Terravision Technical Papers PDF

Technical Paper for Pacifico Minerals
Contents
Propagation of electromagnetic impulses in subsurface area. ......................................................... 1
Preprocessing of Terravision Radar signals. ................................................................................. 21
Inverse problem of geo-radiolocation............................................................................................ 29
Signals of Terravision Radar in conductive environments............................................................ 37
Terravision Radar Measurement modes ........................................................................................ 44
Propagation of electromagnetic impulses in subsurface area.

This article reviews major physical events occurring in the process of propagation
of direct impulse in subsurface area during operation of geo-radar. A minimum of
theoretical knowledge required for operators successful operation of the device is
provided.
1. Introduction.
Mastering a geo-radar (Super-broadband radio locator for sounding subsurface
heterogeneities) requires some knowledge in the area of electrodynamics and
propagation of radio-waves. The present work provides a minimum of knowledge
from these areas, which will allow learn the device and get to work with it.
2. Initial wave equation.
All wave equations of electrodynamics are sequent of full equation system of
Maxwell, which we wrote below using SI system of unit [1]
D
H
J
t
B
E
t
(1)
(2)
together with material equation of environment
D 0 E
B 0 H
B 0

J ( E V B)
0 ( 0 c 2 ) 1 8.854 10 12
Pacifico Minerals 22 Sept 2014
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
A s
V m
0 4 10 7
V s
Am
When
deriving an equation for subsurface radio location we will neglect the member

V B in (7), but in equation (4) we will consider 1 . Practically for any subsurface
areas these assumptions are true. Wave equation for electric multiplier E can be
obtained in the following manner. Let us differentiate equations (1) and (7) according
to time t , and equation (2) according to spatial values, using differential operator ,
after this we will obtain:
H
2E
E
0 2
t
t
t
H
E 0
t
2
Out of this equations follows a wave equation for electric multiplier E of

electromagnetic wave in the environment, characterized by permittivity and
conductivity :
2E
E
E 2
0
0
t
c t2
1
- speed of light in vacuum.
0 0
(8)
Here c
3. Total-differential approximation of wave equation.

Let us use a total-differential approximation of differential operators and write for
digital function U , which will correspond to the multiplier of electric vector E , a
digital analogue of 1-D wave equation (8) in x, t coordinates.
U xt 1 2U xt U xt 1 U xt 1 2U U xt 1
U xt 1 U xt 1
2
0
0
2 t
c
( x ) 2
( t ) 2
(9)
Equation (9) corresponds to a clear conditionally stable finite-difference scheme of

second-order precision on analytical grid with a step x along solid axis x and with a
step t along time axis t . Superscripts on wave function U represent number of mesh
points on time axis, subscripts numbers of mesh points on spatial axis.
Wave function on time level t 1 is represented as a function in previous time
moments like:
(t )c 2
U xt 1 1 0
2
c 2 (t ) 2 t
0 (t )c 2
t
t
t
t 1
U
U
U
U
U
2
2
1
x 1
x
x 1
x
x
(x) 2
2
(10)
The solution of equation (10) is stable upon fulfillment of condition [2]:
( x)
c
(11)
Below we provide a program for calculation of wave field U , made in programming

system MATLAB, which makes calculations according to the formula (10) with an
automatic selection of step (11).
%------- ONE DIMENTION WAVE EQUATION
%------- FOR ELECTRIC FIELD E(x,t)
clear
pack
close all
%---------PARAMETERS FOR NUMERICAL CALCULATION
X=3;
%---- max depth, m
T=40e-9;
%---- max time, sec
dt=0.05e-9; %---- step on T, sec
XP=0.8;
%---- disdant of crossection, m
%-----------PARAMETERS OF THE SOIL
D1=1.5;
%---- depth of the 1-st layer, m
eps1=6;
%---- permitivity of the 1-st layer
sig1=0.;
%---- conductivity of the 1-st layer, sim/m
Delta=0.; %---- width of the boundary, m
eps2=12;
%---- permitivity of the 2-nd layer
sig2=0.;
%---- conductivity of the 2-nd layer, sim/m
%------ calculation of the dx-step from stability condition
c=3e8;
%---- light velocity, m/sec
mu0=4*pi*1e-7; %---- magnetic permeability
emin=eps1;
if eps2<eps1
emin=eps2;
end
dx=sqrt(dt^2*c^2/emin);%--step on X
dx=1*dx
%----------------------------INITIAL ELECTRIC FIELD AT X=0
NX=round(X/dx);
NT=round(T/dt);
E=zeros(NT,NX);
a=1.e9;
b=1.2e9;
v=.1e9;
for cnt=1:NT
t1=(cnt-1)*dt;
E(cnt,2)=cos(a*t1)*exp(-b*t1)*v*t1;
t2=(cnt)*dt;
E(cnt,1)=cos(a*t2)*exp(-b*t2)*v*t2;
end
%---------------------------END OF PARAMETRISATION
%------------------------------------------------%----------------COUNT
%-----------------------------creation of the soil
n1=round(D1/dx);
nD=round(Delta/dx);
for cnx=1:NX
eps(cnx)=eps1;
sig(cnx)=sig1;
end
for cnx=1:nD
eps(cnx+n1)=eps1+(eps2-eps1)/nD*cnx;
sig(cnx+n1)=sig1+(sig2-sig1)/nD*cnx;
end
for cnx=n1+nD:NX
eps(cnx)=eps2;
sig(cnx)=sig2;
end
%----------------------------- count of the wave equation
for cnt=2:NT-1
for cnx=2:NX-1
E(cnt+1,cnx)=c^2/eps(cnx)*dt^2/dx^2*(E(cnt,cnx+1)-2*E(cnt,cnx)+E(cnt,cnx-1))...
+2*E(cnt,cnx)-E(cnt-1,cnx)*(1-sig(cnx)*mu0*dt*c^2/2/eps(cnx));
E(cnt+1,cnx)=E(cnt+1,cnx)/(1+sig(cnx)*mu0*dt*c^2/2/eps(cnx));
end
end
%-----------visualisation of the results
%-------- Fig.1 - 2D electrical field E(x,t), eps(x)*1e-9
%-------- Fig.2 - electrtrical field E(t) at distant XP
t=(0:NT-1)*dt;
x=(0:NX-1)*dx;
figure
pcolor(x,t,E(:,:))
shading interp
colorbar
hold on
plot(x,eps*1e-9,'w')
xlabel('X, m')
ylabel('T, sec,eps*1e-9')
hold off
pause(3)
amp=zeros(NT);
xs=round(XP/dx);
for cnt=1:NT
amp(cnt)=E(cnt,xs);
end
figure
plot(t,amp,'k')
hold on
xlabel('T. sec')
hold off
Pic.1
Reflection of signal from sharp edge between a layer with 1 6 and a layer with 2 12 .
Pic.2
Wave function of electric field is at depth of 0.8 m. The second signal, reflected from a more dense
layer, has a reverse polarity against the former decreasing one.
The results of calculations are provided in a graph in pic.1-2.

Pic.1 shows a wave function in t, x coordinates, function amplitude is represented by a
color. A ratio between function values and color is shown I the right part of the
picture. On the same picture a white line additionally indicates to a dependence of
permittivity with depth. In this case, time axis t represents its values with recalculation coefficient, shown on this axis.
Pic.2 shows a section of bivariate function of amplitude in relative units for the depth,
assigned in the program by a parameter XP.
The program allows assign two layers with different environment parameters , .
Width of edge between layers is defined by a parameter Delta. In and around the edge
permittivity and conductivity is assigned by means of linear interpolation. Under
condition when Delta=0 environment parameters change suddenly.
In order to necessarily limit calculation zone along x -axis, zero limit conditions are
assigned on edges under x 0 and x X conditions, which is equivalent to assigning
an ideal reflecting edge on these intervals. Signals reflected from these edges can also
be viewed on the pictures.
4. Reflection and transition of radio-impulse signal through sharp edge of section
of two non-conducting environments.
Advancing wave experiences reflection only from those sections of subsurface
environment, where space variation of its parameters are observed: permittivity ,
conductivity or both values simultaneously.
Upon normal fall of wave to a sharp edge reflection coefficient in non-conducting has
the following look
R
1 2
(12)
1 2
A value n is called a refractive index. It defines velocity of wave propagation V

in material environment
V
c
n
(13)
It is derived from (12) that refractive index can be both positive and negative. If
1 2 , which means that wave falls from a less transmission dense environment to a
more dense one (for instance, from dry sand to clay), refractive index will be negative.
Upon 1 2 it has a positive value. In the first case a signal reflected from an edge
turns over, that is, multiplied by a negative value, and in the second case, it repeats
the shape, which it had before reflection.
(A term transmission density in optics means refractive index. We will use this term
hereinafter, omitting a definition optical.)
The first case (fall to the edge with more dense environment) is shown on pic.1-2. On
pic.2 one can clearly see that the second (reflected from the edge at the depth of 1.5
m) signal is turned over with respect to the first falling signal. The third signal
appeared because of reflection from an upper edge and is turned over twice, that is,
it is located in phase with the falling one. The results shown on these pictures fully
correspond to the text of the program provided above, including variable parameters.
Pic.3-4 show the second case, which is a wave fall on the edge from more dense
environment to less dense environment. Here layers change places: 1 12, 2 6 . It is
seen on picture 4 that reflected signal has the same polarity (or phase) as the falling
one.
Pic.3
Reflection of signal from a sharp edge between layer with 1 12 and a layer with 2 6 .
Pic.4
Wave function of electric field at the depth of 0.8 m. Upon falling of wave from more dense
environment to less dense one, a signal reflected from the edge (the second one in the picture) has
the same polarity as the falling one.
Transmission coefficient T upon vertical fall in non-conducting environment has the

following look:
T
2 2
(14)
1 2
It should be noted that refractive index R (12) and transmission coefficient T (14) are
connected with a correlation R T 1 .
From the formula (14) it should be noted that a passed impulse always keeps the
polarity of the falling one, wherein one can make sure on pictures 5 and 6 for the two
cases of wave fall reviewed earlier.
Pic.5
Wave function of an impulse passed through the edge at the depth of 2 m. Falling from less dense to
more dense environment (pic.1). Impulse polarity did not change.
Pic.6
Wave function of impulse passed through the edge at the depth of 2 m. Falling from more dense to
less dense environment (pic.3). Impulse polarity did not change.
5. Reflection and transition of radio-impulse signal through smooth edge of

section of two non-conducting environments.
A definition of sharp or smooth transmission edge between layers is defined as a ratio
between linear size of transition region l and typical spatial oscillation size of direct
impulse at the moment of transition through the edge. If l , we have a case of
sharp edge. If the dimension of transition region is commensurable or higher than
typical oscillation size of direct impulse it is the case of smooth edge. In georadiolocation, when has a value of unit tens of centimeters, for geological layers
the case of smooth edge often occurs (for instance, transition of sand into clay and
vice versa), which is conditioned by geologic processes. A sharp edge is observed
mainly upon reflection from artificial subsurface items and constructions.
In the case of smooth edge, even upon normal wave fall, simple well-known formulas
(12), (14) are not always applicable even for evaluative calculations. A theory of
transmission and reflection of impulse from a smooth edge of arbitrary shape is quite
complicated, it can be found, for example, in monograph [3], we will not go beyond
verification of major quality properties on the basis of computation modeling. Let us
take already reviewed case of wave fall on sharp edge between layers with 1 6 and
2 12 as a basis (pic.1-2, 5). All parameters of the problem remain former, we will
only change the width of edge, defined by the parameter Delta. Let Delta=0.3 m.
Pic.7
Reflection and transition of signal through smooth edge with a width of 0.3 m.
It follows from the pic.8 that a smooth edge reflects a signal, transforming its shape.
These distortions are defined as a specific type of transition function. A common trait
10
for all types of smooth edge functions is stretching of reflected impulse over time,
which should be considered important in geo-radar data.
Practically always signals coming from under the ground are longer than direct
impulse. Most often the reason of this event is a reflection from smooth edge. Other
mechanisms of impulse stretching, which will be mentioned below, are also
possible.
Comparing pic.9 for impulse passed through smooth edge and pic.5 for impulse
passed through sharp edge, we can talk about their practical identity by shape. It is
extremely important during analysis of geo-radar data. The point is that direct impulse
in the general case may in series reflect from multiple layers. Keeping the shape of
impulse, which passed through the next layer, allows analyze the look of specific
reflecting edge irrespective of neighboring edges (we are not talking about signal
amplitude and time delay here, which are defined not only by the edge, but also by
parameters of homogeneous layer).
Pic.8
Wave function of signal reflected from a smooth edge at the depth of 0.8 m. The second signal
reflected from a smooth edge has a reverse polarity as in a sharp edge between layers. The shape of
reflected signal has changed, it has stretched over time.
11
Pic.9
Wave function of signal passed through smooth edge at the depth of 2 m. Polarity and shape of the
impulse almost did not change.
6. Influence of environment conductivity to radio-wave propagation.

Environment conductivity exists in wave equation (8) as a coefficient before the
first derivative of time, which, as it is well-known, determines dissipation (absorption)
of wave energy. As a matter of fact, it is the dissipative term, which limits all
capabilities of subsurface radiolocation, including penetration depth and spatial
resolution (upon 0 radio-waves in the environment do not attenuate, which means
a capability of reaching any depth and any resolution).
In order to clarify the features of radio-wave propagation in conductive environment
let us move on from a time domain to frequency domain, since it simplifies further
computations. With this purpose let us seek the solution of wave equation (8) in the
form of attenuating monochromatic wave
E exp( px ikx i t )
(15)
Here p - attenuation coefficient, k - wave number, - circular frequency.
Let us put (15) into initial equation (8) and we will obtain a new equation, connecting
wave parameters (15) with environment conductivity .
12
p 2 k 2 2ipk
2
c2
i 0 0
(16)
Equating of real and imaginary parts (16) to zero leads a biquadratic equation
p4
p2
c2
2 02 2
(17)
The solution of equation (17) is written as follows

p
2
2c 2
2 4
4c 4
02 2 2
4
(18)
Marks before radicals are selected in the condition of physical feasibility of results.
Let us consider two asymptotics of function (18): low-frequency ( 0 ) and highfrequency ( ).
In the area of low frequencies attenuation coefficient is expressed by the formula
p
(19)
In the area of high frequencies attenuation coefficient is expressed by the formula

p
0 c
2
(20)
In these two extreme cases environment conductivity differently influences radiowave propagation.
In the area of low frequencies attenuation depends on frequency, and while its
reduction can be arbitrarily small. But in this range broadband signals experience
dispersion, that is, distortion of their shape.
In the area of high frequencies attenuation does not depend on frequency, which
during radio-impulse propagation leads to reduction of its amplitude only without
distortion of shape.
Frequency differentiating these two radio-wave propagation mechanisms depends on
conductivity and permittivity of environment:
c 2 0
(21)
13
or for cyclic frequency f / 2

f
18 10 9
(21)
For example, when 10 2 sim / m and 10 , differentiating frequency is f 18 MHz .

Such parameters of environment are typical for the vicinities of Moscow.
Let us bring formula (20) to more usual look, expressing long attenuation W in
decibels per meter.
W2 1637
(20a)
In the real situation, rocks constituting geological layers may have parameters ,
dependent on frequency, which should be taken into account while evaluating wave
attenuation [4].
Let us show on numerical examples the influence of environment conductivity to
propagation of electromagnetic impulse. Let us assign a uniform environment in the
calculation area with permittivity 6 and watch the shape of impulse, passing at the
depth of 0.8 m, against conductivity .
Pic.10-11 give an example of unattenuated propagation ( 0 ).
Pic.12-13 show high-frequency feature of influence of conductivity to impulse
shape. Here conductivity influences mainly its amplitude, impulse shape remains
practically without changes.
Pic.14-15 demonstrate influence of strong conductivity of low-frequency type,
leading not only to amplitude reduction, but also to a strong impulse distortion, which
becomes apparent in the form of appearing long stretches.
Such practice is quite often observed in practice, when conductivity sharply increases,
for example in damp saline soils. A long tail from upper edges of conducting layers
in this case may disguise signals from lower edges, if geo-radar does not have
sufficient number of quantizing levels over amplitude. One of the possible ways out
from this situation transition to shorter sounding impulse, for which a highfrequency propagation mechanism is performed, when tails do not occur. In
majority of geo-radars it is performed by a replacement of antennas with higher
frequency.
14
Pic.10
Impulse advancing in uniform environment without attenuation ( 0 )
Pic.11
Impulse shape in uniform environment without attenuation at the depth of 0.8 m.
15
Pic.12
Impulse advancing in uniform environment with conductivity 0.01 sim / m .
Pic.13
Impulse shape at the depth of 0.8 m. Conductivity 0.01 sim / m for the assigned impulse leads
only to reduction of amplitude, its shape practically does not change.
16
Pic.14
Impulse advancing in uniform environment with 0.05 sim / m
Pic.15
Impulse shape at the depth of 0.8 m. Conductivity 0.05 sim / m severely distorts impulse shape,
low-frequency tail appeared on it.
17
As we already mentioned, change of conductivity just like the change of

permittivity leads to reflection of radio-waves.
Here, just as during change of permittivity, similar laws act: the impulse passed
through the edge does not change its polarity, the impulse reflected from the edge
with more conducting environment changes its polarity, and the impulse reflected
from the edge with lower conductivity also does not change its polarity.
But one should remember that processes of reflection and passing through the edge
here occur in the background of processes of attenuation and dispersive distortions
mentioned above.
Let us show numerical examples of wave reflections from edges of conductivity
change. In these examples permittivity of both layers is assigned by identical 6 .
The edge between layers runs at the depth of 1.5 m.
Pic.16
Fall of impulse from the environment with conductivity 0.01 sim / m into non-conductive
environment.
It is seen on pic.16-17 that reflected signal has a polarity of the falling one, since it
is reflected from less conductive environment.
Pic.18-19 demonstrate a different case falling onto the layer with high
conductivity. Here reflected signal has changed its polarity with respect to the
falling one.
18
Pic.17
Shape of reflected impulse at the depth of 0.8 m. During the fall of impulse from conductive
environment into non-conductive, its polarity remains unchanged. Reflected signal is more
distorted than the first falling one, since it interacts longer with the conductive environment.
Pic.18
Fall of impulse from non-conductive environment into conductive with 0.05 sim / m .
19
Pic.19
Shape of reflected impulse at the depth of 0.8 m. It has reverse polarity as compared to the
falling (first) impulse.
7. Conclusion.
Let us formulate in brief main laws of electrodynamics, viewed in the article.
a. Electromagnetic wave reflects only from those sections of environment (edges)
where change of permittivity, conductivity or both parameters together exist.
b. Signal passed through the edge has lower amplitude, but keeps its polarity and
shape.
c. Signal reflected from more dense or more conductive environment changes its
polarity.
d. Signal reflected from less dense or less conductive environment does not
change its polarity.
e. Signal reflected from smooth edge stretches over time.
f. Low conductivity leads to signal attenuation only, while high conductivity leads
additionally to their dispersive distortion. In particular, low-frequency tails
appear.
20
Preprocessing of Terravision Radar signals.

This chapter reviews features of Terravision Radar signals and methods of their
preprocessing.
1. Introduction.
Ordinary radiolocation of air targets uses radio impulses in the capacity of direct
impulses. These radio impulses have carrier frequency and are modulated in one
way or another. In geo-radiolocation such type of signals cannot be used due to
strong attenuation of radio-waves in underlying terrain. Spatial dimensions of radio
impulses in ordinary locators constitutes units hundreds of meters, and this is the
maximum sounding depth of Radars, resulting from attenuation. Here it is not
necessary to talk about time resolution of items, since signals reflected from
subsurface items attenuate earlier than direct impulse ends.
In order to increase time resolution it will be necessary to decrease radio-impulse
envelope. On the other hand, in order to increase sounding depth it is necessary to
decrease carrier frequency. The limit of these tendencies is super-broadband
impulse, which has from one to several current oscillations (voltage, electric or
magnetic field intensity depending on in which part of the hardware or
environment it is considered).
In domestic literature such impulses are sometimes called radio-impulses without
carrier or video-impulses. The latter definition comes from ordinary radiolocation,
since they resemble video-impulses by shape (detected radio-impulses), used in
visualization channels of these radio locators.
In western literature such super-broadband impulses are called simple pulse. We
will further call them simply direct impulses, meaning that a different type of
signal in geo-radiolocation is not applicable.
In this article we will review ways of evaluation of signal parameters, reflected
from subsurface heterogeneities while sounding with video-impulses. We will
name this processing as preprocessing, since it is performed over wave functions of
reflected signals obtained in one site of profile.
2. Shape of direct impulse.
For generating direct impulses in Terravision Radars, as a rule, a so called method
of impact excitation is used. In accordance with this method a condenser which
connects directly to the transmitting aerial through the key element (usually
avalanche transistor or discharger) is charged up to a specific voltage. Transmitting
aerial (just like receiving aerial) in the general case is a resonance system, which
has its own frequency and good quality, defined by the geometry of antenna
21
(length, shape) and properties of underlying terrain. Like any resonance system, it
can be either oscillating or aperiodic, depending on energy losses of the system on
radiation and heat [1].
If in Terravision Radars one uses antennas without additional artificial energy
dissipation, as it takes place in the majority of devices (for instance, antennas of
butterfly type), then a signal radiated by such antennas has an oscillating nature
with attenuation. The shape of such signal is shown on pic.1.
Pic.1
Oscillating impulse with attenuation. The function intersects zero-axis multiple times.
The reason of oscillations is that in ordinary conditions (on soils with average
statistical parameters) the effectiveness of antenna radiation and energy dissipation
on heat do not switch resonance antenna system to aperiodic mode. Therefore
impulse function intersects zero-axis multiple times, and theoretically infinitely
often with lower amplitude, since asymptotic of this function is
F ~ e t cos( t )
(1)
Here - attenuation coefficient, - own frequency of oscillating system.

For ensuring aperiodic mode of radiation it is necessary to insert additional
artificial energy dissipation into the antenna, as it is done in resistive-fraught
dipoles, sometimes called Wu-King antennas after the names of their developers.
Aperiodic direct impulse is shown in pic.2.
22
Pic.2
Aperiodic impulse. Function intersects zero-axis only once.
In aperiodic signal the tail asymptotically tends to zero, not intersecting axes.
Asymptotics of this function is
F ~ e t
(2)
Such function can be considered practically ideal for direct impulse of Terravision
Radar, taking into consideration limitation of frequency line from below. Due to
this reason direct impulse cannot be uni-polar, since it lacks a zero frequency
multiplier (permanent multiplier), for the radiation of which an infinitely long
antenna will be require.
Radargrams, obtained with the help of aperiodic signal, have significantly better
quality of resolution then under oscillating signal, when reflection from each edge
is accompanied by periodic iterations (rings). However, using aperiodic signal is
connected with additional energy losses, which reduce radars capability.
Therefore, Wu-Kings antennas can be used in Terravision Radars with more
capabilities, when it is possible to spare some energy of the device for
improvement of data quality.
3. Shape of reflected signals.
The aerial system of a Terravision Radar is located, as a rule, directly on the
surface of earth. Separation of antennas from the surface to the distance of more
than several centimeters leads to remarkable worsening of data quality. Practically
always the rule: the closer the better is true. Because of this, surface layers of
23
soil are located in the near-field region of antenna and can be considered as a part
of the antenna itself, which forms its major characteristics: input resistance,
directional diagram, frequency range.
When relocating radar along a line, sections of earth adjacent to the antenna can
change their permittivity and conductivity , and this may lead to a change in
form of transmitted direct impulse. For example, low damped resistive dipole on
damp soil can radiate aperiodic impulse, and on dry sand oscillating.
When reflecting from the edges a direct impulse changes its polarity if wave passes
from environment with lower permittivity and conductivity to the environment
with higher values of these parameters, and does not change its polarity in the
opposite case. The shape of reflected impulse (for example, its width) is defined by
material dispersion and width of intermediate region (edge) between layers.
It follows from the above stated that a stable shape of direct and reflected impulses
cannot be guaranteed, since they are substantially formed by the surveyed
environment itself. Due to this reason, it is not possible to be based on some
specific shape of impulse (for example, its width or number of oscillations) when
processing data, it is necessary to provide for possibility of variations of its
parameters.
Major information about environment is concluded in the amplitude of impulse, its
polarity, time delay and width of oscillations. Geometric dimensions of layers and
their parameters , influence amplitude, polarity and time delay, and width of
edge to the width of oscillations. These parameters can be evaluated for a large
class of functions, both oscillating and aperiodic. Reliability of evaluations,
nevertheless, will depend on noise level and specific impulse function. Upon other
equal conditions aperiodic signals will deliver more reliable evaluations than
oscillating.
A real radargram in the general case consists of superposition of multiple reflected
alternating signals, which can lay on each other. If direct impulse were ideal unipolar, then detection of reflected impulses would add up to seeking a maximum of
obtained realization module. Under alternating function it is impossible to
distinguish a signal, reflected by a new layer, from a tail of previous signal under
this algorithm. A kind of detecting method of reflected signals, invariant with
respect to different impulse functions, is required. Such method is provided below.
4. Detection and evaluation of parameters of reflected signals.
It is proposed to use Hilbert transform as a basis of algorithm of detecting superbroadband Terravision Radar signals and defining their features. Hilbert transform
module for direct and reflected Terravision Radar impulses is of quite arbitrary
shape smooth analytical uni-polar function having only one maximum.
Therefore, detection of signal on time-axis adds up to seeking maximums of
24
transform module. Impulse polarity is defined by values of wave function at the

moment of time corresponding to the maximum of module.
Hilbert transform from a real function x(t ) consists of calculation of some
additional function y (t ) , whose all spectral components have the same module, but
are turned over on phase at 90 , that is transform realizes a function of ideal phase
changer. For example, for function x(t ) A sin( t ) additional function is
y (t ) A cos( t ) .
Hilbert transform is usually represented in the complex form h(t ) x(t ) i y (t ) . In
the theory of analytical signals, impulse envelope A(t ) is defined through module
of Hilbert transform h(t )
(3)
A(t ) h(t ) x 2 (t ) y 2 (t )
In our case, additional function y (t ) has a quite definite physical meaning it is

recovered magnetic multiplier of electromagnetic impulse. Although we even do
not register magnetic multiplier of direct impulse, according to the laws of
electrodynamics, it certainly exists in radio-wave, its spectral components are
really turned over on the phase at 90 with respect to electric multiplier.
Thus, a square of Hilbert transform module can be considered as normalized
density function of full electromagnetic energy of direct and reflected impulses.
Let us provide below a definition of Hilbert transform for digital function x(t )
under number of counts N with a step t through spectral density S ( f ) with a step
over frequency f 1 /( Nt )
N 1
S (nf ) t x(kt ) exp(i 2kn / N ), n 0,1,....., N / 2.
(4)
N / 2
y (kt ) 2 f Im S (n f ) exp(2kn / N )
n 1
(5)
k 0
For definition of polarity of reflected impulses one of transform properties is used:

maximum module h(t ) corresponds to a maximum of module x(t ) of real alternate
function [2]. For a maximum of Hilbert transform module a function sign x(t ) at a
corresponding time moment is analyzed. Function sign corresponds to the polarity
of impulse.
Pic.3 and 4 show oscillating alternate impulses of identical shape, but different
polarity and Hilbert transform module (impulse envelope) calculated with formulas
(4-5), which has only one maximum, agreeing with the extremum of impulse.
25
Let us formulate algorithm of preprocessing of Terravision Radar data on the basis

of Hilbert transform.
4.1 Preliminary digital filtering (not necessary).
4.2 Calculation of Hilbert transform.
4.3 Search of local maximums of Hilbert transform module.
4.4 Determination of amplitude and sign of reflected impulses by wave function
for time moments, corresponding to local maximums of transform.
4.5 Determination of width of oscillations over intersection of zero from the left
and the right of detected extremum of reflected impulse.
Pic.3
Oscillating impulse of positive (by maximum) polarity and Hilbert transform module.
26
Pic.4
Oscillating impulse of negative polarity and Hilbert transform module.
4. Conclusion.
Let us formulate in brief main conclusions of the article on discussed issues.
a. For geo-radiolocation because of a large wave absorption in the environment
only video impulses (radio impulses without carrier) can be used in the
capacity of direct impulses.
b. The best quality of data is provided by aperiodic direct impulse. For its
radiation and receiving antennas with additional artificial energy dissipation
are required.
c. Specific character of Terravision Radar devices and their operating
conditions do not ensure stability of characteristics of radiated and reflected
signals.
d. For preprocessing of data it is proposed to use Hilbert transform, which
transforms different types of impulses into invariant form. Described
algorithm of preprocessing is used in the software Siluet.
In computer processing packages of Terravision Radar information, preprocessing,
as a rule, is not used. The issue of classification of reflected impulses is resolved
by profile (record of wave functions upon line movement). If layers are not planeparallel, then appears an opportunity to observe interference figure and mark out
coherent lineup, which is interpreted as a location of reflecting layers. But, as
27
practice shows, such mark out badly algorithmizes and significantly depends on
operators experience.
28
Inverse problem of georadiolocation.

This chapter reviews two major methods of obtaining Terravision Radar
information profiling and sounding and conditionality for solving inverse
problem recovering geologic structure of subsurface environment according to
radargrams.
1. Introduction.
Inverse problem of geo-radiolocation recovering structure of subsurface
environment according to Terravision Radar data commonly, like all inverse
problems is incorrect (ill-conditioned) and ambiguous. Possibility of its solution is
determined by a specific problem definition which includes a priori data about
environment, as well as by a method of Terravision Radar data take-off.
Under inverse problem we will further interpret recovering in flat-layered
geometric dimensions case (deposition depth, capacity) of geologic layers and their
electric features: permittivity and conductivity , and probably determination of
width of intermediate region (edge) between layers with the help of Terravision
Radar data.
Flat-layerness of environment means that it consists of finite number of layers, in
which electric parameters are constant. Layers have preferred horizontal
stratification and are divided by an intermediate region a boundary, width of
which, as a rule, is significantly smaller than the width of layer. In degenerated
case flat-layer environment may consist of one wide boundary, in which vertical
change of electric features is significantly higher than horizontal [1]. Sand soil, in
which dampness smoothly increases with the depth, can serve as an example.
Two main methods of Terravision Radar surveys exist: profiling and sounding.
When profiling radar moves along a line, at each measurement transmitting and
receiving antennas are located in one site of line, or at least the distance between
them is constant and significantly smaller than the length of line.
During sounding one site of line, for which it will be made, is selected. Further a
number of registrations of reflected signals when moving antennas of transmitter
and receiver to different sides at equal distances is carried out. As a result we
obtain locus a function of time delay of reflected signals from the distance
between transmitting and receiving antennas [2]. Is there is a guarantee that in the
vicinity of sounding site reflecting boundaries are flat-parallel, then it is possible to
simplify surveying procedure leave the receiver on its place, and move only
transmitter (or vice versa).
A combined method is also possible, when sounding is performed in every site of
profile, and also using these methods during areal mapping. Below we will review
29
two major methods of obtaining Terravision Radar data profiling and sounding in
terms of possibility of solving inverse problem.
2. Profiling.
Let us consider a simplified 1-D profiling layout for three boundaries, shown in
pic.1.
R12
T12
1 2
1 2
2 2
1 2
T21
R23
2 1
1
1 , 1
h1
1 2
2 3
2
2 , 2
2 3
h2
3
3, 3
Pic.1
Simplified layout of impulse reflection and advancing for a separate site of line during profiling.
Main simplification of the problem is the absence of multiple re-reflections

between sharp edges. in fact, such situation is more realistic and is defined by a
strong attenuation in layers. Multiple re-reflections are observed quite rarely, more
often on profiles of pure fresh ponds under absence of wind, on which bottom
relief, while registering reflected signals, can repeat over and over again. Wind
causes roughness of water surface and re-reflection from such surface becomes
diffusive.
In the observed environment unknown parameters (independent variables), which
we would like to define, are: capacities of layers h1 , h2 , permittivity 1 , 2 , 3 ,
conductivity 1 , 2 .
30
All these seven independent variables influence parameters of two reflected

impulses. Is we work in high-frequency range, then shape of reflected impulses
accurate within sign and constant coefficient repeats the shape of direct impulse.
Therefore, from received reflected signals we can determine only four parameters:
time delay t1 , t 2 and amplitudes A1 , A2 .
For these four parameters we can write four independent equations, connecting
them with environment parameters.
t1
t2
2h1 1
(1)
2h1 1
c
2 h2 2
c
A1 A0 R12 exp(2 p1 h1 )
A2 A0T12 R23T21 exp(2 p1 h1 2 p 2 h2 )
(2)
(3)
(4)
Here: R12 - coefficient of reflection from the edge between the first and the second
layers, T12 - coefficient of advancing through the edge between the first and the
second layers, R23 - coefficient of reflection from the edge between the second and
the third layers, T21 - coefficient of advancing through the second and the first
layers, c - speed of light in vacuum, A0 - initial amplitude.
In the region of high frequencies attenuation coefficient p is connected with
conductivity in the following manner:
p
0 c
2
Expression for coefficients of reflection and refraction are provided in pic.1.

It is clear from the formulas provided above that it is impossible to solve an inverse
problem while profiling: seven independent variables cannot be unambiguously
determined from four equations. The problem is solved only under presence of
additional information, for example, drilling data, or under presence of multiple
reflections, which allows increase the number of equations.
3. Sounding.
Sounding layout is shown on pic.2.
31
Transmitter
2 pos.
Receiver
1pos.
1pos.
2pos.
Layer 1
1 , 1
h1
Layer 2
2 , 2
h2
Layer 3
3, 3
Pic.2
Sounding layout. Initially transmitter and receiver are located on position 1, then on position 2.
It is seen on the provided layout that number of independent equations during

sounding is doubled. Increasing spacing sites to more than two does not increase
the number of independent equations, however, during sounding usually more than
two sites are used. It is explained with the following reasons: firstly, larger number
of sites allows better identify locus; secondly, accuracy of calculations increase.
Here principally one can obtain accuracy of calculations higher than sampling
increment of corresponding parameter.
Let us write below equations for time of impulse receipt and amplitude, reflected
from the edge between the first and the second layer.
t1
t2
2l1 1
(5)
c
2l 2 1
(6)
32
A1 A0 R12 ( ) exp(2 p1l1 )
(7)
A2 A0 R12 ( ) exp(2 p1l 2 )
(8)
Here l - geometrical length of impulse distance in the environment from the point
of radiation to the point of reflection, equal to the distance from the point of
reflection to the point of receipt
l h2
d2
4
(9)
It is determined according to Pythagorean theorem by means of indefinite

thickness of layer h and definite distance between transmitter and receiver d .
Reflection coefficient R( ) under oblique incidence depends on hade . It can be
computed by means of Snell law, or, if h d , accept R( ) R(0) .
Equations (5-8) for the first impulse allow determine all parameters for the first
layer: 1 , 1 , h1 , as well as permittivity of the second layer 2 by means of
reflection coefficient R12 . It is evident that similar equations can be also written for
all subsequent reflected impulses. Thus, sounding method allows unambiguously
solve inverse problem of geo-radiolocation in flat-layer arrangement.
When processing sounding data we most often use only equations (5-6) for time
delay, which are defined by locus. From these equations one can obtain a true
depth of layer h1 and permittivity 1 . Often this data is sufficient for solving
majority of practical problems.
As it was already mentioned locus is a dependence of signal time delay t from
the distance d between receiver and transmitter. It is assigned by the formula
t2
h2
d2
4
(10)
Formula (10) assigns a locus for absolute synchronization, when receiver starts
countdown immediately after radiation of impulse. In Terravision Radar Loza
synchronization is carried out over air wave from direct impulse of transmitter,
therefore, commencement of registration delays from radiation time for t d / c .
t2
h2
d2 d
4
c
33
(11)
If function of classic locus (10) always rises with the increasing of d , then in
Terravision Radar Loza under lower d time delay always decreases, goes
through minimum, and only then starts to increase.
Under two measurements of signal delays t1 and t 2 at distances between receiver
and transmitter d1 and d 2 according to locus equation (10) capacity of layer h1 and
its permittivity 1 are unambiguously determined by the following formulas
h1
t 22 d12 t12 d 22
4(t12 t 22 )
(12)
t12 c 2
1 2
4h1 d12
(13)
Structure of Loza series Terravision Radar allows deliver transmitter and

receiver antennas to the distance up to tens of meters without loss of
synchronization, which allows survey and identify locus with high precision.
Majority of domestic and foreign radars have all-in-one antennas structure, which
makes it impossible to conduct sounding the most informative method of
Terravision Radar survey, allows us to unambiguously solve the inverse problem.
Apparently, this explains the existence of well-known opinion that radar data is
impossible to be interpreted without drilling data.
First modifications of Loza Terravision Radars do not have registration of full
wave shape, they only set excess by signal of one or three thresholds (binary
registration over regulated thresholds). Absence of information about amplitude
allows determine only capacities of layers and their permittivity during sounding.
Features of lower layer lying beyond the last fixed edge are not determinable.
Later modification of Loza were developed for registration of full wave shape.
Therefore, during sounding there appears an opportunity to additionally determine
conductivity of each layer above the last edge and permittivity of the layer beyond
the last edge.
It should be noted that during profiling binary method of registration slightly
differs from full-wave registration in terms of self-descriptiveness. The point is
amplitude from the edge with equal reflection coefficient, but lying at different
depths, have different values because of different absorption in the environment.
Since according to profiling data it is impossible to establish which part of
amplitude is determined by attenuation, and which part by reflection coefficient,
data about amplitude is not informative, but only fact of presence of signal at the
given delay is informative, which actually is set during binary threshold
registration. Moreover, during full-wave registration, in order to visualize the
34
results, and then conduct processing of records, initial data is usually multiplied by
some often exponential function in order to strengthen later according to the delay
signals. Since strengthening function is determined approximately by the
operator and a little connected with unknown properties of the environment, then it
is reasoned more than binary leveling, when an equal amplitude is attached to all
signals intersecting the edge. In both cases signal time delays remain the same, and
this enables to use the same data processing algorithms for binary records that were
used during registration of wave shapes.
Nevertheless, during binary registration, more often in low resistance environment,
sometimes situations occur, when from upper edges appears low-frequency tail,
which takes out low signals from threshold region and they do not intersect it. An
experienced operator can set them by means of changing main registration
threshold or connecting two additional thresholds of different level. Otherwise,
threshold registration leads to partial loss of signal information.
Pic.3
Trajectory of propagation of impulses during profiling of single objects. Because of final width
of directional diagram the object is observed at some area from the depositing point.
35
4. Determination of deposit depth of localized objects.

During profiling there exists an opportunity to determine the deposit depth of
separate localized objects and permittivity of environment covering them due to
significantly wide directional diagram of transmitting and receiving antenna. While
moving over line a separate localized object is observed not only in the site directly
above it, but also at some remoteness to both directions. In this connection the
value of this remoteness is determined by angular width of antennas directional
diagram. Pic.3 shows a layout of propagation of impulses during profiling of a
single object.
Time delay t is determined from geometry shown in pic.3.
t 2l
2
c
h2 x2
(14)
Formula (14) has the same look as the locus formula, therefore, with two
measurements of time delay at two sites, depth of object depositing and
permittivity of covering environment can be calculated from it. Let t 0 be a signal
time delay above object, t1 - time delay at remoteness x1 , then depth and
permittivity will be determined as
t 02 x12
t12 t 02
(15)
t 02 c 2
4h 2
(16)
Pipes and cables often act as single objects. But it should be remembered that these
objects can be considered single and use formulas (15-16) only upon their
perpendicular intersection by profile. Intersection at any other angle violates
geometry of the problem (pic.3) and brings up incorrect results.
In this method of determining depth and permittivity we may not necessarily talk
about using signal amplitude, since evaluation of reflection coefficient from a
single object is itself of complex task, even if its exact structure is known.
5. Conclusion.
The most informative method of Terravision Radar survey is sounding. For flatlayer environment this method allows determine all environment parameters:
capacities and depth of layer deposits, their permittivity and conductivity.
Profiling method allow unambiguously determine none of environment parameters
without additional assumptions or without attracting additional data.
36
More optimal method of Terravision Radar survey in terms of time expenditure is

initial profiling of line and determination of sounding sites. These sites are selected
on flat-layer regions of line. If with regard to a selected region on the remaining
part of line new layers do not appear, then one site of sounding is sufficient. Data
obtained during sounding will further serve as additional data for profiling,
allowing solve inverse problem on the whole line of profiling.
Making a conclusion about ambiguity of solving inverse problem during profiling,
we reviewed the process of impulse propagation in high-frequency asymptotic,
when dispersive distortions of their shape are absent. In the region of low
frequencies, except for impulse attenuation, dispersive distortions will also be
observed. Perhaps, laws of impulse shape changes will be managed to be used as
additional information for solving inverse problem in the region of low
frequencies.
Signals of Terravision Radar in conductive environments.

Radio waves belong to electromagnetic oscillations, but not all electromagnetic
oscillations belong to radio waves. A distinctive feature of radio waves is the
presence of bias current. This current is introduced into electrodynamics by
Maxwell. Its density in vacuum is determined by the formula:
E
JS 0
t
(1)
Here J S - density of bias current, 0 - vacuum permittivity, E - electric field

vector, t - time.
An example of bias current may be a passing of alternating current through
condenser, which has no charge carriers between its facings.
Current density conductivity J P in the environment, where charge carriers exist, is

determined by the formula:
JP E ,
(2)
where - environment conductivity.

In the law of total current, which is a constituent part of a total system of
Maxwells equations, both currents participate on equal terms:
E
rot H 0
E
t
37
(3)
However, in the wave equation, obtained from the system of electrodynamic

equations, they participate differently and determine various propagation
mechanisms of electromagnetic energy.
A wave equation for electric field intensity in environments with conductivity has
the following look:
2E
E
0
E 2 2 0
t
c t
2
(4)
Here - relative environment permittivity, 0 - magnetic conductivity of vacuum,

c - speed of light.
Differential Equation in Quotient Derivatives (4) (in students terminology
DEQD) has the signs of two equations: Dalambers equation, in which the first
time derivative is lacking, and diffusing equation, in which the second time
derivative is lacking. These equations are considered classical and have been
studied long ago.
Dalambers equation describes electromagnetic wave processes, in which bias
currents prevails over condition currents. For a Terravision Radar in the suburbs of
Moscow city these are usually frequencies over 50 MHz. But with the decrease
of frequency and/or increase of conductivity, processes connected with
environment conductivity that are described by the diffusion equation (or heat
conductivity equation, which has the same look), start being revealed. In geophysics the diffusion process of electromagnetic field into conductive environment
is used in the field formation method. Physical processes occurring in the
formation method have a different physical nature and are substantially (for several
times!) slower than radio wave processes.
The effect of conductivity becomes apparent in the ohm radio wave absorption and
in the appearance of a diffusion component in the form of tails (or taffies)
directly after the radio signal, the origination process of which is shown on pic. 14.
38
Pic. 1. Signal in the environment without conductivity.
Pic. 2. Environment conductivity - 0.02 Sim/m.
39
40
Diffusion tail of the signal has a maximum sign of preceding radio signal. A
symmetric radio signal, when its maximum and minimum values are equal by size,
has no tail.
The size of tail is so lengthy in terms of time (for example milliseconds), that
Terravision Radar is simply unable to record it due to a limited duration of
registration, even if its input circuits were passed through to the receiver input. But
our gears have a high frequency filter on the input, which cuts frequencies at
durations of about a microsecond. Therefore, we record only the beginning of
tail, which has real amplitude. But signal fall function for all tails is similar
and is defined by frequency features of the gear only, including its antennas.
Radio and diffusion signals are described by a linear differential equation (4), for
which a principle of superposition is performed: all of them are simply summed up
along the time scale. It is demonstrated on pic. 5-8.
Pic.5
1 9 1 0 2 4 2 0
41
Pic. 6.
1 9 1 0.01 2 4 2 0.01
Pic.7
1 9 1 0 2 16 2 0
42
Pic. 8.
1 9 1 0.01 2 16 2 0.01
As it can be seen from the pictures, conductivity of layers does not affect time
position and shape of radio signals, which occur as a result of reflection of two
layers at the edge. In contrast to radio signal, a diffusion signal is formed not by
the edge, but by the layer mass itself.
In geo-radiolocation the appearance of tails in itself is not considered a kind of
principal obstacle for the solution of a problem, although it suggests that
conductivity in the environment has been increased, which is an evidence of signal
attenuation, leading to the limitation of depth.
Radio signal can be discovered well enough against a background of tails. As an
example of this, we can provide the results of seabed sounding in our works on
mapping of Kimmeriyskiy swell on the bed of Taman gulf. Seawater and seabed
have a high level of conductivity, which bring up very powerful tails right at the
beginning of time-base. But selection of binary registration threshold practically on
the level of its size, allowed obtain results with a high-quality spatial resolution.
In the case of our gear the tail has a partial negative impact, since it lifts up the
signal to the area of high values of field intensity, where sensitiveness is lower than
in the area of low fields: due to the necessity of registering the signal within a huge
dynamic range we apply signal compression at its high values. This small
deficiency can be compensated by a digitizer with a low sampling increment.
43
However the existence of tails itself allows expand the capabilities of the device:
a principal opportunity to determine conductivity of subsurface layers appears.
Pic. 9 shows a layout of receiving and transmitting antennas, which we used during
mapping of Kimmeriyskiy swell on the bed of Taman gulf.
Current lines
in seawater
Container
from
dielectric
Metal sphereselectrodes
Seabed
Pic.9.
Terravision Radar Measurement modes

Terravision Radars of LOZA series have three main measurement modes:
Terravision Radar LOZA-M (not produced at present) makes measurements in binary
registration mode;
Terravision Radar LOZA-B, 1, , 1 enable making measurements in the binary
mode and in the mode of wave shape registration in logarithmic scale;
Terravision Radar LOZA-2 operate in the binary mode and record the wave shape in
logarithmic and linear scale.
3.1. Binary registration mode.
Enter measurement mode PROFILE (BINARY MODE)
- check measurement menu settings,
14h 15m 16s
REGISTER
PROFILE
ROUTE
44
(title)
SHOT001
MANUALSTART
-0 threshold - 0
2 threshold - +16
3 threshold - -16
FORMAT 128256
AVERAGINGON
100%
BAT 12,6V
t - 25C
Menu items in measurement mode highlighted in the blue color are informative and are not
subject to changing.
Adjustable parameters: Start.
- MANUAL START (measurement comes from pressing a button),
Other available modes
AUTOMATIC START with 1-9 sec. period, (period adjustable) start of
automatic measurement comes from pressing a button, switch modes long button
click. In the option 1 in the binary mode there is an opportunity to conduct
registration in automatic mode of 10, 20 and 50 measurements in second.
- START FROM SENSOR (start of end switch on measuring wheel (odometer),
sensor is connected to remote control connector from the right lower part of the
registrar). Triggering from sensor with adjustable recurrence one triggering for
1,2,4 rotations of wheel.
Format.
Duration of time-base receivers time of operation on reception (it is neither power nor
deepness).
Options
256 nanoseconds (most occasionally used time-base). For medium soils such timebase corresponds to the depth of 14-15 meters.
512 nanoseconds. For medium soils such time-base corresponds to the depth of 28-30
meters. This time-base should be used only in the case if soil properties allow expect
reflected signal from this depth. If informative part of profile occupies upper one third
of the screen, and lower is a noise field, it should be necessary to switch to time-base
256 ns. Time-base 512 ns is most often used while operating on the surface of water.
It is not recommended to reconfigure FORMAT. If you, while working on one of the
time-bases, decide to switch to another one you should assign a new file and set new
FORMAT in it.
45
Thresholds.
Recommended values
0 threshold 0,
2 threshold -16,
3 threshold +16.
It is not recommended to reconfigure THRESHOLD within a single file. If
while working on one of the thresholds, you decide to switch to others you should
assign a new file and set new THRESHOLDS in it.
Averaging.
In case of switching on averaging mode an average data of 16 measurements will be sent to

the memory and the device display. In case of operating in external disturbance conditions,
using averaging may increase sounding depth for 20-30%. In the binary mode of registration
averaging procedure will slightly increase unit measurement time. Recommended position
ON.
Display of measurement results.
LOZA-M and LOZA-B, H Terravision Radar screen is divided into two panels sized 128
pixels (horizontal) and 256 pixels (vertical).
The left panel displays an image under 0 threshold. Displayed image represents a result of
threshold processing of wave shape of reflected sounding signal.
Each measurement is represented by a column of black and white pixels. Each new measurement
appears in the left position, and the image moves to the right.
The right end of the image is the beginning of the profile, the left end the end.
The display can simultaneously show 128 measurements, upon 129th pressing of the start
button a special indicating signal is heard. This signal represents moving of full shot data to
permanent memory.
Each new measurement will move the image one column to the right, and the panel will display
the last 128 measurements. After finishing measurements an incomplete part of shot must be
recorded by pressing a button REC and only after doing so the device can be switched off.
Otherwise, only complete shots with 128 measurements will remain in the memory, and the last
incomplete shot will be lost.
The second (right) panel can display measurement data on 2nd or 3rd thresholds. For choosing a
threshold, measurement results of which will be displayed on the second panel, it will be
necessary to set the cursor to appropriate threshold (2 or 3) and press ENTER. In the upper
part of the measurement menu an indication of threshold will appear.
For the division of profiles saved into one single file, you can use a MARK function. In the
binary mode of registration the MARK has a visual character and appears on the screen as a
column of white and black pixels (10 white, 10 black etc.) the MARK occupies measurement
columns and this should be taken into account during profile processing in order to not distort
profiles length scale.
Saving measurement data to the memory.
A complete shot (128 measurements) is moved to the permanent memory automatically, an
incomplete shot should be saved before switching off. Saved data can be viewed in the VIEW
46
MEMORY mode. Resaving data to the PC (desktop) is carried out by means of RS232 cable
connected to the registrar socket. Resaving data to laptop is carried out by means of RS232 cable
and additional RS232-USB adapter (included in the device set). Resaving data from Terravision
Radar to computer can be done using software TRANSFER 1002 or 1005 or software
KROT. Data concerning three thresholds will be saved to files *.geo, *.geo2, *.geo3
correspondingly. When opening file with the program KROT, all three files must be in the
same directory.
Data structure of binary mode of registration.
Binary mode of registration represents a threshold processing process of reflected signals wave
shape. Received signal goes through a special device called comparator, which determines a
signal phase + or - to each quantization step of time with respect to preset threshold level.
The most sensible, in most cases, is the zero threshold, since all reflected signals, both powerful
ones reflected from surface layers and weak ones reflected from deep layers, repeat the shape
of sounding signal and have positive and negative parts.
Pic. 3.1.1. Binary mode of registration signal.
Pic. 3.1.1. shows an example illustrating a principle of binary registration. Left part of picture
1 displays a real wave shape of one measurement made approximately at 50 meter point of
profile (the profile is done in the valley of Dnepr river in Smolensk region). A zero threshold
(blue vertical line) divides a wave shape to the right + (conditionally, black) and to the left -
(conditionally, white) parts. When such wave shape goes through geo-radar comparator, at the
output (on the display and in the device memory) we obtain a column of black and white pixels,
which represent a section of wave shape on zero line 2. At each new measurement there is a
vertical column of black and white pixels, displayed on the screen, corresponding to the
measured wave shape. Each new measurement is displayed in the left part of the screen, and
previous measurements shift to the right along the screen. As the profile moves, an image
appears on the screen, on which black and white sections of unit measurements line up into
structures reflecting geological edges in soil 3.
Binary method of registration leads to loss of information about amplitude of reflected impulse
and limits opportunities of further processing. Positive features of binary registration:
47
Results of measurements occupy very little memory (as compared to full-wave

registration),
Measurements in binary mode of registration within a smaller period of time (as
compared to full-wave registration)
A picture of Terravision Radar reflections (radargrams) in binary mode is formed within
a short span of time and does not require significant microprocessor resources, which
allows use this mode for displaying the picture on registrar screen in all operation modes
of geo-radar.
A binary mode used in geo-radars of model M, B, H, B2 is performed in a complicated
options. Information about received signal is registered
synchronously for three thresholds. This data is saved in
three files with extensions *.geo, *.geo2 and *.geo3.
Registration thresholds can be configured at
different levels, for example: main 0, second +15 Db,
and third -15 Db.
After moving the data to the computer, you can
unite all three files in the processing software and obtain a
picture with three gradations of signal amplitude.
Registration under three thresholds insignificantly
1
increases the volume of used memory and registration
time, but significantly extends self-descriptiveness of
result.
Pic. 3.1.2. shows an example of binary registration
data 1 threshold 0 Db, 2 second threshold +15
Db, 3 third threshold -15 Db. Pic. 4 shows a georadar profile assembled from files under three thresholds.
Signal amplitude is represented by color box (4 colors).
2
Pic. 3.1.2. Binary mode of signal registration under three thresholds.
Examples of data under various configurations of thresholds in binary registration illustrate

opportunities of changing screen self-descriptiveness for all types of signal registration in
LOZA Terravision Radar. To enable evaluating Terravision Radar profile directly in the
process of measurement or in the mode of memory view the screen displays a picture
representing a result of threshold processing. By changing configurations of main threshold in
the MAIN MENU you can refine the picture displayed on the screen. Modification of threshold
is performed by means of keyboard with a step 1 Db.
48
3.2. Wave mode of registration.
Wave mode of registration allows obtain more thorough information about reflected sounding
signal (delay time, amplitude and signal phase). For switching on wave mode you should select a
mode WAVE SHAPE LOGARITHMIC in the MAIN MENU.
Enter measurement mode WAVE SHAPE LOGARITHMIC.
- check settings of measurement menu,
14h 15m 16s
REGISTER
WAVE SHAPE
logarithmic
ROUTE
(title)
SHOT001
MANUALSTART
Mode 2 screens
FORMAT 128512.1
AVERAGINGOFF
100%
BAT 12,6V
t - 25C
Menu items in the measurement mode highlighted with blue are informative and are not subject
to changing. Adjustable parameters:
Start.
- MANUAL START (measurement comes from pressing a button),

Other available modes
AUTOMATIC START with 1-9 sec. period, (period adjustable) start of
automatic measurement comes from pressing a button, switch modes long button
click
- START FROM SENSOR (start of end switch on measuring wheel (odometer),
sensor is connected to remote control connector from the right lower part of the
registrar). Triggering from sensor with adjustable recurrence one triggering for
1,2,4 rotations of wheel.
49
2 screens/1 screen mode.
In the mode 2 screens screen of geo-radar LOZA-B, H is divided into two panels sized
128 pixels (horizontal) and 256 pixels (vertical). Left panel displays a binary image under
main 0 threshold. The right panel displays a wave shape of the last measurement.
In the mode 1 screen the whole screen displays a binary image 256 and 256 pixels. Wave
shape of each measurement is not displayed on the screen, but is saved directly in the
memory. 1 screen mode is recommended for using during geological surveys. On the
screen at operators eyes there is a performance of twice larger length, which makes analysis
of geological structures easier.
Format.
Duration of time-base receivers time of operation on reception (it is neither power nor
deepness).
Options
- 256 ns,
It is a time-base most often used in the medium line of Russia. For medium soils such timebase corresponds to the depth 14-15 meters.
- 512.1 - 512 ns
For medium soils such time-base corresponds to the depth of 28-30 meters. This time-base
should be used only in the case if soil properties allow expect reflected signal from this depth.
If informative part of profile occupies upper one third of the screen, and lower is a noise field,
it should be necessary to switch to time-base 256 ns. Time-base 512 ns is most often used
while operating on the surface of water
- 512.2 1024 ns,
- 512.4 2048 ns.
Time-bases 1024 ns and 2048 ns in LOZA-B geo-radars are used while operating on the
surface of freshwater reservoirs, in LOZA-H as main operation modes.
It is not recommended to reconfigure FORMAT in one file. If you, while working on
one of the time-bases, decide to switch to another one you should assign a new file and
set new FORMAT in it.
Averaging.
In case of switching on averaging mode an average data of 16 measurements will be sent to

the memory and the device display. In case of operating in wave shapes, one measurement is
done in 0.6 seconds. When working with averaging duration of one measurement will reach
2.4 seconds. Using averaging significantly slows down the process of movement along
profile. When working outside the town and industrial objects a recommended position is
OFF.
Displaying of measurement results on the screen.

The display of LOZA-B and H Terravision Radar in the mode of registration of wave shapes is
divided into two panels sized 128 pixels (horizontal) and 256 pixels (vertical). The left panel
shows an image under main 0 threshold. Changing thresholds does not influence wave shape
data saved in the memory. An image displayed on the screen represents a result of threshold
processing of wave shape of reflected sounding signal. Each measurement represents a column
of black and white pixels. Each new measurement appears in the left position, and the image
slightly shifts right. The right part of the image is a beginning of the profile, the left part the
end. Each new measurement shifts the image for one column to the right, the last 128
measurements will remain on the panel. The image is calculated for visualization of profiling
50
process and is kept in operating memory. The image is not saved after switching off the device.
Only wave shapes of signal are saved in the memory. The second (right) panel displays a wave
shape of the last measurement. In the mode 1 screen the image is displayed on the whole
screen. The function MARK in the mode of wave shape registration is constructed in the way
that it enters measurement file and does not appear on registrar screen. Only one mark can be
made in one measurement. There are three mark types in the processing software KROT:
Single mark it is marked with black in the profile in the program. It is used for marking
special profile points (turns, sewer hatches, columns etc.),
Double mark it is marked with blue in the profile in the program. It is performed in the
following manner during profiling: measurement marking measurement
marking. Double marking is used in the program KROT for automatic division of
profiles saved in a single file,
Triple mark - it is marked with red in the profile in the program. It is performed in the
following manner during profiling: measurement marking measurement
marking measurement - marking. It is used as a reserve mark for marking out
particularly important items.
Saving measurement data to the memory.
Each measurement in wave shapes is saved to the memory automatically. The last measurement
must be saved by pressing a button REC. Saved data can be viewed in the mode MEMORY
VIEW. It is convenient to use the following functions while viewing:
- Zooming of screen part twice along vertical line (along time delay axis).
To do this, it is necessary to preset a cursor at 5-6 pixels (lower edge of
bore) and to press zoom button.
- Cursor. After pressing this button a vertical and horizontal line of cursors
will appear on the screen. Moving of cursors is carried out by means of
buttons right-left and up-down. A number appearing at the vertical
cursor is a coordinate from the last measurement in pixels. A number
appearing at the horizontal cursor is a coordinate along vertical-axis in
pixels (along time delay). For determination of approximate depth one
should subtract a value duration of bore from a value vertical
coordinate (4-6 for 1m antennas and 8-10 for 1.5m antennas). By
multiplying the obtained time delay to the average signal velocity in the soil
in this area, we will obtain an approximate depth of item.
Resaving data to the PC (desktop) is carried out by means of RS232 cable connected to the
registrar socket. Resaving data to laptop is carried out by means of RS232 cable and additional
RS232-USB adaptor (included in the device set). Resaving data from Terravision Radar to
computer can be done using software TRANSFER 1002 or 1005 or using downloading
software KROT.
Data structure in the registration mode of wave shapes.
In the wave mode of registration, digital values of each separate measurement are saved in the
device memory. These values contain information about signal amplitude and phase. Resolution
of digitization and time duration are defined by device settings. Binary picture displayed on the
device screen, is calculated for visualization of sounding process and is not saved in the device
memory. Screen picture of LOZA Terravision Radar has double meaning:
51

According to binary picture, one can solve engineer-geological problems regarding
determination of soil structure and finding objects in the process of observation before moving to
computer.
According to the information displayed on the screen (binary picture and wave shape of
the last measurement) one can evaluate device operation conditions (noise situation, presence
and amplitude of air reflections etc.). Visual control of measurement process will help notice
profile sections, on which the device is found in the area of strong noises capable of breaking
synchronization of Terravision Radars operation. Pic. 3.2.1 shows an example of image on
Terravision Radar screen (1) case of synchronization failure (left part of image). On these parts
of radargram in the upper part of time-base (first 8-10 ns) BORE properties have noticeably
changed (period and phase of introduction). It is the first sign that the receiver is synchronized by
a powerful impulse noise. The second sign of irregular operation of the device is a sharp
change of binary image structure alternating and continuous black and white stripes. Wave
image in this part of measurements (2) justifies a noise origin of sounding signal. Wave shape
(3) reflects a normal structure or reflected signal. In such situation it is necessary to increase
synchronization level for 5-10 units, until a complete stopping of synchronization failure.
Default section of profile must be remade.
Synchronization
by noise.
Normal view of
bore.
Pic. 3.2.1. Geo-radar profile with sections of synchronization failure.
The results of sounding in wave shapes when opening in the program KROT are represented by
a colorful colored image. Palette of colors in this case determines signal amplitude: maximum
amplitude of + phase (conditionally) is shown with red color, minimum amplitude of - phase
is shown with black-violet tints of palette. Compliance of definite amplitude and phase of signal
with the color is conditional, and does not witness any properties of geological structure. Color
presentation allows obtain a clear picture of amplitude-phase properties of Terravision Radar
profile. Pic. 3.2.2. shows an example of representing signal amplitude by a 16 color palette
without any processing.
52
Pic. 3.2.2. Geo-radar profile (Neva river). Amplitude is represented by 16 palette colors.
Analysis, processing of Terravision Radar profile and preparation of reporting is carried out in
the program KROT or REFLEX.
3.3. Distinctive features of Terravision Radar LOZA-1B (Linear scale) settings.
A model of Terravision Radar 1 linear scale is a further development of model B series.

The device has options of all measurement modes of and 1 models:
1. Binary three-threshold registration.
2. Registration of signal wave shape in logarithmic scale.
The following new options are added to 1B linear scale model devices:
1. Registration of signal wave shape in linear scale.
2. Possibility of filtering (smoothing) in the mode of sounding data view on LCD screen
of Terravision Radar.
3. Possibility of viewing sounding results in the mode of picking out signal minimums
and maximums on LCD screen of Terravision Radar.
53
Pic. 3.3.1. Terravision Radar LOZA-1B linear scale panel in the memory view mode.
In the mode of registration of signal wave shape in the linear scale a signal level is digitized by
128 levels uniformly (linearly) allocated along the whole dynamic amplitude range. As a result
of measurement of signal wave shape in the linear scale in the mode with open input (without
weakening) there will be obtained some data, which will be located in limitation over the most
part of time-base. The results of such measurements in terms of self-descriptiveness is
comparable with binary threshold registration mode. Advantages of linear registration scale will
be completely realized only in the case applying additional signal depression on receiver input.
Signal depression on input will decrease signal range and improve signal digitization detail. By
adjusting signal depression in the main menu of the device, it becomes possible to move location
of detailed analysis of signal amplitude. From the experience of operating LOZA-1B linear
scale the advantages of linear registration scale start to realize after applying weakening of 40
Db and over.
Filtering mode is performed in two options of vertical and horizontal one-dimensional filtering,
which can be used both jointly and separately.
one-dimensional filtering over time delay scale (vertical filtering) is performed by an
option FILTER 1. Filtering is performed according to standard procedure of
nonrecursive filtering by a rectangular filter (moving average). Filter length N=3,5,7,
if N=0, filtering is not performed. As a result of filtering a profile is cut off for (N-1)/2
quantization steps in the beginning and at the end.
N
F ( I ( N 1) / 2) A(I i 1)
i 1
For changing filter parameters, move the cursor to FILTER 1 position and set
required filter length by successive pressing of a button with double arrows. The
results of processing (filtering) are kept in operating memory and are displayed on the
right half of LCD screen. The results of filtering are not saved to FLASH memory.
one-dimensional filtering over J points of each time packet I (horizontal filtering) is
performed by the option FILTER 2. Filtering is performed according to a standard
procedure of nonrecursive filtering by a rectangular filter (moving average). Filter
54
length M=3,5,7, if M=0, filtering is not performed. As a result of filtering a profile is

cut off for (M-1)/2 quantization steps in the beginning and at the end.
M
FF ( I , J ( M 1) / 2) F ( I , J j 1)
j 1
For changing filter parameters, move the cursor to FILTER 2 position and set required filter
length by successive pressing of a button with double arrows. The results of processing
(filtering) are kept in operating memory and are displayed on the right half of LCD screen. The
results of filtering are not saved to FLASH memory.
In the mode of picking out signal maximums and minimums a search of all local
MAXIMUMS and MINIMUMS over vertical line, that is over variable I, or over time
delay is performed. Found signal MAXIMUMS are represented by black pixels on a grey
background of binary (according to zero threshold) radargram. MINIMUMS of signal are
represented by white pixels on a grey background of binary (according to zero threshold)
radargram. Representation of geo-radar profile in signal MAXIMUMS and MINIMUMS can be
exposed to filtering procedure using options FILTER 1 and FILTER 2.
The results of processing (picking out MAXIMUMS and MINIMUMS) are kept in the operating
memory and are displayed in the right half of LCD screen and act for analysis of geo-radar
profile in the field conditions. The results of filtering are not saved in FLASH memory.
55

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Technical Paper for Pacifico Minerals

Propagation of electromagnetic impulses in subsurface area.

together with material equation of environment

Pacifico Minerals 22 Sept 2014

Out of this equations follows a wave equation for electric multiplier E of

3. Total-differential approximation of wave equation.

Equation (9) corresponds to a clear conditionally stable finite-difference scheme of

The solution of equation (10) is stable upon fulfillment of condition [2]:

Pacifico Minerals 22 Sept 2014

Below we provide a program for calculation of wave field U , made in programming

Pacifico Minerals 22 Sept 2014

Pacifico Minerals 22 Sept 2014

The results of calculations are provided in a graph in pic.1-2.

A value n is called a refractive index. It defines velocity of wave propagation V

Pacifico Minerals 22 Sept 2014

Transmission coefficient T upon vertical fall in non-conducting environment has the

Pacifico Minerals 22 Sept 2014

Pacifico Minerals 22 Sept 2014

5. Reflection and transition of radio-impulse signal through smooth edge of

Pacifico Minerals 22 Sept 2014

6. Influence of environment conductivity to radio-wave propagation.

The solution of equation (17) is written as follows

In the area of high frequencies attenuation coefficient is expressed by the formula

Pacifico Minerals 22 Sept 2014

or for cyclic frequency f / 2

For example, when 10 2 sim / m and 10 , differentiating frequency is f 18 MHz .

Pacifico Minerals 22 Sept 2014

Pacifico Minerals 22 Sept 2014

Impulse advancing in uniform environment with conductivity 0.01 sim / m .

Pacifico Minerals 22 Sept 2014

Pacifico Minerals 22 Sept 2014

As we already mentioned, change of conductivity just like the change of

Pacifico Minerals 22 Sept 2014

Pacifico Minerals 22 Sept 2014

Pacifico Minerals 22 Sept 2014

Preprocessing of Terravision Radar signals.

Here - attenuation coefficient, - own frequency of oscillating system.

transform module. Impulse polarity is defined by values of wave function at the

In our case, additional function y (t ) has a quite definite physical meaning it is

S (nf ) t x(kt ) exp(i 2kn / N ), n 0,1,....., N / 2.

For definition of polarity of reflected impulses one of transform properties is used:

Let us formulate algorithm of preprocessing of Terravision Radar data on the basis

Pacifico Minerals 22 Sept 2014

Pacifico Minerals 22 Sept 2014

Pacifico Minerals 22 Sept 2014

Inverse problem of georadiolocation.

Main simplification of the problem is the absence of multiple re-reflections

All these seven independent variables influence parameters of two reflected

A2 A0T12 R23T21 exp(2 p1 h1 2 p 2 h2 )

Expression for coefficients of reflection and refraction are provided in pic.1.

It is seen on the provided layout that number of independent equations during

A1 A0 R12 ( ) exp(2 p1l1 )

A2 A0 R12 ( ) exp(2 p1l 2 )

It is determined according to Pythagorean theorem by means of indefinite

Pacifico Minerals 22 Sept 2014

Structure of Loza series Terravision Radar allows deliver transmitter and

Pacifico Minerals 22 Sept 2014

4. Determination of deposit depth of localized objects.

More optimal method of Terravision Radar survey in terms of time expenditure is

Signals of Terravision Radar in conductive environments.

Here J S - density of bias current, 0 - vacuum permittivity, E - electric field

Current density conductivity J P in the environment, where charge carriers exist, is