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There are various methods of determining the carrying capacity of single piles. They are:
If the weight of the pile and weight of the displaced soil are assumed as nearly equal we have:
Qu = qbAb + qsAs, Then, qb = BN + vNq + suNc v
Or, qb = BN + v(Nq -1) + suNc - (2)
Similarly unit skin friction can be obtained as :
qs = sa + Kvtan - (3)
Where, v is the effective normal stress acting alone the shaft of the pile and the variation of the
normal stress is linear. sa is the adhesion between, pile and surrounding soil. The average
effective normal stress is (0+v)/2 = v/2 = v
Hence, qs = sa + K vtan - (4)
Therefore, the net ultimate pile capacity becomes:
K
Loose
Dense
Steel
20
0.5
1
Concrete
0.75
1
2
Wood
0.67
1.5
3
Cohesive soil- In cohesive soil, the angle of internal friction is zero. Hence, the above Eq.(5) can
be written as:
Qu = suNcAb +saAs - (7)
In the above equation ss is the adhesion between pile and surrounding soil. Su is the undrained
shear strength at base. Driving piles in clay reduces shear strength in many ways. If the reduction
factor is , then we can write:
= sa/su - (8)
Where, su = Average undrained strength over the embedded length of pile
sa = su - (9)
Hence from Eqs.(7) and (9)
Qu = suNcAb + suAs - (10)
In the above equation, the value of Nc is taken equal to 9. In clayey soil base resistance is
negligible. So an error in the estimation of base load is less significance. The main objective
therefore is the determination of adhesion factor mobilized between pile and the surrounding
clay.