CNC Milling Instruction Manual

MTAB
CNC
MILLING
By
MTAB TECHNOLOGY CENTER PVT (LTD)

# 133, DEVELOPED PLOTS, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS INDUSTRIAL ESTATE, CHENNAI - 600096.
Ph.: ++91-44-43111114, Fax: ++91-44-2434 4826, email: enquiry@mtabtraining.com
Website: www.mtabtraining.com
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Published by:
MTAB TRAINING CENTRE
Chennai 600 096
4th Edition: 2005

5th Edition: 2007
6th Edition: 2008
7th Edition: 2009
8th Edition: 2011
9th Edition: 2012
Copyright
No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form (including photocopying or
storing in any medium by electronic and whether or not to brief or incidentally to some other
use of this publication), without the prior permission of MTAB, MTAB holds the right to
modify or change any part of the document without notification. The authorized user of this
manual shall acquire no rights in respect of trademarks of other intellectual property rights
referred to herein which are shall remain the property of the owner thereof.
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Table of Content
PART PROGRAMMING FUNDAMENTALS
1
PART PROGRAMMING GEOMETRY
Pg. No
1
1.1
Coordinate System for a CNC Milling
1.2
Zero points and reference points
1.3
CNC Related Dimensioning
CNC MILLING- PROGRAMMING BUILD-UP
11
2.1
CNC Program Build-up
11
2.2
Part Program Format
12
2.3
Miscellaneous and Preparatory function
13
2.4
Structure of a CNC program
46
PROGRAMMING EXAMPLES
48
3.1
Example # 01: Programming using linear and circular

interpolation
48
3.2
Example # 02: Programming using Sub-Program
50
3.3
Example # 03: Programming for Mirroring Operation
52
3.4
Example # 04: Programming for Circular Pocket Milling

Operation
54
3.5
Example # 05: Programming for Rectangular Pocket Milling

Operation
56
3.6
Example # 06: Programming for Drilling Operation
58
3.7
Example # 07: Programming for Drilling Operation on PCD
60
3.8
Example # 08: Programming for Datum Shift Operation using

G54
62
3.9
Example # 09: Programming for Drilling Operation using

Rotation Command ( G68 )
64
3.10
Example # 10: Programming using Scaling Command ( G51 )
66
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3.11
Example # 11: Programming for Profile Milling Operation

using ATC option
68
3.12
Example # 12: Programming for Profile Milling Operation using

G41
70
3.13
Example # 13: Programming for Profile Milling Operation using

G42
72
CNC MILLING - MACHINE ROOM EXERCISES
74
4.1
Ex 01: Study of XL MILL CNC Vertical Machining Centre
75
4.2
Ex 02: Study of tool offset procedures for XL MILL CNC

Vertical Machining Centre
77
4.3
Ex 03: Write a manual part program for machining the

component
82
4.4

component
83
4.5

component
84
4.6

component
85
DOS AND DONTS FOR CNC MACHINES
86
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CNC Milling
Part Programming Geometry
MTAB
1. Part Programming Geometry

1.1 Coordinate System for a CNC Milling
Machining of a workpiece by a CNC program requires a coordinate system to be
applied to the machine tool. As all machine tools have more than one slide, it is important
that each slide is identified individually. There are three planes in which movement can take
place.
Longitudinal
Vertical
Transverse
Each plane is assigned a letter and is referred to as an axis, i.e.
Axis X
Axis Y
Axis Z
The three axes are identified by upper case X, Y and Z and the direction of movement along
each axis is specified as either PLUS (+) or MINUS (-). The Z axis is always parallel to the
main spindle of the machine. The X axis is always parallel to the work holding surface, and
always at right angles to the Z axis. The Y axis is at right angles to both Z and X axis FIG. 1
shows the Coordinate System for milling work.
FIG. 1 Co-ordinate System for Milling Work

Coordinate system for a CNC Milling
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The coordinate system for designating the axes is the conventional Right Hand Coordinate
System as shown in F1G.2. A labeling of the axes is a Right Hand Coordinate system
whenever the fingers of the right hand are aligned with the positive X axis and are then
rotated (through the smaller angle) toward the positive Y axis, then the thumb of the right
hand points in the direction of the positive Z axis. Otherwise, the orientation is a 'Left Hand
Coordinate System'.
FIG.2 & 3 Right Hand Co-ordinate Systems

The Right hand coordinate system is also known as 'Clockwise Rotating Coordinate System'.
The reason for this is the sequence of the axis definitions: If the X axis is rotating in the
direction of the Y axis, the movement is the name as if a screw is turned in the Z direction as
shown in FIG. 3
FIG. 4 Clockwise Rotating Co-ordinate System

One could use this right hand to get these alternative relative positions of the same right hand
coordinate system as shown in FIG.4.
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FIG. 5 Co-ordinate System

In programming it must be assumed that the workpiece is stationary and the tools move in the
coordinate system. The workpiece is positioned within the coordinate system so that the Z
axis coincides with the work spindle axis or runs parallel to it.
Some machining operations require programming angles of rotation about one or several
coordinate axes. Rotations about the coordinate axes are identified by the angles of rotation
A, B and C as shown in FIG.5.
FIG. 6 Angles of Rotation and Direction of Rotation
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The direction is positive (+) when the direction of rotation is clockwise as seen from the
Coordinate zero point looking in the direction of the positive axis as shown in the FIG.6
FIG. 7 Examples of Angle of Rotation (swivel angles) on

Machine tool
An example of machine tools with swivel movement of either the workpiece or the tools is
shown in the FIG. 7.
1.2 Zero points and Reference points
On CNC machines, tool traverses are controlled by coordinating systems. Their
accurate position within the machine tool is established by Zero Points.
Machine Zero point (M)
This is specified by the Manufacturer of the Machine. This is the zero point for the
coordinate systems and reference points in the machine. The Machine zero point can be the
center of the table or a point along the edge of the traverse range as shown in F1G.8.
The position of the Machine zero point generally varies from Manufacturer to Manufacturer.
The precise position of the machine zero point as well as the axis direction must therefore be
taken from the operating instructions provided for each individual machine.
Zero points and Reference points
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FIG.8 Position of the Machine Zero Point

Reference point (R)
This point serves for calibrating and for controlling the measuring system of the
slides and tool traverses. The position of the reference point as shown in FIG.9 is accurately
predetermined in every traverse axis by the trip dogs and limit switches.
FIG. 9 Position of Reference Point on a Milling Machine

Therefore, the reference point coordinates always have the same, precisely known numerical
value in relation to the machine zero point. After initiating the control system, the reference
point must always be approached from all axes to calibrate the traverse measuring system. If
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current slide and tool position data should be lost in the control system as, for example,
through an electrical failure, the machine must again be positioned to the reference point to
re-establish the proper positioning values.
Workpiece Zero Point (W)
This point determines the workpiece coordinate system in relation to the machine
zero point. The workpiece zero point is chosen by the programmer and input into the CNC
system when setting up the machine. The position of the workpiece zero point can be freely
chosen by the programmer within the workpiece envelope of the machine. It is, however,
advisable to place the workpiece zero point in such a manner that the dimensions in the
workpiece drawing can be conveniently converted into coordinate values and orientation
when clamping / chucking, setting up and checking, the traverse measuring system can be
affected easily. For milled parts, it is generally advisable to use an extreme corner point as the
"WorkPiece Zero Point" as shown in FIG.10. Occasionally, the workpiece zero point is also
called the Program zero point.
FIG.10 Position of Workpiece Zero Point for a Milling Part.

Tool Reference Points
When machining a workpiece, it is essential to able to control the tool point or the
tool cutting edges in precise relationship to the workpiece along the machining path. Since
tools have different shapes and dimensions, precise tool dimensions have to be established
beforehand and input into the control system. The tool dimensions are related to a fixed tool
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setting point during pre-setting. The tool setting point E is located at a certain point on the
tool holder as shown in FIG.11. This setting point permits measuring of tools away from the
CNC machine. The data thus measured such as tool length, tool point offset or tool radius are
input into the tool data storage (memory) of the control system. The mate of the tool setting
point is the Socket point N on the tool carrier. When the tool or tool holder is inserted into
the tool carrier (e.g., turret), the setting point and the tool socket point coincide.
When programming a workpiece contour, it is always the traverse of the tool cutting
edge that is of significance. The tool carrier, e.g., the main spindle on a milling machine,
must then move in a way that the tool cutting edge follows precisely in the desired contour.
FIG.11 Tool Reference Point
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1.3 CNC Related Dimensioning

Dimensioning information in a workpiece drawing can be stated in two ways.
Absolute Dimensioning System
Incremental Dimensioning System
1. Absolute Dimensioning System
FIG.12 Absolute System and Incremental System

Absolute dimension system always refers to a fixed reference point in the drawing as
shown in FIG.12. This point has the function of a coordinate zero point as shown in FIG.12.
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The dimension lines run parallel to the coordinate axes and always start at the reference
point. Absolute dimensions are also called as Reference Dimensioning System.
Advantages of Absolute Dimensioning System
In case of interruptions that force the operator to stop the machine, the cutting toot
automatically returns to previous position, since it always moves to the absolute
coordinate called for, and the machining proceeds from the same block where it was
interrupted.
Possibility of easily changing the dimensional data in the part program whenever
required.
When describing contours and positions, it is always preferable to employ absolute
dimensions, because the first incorrect dimensioning of an individual point has no
effect on the remaining dimensions and the absolute system is easier to check for
errors.
2. Incremental Dimensioning System
When using incremental dimension system, every measurement refers to a previously
dimensioned position. Incremental dimensions are distance between adjacent points. These
distances are converted into incremental coordinates by accepting the last dimension point as
the coordinate origin for the new point. This may be compared to a small coordinate system,
i.e., shifted consequently form point to point (P1...P2... through P9) as shown in FIG.12.
Incremental dimensions are also called as Relative Dimensioning System or Chain
Dimensioning System.
Advantages of Incremental Dimensioning System
If manual programming is used, with incremental systems the inspection of the part
program, before punching the tape, is easy. Since the endpoint, when machining a
part, is identical to the starting point, the sum of the position commands (for each axis
separately) must be zero.
The performance of the incremental system can be checked by a closed-loop tape.
The last position command on the tape causes the table to return to the initial position.
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Mirror image programming is facilitated with incremental systems.

Incremental dimension programming is advantageous for certain individual partial
contours in a workpiece are repeated several times and the associated program section
can be employed several without a coordinate shift.
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CNC Milling Programming
MTAB
2. CNC Milling Programming

2.1 CNC Program Build up
In a CNC program, the machining steps (operations) for producing a part on the
machine tool are laid down in a form that the control system can understand. A program is
composed of several blocks. A block is a collection of CNC words. A CNC word is a
collection of address letter and a sequence of numbers. Table.1 shows the address letters
according to DIN 66025.
Table.1 Address Characters As Per DIN 66025
Character
Meaning
Rotation about, X- axis
Rotation about, Y- axis
Rotation about, Z axis
D&E
Rotation about additional axes
Feed
Preparatory function, identifying the action to be executed
Unassigned
Interpolation Parameter / Thread pitch parallel to X-axis
Interpolation Parameter / Thread pitch parallel to Y-axis
Interpolation Parameter / Thread pitch parallel to Z-axis
Unassigned
Machine function / Auxiliary function
Block number
Program Number
P,Q,R
Parameters are used in cycles
Spindle speed
Tool Function
Second movement parallel to X, Y, Z axes respectively
U,V,W
X
Movement in X-axis
Movement in Y-axis
Movement in Z -axis
CNC Program Built up
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All the CNC words may not be used on every CNC machine. Using these words, as an
example, the composition of a block is assembled as follows:
In the programming language of a CNC control system, the manufacturer specifies

What instructions can be programmed
What supplementary functions are possible in conjunction with the individual
instruction
What letters and number sequences the instructions and supplementary functions are
formed
When a CNC program is input, the control system checks whether the formal rules of the
programming language have been kept to an instruction. However input of wrong coordinate
values by the programmer can only be found during the program run.
2.2 Part Program Formats
The order in which these words appear in a block of instructions is called the format.
Basically there are two types of format:
Fixed Block Format
Fixed Sequential Format (Fixed block)
Tab Sequential Format (Fixed block)
Word Address Format (Variable block)
Fixed Block Format

a.
Fixed Sequential Format
Every instruction contains all the words in the same sequence irrespective of the words being
the same as in the previous blocks. Hence, the identifying address letter need not be
provided. For example, if some coordinate values (i.e., x, y and z coordinates) remain
constant from one block to next block these values have to be specified in the next block
also. The data must be input in a specified sequence and characters within each word must be
of the same length.
Part Program Formats
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Example:
MTAB
N010 G00 X10 Y5 Z0 F60 S1200 EOB

N020 G01 X10 Y5 Z-0.5 F60 S1200 EOB
b. Tab Sequential Format

The words in each instruction / block are always provided in the same sequence but
each word is preceded by the TAB character. If instructions remain unchanged in succeeding
blocks, the instructions need not be repeated but TAB character must be repeated. Here also,
the identifying letter address need not be employed.
Example:
N010 G00 X10 TAB Y5 TAB Z0 TAB F60 TAB S800 EOB
N020 G01 X20 TAB Z-0.5 EOB
2. Word Address Format

Each word is preceded and identified by its letter address. This format enables
instructions which remain unchanged from the preceding block, to be omitted from
succeeding blocks. This system reduces programming length, therefore it occupies less
storage space / file size. This is the format adopted by most CNC machine control units.
Detailed format classification is provided by the control system manufacturer.
Example:
N010 G00 X10 Y5 Z0 TAB F60 S800 EOB

N020 G01 X20 Z-0.5 EOB
2.3 Miscellaneous and Preparatory Functions

a. Miscellaneous Function (M Codes)
When a 3-digit figure is specified following address M, a 3-digit BCD code signal
and a strobe signal are transmitted. These Signals are used for ON/OFF control of a machine
function such as tool change, spindle rotation change, coolant ON/OFF. One M code can be
specified in one block. Selection of M codes for functions varies with the machine tool
builder.
Part Program Formats
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M Codes
M00
M01
M02
M03
M04
M05
M06
M08
M09
M10
M11
M13
M14
M19
M20
M21
M22
M23
M24
M25
M27
M30
M70
M71
M80
M81
M98
M99
M00
MTAB
Miscellaneous Functions (M Codes)

Description
Program Stop
Optional Stop
Program End
Spindle Rotation Clockwise
Spindle Rotation Counter Clockwise
Spindle Stop
Tool Change
Coolant On
Coolant Off
Vice Open
Vice Close
Spindle Rotation Clockwise, Coolant On
Spindle Rotation Counter Clockwise, Coolant On
Spindle Orientation
ATC Arm in
ATC Arm out
ATC Arm down
ATC Arm up
ATC draw bar clamping (Manual)
ATC draw bar releasing (Manual)
ATC Reset
Program Stop and Rewind
X Mirror ON
Y Mirror ON
X Mirror OFF
Y Mirror OFF
Sub-Program Call
Sub-Program Exit
Program Stop
By inserting M00 in a program, the cutting cycle is stopped after the block
containing M00 code. This facility is useful if an inspection check is necessary during
an operation. The cycle is then continued by a cycle start.
Example: M00
Miscellaneous and Preparatory Functions
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M01
MTAB
Optional Stop
Cycle operation is stopped after a block containing M01 is executed. This
code is only effective when the optional stop switch on the machine control panel has
been pressed.
Example: M01
M02
Program End
M02 halts program execution. The spindle is turned off and the tool moves to
the most positive position on the Z axis.
Example: M02
M03
Spindle Rotation Clockwise

An M03 instruction starts spindle rotation clockwise. It requires a speed
within the range 100 to 3000 RPM
Example: M03 S2200
M04
Spindle Rotation Counter Clockwise

An M04 instruction starts spindle rotation counter clockwise. It requires a
speed within the range 100 to 3000 RPM
Example: M04 S2200
M05
Spindle Stop
M05 commands instruction stop spindle rotation. It is good programming
practice to issue an M05 before a tool change, and at the end of a program.
Example: M05
M06
Tool Change
The M06 instruction causes the FANUC to change to a different tool.
Example: M06 T01
M08
M09
M10
M11
Coolant On
M08 turns the coolant on
Coolant Off
M09 turns the coolant off
Vice Open
M10 commands vice open
Vice Close
M11 commands vice close
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M13
MTAB
Spindle Rotation Clockwise, Coolant On

M13 turns the coolant on and starts spindle rotate clockwise
Example: M13 S1000
M14
Spindle Rotation Counter Clockwise, Coolant On

M14 turns the coolant on and starts spindle rotate counter clockwise
Example: M14 S1000
M19
M20
M21
M22
M23
M24
M25
M27
M30
Spindle Orientation
Ml9 orientates the spindle.
ATC Arm in
M20 moves the ATC arm in. It moves the arm towards the spindle.
ATC Arm out
M21 moves the ATC arm out. It retracts the arm from the spindle.
ATC Arm down
M22 moves the ATC arm down.
ATC Arm up
M23 moves the ATC arm up.
ATC draw bar clamping (Manual)
M24 clamps the ATC draw bar
ATC draw bar releasing (Manual)
M25 releases the draw bar.
Reset ATC
M27 command used for ATC reset position.
This command is used to stop the spindle, turns the coolant off, terminates and
reset the CNC program.
M32
M33
M38
M38
M62
ATC Rotates Clockwise

M32 command is used to rotate the ATC clockwise
ATC Rotates Counter Clockwise
M33 command is used to rotate the ATC counter clockwise
Door Open
M38 command is used to open the door automatically.
Door Close
M39 command is used to close the door automatically.
Auxiliary output 1 on
M62 sets auxiliary output 1 on. This command mainly used in Flexible
Manufacturing System (FMS) / Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) System.
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M63
MTAB
M63 sets auxiliary output 2 on. This command mainly used in Flexible
M64
Auxiliary output 1 off

M64 sets auxiliary output 1 off. This command mainly used in Flexible
M65
M65 sets auxiliary output 2 off. This command mainly used in Flexible
M70
X Mirror On
M70 command is used for X axis mirroring about the current X axis position
M71 Y Mirror On
M70 command is used for Y axis mirroring about the current Y axis position
M80 X Mirror Off
M80 command is used for X axis mirroring off.
M81 Y Mirror On
M81 command is used for Y axis mirroring off.
M98 Sub-Program Call
Format: M98 P1112222
Subprogram
Call
M99
Number of
repetition (3 Digit
shown in red color)
Subprogram
Number (Four
Digit shown in
blue color)
Sub-Program Exit
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b. Preparatory Functions (G Codes)

A number following address G determines the meaning of the command for the
concerned block. G codes are divided into the following two types.
One shot G code: The G code is effective only in the block in which it is specified.
Modal G code: The G code is effective until another G code of the same group is specified.
Notes on G codes:
G codes marked with * are initial G codes when turning program on. For G20 and
G21, the G code before turning power off remains.
G codes of group 00 are not modal. They are only effective in the block in which they
are specified.
If any G code of group 01 is specified in a canned cycle mode, the canned cycle is
automatically cancelled and the G80 condition is entered. However a G code of group
01 is not affected by any of the canned cycle G codes.
G CODE
Group
Function
G00*
Positioning (Rapid traverse)
G0l*
Linear interpolation (Cutting feed)
G02
01
G03
G04
Circular interpolation ( Counter Clockwise)

00
G17*
G18
02
06
G42
Input in inch
Input in mm
00
G40*
G41
ZX plane selection
YZ plane selection
G21
G28
Dwell, Exact stop

XY plane selection
G19
G20
Circular interpolation (Clockwise)
Return to reference point

Cutter radius compensation cancel
07
Cutter radius compensation left

Cutter radius compensation right
G43
Tool length compensation + direction
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G44
MTAB
08
G49*
G50
Tool length compensation - direction

Tool length compensation cancel
11
G51
Scaling Off
Scaling On
G54
14
Datum Shift
G68
16
Rotation On
G69
Rotation Off
G73
High speed peck drilling cycle
G74
L.H. Tapping cycle
G76
Fine boring
G80*
Canned cycle cancel
G81
Continuous drilling cycle, spot drilling
G82
Continuous drilling cycle, drilling with

dwell
09
G83
Peck drilling cycle
G84
R.H.Tapping cycle
G85
Boring cycle with feed retraction
G86
Boring cycle with rapid retraction
G87
Back Boring cycle
G88
Boring cycle
G89
Boring cycle with dwell and feed retraction
G90*
03
G91
G94
Incremental coordinate system

05
G95
G98*
G99
Absolute coordinate system

Feed per minute
Feed per revolution
10
Return to initial point in a canned cycle

Return to R point in a canned cycle
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G00: Fast Traverse
A G00 moves the tool to a certain position in the work coordinate system with an absolute
command or to a position specified distance from the current position with an incremental
command at a rapid traverse rate.
Format: G00 X_ _ Y _ _ Z _ _
Example: G00 X20 Y30 Z10
Here the tool is moved to X30mm, Y30mm and Z10mm
Notes on G00:
The rapid traverse rate in the G00 command is set for each axis independently by the
machine tool builder. Accordingly, the rapid traverse rate cannot be specified in the
address F.
In the positioning mode actuated by G00, the tool is accelerated to a predetermined
speed at the start of a block and is decelerated at the end of block. Execution proceeds
to the next block after confirming the in-position.
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G01: Linear Traverse
This command actuates the linear interpolation mode. The values of X, Y, and Z define the
distance of tool travel which will be conducted in absolute or incremental mode, according to
the current status of G90 / G91. The feed rate is set to a cutting feed speed commanded by F
code and is a modal data. The feed rate commanded by the F code is measured along the tool
path. If it is not commanded, the feed rate of each axis direction is as follows.
Format: G01 X_ _ Y _ _ Z _ _ F _ _
Example: G01 X20 Y30 Z-1 F80
Circular Interpolation
The tool traverses from a starting point to a given target point along a circular path,
and then it is called circular interpolation. This can be specified by either clockwise or
anticlockwise direction. The following data are required to make a circular interpolation.
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Sl.No:
Data to be
given
MTAB
Command
Command
Meaning
G17
Arc specification
on XY Plane
Arc specification
on ZX Plane
Arc specification
on YZ Plane
Clockwise (CW)
Counter
Clockwise(CCW)
End point position
in the Work
Coordinate system
Distance from start
point to end point
The signed
distance from start
point to centre
Arc radius
Velocity along arc
G18
01.
Plane Selection
G19
G02
02.
03.
Direction of
Rotation
End Point
G90 Mode
Position
04.
05.
G91 Mode
G03
Two of the X, Y and
Z axes
Distance from start point to

centre
Two of the X, Y and

Z axes
Two of the I, J and K
axes
ARC Radius
Feed Rate
R
F
The view is from the positive direction of the Z axis (Y axis or X axis) to the negative
direction on XY plane (ZX plane or YZ plane) in the right hand cartesian coordinate system.
Fig. shows the CW and CCW directions in different plane. The end of an arc is specified by
address X, Y or Z and is expressed as an absolute or incremental value according to G90 or
G91. For the incremental value, the coordinate of the end point which is viewed from the
start point of the arc is specified.
The arc centre are specified by addresses I, J and K for the X, Y and Z axes
respectively. The numerical value following I, J and K however is a vector component in
which the arc centre is seen from the start point, and is always specified as an incremental
value irrespective of G90 and G91, as shown in fig. I, J and K must be signed according to
the direction. The radius can be specified with address R instead of specifying the centre by I,
J and K. when an arc is exceeding 180 is commanded, the radius must be negative value.
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G04 Dwell
The command G04 causes the program to wait for a specified amount of time. The
time can be specified in seconds with the X prefixes or in milliseconds with the P prefix.
One of the uses of this code is to get a sharp corner on the profile of the workpiece in cutting
feed. It is also used at the end of drilling cycle. During cutter motion, a deceleration at the
end of the motion specified by one statement and acceleration at the start of the motion
specified by the next statement are usually applied automatically by the controller.
Example:
G04
X1.5
G04
P1500
G20 Inch mode input

All input parameters will be taken as imperial values. That is, they will specify
inches.
G21 metric mode input
All input parameters will be taken as metric values. That is, they will specify
millimeters.
G28 Go to Reference point
This command specifies automatic return to the reference point for the specified axes.
The coordinates defined in this command is an intermediate coordinate and is commanded by
absolute or incremental value. The G28 block is used to position the tool at the intermediate
point of all specified axes at the rapid traverse speed, and then move to the reference point at
the rapid traverse rate. In general this command is used for automatic tool changing. For
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safety reasons the cutter radius compensation, and tool length compensation should be
canceled before executing this command.
Example: G91 G28 X0 Y0 Z0 Makes the cutting tool to move to Reference point directly.
G40 Cutter radius Compensation Cancel
The commands G40 deactivate the cutter radius compensation.
G41 Cutter radius Compensation Left
The command G41 activate tool radius compensation left, tool operates in machining
operation to the left side of the profile or contour (Fig.a)
G42 Cutter radius Compensation Right
The command G42 activate tool radius compensation right, tool operates in
machining operation to the right side of the profile or contour (Fig.b)
G50 Scaling Off: This command enables cancel the scaling command.
G51 Scaling On: This command enables the size of the profile size to be increased or
decreased.
G54 Datum Shift: This command is used to shift the profile along X axis or Y axis.
G68 Rotation On: This command can rotate a programmed shape at a specified angle.
G69 Rotation Off: This command enables cancel the coordinate system rotation.
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MTAB
Canned Cycles
To simplify programming, the canned cycle command can execute the specific
operation using one G code, instead of several separated G code commands in the program.
Operation
Description
1.
Positioning of X & Y axes (Initial point)
2.
Rapid traverse to R point
3.
Hole machining
4.
Operation at the bottom of hole
5.
Retraction to R point
6.
Retraction to the initial point
The G codes from G73 to G89 are reserved for various canned cycles. It may be
drilling, boring, tapping etc.
In general, canned cycle consists of six operations as shown below.
Page | 25
CNC Milling
MTAB
Return to initial point / R point in a canned cycle (G98 / G99)

Programming Format for canned cycle:
G98
G
_X_Y_Z_R_Q_P_F_K_
G99
Explanation of the parameters
G98 - Return to initial point in a canned cycle
G99 - Return to R point in a canned cycle
The other parameters would be explained in the specific canned cycle.
Function:
Page | 26
CNC Milling
MTAB
G73 High speed peck Drilling cycle

Programming Format:
G98
G73 _ X _ Y _ Z _ R _ Q _ P _ F _ K _
G99

XY
Drilling position of the X & Y axes
Depth of the drilling
Z coordinates of the R point
Depth of cut for each peck (always incremental value)
Dwell time at the bottom of the drilling
Feed rate
Number of drill positions
Page | 27
CNC Milling
MTAB
Function
When drilling a deep hole, the drill should be retracted occasionally to avoid
congestion of chips between the hole and the drill. Since the Z axis direction intermittent feed
simplifies chip disposal and permits a very small retraction value to be set in deep whole
drilling, efficient machining is performed. Here the retraction is performed at the rapid rate.
Example:
M03 S1200
G90 G00 X10 Y10 Z10
G99 G73 X10 Y10 Z-2 R1 P500 Q1 F80 K1
G80
G74 L.H. Tapping cycle

Programming Format:
G98
G74 _ X _ Y _ Z _ R _ P _ F _ K _
G99
XY
Thread lead
Number of tapping positions
Page | 28
CNC Milling
MTAB
Operation Sequence
1) Rapid position to X, Y and Z (the Initial level).
2) Rapid traverse to R point level.
3) Feed to Z depth.
4) Dwell P (time for spindle stop and start CW direction).
5) Feed to R point level.
6) Dwell P (time for spindle stop and start CCW direction).
Note: During G74, the feed rate override is ignored and the cycle does not stop until the end
of the return operation, even if a feed hold is applied.
Example:
M04 S200
G90 G00 X10 Y10 Z10
G99 G74 X10 Y10 Z-12 R1 P500 F80
G80
Page | 29
CNC Milling
MTAB
G76 Fine boring

Programming Format:
G98
G76 _ X _ Y _ Z _ R _ F _ P _ I _ J _ K _
G99
XY
Shift amount along X axis at the bottom of a hole
Shift amount along Y axis at the bottom of a hole
Thread lead
Number of boring positions
Page | 30
CNC Milling
MTAB
Function:
This cycle is commanded in single block. Since a spindle oriented stop is performed
at the bottom of the hole and the spindle retracts after shifting in the direction opposite to the
cutter-direction, high precision and efficient boring is performed without scratching the work
piece.
Note: the shift value is specified by Q. the Q value is always a positive value. If a negative
value is specified, the sign is ignored. The Q value is modal in the canned cycle.
Example:
M03 S200
G90 G00 X0 Y20 Z10
G99 G76 X20 Y20 Z-16 Q0.5 R-10 F60
G80 canned cycle cancel

G80 is canned cycle cancelled. Meanwhile, the point R and the point Z are all
cancelled.
G81 Continuous drilling cycle, Spot drilling cycle
Programming Format:
G98
G81 _ X _ Y _ Z _ R _ F _ K _
G99
XY
Feed rate
Page | 31
CNC Milling
MTAB
Function
G81 command can be used to drill a hole. The tool is moved with feed rate when it is
drilling a hole. Then, the tool is moved at the rapid rate when it is retracting from the bottom
of the hole.
Example:
M03 S1200
G90 G00 X0 Y20 Z10
G99 G81 X20 Y20 Z-8 R1 F60 K1
G82 Continuous drilling cycle with dwell

Programming Format:
G98
G82 _ X _ Y _ Z _ R _ P _ F _ K _
G99
XY
F
Feed rate
Page | 32
CNC Milling
K
MTAB
Function
G82 command can be used to drill a counter bore.
Example:
M03 S1200
G90 G00 X0 Y20 Z10
G99 G82 X20 Y20 Z-8 P500 R1 F60 K1
G83 Peck drilling cycle

Programming Format:
G98
G83 _ X _ Y _ Z _ R _ Q _ P _ F _ K _
G99
XY
Depth of cut for each peck (always incremental value)
Page | 33
CNC Milling
F
Feed rate
MTAB
Function
G83 command can perform a peck drilling. The intermittent feed allows the operator
to remove the chips from the drill.
Example:
M03 S1200
G90 G00 X10 Y10 Z10
G99 G83 X10 Y10 Z-2 R1 P500 Q1 F80 K1
G80
G84 R.H.Tapping cycle

Programming Format:
G98
G84 _ X _ Y _ Z _ R _ P _ F _ K _
G99
XY
R
Page | 34
CNC Milling
P
Thread lead
Number of tapping positions
MTAB
Function
R.H Tapping is performed by spindle rotation clockwise. Then the spindle turns
counter clockwise for retraction when the tool reaches the bottom of the hole.
Note: During G84, the feed rate override is ignored and the cycle does not stop until the end
of the return operation, even if a feed hold is applied.
Example:
M03 S200
G90 G00 X10 Y10 Z10
G99 G84 X10 Y10 Z-12 R1 P500 F80
G80
Page | 35
CNC Milling
MTAB
G85 Boring cycle with feed retraction

Programming Format:
G98
G85 _ X _ Y _ Z _ R _ F _ K _
G99
XY
Feed Rate
Function
G85 command is used to increase diameter of the previous drilling.
Page | 36
CNC Milling
MTAB
G86 Boring cycle with rapid retraction

Programming Format:
G98
G86 _ X _ Y _ Z _ R _ F _ K _
G99
XY
Feed Rate
Function
G86 command is used to increase diameter of the previous drilling.
Page | 37
CNC Milling
MTAB
G87 Back Boring cycle

Programming Format:
G98
G87 _ X _ Y _ Z _ R _ F _ K _
G99
XY
Feed Rate
Function
G87 command is used to bore a pervious drill hole.
Page | 38
CNC Milling
MTAB
G88 Manual Back Boring cycle

Programming Format:
G98
G87 _ X _ Y _ Z _ R _ P _ F _ K _
G99
XY
Dwell time at the bottom of the hole
Feed Rate
Function:
G88 command can be used to bore a hole precisely. The main difference is that the
tool is returned to the initial point or the point R in the manual mode key (On the machine
control panel).
Page | 39
CNC Milling
MTAB
G89 Boring cycle with dwell and feed retraction

Programming Format:
G98
G89 _ X _ Y _ Z _ R _ P _ F _ K _
G99
XY
Dwell time at the bottom of the hole
Feed Rate
Function
G89 command is used to bore a pervious drill hole.
Page | 40
CNC Milling
MTAB
G90 Absolute coordinate system

The coordinate values of the point with reference to the origin of the drawing.
G91 Incremental coordinate system
The coordinate values of the point with reference to the previous position of the
drawing.
G94 Feed per minute
This G code defines Feed per Minute. The unit is mm / min.
G95 Feed per revolution
This G code defines Feed per Revolution. The unit is mm / rev.
G98 Return to initial level & G99 Return to R point level in Canned Cycle
Page | 41
CNC Milling
MTAB
Canned Cycles
G code
G73
Drilling
Operation at the
Retraction
(-Z direction)
bottom of a hole
(+Z direction)
Intermittent
Rapid traverse
feed
G74
Feed
Feed
High speed peck

drilling cycle
Dwell
Spindle
Feed
CW
G76
Application
Left hand
tapping
Oriented spindle
Rapid traverse
Fine boring cycle
stop
G80
Cancel
G81
Feed
Rapid traverse
Drilling cycle,
spot drilling
cycle
G82
Feed
Dwell
Rapid traverse
Drilling cycle,
counter drilling
cycle
G83
Intermittent
Rapid traverse
feed
G84
Feed
Peck drilling
cycle
Dwell
Spindle
Feed
Tapping cycle
CW
G85
Feed
Feed
Boring cycle
G86
Feed
Spindle stop
Rapid traverse
Boring cycle
G87
Feed
Spindle CW
Rapid traverse
Back boring
cycle
G88
Feed
Dwell
Spindle
Manual
Boring cycle
Feed
Boring cycle
Stop
G89
Feed
Dwell
Page | 42
CNC Milling
MTAB
Machining Cycles
Circular Pocket Milling Cycle - Format
G170
P Q R X Y Z I J K
G171
P S R F B J
P0 -
ROUGHING OPERATION
P1 -
FINISHING OPERATION
Q-
DEPTH OF CUT FOR EACH PASS
R-
REFERENCE POINT
X-
POSITION OF TOOL IN X AXIS
Y-
POSITION OF TOOL IN Y AXIS
Z-
TOTAL DEPTH
I-
SIDE FINISHING ALLOWENCE
J-
BASE FINISHING ALLOWENCE
K-
RADIUS OF THE POCKET
P-
CUTTER MOVEMENT IN %, i.e., 50% OF THE CUTTER Dia.
S-
ROUHING OPERATION SPINDLE SPEED
R-
ROUGHING OPERATION FEED IN Z AXIS
F-
ROUGHING OPERATION FEED IN X & Y AXES
B-
FINISHING OPERATION SPINDLE SPEED
J-
FINISHING OPERATION FEED IN X, Y & Z AXES
Page | 43
CNC Milling
MTAB
Rectangular Pocket Milling Operation - Format

G172 P Q R X Y Z I J K
G173 I K P S T R F B J Z
P0 -
ROUGHING OPERATION
P1-
FINISHING OPERATION
Q-
DEPTH OF CUT FOR EACH PASS
R-
REFERENCE POINT
X-
RECTANGULAR POCKET X AXIS LEFT CORNER
Y-
RECTANGULAR POCKET Y AXIS LEFT CORNER
Z-
TOTAL DEPTH
I-
TOTAL LENGTH IN X AXIS
J-
TOTAL LENGTH IN Y AXIS
K-
CORNER RADIUS OF THE POCKET
I-
SIDE FINISHING ALLOWENCE
K-
BASE FINISHING ALLOWENCE
P-
CUTTER MOVEMENT IN %, i.e., 50% OF THE CUTTER Dia.
S-
ROUGHING OPERATION SPINDLE SPEED
T-
TOOL NUMBER
R-
ROUGHING OPERATION FEED IN Z AXIS
F-
ROUGHING OPERATION FEED IN X & Y AXES
B-
FINISHING OPERATION SPINDLE SPEED
J-
FINISHING OPERATION FEED IN X, Y & Z AXES
Z-
SAFETY POSITION
Page | 44
CNC Milling
MTAB
2.4 Structure of a CNC program

CNC Program can be divided into three parts.
1. Start-up Program
2. Profile Program
3. End of the Program
1. Start-up Program
O1000
G21 G94
G91 G28 Z0
G28 X0 Y0
M06 T1
M03 S1500
G00 X0 Y0 Z5
Explanation:
O1000
While writing a program on FANUC controller first line has to

be started with letter O followed by four digit number which
specifies the program number.
G21 G94
G21 - specifies that program is done in metric units

G94
gives the unit of feed in mm / min
G91 G28 Z0
Makes the tool to go to home position in incrementally
G28 X0 Y0
Makes the tool to go to home position. U & W are secondary

movements about x and z axes.
M06 T1
M03 S1500
Tool Change with tool position No: 1

Makes the spindle rotation in clockwise with spindle rotates at
1500 RPM
G00 X0 Y0
G00 gives rapid position of the tool to a point X0 Y0 Z5. This is
Z5
just above the billet. This point is called as the Tool entry Point.
Structure of a CNC Program
Page | 46
CNC Milling
MTAB
2. Profile Program: Profile program is based on the given part drawing.

3. End of the Program
G91 G28 Z0
G28 X0 Y0
M05
M30
G91 G28 Z0
Makes the tool to go to home position in incrementally
G28 X0 Y0
Makes the tool to go to home position in incrementally along X

and Y axes
M05
Stop the Spindle
M30
Structure of a CNC Program
Page | 47
CNC Milling
Programming Examples
MTAB
3. Programming Examples
3.1 Example # 01: Programming using linear and circular interpolation
Write a manual part program for Profile Milling Operation for the component shown
in DWG.NO: 01.
DWG.NO: 01
PLANNING AND OPERATIONS SHEET

BILLET SIZE: 90 x 90 x 10
MATERIAL: Aluminium
PROGRAM NO: O1001
DWG. NO: 01
Sl.No:
Operation Tool Type Tool

Dia.,
mm
Profile
Milling
Example Program
Slot Drill
Cutter
Tool
Tool
Station Length
No.1
Offset
No.1
Spindle Feed,
Speed, mm/min
RPM
1500
100
Page | 48
CNC Milling
MTAB
O1001
G21 G94
G91 G28 Z0
G28 X0 Y0
M06 T1
M03 S1500
G90 G00 X-30 Y-20 Z5
G01 Z-1 F100
G01 X-30 Y20
G02 X-20 Y30 R10
G01 X20 Y30
G03 X30 Y20 R10
G01 X30 Y-20
G01 X20 Y-30
G01 X-20 Y-30
G03 X-30 Y-20 R10
G00 Z5
G91 G28 Z0
G28 X0 Y0
M05
M30
Example Program
Page | 49
CNC Milling
MTAB
3.2 Example # 02: Programming using Sub-Program

Write a manual part program for Profile Milling Operation using Sub-Program for the
component shown in DWG.NO: 02.
DWG.NO: 02

MATERIAL: Aluminum
PROGRAM NO: O1002
DWG. NO: 02
Sl.No:
Tool
Tool
Spindle Feed,
Station Length Speed, mm/min
No.1
Offset RPM
No.1
Operation
Tool Type Tool

Dia.,
mm
Profile
Slot Drill
Milling using Cutter
Sub-Program
Example Program
1500
100
Page | 50
CNC Milling
MTAB
O1002
G21 G94
G91 G28 Z0
G28 X0 Y0
M06 T1
M03 S1500
G90 G00 X-30 Y-20 Z5
G01 Z0 F100
M98 P52233
G00 Z5
G91 G28 Z0
G28 X0 Y0
M05
M30
O2233
G91 G01 Z-1 F100
G90 G01 X-30 Y20
G02 X-20 Y30 R10
G01 X20 Y30
G03 X30 Y20 R10
G01 X30 Y-20
G01 X20 Y-30
G01 X-20 Y-30
G03 X-30 Y-20 R10
M99
Example Program
Page | 51
CNC Milling
MTAB
3.3 example # 03: Programming for mirroring operation

Write a manual part program for Mirroring Operation for the component shown in
DWG.NO: 03.
DWG.NO: 03

MATERIAL: Aluminium
PROGRAM NO: O1003
DWG. NO: 03
Sl.No:

Dia.,
mm
Mirroring
Operation
Example Program
Slot Drill
Cutter
Tool
Tool
Station Length
No.1
Offset
No.1
Spindle Feed,
Speed, mm/min
RPM
1500
100
Page | 52
CNC Milling
MTAB
O1003
G21 G94
G91 G28 Z0
G28 X0 Y0
M06 T1
M03 S1500
M98 P2244
M70
M98 P2244
M80
M71
M98 P2244
M81
M70
M71
M98 P2244
M80
M81
G00 Z5
G91 G28 Z0
G28 X0 Y0
M05
M30
O2244
G90 G00 X15 Y15 Z5
G01 Z-1 F100
G01 X15 Y25
G01 X25 Y25
G01 X25 Y15
G01 X15 Y15
G00 Z5
G00 X0 Y0
M99
Example Program
Page | 53
CNC Milling
MTAB
3.4 Example # 04: Programming for Circular Pocket Milling operation

Write a manual part program for Circular Pocket Milling Operation for the
DWG.NO: 04

MATERIAL: Aluminium
PROGRAM NO: O1004
DWG. NO: 04
Sl.No:
Tool
Tool
Station Length
No.1
Offset
No.1
Spindle Feed,
Speed, mm/min
RPM
1500

Dia.,
mm
Circular
Pocket
Milling
Operation
Example Program
Slot Drill
Cutter
100
Page | 54
CNC Milling
MTAB
O1004
G21 G94
G91 G28 Z0
G28 X0 Y0
M06 T1
M03 S1500
G90 G00 X0 Y0 Z5
G170 P0 Q1 R0.5 X0 Y0 Z-4 I0.1 J0.1 K25
G171 P50 S1200 R60 F100 B1500 J60
G170 P1 Q1 R0.5 X0 Y0 Z-4 I0 J0 K25
G171 P50 S1200 R60 F100 B1500 J60
G00 Z5
G91 G28 Z0
G28 X0 Y0
M05
M30
Example Program
Page | 55
CNC Milling
MTAB
3.5 Example # 05: Programming for Rectangular Pocket Milling operation

Write a manual part program for Rectangular Pocket Milling Operation for the
DWG.NO: 05

MATERIAL: Aluminium
PROGRAM NO: O1005
DWG. NO: 05
Sl.No:
Tool
Tool
Station Length
No.1
Offset
No.1
Spindle Feed,
Speed, mm/min
RPM
1500

Dia.,
mm
Rectangular
Pocket
Milling
Operation
Example Program
Slot Drill
Cutter
100
Page | 56
CNC Milling
MTAB
O1005
G21 G94
G91 G28 Z0
G28 X0 Y0
M06 T1
M03 S1500
G90 G00 X0 Y0 Z5
G172 P0 Q1 R0.5 X-25 Y-17.5 Z-4 I50 J35 K0
G173 P50 S1200 T1 R60 F100 B1500 J60 Z5 I0.1 K0.1
G172 P1 Q1 R0.5 X-25 Y-17.5 Z-4 I50 J35 K0
G173 P50 S1200 T1 R60 F100 B1500 J60 Z5 I0 K0
G00 Z5
G91 G28 Z0
G28 X0 Y0
M05
M30
Example Program
Page | 57
CNC Milling
MTAB
3.6 Example # 06: Programming for Drilling operation

Write a manual part program for Drilling Operation for the component shown in
DWG.NO: 06.
DWG.NO: 06

MATERIAL: Aluminium
PROGRAM NO: O1006
DWG. NO: 06
Sl.No:
Tool
Tool
Station Length
No.1
Offset
No.1
Spindle Feed,
Speed, mm/min
RPM
1500

Dia.,
mm
Drilling
Operation
Example Program
Slot Drill
Cutter
100
Page | 58
CNC Milling
MTAB
O1006
G21 G94
G91 G28 Z0
G28 X0 Y0
M06 T1
M03 S1500
G90 G00 X25 Y25 Z5
G01 Z2 F100
G73 G99 X25 Y25 Z-5 Q1 R0.5 F80 K1
X-25 Y25
X-25 Y-25
X25 Y-25
G00 Z5
G80
G91 G28 Z0
G28 X0 Y0
M05
M30
Example Program
Page | 59
CNC Milling
MTAB
3.7 example # 07: Programming for Drilling Operation on PCD

Write a manual part program for Drilling Operation on PCD Operation for the
DWG.NO: 07

MATERIAL: Aluminium
PROGRAM NO: O1007
DWG. NO: 07
Sl.No: Operation
Tool
Type
Slot Drill 6
Cutter
Drilling on
PCD
Example Program
Tool
Dia.,
mm
Tool
Tool
Station Length
No.1
Offset
No.1
Spindle Feed,
Speed, mm/min
RPM
1500
100
Page | 60
CNC Milling
MTAB
O1007
G21 G94
G91 G28 Z0
G28 X0 Y0
= PCD / 2 SIN45
= 70 / 2 SIN45
= 24.748
= PCD / 2 COS45
= 70 / 2 COS45
= 24.748
M06 T1
M03 S1500
G90 G00 X35 Y0 Z5
G73 G99 X35 Y0 Z-5 Q1 R0.5 F80 K1
X24.748 Y24.748
X0 Y35
X-24.748 Y24.748
X-35 Y0
X-24.748 Y-24.748
X0 Y-35
X24.748 Y-24.748
G00 Z5
G80
G91 G28 Z0
G28 X0 Y0
M05
M30
Example Program
Page | 61
CNC Milling
MTAB
3.8 Example # 08: Programming for Datum Shift Operation using G54
Write a manual part program for Datum Shift Operation for the component shown in
DWG.NO: 08.
DWG.NO: 08

MATERIAL: Aluminium
PROGRAM NO: O1008
DWG. NO: 08
Sl.No:

Dia.,
mm
Program
Slot Drill
using
Cutter
Datum Shift
Example Program
Tool
Tool
Spindle Feed,
No.1
Offset RPM
No.1
1
1500
100
Page | 62
CNC Milling
MTAB
O1008
G21 G94
G91 G28 Z0
G28 X0 Y0
M06 T1
M03 S1500
G90 G00 X10 Y10 Z5
G54 X10 Y10
M98 P5566
G00 Z5
G90 G00 X-30 Y10
G54 X-30 Y10
M98 P5566
G00 Z5
G91 G28 Z0
G28 X0 Y0
M05
M30
O5566
G90 G00 Z-1 F100
G01 X0 Y10
G01 X10 Y10
G01 X10 Y0
G01 X0 Y0
G00 Z5
G54 X0 Y0
M99
Example Program
Page | 63
CNC Milling
MTAB
3.9 Example # 09: Programming for Drilling operation using Rotation Command (G68)
Write a manual part program for Drilling Operation using Rotation command for the
DWG.NO: 09
MATERIAL: Aluminium
PROGRAM NO: O1009
DWG. NO: 09
Sl.No:
Tool
Tool
Spindle Feed,
No.1
Offset RPM
No.1

Dia.,
mm
Drilling
using G68
Command
Example Program
Slot Drill
Cutter
1500
100
Page | 64
CNC Milling
MTAB
O1009
G21 G94
G91 G28 Z0
G28 X0 Y0
M06 T1
M03 S1500
G90 G00 X35 Y0 Z5
G68 R0
M98 P6677
G68 R45
M98 P6677
G68 R90
M98 P6677
G68 R135
M98 P6677
G68 R180
M98 P6677
G68 R225
M98 P6677
G68 R270
M98 P6677
G68 R315
M98 P6677
G00 Z5
G69
G91 G28 Z0
G28 X0 Y0
M05
M30
O6677
G73 G99 X35 Y0 Z-5 Q1 R0.5 F80 K1
G00 Z5
G80
M99
Example Program
Page | 65
CNC Milling
MTAB
3.10 Example # 10: Programming using Scaling Command

Write a manual part program for Scaling Command for the component shown in
DWG.NO: 10.
DWG.NO: 10

MATERIAL: Aluminium
PROGRAM NO: O1010
DWG. NO: 10
Sl.No:
Tool
Tool
Station Length
No.1
Offset
No.1
Spindle Feed,
Speed, mm/min
RPM
1500

Dia.,
mm
Scaling
Operation
Example Program
Slot Drill
Cutter
100
Page | 66
CNC Milling
MTAB
O1010
G21 G94
G91 G28 Z0
G28 X0 Y0
M06 T1
M03 S1500
M98 P7777
G90 G00 Z5
M98 P8888
G90 G00 Z5
G91 G28 Z0
G28 X0 Y0
M05
M30
O7777
G90 G00 X-30 Y-20 Z5
G01 Z-1 F100
G01 X-30 Y20
G02 X-20 Y30 R10
G01 X20 Y30
G03 X30 Y20 R10
G01 X30 Y-20
G01 X20 Y-30
G01 X-20 Y-30
G03 X-30 Y-20 R10
M99
O8888
G51 P0.5
M98 P7777
G00 Z5
G50
M99
Example Program
Page | 67
CNC Milling
MTAB
3.11 example # 11: Programming for Profile Milling using ATC option
Write a manual part program for Scaling Command for the component shown in
DWG.NO: 11.
DWG.NO: 11
MATERIAL: Aluminium
PROGRAM NO: O1011
DWG. NO: 11
Sl.No:

Dia.,
mm
Tool
Tool
Station Length
No.1
Offset
No.1
Spindle Feed,
Speed, mm/min
RPM
Profile
Milling
Operation
Slot Drill
Cutter
1500
100
Profile
Milling
Operation
Slot Drill
Cutter
10
1200
80
Example Program
Page | 68
CNC Milling
MTAB
O1011
G21 G94
G91 G28 Z0
G28 X0 Y0
M06 T1
M03 S1500
G90 G00 X-30 Y-20 Z5
G01 Z-1 F100
G01 X-30 Y20
G02 X-20 Y30 R10
G01 X20 Y30
G03 X30 Y20 R10
G01 X30 Y-20
G01 X20 Y-30
G01 X-20 Y-30
G03 X-30 Y-20 R10
G00 Z5
G91 G28 Z0
G28 X0 Y0
M06 T2
M03 S1200
G90 G00 X-20 Y0 Z5
G01 Z-1 F100
G02 X20 Y0 R10
G02 X-20 Y0 R10
G00 Z5
G91 G28 Z0
G28 X0 Y0
M05
M30
Example Program
Page | 69
CNC Milling
MTAB
3.12 Example # 12 Programming for Profile Milling Operation using G41

Write a manual part program for Profile Milling Operation with cutter radius
compensation left (G41) for the component shown in DWG.NO: 12
DWG.NO: 12
MATERIAL: Aluminium
PROGRAM NO: O1012
DWG. NO: 12
Sl.No:
Tool
Tool
Station Length
No.1
Offset
No.1
Spindle Feed,
Speed, mm/min
RPM
1500

Dia.,
mm
Profile
Milling
Operation
Using G41
Example Program
Slot Drill
Cutter
100
Page | 70
CNC Milling
MTAB
O1012
G21 G94
G91 G28 Z0
G28 X0 Y0
M06 T1
M03 S1500
G90 G00 G41 X0 Y0 Z10
G01 X-30 Y-20 F100
G01 Z5 F100
G01 Z-1 F100
G01 X-30 Y20
G02 X-20 Y30 R10
G01 X20 Y30
G03 X30 Y20 R10
G01 X30 Y-20
G01 X20 Y-30
G01 X-20 Y-30
G03 X-30 Y-20 R10
G01 X-30 Y0
G40
G00 Z5
G91 G28 Z0
G28 X0 Y0
M05
M30
Example Program
Page | 71
CNC Milling
MTAB
3.13 example # 13: Programming for Profile Milling Operation using G42
Write a manual part program for Profile Milling Operation with cutter radius
compensation right (G42) for the component shown in DWG.NO: 13.
DWG.NO: 13

MATERIAL: Aluminium
PROGRAM NO: O1013
DWG. NO: 13
Sl.No:
Tool
Tool
Station Length
No.1
Offset
No.1
Spindle Feed,
Speed, mm/min
RPM
1500

Dia.,
mm
Profile
Milling
Operation
Using G42
Example Program
Slot Drill
Cutter
100
Page | 72
CNC Milling
MTAB
O1013
G21 G94
G91 G28 Z0
G28 X0 Y0
M06 T1
M03 S1500
G90 G00 G42 X0 Y0 Z10
G01 X30 Y-20 F100
G01 Z-1 F100
G01 X30 Y20
G02 X20 Y30 R10
G01 X-20 Y30
G03 X-30 Y20 R10
G01 X-30 Y-20
G02 X-20 Y-30 R10
G01 X20 Y-30
G01 X30 Y-20
G01 X30 Y0
G40
G00 Z5
G91 G28 Z0
G28 X0 Y0
M05
M30
Example Program
Page | 73
CNC Milling
Machine Room Exercises
MTAB
CNC Milling
Page | 74
CNC Milling
MTAB
Ex # 01: Study of XL MILL CNC Vertical Machining Centre

Write down the Specifications of the XLMILL
Specifications
Units
XLMILL
X Axis Travel
mm
225
Y Axis Travel
mm
150
Z Axis Travel
mm
115
Travels
Distance Between Table Top
70 - 185
and Spindle Nose

Table
Table Size
mm
360 x 132
Spindle Motor Capacity
HP
0.5
Programmable Spindle
rpm
150 - 4000
BT 30
Positional Accuracy
mm
0.01
Repeatability
mm
0.005
m / min
1.2
mm / min
0 - 1200
Tool Storage Capacity
Pcs
Maximum Tool Diameter
mm
16
Maximum Tool Length
mm
40
Spindle
Speed
Spindle Nose Taper
Accuracy
Feed Rate
Rapid Traverse X x Y x Z
axes
Programmable Feed Rate on
X x Y x Z axes
ATC
Page | 75
CNC Milling
ATC Direction
MTAB
-
Bi-Directional
Slides
Slides
Ball Screws X, Y and Z axes
Hardened Ground Guide ways

Dia. & Pitch
16mm x 5mm
PC Based 3 Axes Continuous
CNC
Control System
Path
Lubrication
Lubrication System
Centralized Lubrication System
Power Source
Main Supply
230v, Single Phase, 50Hz
Machine Dimensions
Height x Length x Depth
mm
1000 x 575 x 650
Machine Weight
kg
170
Optional Accessories
CAM Software, Offline Programming Software, Auto Door, Hydro Pneumatic
Vise, Work Bench, 3 axis Loading / Unloading Arm, 6 station ATC, Stabilizer,
Air Compressor
Features
Compatible / Upgradable
FMS / CIM System
Page | 76
CNC Milling
MTAB
Ex # 02: Study of Tool Offset Procedures for XL MILL CNC Vertical Machining
Centre
Tool offset procedures:
Select Tool Offsets from Job/Tooling Main Menu.
After Selecting Tool offsets the following window appears. Choose required tool
position and Double Click on it. The following window appears on the screen.
Manually enter TOOL RAD and ACTUAL DIAM.
Then Add Tool To Library. The following window appears and Click OK on CNC
TRAINER SETTINGS.
The Selected Tool should be brought either rapidly or manually Nearer to the left
edge of the billet using all the three axes.
Page | 77
CNC Milling
MTAB
Then Click on the SPDL CW with S 1500 RPM
Move the Tool in JOG Mode with Appropriate Displacement until tool touches the
edge of the billet as shown below.
Now Select DATUM and then Click X axis on the CNC DISPLAY which will turn
into ZERO indicating the point has been made Zero in X axis.
Page | 78
CNC Milling
MTAB
Lift the Tool away from the billet by using Manual mode equal to the radius of the cutter in
X + direction and Select Datum and Click on X axis on the CNC DISPLAY which will turn
into ZERO indicating the point has been made Zero in X axis.
Repeat the Procedure for taking the Offset in Y axis also.
For taking Z axis offset, bring the cutter to the surface of the billet by using JOG Mode. As
the cutter touches the billet Select Datum and Click on Z axis on the CNC DISPLAY which
will show Zero.
Offset for all the subsequent tools in Z axis are to be taken based on the Length of first tool.
Procedures:
Select Tool Offsets from Job/Tooling Main Menu.
Page | 79
CNC Milling
MTAB
Select Tool Type as per the Program and Select Tooling form CNC TRAINER
SETTINGS; choose required tool and Double Click on it. The following window
appears on the screen.
For taking Z axis offset, bring the cutter to the surface of the billet by using JOG Mode. As
the cutter touches the billet lick on Z LENGTH on the CNC TRAINER SETTING which will
show offset value with respect to first tool.
Page | 80
CNC Milling
MTAB
NOTE:
X and Y offsets remains same for all the tool
Page | 81
CNC Milling
MTAB
Ex # 03: Write a manual part program for machining the component shown in
DWG.NO: 03.
Profile Depth: 5 mm
Depth of cut for each pass: 1 mm
DWG.NO: 03

MATERIAL: Aluminium
PROGRAM NO: 03
DWG. NO: 03
Sl.No:

Dia.,
mm
Profile
Milling
Operation
Slot Cutter 6
Tool
Tool
Spindle Feed,
No.1
Offset RPM
No.1
1
1500
100
Page | 82
CNC Milling
MTAB
DWG.NO: 04.
Profile Depth: 5 mm
DWG.NO: 04

MATERIAL: Aluminium
PROGRAM NO: 04
DWG. NO: 04
Sl.No:
Tool
Tool
Station Length
No.1
Offset
No.1
Spindle Feed,
Speed, mm/min
RPM
1500

Dia.,
mm
Profile
Milling
Operation
Slot Cutter 6
100
Page | 83
CNC Milling
MTAB
DWG.NO: 05.
Profile Depth: 5 mm
DWG.NO: 05
MATERIAL: Aluminium
PROGRAM NO: 05
DWG. NO: 05
Sl.No:
Tool
Tool
Station Length
No.1
Offset
No.1
Spindle Feed,
Speed, mm/min
RPM

Dia.,
mm
Drilling
Operation
Slot Cutter 6
1500
100
Drilling
Operation
Slot Cutter 10
1200
80
Page | 84
CNC Milling
MTAB
DWG.NO: 06.
DWG.NO: 06

MATERIAL: Aluminium
PROGRAM NO: 06
DWG. NO: 06
Sl.No:
Operation
Circular
Pocket
Milling
Operation
Tool Type Tool Tool

Tool
Spindle Feed,
Dia., Station Length Speed, mm/min
mm No.1
Offset RPM
No.1
Slot Cutter 12
1500
100
Page | 85
CNC Milling
MTAB
DOS AND DONTS FOR CNC MACHINES

DONTS
Never Open Guard Doors While Machine is in Running
Never Attempt to Bypass Guard Interlock, Safety Devices etc.
Never Leave Machine Unattended While in Running
Never Adjust Tooling or Coolant While Machine is Running
Never Use Broken or Worn Tooling
Never Remove any Warning or Instruction Tags from Machine
Never Operate any Equipment if unusual or Excessive Noise Vibration Occurs
Never Remove Chips with the Hands
Never Remove or load Work pieces While Machine is in Motion
Never Allow the Operation or Repair of Equipment by Untrained Personnel
Never Leave Tools or other items on the Machine
Never Touch Electrical Equipment When Hands are Wet
Page | 86
CNC Milling
MTAB
DOS
Always make sure all Tools are Securely Clamped in Position
Always Consult your Authority when in Doubt
Always make sure all Tool Mounting Surfaces are clean before Mounting Tools
Always Replace Blown Fuses with Fuses of the Same Capacity
Switch off Power during Maintenance / Repair work
Negligence on the above points can cause Personal Injury and Machine Damage
Page | 87
MTAB TECHNOLOGYCENTER PVT(

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MTAB

MTAB TECHNOLOGY CENTER PVT (LTD)

4th Edition: 2005

PART PROGRAMMING GEOMETRY

Coordinate System for a CNC Milling

Zero points and reference points

CNC Related Dimensioning

CNC MILLING- PROGRAMMING BUILD-UP

CNC Program Build-up

Part Program Format

Miscellaneous and Preparatory function

Structure of a CNC program

Example # 01: Programming using linear and circular

Example # 02: Programming using Sub-Program

Example # 03: Programming for Mirroring Operation

Example # 04: Programming for Circular Pocket Milling

Example # 05: Programming for Rectangular Pocket Milling

Example # 06: Programming for Drilling Operation

Example # 07: Programming for Drilling Operation on PCD

Example # 08: Programming for Datum Shift Operation using

Example # 09: Programming for Drilling Operation using

Example # 10: Programming using Scaling Command ( G51 )

Example # 11: Programming for Profile Milling Operation

Example # 12: Programming for Profile Milling Operation using

Example # 13: Programming for Profile Milling Operation using

CNC MILLING - MACHINE ROOM EXERCISES

Ex 01: Study of XL MILL CNC Vertical Machining Centre

Ex 02: Study of tool offset procedures for XL MILL CNC

Ex 03: Write a manual part program for machining the

Ex 04: Write a manual part program for machining the

Ex 05: Write a manual part program for machining the

Ex 06: Write a manual part program for machining the

DOS AND DONTS FOR CNC MACHINES

1. Part Programming Geometry

FIG. 1 Co-ordinate System for Milling Work

FIG.2 & 3 Right Hand Co-ordinate Systems

FIG. 4 Clockwise Rotating Co-ordinate System

FIG. 5 Co-ordinate System

FIG. 6 Angles of Rotation and Direction of Rotation

Coordinate system for a CNC Milling

FIG. 7 Examples of Angle of Rotation (swivel angles) on

Zero points and Reference points

FIG.8 Position of the Machine Zero Point

FIG. 9 Position of Reference Point on a Milling Machine

FIG.10 Position of Workpiece Zero Point for a Milling Part.

FIG.11 Tool Reference Point

Zero points and Reference points

1.3 CNC Related Dimensioning

FIG.12 Absolute System and Incremental System

Mirror image programming is facilitated with incremental systems.

CNC Related Dimensioning

2. CNC Milling Programming

Rotation about, X- axis

Rotation about, Y- axis

Rotation about, Z axis

Rotation about additional axes

Preparatory function, identifying the action to be executed

Interpolation Parameter / Thread pitch parallel to X-axis

Interpolation Parameter / Thread pitch parallel to Y-axis

Interpolation Parameter / Thread pitch parallel to Z-axis

Machine function / Auxiliary function

Parameters are used in cycles

CNC Program Built up