same). This translates to smallest
allowable hole or the largest allowable pin, relative to specified size limits.
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Least Material Condition (LMC l) is the condition in which feature of size contains
minimum amount of material within stated limits of size.
One can think of LMC as the condition where the least part material is present at the surface of
feature, or where part weighs the least (everything else being same). This translates to largest
allowable hole or the smallest allowable pin, relative to specified size limits.
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Basic Dimensions
Basic Dimension is a numerical value used to describe (1) the theoretically
exact size, true profile, orientation or (2) a location of feature or a gage
information (datum targets).
When a basic dimension is used to define part features, it provides nominal
location from which permissible variations are established by Geometric
Tolerances.
Basic dimensions are usually denoted by numerical value enclosed in a
rectangle or by addition a general note such as un-toleranced dimensions
are basic
Basic dimensions must be accompanied by geometric tolerance to specify
how much tolerance the part feature may have
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100
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Exercise 2
102
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GD&T Symbols
103
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GD&T Symbols
(An attempt to explain Wheel Rotor Drawing w/o GD&T Symbols)
104
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Form and
Proportions of
GD&T Symbols
h = size of letter
105
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106
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Each geometric control for a feature is conveyed on a drawing by a rectangular box called feature
control frame. A typical FCF is divided in compartments expressing following sequentially left to
right.
Geometric
Characteristic
Symbol
1st
Tolerance
Modifying
Symbol
Geometric
Tolerance
Value
Primary
Datum
3rd
4th
2nd
Compartments
Secondary
Datum
Datum Material
Condition Modifiers
Tertiary
Datum
5th
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When designers apply GD&T, they use feature control frames as shown
below describing tolerance values, datum planes etc.
108
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For Individual
Features
For Individual
or Related
Features
Tolerance
Type
Form
Profile
Orientation
For Related
Features
Location
Runout
110
Description
Symbol
ASME Section
Straightness
6.4.1
Flatness
6.4.2
Circularity
6.4.3
Cylindricity
6.4.4
Line Profile
6.5.2(b)
Surface Profile
6.5.2(a)
Angularity
6.6.2
Perpendicularity
6.6.4
Parallelism
6.6.3
Position
5.2
Concentricity
5.11.3
Symmetry
5.13
Circular Runout
6.7.1.2.1
Total Runout
6.7.1.2.2
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111
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113
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114
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Attach either side or either end of frame to an extension line from the feature, provided it is a plane
surface.
115
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Attach either side or either end of the frame to an extension of the dimension line pertaining to a
feature of size.
116
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With this, feature control frame shown above is reads as: The Position of this feature shall be within
cylindrical tolerance zone of diameter 1 at maximum material condition to primary datum A and to
secondary datum B at maximum material condition and to tertiary datum C at maximum material
condition
Isnt it Easy?
117
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Summarizing FCFs
118
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Fundamental Rules
119
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Fundamental Rules
Before we get in to detailed application and meaning of Geometric Tolerances, we need to
understand few common ground rules that apply to every engineering drawing regardless of
type of tolerances used.
120
1.
Each dimension will have tolerance, except for those dimensions specifically identified as
reference, maximum, minimum, or stock. The tolerance may be applied directly to
dimension, indicated by general note, or located in supplementary block of drawing format
(Refer ANSI Y14.1)
2.
3.
Each necessary dimension of end product shall be shown. No more dimensions than those
necessary for complete definition shall be given. The use of reference dimensions should be
minimized.
4.
Dimensions shall be selected and arranged to suit the function and mating relationship of a
part and shall not subject to more than one interpretation.
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121
5.
The drawing shall define part without specifying manufacturing methods. Thus only a
diameter of hole is given without indicating whether it is to be drilled, reamed, punched an so
on However as an exception, where manufacturing, processing, quality assurance is
essential for the definition of engineering requirement, it may be specified on the drawing.
6.
7.
Dimensions should be arranged for provide required information for easy readability.
Dimensions should be shown in true profile views and refer to visible outlines.
8.
A 90 o angle applies where center lines and lines depicting features are shown on drawing at
right angle and no angle is specified.
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122
9.
A 90 o basic angle applies where centerline of features in a pattern or surfaces shown at right
angle on the drawing are located by basic dimensions and no angle is specified.
10.
Unless otherwise specified, all dimensions are applicable at 20 o C. Compensation may be made
for measurements made at other temperatures.
11.
All dimensions and tolerances apply in a free state condition. This principle does not apply to
non rigid parts.
12.
Unless otherwise specified, all geometric tolerances apply for full depth, length and width of
feature.
13.
Dimensions and Tolerances apply only at the drawing level where they are specified. A
dimension specified for a given feature on one level of drawing (eg. Detail drawing) is not
mandatory for that feature at any other level (eg. An assembly drawing)
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128
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Features of Size :
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129
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130
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Start
The
Take
This
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lThis
lUnder
133
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140
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lAs
lDesigner
141
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Level 2 Control :
lIf
20.5
lLevel
142
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145
(Rule #1)
Y14.5 established a default rule for perfect form based upon assumption
that most features of size must achieve a clearance fit.
Rule #1 does not require the LMC boundary to have a perfect form.
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(Rule #1)
lThe
20.5
19.5
20.5
lThe
21.4
20.6
20.6
simple hierarchy of
fits is called as the envelope
principle.
146
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Every Cross-sectional
measurement must be
within limits of Size
147
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Every crosssectional
measurement must
be within limits of
size
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Figure above is a drawing for electrical bus bar. Note that cross sectional dimensions have
relatively close tolerances, not because bar fits closely inside anything, but rather needed to
assure a minimum current carrying capacity without wasting expensive copper. Neither the MMC
nor the LMC boundary needed perfectly straight.
However, if bus bar is custom rolled, or machined from a plate, it wont automatically be
exempted from Rule #1. In such a case, Rule #1 shall be explicitly nullified by adding a note as
shown.
152
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Rule #1 Arguments
Many experts argue that Rule #1 is actually the exception that fewer than half of all
features of size need any boundary of perfect form.
Which means, for majority of features of size, Rule #1s perfect form at MMC
requirement accomplishes nothing except to drive up costs!!
The Solution is that Y14.5 prescribes the perfect form not required note and
engineers simply fail to add it more often. Interestingly, ISO defaults to perfect
form not required (sometimes called as independency principal) and requires
special symbol to invoke the envelope of perfect form at MMC. This is one of the
major differences between ISO and Y14.5
Every engineer should consider for every feature of size whether a boundary
of perfect form is a necessity or a waste?
153
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Rule #2
15 0.15
0.25
155
15 0.15
0.25
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Boundaries:
Virtual Condition (Fixed Size)
Inner & Outer (Variable Size)
Worst Case IB/OB (Fixed Size)
156
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157
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158
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161
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163
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164
Hole Size
Position Tol
Bonus Tol
Total Tol
VCB
29.85 (MMC)
0.1
0.1
29.75
29.95
0.1
0.1
0.2
29.75
OR
30
0.1
0.15
0.25
29.75
30.1
0.1
0.25
0.35
29.75
30.15
0.1
0.3
0.4
29.75
30.25 (LMC)
0.1
0.4
0.5
29.75
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165
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166
Pin Size
Position Tol
Bonus Tol
Total Tol
VCB
29.55 (MMC)
0.1
0.1
29.65
OR
29.5
0.1
0..05
0.15
29.65
29.4
0.1
0.15
0.25
29.65
29.35
0.1
0.2
0.3
29.65
29.3 (LMC)
0.1
0.25
0.35
29.65
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The MMC virtual condition boundary represents a restricted air space reserved
for mating part feature. In such a mating interface, the internal features MMC
virtual condition must be at least as large as that for the external feature. MMC
virtual condition (the boundarys fixed size) is determined by three factors:
1.
2.
3.
167
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VCB of Orientation
168
(controlled at MMC)
In either case, controlled feature never encroaches respective VCBs. VCBs lie
in air space.
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The LMC virtual condition boundary assures a protected core of part material
within a pin, boss or a tab or protected case of a part material around a hole or
slot.
LMC virtual condition (boundarys fixed size) is determined by three factors:
1.
2.
3.
169
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170
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VCB of Orientation
171
(controlled at LMC)
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A Worst case Boundary (ie locus) generated by the largest feature (LMC for Internal
Feature and MMC for External feature) plus the stated Geometric Tolerance Value and
any additional Geometric Tolerance (if applicable) from the features departure from its
specified material condition.
172
A Worst case Boundary (ie locus) generated by the smallest feature (MMC for Internal
Feature and LMC for External feature) minus the stated Geometric Tolerance Value and
any additional Geometric Tolerance (if applicable) from the features departure from its
specified material condition.
It is a general term to refer to the extreme boundary of a FOS that is the worst case for
assembly. Depending upon dimensioning method, the WCB can be Inner or Outer or
Virtual Condition Boundary.
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OB = n20.15
OB = (n20.15+0.3) = n20.45
IB = (20 - 0.14)=19.86
173
OB = n20.15
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174
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Type of Control
FOS Type
Internal
IB = MMC
External
OB = MMC
Internal
IB = MMC - GTol
External
OB = MMC + GTol
Internal
External
Internal
External
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176
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177
For External Feature: A similar perfect feature counterpart of smallest size, which can be
circumscribed about the feature so that it just contacts the feature surface(s). For examples a
smallest cylinder of perfect form or two parallel planes of perfect form at minimum separation
that just contacts the surface(s).
For Internal Feature: A Similar perfect feature counterpart of largest size, which can be
inscribed within the feature so that it just contacts the feature surface(s). For example a largest
cylinder of perfect form or two parallel planes of perfect form at maximum separation that just
contact(s) the surface(s).
In certain cases, the orientation, or the orientation and location of an actual mating envelope
shall be restrained to one or two datums (see next figure)
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178
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Bonus Tolerance
Bonus Tolerance is an additional tolerance for geometric control.
Whenever a geometric tolerance is applied to FOS and it contains
an MMC (m) or LMC (l) modifier in the tolerance portion of
FCF, a bonus tolerance is permissible
When MMC modifier is used in tolerance portion of FCF, it means the
stated tolerance is applies when toleranced FOS is at its
maximum material condition. When the actual mating size of
feature departs from MMC (towards LMC), an increase in the
stated tolerance = amount of departure is permitted. Thus this
increase or extra tolerance is called as Bonus Tolerance
181
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Plate
Thickness
Specified
Straightness
Tol
Bonus
Tol
Total
Tol
3.8(mmc)
0.4
0.4
3.7
0.4
0.1
0.5
3.6
0.4
0.2
0.6
3.5 (lmc)
0.4
0.3
0.7
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m denotes
Bonus
tolerance is
permissible
183
m denotes
Bonus
tolerance is
permissible
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191
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For two mating features of size, Level 2 control overall perfect form boundary can only
assure assemblability in absence of any orientation or location restraint between two features.
Ie. Features are free floating to each other.
192
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VCB=(n21.5-0.5)=n21
n21
VCB=(n20.5+0.5)=n21
In addition to Level 2 control of perfect form, this new boundary has perfect orientation in all
applicable degrees of freedom (360deg) relative to any datum features we select.
The shape and size of the virtual condition for orientation are governed by the same rules as for
form at Level 2. Again, a single feature of size can subject to multiple levels of control, thus
multiple virtual condition boundaries.
193
In figure above, weve restrained virtual condition boundary perpendicular to flange face and
shows how matability is assured for any part having a pin that can fit inside its n21 MMC virtual
condition boundary and any part having a hole that can contain its n21 MMC virtual condition
boundary.
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194
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195
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n35
VCB
50
For spherical feature, the tolerance is preceded by the Sn symbol and specifies a virtual
condition boundary that is sphere.
A single feature of size may be subjected to multiple levels of control thus multiple virtual
condition boundaries one for each form, orientation, location tolerance applied
196
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197
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198
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Derived Elements
210
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Derived Elements
Many Geometric Elements can be derived from any feature. A Geometric tolerance RFS applied to
a feature of size controls one of the following:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
A Level2 (straightness or Flatness) tolerance nullifies Rule #1s boundary of perfect form at MMC.
Instead, a separate tolerance controls overall feature form by constraining a derived median
line or derived median plane (according to type of feature)
211
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213
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215
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217
Use MMC for any feature of size that assembles with another feature of
size on a mating part and foremost concern is that the two mating
features clear (not interfere with) each other.
Use MMC on any datum reference were the datum feature of size itself
makes a clearance fit, and the features controlled to it likewise make
clearance fits.
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Use LMC where you must guarantee a minimum shell of material all over a surface of any
feature of size, for example:
For a cast, forged or rough machined feature to assure stock for cleanup in a subsequent
cleanup operation.
For a non mating bore, fluid passes etc to protect minimum wall thickness for strength.
For a non mating boss around a hole, to protect minimum wall thickness for strength
For a gaging features of a functional gage to assure the gage wont clear a non
conforming part
..
We dont often see LMC applied to datum features, but consider an assembly where datum
features of size pilot two mating parts that must be well centered to each other. LMC applied to
both datum features guarantee a minimal offset between the two parts regardless of how the
loose the fit. This is a valuable technique for protecting other mating interfaces in the assembly.
LMC is an excellent choice for datum references on functional gages.
218
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RFS is obsessed with a features center to the point of ignorance of features actual size. In fact, RFS
does not allow dynamic interaction between size and location or between size and orientation of
feature.
However, this apparent limitation of RFS actually makes it an excellent choice for self centering
mating interfaces where the mating features always fit together snugly and center on each other
regardless of their actual mating size. For example:
Press fits
Tapers such as Morse Tapers and countersinks for flat headed screws.
Elastic parts, or elastic intermediate parts such as O rings
An adjustable interface where an adjusting screw, shim, sleeve etc will be used on assembly to
center a mating part.
Certain geometric characteristics, such as run out and concentricity where MMC or LMC are so
inappropriate that the rule prohibit material condition modifiers. For these type of tolerances, RFS
always applies.
RFS principal now apply by default in absence of any material condition modifier.
RFS is a poor choice for in clearance fit mating interfaces because it does not allow dynamic tolerance
interaction. That means smaller tolerance, usable parts are rejected and higher scarp and costs
219
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Exercise 3
220
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Form Tolerances
Straightness
Flatness
Circularity
Cylindricity
221
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When straightness tolerance FCF is specified as shown in figure above, the tolerance controls only line elements of
that feature. The FCF may only appear in a view where the controlled surfaces is represented by a straight line.
Tolerance specifies a tolerance zone plane containing a tolerance zone bounded by two parallel lines separated by
distance equal to tolerance value. As the tolerance zone plane sweeps the entire feature surface, the surfaces
intersection with plane shall anywhere be contained within the tolerance zone (between two lines). Within the plane,
the location and orientation of tolerance zone may adjust continuously to part surface while sweeping.
223
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224
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226
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For a width type of feature of size, Rule #1 automatically limits the flatness deviation of each surface.
Thus to have any meaning, a separate flatness tolerance applied to either single surface must be less
than the total size tolerance.
The specified tolerance in the FCF is implied as RFS. MMC/LMC does not apply to flatness control
because only surface area is controlled and area have no size
227
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228
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Circularity Tolerance
230
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231
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Circularity Application
232
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Cylindricity Tolerance
Drawing
Part
As with the circularity tolerance, a cylindricity tolerance must be less than half the size tolerance
to limit multi-lobbed from deviations
Since neither circularity nor a cylindricity tolerance can nullify size limits for a feature, there is
nothing to be gained by modifying either tolerances to MMC or LMC
233
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234
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Cylindricity Application
235
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However, a windshield in above figure may be warped as much as .05 in any 3x3 area,
its maximum accumulated warp over 36 square is 6.83 a panel that wont fit in to
assembly fixture, Thus for a windshield, a compound feature control frame is used,
containing a single flatness symbol with two stacked segments.
The upper segment specifies flatness tolerance of .25 applicable to entire surface.
The lower segment specifies flatness per unit area not to exceed .05 over a area 3x3.
237
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Radius Tolerance
238
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239
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240
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241
A flatness tolerance might be appropriate for a surface that seals with a gasket.
A roller bearing might be controlled with a cylindricity tolerance
A conical bearing race might have both a straightness of surface element tolerance
and a circularity tolerance
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Form
Form Selection
Process
Consider Limits of
Size (Para. 2.7)
Flatness
c
Straightness
(Para.6.4.2)
(Para. 6.4.1)
Surface
Elements
Circularity
Cylindricity
Axis or
Center Plane
Consider
Material Conditions
(Para. 6.4.1.1.2)
242
RFS
(Para. 2.8.1)
Implied Condition
MMC
(Para. 2.8.2)
Specify m
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Geometric
Control
Surface?
FOS?
Use of m
or l?
Are
boundaries
affected?
Overrides
Rule#1?
Datums
referencing?
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
May*
May*
May*
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
244
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245
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Exercise 4
246
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Datums
247
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What is Datum?
A Datum is a theoretically exact point, axis or plane derived
from the true geometric counterpart of a specified datum
feature.
A datum is an origin from which the location or geometric
characteristics of features of a part are established.
A datum feature is an actual feature of a part that is used to
establish a datum.
A datum reference is an alphabetic letter specified in a
compartment following a Geometric tolerance in a
feature control frame. It specifies a datum to which the
tolerance zone or acceptance boundary is basically
related.
A feature control frame may have zero, one,two or three
datum references.
248
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Establishing Datum
Reference Frames from
Part Features
249
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Datum Feature
Recall our session #1, where we said:
The first step in GD&T is to identify part surfaces to serve as origins and provide
specific rules explaining how these surfaces establish the starting point and
direction for measurements
Such a part surface is called as datum feature
Builders understood the need for a consistent and uniform origin from which to base
their measurements. It was a patch of leveled ground once. For precision
manufacturing, its a flat surface or a straight and round diameter on a machine
part. Although any type of part feature can be a datum feature, selecting one is bit
like hiring a CEO who will provide strong moral center and direction for the entire
organization.
So, what qualifications of CEO should we look for?
250
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251
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Functional Hierarchy
lIts
void
lSpot
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256
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257
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259
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(contd)
(b) Placed on an extension of a dimension line of a feature of size when datum is an axis or
center plane. If there is insufficient space for two arrows, one of the arrow may be replaced
with datum feature triangle
260
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(contd)
( c ) Placed on the outline of a cylindrical feature surface, or the extension of the the feature
outline, separated from the size dimension, when the datum is the axis. The triangle may be
drawing tangent to the feature
261
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(contd)
262
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263
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264
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265
Assigning a part surface as a datum feature still doesnt give uniform origin
necessary for precision measurements.
Even a straight or round or a flat as the case may be, the feature still has small
irregularities in its shape that could cause difference in repeated measurements
from it.
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Thus, like it or not, all datum methods are based on surface high points.
In many cases, the TGC and the datum feature surface are concept ually brought
together in space to where they contact each other at one, two or three high points
on the datum feature surface.
In some cases TGC is custom fitted to datum features high points and some cases,
the TGC and datum feature surface are meant to clear each other.
267
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Go Slide 300
Go Slide 301
268
Go Slide 302
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270
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273
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274
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279
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294
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295
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297
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299
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Case b
300
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Case c
301
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Case d
302
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TGC Types
303
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Adjustable Chuck
to Simulate datum
feature A
Datum Axis A.
Same as axis of
chuck
Stepped Shaft
Example
310
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Expandable mandrel
used to simulate datum
feature B
311
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Adjustable Vice to
Simulate datum feature
C
312
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Expandable plates to
Simulate datum feature
D
313
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Datum axis F
Surface plate to
Simulate datum
feature E
314
Expandable
mandrel to
simulate datum
feature F
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Datum axis F
Surface plate to
Simulate datum
feature E
Expandable mandrel
to simulate datum
feature F
Expandable width to
simulate datum
feature G
Datum centerplane G
315
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317
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324
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325
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DRF Displacement
(Also referred to as Datum Shift or Pattern Shift)
326
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338
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339
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Primary
Two plates
separated by dist =
MMC size of datum
feature C
343
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Primary
A gage block of
width = MMC size of
datum feature D
344
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345
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A
B
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Orientation Tolerance
Perpendicularity
Angularity
Parallelism
383
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384
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An orientation tolerance is specified using a feature control frame one of the three orientation characteristic
symbols.
The symbol used depends on the basic orientation angle as follows:
0o or 180o parallelism symbol
90o or 270o Perpendicularity Symbol
Any other angle Angularity Symbol
All three symbols work exactly same. The only difference is that where angularity symbol is used, basic angle
should be explicitly specified. Where the parallelism or perpendicularity is used, the basic angle is implied
by the drawing view that shows parallel or perpendicular relationship.
The feature control frame includes the orientation tolerance value followed by one or two datum references.
385
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386
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388
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389
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390
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396
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At LMC
417
At MMC
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Modifier
Typical Applications
Comparative cost
of Production and
Verification
-Clearance
fits
-Assemblability is criteria
Does Modifier
permit Bonus and
Datum Shift?
Least
Yes
No
Highest among
modifiers
-Functional
RFS
418
gages
-Protection of wall
thickness or assure
minimum material around
feature
Yes
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Concentricity
Symmetry
457
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Concentricity Tolerance
Concentricity is that condition where median points
of all diametrically opposed elements of figure
of revolution (or correspondingly located
elements of two or more radially disposed
features) are congruent with the axis (or center
point) of a datum feature.
Concentricity tolerance is a cylindrical (or spherical)
tolerance zone whose axis (or center point)
coincides with the axis (or center point) of
datum feature(s)
The median points of all correspondingly located
feature(s) being controlled, regardless of
feature size, must lie within the cylindrical (pr
spherical) tolerance zone. The specified
tolerance and datum references can apply on
Irregularities in the form of a actual feature to be inspected may make it
RFS basis only.
difficult to establish the location of that features median point. For
Concentricity tolerance requires the establishment
example a nominally cylindrical surface of revolution may be bowed or out
and verification of features median points
of round in addition to being displaced from its datum axis, in such cases
finding median point may be very time consuming. Therefore unless there
is definite need to establish median points, it is recommended to use
position or runout tolerance.
458
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459
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460
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Geometric Control
r
Tolerance Zone
Cylindrical
Two Co-axial
cylinders
Cylindrical or two
parallel planes
Control Applies
to
Derived Median
Line
Surface elements
of toleranced
feature
Axis / centerplane
of AME of
toleranced feature
Location and
Orientation
Location,
Orientation and
Form
Location and
Orientation
Cost of
Production
Cost of
Verification
Controls
461
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Symmetry Tolerance
462
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Runout Tolerance
Circular Runout
Total Runout
464
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Runout Tolerance
465
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466
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lSpun
the shaft about its functional axis while probing the surface
with a dial indicator. As the indicators tip move up and down over the
undulating surface, its dial swings gently back and forth, visually
displaying the magnitude of runout.
lSo,
lWhere
lHow
lFor
the indicator swing, Y14.5 adopted the international term: FIM (Full Indicator Movement) which sometimes
referred as FIR (Full Indicator reading) or TIR (Total Indicator Reading)
lFIM
is the difference (in mm/in) between the indicators most positive and most negative excursions. So, if lowest (ve) reading is 0.001mm and the highest is +0.002mm, them FIM (or FIR or TIR) is 0.003mm
lJust
because runout tolerance is defined and discussed in terms of FIM does not mean runout tolerance can only
be applied to parts that spin in assembly, neither does it require part to be rotated, nor use of dial indicator to verify
conformance. The indicator swing is the ideal meant for describing the requirements of surface. Conformance can
be verified using CMM, Optical Comparator, scanning, computer mo deling etc.
467
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469
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lCircular
472
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Runout tolerance is especially suited for parts that revolve about a datum axis in an assembly,
and where alignments and dynamic balances are critical.
Circular runout tolerance is often ideal for O ring grooves, where cylinder bore is datum.
Remember that the datum feature and controlled feature should be accessible for
fixturing/inspection as the case is. For example, circular runout tolerance applied to internal
groove with internal bore as datum feature makes groove inaccessible for inspection!
474
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Profile Tolerance
491
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Profile Control
What is Profile?
492
Profiles are formed by projecting a 3D figure onto a plane or by taking cross sections
through the figure.
If the drawing specifies individual tolerances for elements or points of a profile, these
elements or points need individual verification
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Profile Tolerancing
l
493
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Profile Tolerancing
494
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Profile Tolerancing
495
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General:
Where a profile tolerance need only control a features shape, its unnecessary to relate the profile
tolerance to any DRF. There are many applications where a profile FCF should have no datum
references. Where the tolerance also must control the orientation, or orientation and location of
the considered feature, the tolerance zone shall be related to DRF. Depending upon design
requirements, the DRF may require one, two or three datum references in FCF.
Profile of Surface Tolerance:
A FCF bearing a profile of surface symbol specifies a 3D tolerance zone having total width equal
total tolerance value. The entire feature surface shall everywhere be contained within the
tolerance zone. If DRF is referenced, it restrains the orientation, or orientation and location of
the tolerance zone.
499
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503
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506
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507
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Exercise 10
512
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Miscellaneous
513
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(sample only)
514
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515
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519
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520
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521
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