Jabalpur

Coordinates:2310N7956E

FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Jabalpur(Hindi:
),formerlyknownas
Jubbulpore,isoneofthemajorcitiesofMadhya
PradeshstateinIndia.Itisthethirdlargesturban
agglomeration[3]inMadhyaPradeshandthe26th
largesturbanagglomerationinIndiaasperthe
2011censusstatistics.[3]Itsoldnamewasthought
tobeJabalipurambut,inactuality,itwas
Jubbulgarh.ItwaslaterchangedtoJubbulpore
duringBritishGovernanceandisnowsimplified
asJabalpur.
Jabalpuristheadministrativeheadquartersofboth
theJabalpurdistrict(thesecondmostpopulous
districtofMadhyaPradesh)andtheJabalpur
division.Historically,acenteroftheKalchuriand
Gonddynasties,Jabalpurdevelopedasyncretic
cultureinfluencedbytheintermittentreignsofthe
MughalandMaratha.Intheearlynineteenth
century,itwasgraduallyannexedinBritishIndia
asJubbulporeandincorporatedasamajor
cantonmenttown.AftertheindependenceofIndia,
therehavebeendemandsforaseparatestateof
MahakoshalwithJabalpurasitscapital.
Jabalpurisknownforitspicturesquemarblerock
formations(Bhedaghat)onthebanksoftheriver
Narmada.Becauseitisthearmyheadquartersof
fivestates(MadhyaPradesh,Chhattisgarh,
Odisha,BiharandJharkhand),onesixthofthecity
isoccupiedbytheMinistryofDefence.Several
importantfederalandstateinstitutionsarelocated
inJabalpur,includingfourUniversities(RDU,
JNAU,GMUandNDVU),thepremiertechnology
instituteandtheoldestincentralIndia,theJEC
andtheIIIT.
Importantinstitutionsandorganisationssuchas
theHighCourt,fourIndianOrdnanceFactoriesof
thegiganticOFB,theMadhyaPradeshState
ElectricityBoard,TropicalForestResearch
Institute,andthezonalheadquartersoftheWCR
arehere.
JabalpurisassociatedwithMaharishiMahesh
Yogi,Osho,RaniDurgawati,ArjunRampal,
HarishankarParsai,BeoharRammanoharSinha,

Jabalpur

Jubbulpore

Metropolis
Nickname(s):Sanskaardhaani,MarbleCity,Ordnance
HubofIndia,NarmadaNagari

Jabalpur

LocationofJabalpurinIndia

Coordinates:2310N7956E
Country
State
District

India
MadhyaPradesh
Jabalpur

Government
Type
Body
Mayor
District
Magistrate

MayorCouncil
JabalpurMunicipalCorporation
Dr.SwatiGodbole(BJP)
ShriShivnarayanRupla

Area
Metropolis

1,367km2(528sqmi)

Elevation

412m(1,352ft)

Population(2011)[2]
Metropolis
Rank
Density

1,967,564
28th
478/km2(1,240/sqmi)

Urban
Rural

1,738,777
14,21,937[1]

Agglomeration
Rank

26th

Demonym

Jabalpurians,Jabalpuriya,
Jabalpurites

Timezone

IST(UTC+5:30)

PIN
Telephonecode

482001to4820xx
+91761

SubhadraKumariChauhan,PremNath,Rehman
andmanyotherliteratiandglitteratiastheir
hometown.

Contents
1Etymology
2History
2.1TheHaihayas
2.2TheGonds
2.3TheMarathas
2.4TheBeohars
2.5TheBritishRajand1857
2.6Endof19thcenturyCE
2.7GandhianEra
2.8PostIndependence
3Demographics
4Civicadministration
5Artsandculture
6Geography
7Topography
8Climate
9Economy
9.1IndianOrdnanceFactories
9.2Defenceestablishments
9.3Agriculture
10Transportation
10.1Airport
10.2Railways
10.3Road
10.4Bus
11Communicationservices
12Media
12.1Newspapers
12.2Radio
13Tourism
13.1ShaheedSmarak
13.2TheBeoharHouse
13.3RadhaKrishnaTemple

Vehicle
registration
Sexratio
AverageLiteracy
Rate
Officiallanguage

MP20

Website

www.jabalpur.nic.in
(http://www.jabalpur.nic.in)
www.jmcjabalpur.org
(http://www.jmcjabalpur.org)

929/
89.13%
Hindi

Complex
14Sports
15Culture
15.1ShoppingMalls&
HypermarketsintheJabalpurCity
15.2Majorfastfoodrestaurantsin
theJabalpurCity
16JabalpurCantonment
17Education
18Listofeducationalinstitutionsin
Jabalpur
19Seealso
20References
21Externallinks

Etymology
JabalpurpostulatedtobeJabalipattan(Hindi: )orJabalipuram(Hindi:
)
convenientlyassociatedwiththelegendarysageJaabaalimentionedintheepicRamayana,possiblyas
histapasyabhoomi(placeofpenance)thoughnosuchlinkaseverbeenevidenthistorically.In2006,
theJabalpurMunicipalCorporationpassedaresolutiontofreshlynamethecityasJabalipuram.[4]
Variationsofwordsjabal,jabel,jebal,jebel,jbel,djebel,jibal,etc.havebeenusedfortheArabicword
"jahbahl",'',meaning"mountain,hillorslope"(aselevations).Thewordshavebeenusedtoname
manymountains,places,people,orothers.

History
AshokanrelicshavebeenfoundinRupnath,aplace84kmnorthofJabalpur,suggestingtheexistenceof
humancivilisationheredatingbacktoc.300BCE.Muchlaterinhistory,Karanbel(nowcalled
Tripuri/Tewar),ontheoutskirtsofcurrentJabalpur,wasthecapitalofthefamousKalchurikingdomin
the9th10thcenturiesCE.

TheHaihayas
Inc.675CE,theregionwastakenbyRajaBamrajDev(ruledc.675800CE)oftheKalachuridynasty
whomadeKaranbel(Tripuri/Tewar)nearJabalpurtheircapital.Theirkingdomwasspreadoverpresent
dayMadhyaPradesh,UttarPradesh,Nepal,fareasternstates,Bangladesh,Bengal,Odisha,Bihar,
JharkhandandChhattisgarh.ThemostillustriousofKalchurikingswasYuvrajdevI(ruledc.915945
CE)whomarriedNohladeviaprincessoftheChalukyadynasty.TheirAmatyawasGolokSimha
Kayastha,whowasinstrumentalintheestablishmentoftheChausathYoginishrinenearBhedaghat,
whilethedescendentsoftheKalchurikingsarelostinhistory.ThoseofAmatyaGolokSimhaKayastha

continuedtolookafterthepoliticsoftheregionasDiwanBhojSimhaunderRajaSangramsahi(ruledc.
14911543CE),DiwanAdharSimhaunderRaniDurgavati(ruledc.15501564CE)andBeohar
RaghuvirSinhawhoremainedtheJagirdarofJabalpurtill1947.

TheGonds
Inthe13thcenturyCE,theGondsseizedJabalpurandmadeittheircapital.Inscriptionsrecordthe
existenceduringthe11thand12thcenturiesofalocallineofprincesoftheHaihaipeoplewhoare
closelyconnectedwiththehistoryofGondwana.
GondRajaMadansahi(ruledc.11381157CE)ofMandlaconstructedabastioninthe12thcenturyCE
ontopofahillwhich,afterhim,wasnamedMadanMahal.Inthe16thcenturyCE,Maharaja
Sangramsahi,whoruledforalmost52years,extendedhispowertoover52districts,includingthetwin
townshipsofGarhaKatanga.Hestartedadministeringtheregionfromhere,thusthenameGarha
Mandla.Hewasthelongestreigningmonarchandhisperiodisbelievedtobethegoldenerainthe
historyofGarhaMandlaregion.Alargenumberofprojectsofpublicinterestwereundertakenduring
hisreign.
HisdaughterinlawwasthefamousRaniDurgavatiwhoruled
fromSingaurgarhfortinSangrampurnottoofarfromGarha
(laterJubbulpore/Jabalpur).Duringthereignofhisminor
grandsonVeerNarayan(ruledbyQueenMotherRaniDurgavati
c.15501564CE),KhwajaAbdulMajeedHarawibearingthe
title'AsafKhanorCommander'asviceroyofKaraManikpur,
conqueredtheGarhaMandlaprincipality.

FirstpaintingevermadeonMaharani
Durgavati,showngearingupfor
battleofNarrai.Thisfrescoby
BeoharRammanoharSinhaisin
Jabalpur'sShaheedSmarak.

InthisbattleofNarraiin1564CE,theGondQueenMotherRani
Durgavatimadesupremesacrifice,withherprimeminister
AdharSimhaKayasthaandothers.Initially,'AsafKhan'or
CommanderofMughalEmperorAkbar'sforces,heldGarha
Mandlaasanindependentchiefbuteventuallysubmittedtothe
MughalemperorAkbar.AfterRajaSangramsahi,thenextmostillustriouskingwasRajaHridaysahi
(ruledc.16521704CE)who,coincidentally,alsoruledforalmost52years.HeruledtheGarhaMandla
regionfromChauragarhfortbutlatermovedthecapitaltoRamnagarinc.1652CEandthenbackto
Mandlafortinc.1698CEforstrategicreasons.Mostofthewaterbodies(lakes,reservoirs,stepwells,
dams,wells)arefromhistime.ThelastGondrulerwhoruledefficientlywasNizamsahi(ruledc.1753
1780CE)afterwhomtheGondkingdomcollapsedandtheMarathatookover.

TheMarathas
TheMughalEmpire,however,enjoyedlittlemorethananominalsupremacyandtheGond
administratorsofGarhaMandlamaintainedapracticalindependencefromRajaHridaysahionwards.
ThescenarioremainedsountiltheirsubjugationbytheMarathagovernorsofSagarinc.1781CE.They
calleditJabbalgarh.Inc.1798CE,theMarathaPeshwagrantedtheNerbuddahvalleytotheBhonsle
kingsofNagpur,whocontinuedtoholdthedistrictuntiltheBritishoccupieditinc.1818CEafter
defeatingtheMarathasintheBattleofSitabuldiin1817CE.

TheBeohars

Therewereperiodsofpowershiftsfromonesovereigntoanother.Duringsuchtransitionalturmoils,
Jubbulpore'sBeohardynasty(nottobeconfusedwiththeBeoharsurname)reignedandsafeguarded
theirregion'sinterestssincetheKalchuriperiod,thatisc.945CE
onwards.Beohars(Hindi: )wereJagirdars(likeDukesor
Earls)wholookedafterinternalaffairsandinterstaterelations.
Inpeace,theywerelordswhoconservedtheirstate's
traditions/customsVyauhar(Hindi: )andduringwar
resumedtheirroleofgallantryknightcommandersorSardar,
thus,thetitleprefixSardarBeoharwithsalutationRajman
Rajeshri(Hindi: ).Theirearliestrecorded
progenitorfindsmentionasAmatyaGolokSimhaduringthe
Kalchuridynasty.Oneoftheirancestors,AdharSimhaKayastha,
asRaniDurgavati'srepresentative,metAkbarinhiscourtand,as
TheCoatofArmsorCrestofthe
knightcommander,ledthearmyandlaidhislifeforthenation.
JagirdarsofJubbulpore/Jabalpurof
Muchlater,coatofarms(flag)andestatesweregranted
Beohardynasty.
followingcoronationofR.R.SardarBeoharKehariSinha(c.
17351845)byGondrulersforbraveryinbattlefields.He
detainedClive'smessengerJainualbdeenintheregionbutlethimgoafterinterventionfromRaja
NizamsahiandRajaJanojiBhonsle.AchapterinSirSleeman'sbookRamblesandRecollectionsis
devotedtoBeoharKehriSinha.
R.R.BeoharDariyavSinha(c.17601850),anallyofRaja
RaghojiIIBhonsle,headedthearmytowinbattlesof179293
and17991801defeatingpindariMirKhan.Hehostedthe
orientalistVedicscholarSirColebrookeatBeoharPalaceon
embankmentofPhootatalreservoirin1801CEandtookhimto
hisBurhagarh,GosalpurandJujhari.Hispioneeringinitiatives
againstThuggeeweretakenfurtherbySleeman.
R.R.BeoharGandharvSinha(c.17801852)rescuedGarha
Mandla'sRaniLaxmankuwariandPrinceNerbuddabuxfrom
VisajiChandokarandcrownedhimin1842oustingcousin
Shankarsahi.TheBeohar(Hindi: )titleprefixandtheir
RiyasatwererespectedbyNagpur'sBhonsle,Saugor'sPeshwa,
andBritishwholaterbecamehostileduetothefamily's
nationalism.R.R.BeoharAmanSinha(c.18301890)joinedRajaShankarsahiin1857movement.
BeoharRaghuvirSinha(18771960)waslastJagirdarinwhosememory,CivilLines(North)isknown
asBeoharBaghandtheroadfromtheRailwayStadiumtoAdhartalasBeoharRaghuvirSinhaRoad.
ThehistoricBeoharPalace,seatof
theBeohardynastysincethe17th
18thcentury,intheoldcityof
Jubbulpore/Jabalpur.

TheBritishRajand1857
UndertheBritishRaj,JabbalgarhbecameJubbulporeandwasmadethecapitaloftheSaugorand
NerbuddaTerritories,whichwaspartoftheNorthWesternProvincesgovernedbytheAgra
Principality.AtthattimeitbecameinfamousfortheThuggeemurdersbutmademorefamousbythe
manwhosuppressedthugs,WilliamHenrySleeman(thenMajor),whowaslaterappointedChief
CommissioneratJubbulporeandeventuallyBritishResidentatLucknow.Forthenoblecauseof
rehabilitationofthugs'familieswhowerecalledgurinds,theBeoharfamilyallowedtheirpieceofland
knownasGurandiintheheartofthetown.

InthecantonmentofJubbulpore,GadadharTiwariopenedfireonhisEuropeansuperiorsandsparked
theIndependencemovementon16June1857.Hissacrificedidnotgotowasteasthemovementcaught
momentumintheregion,though,shortlived.Itbroiledformorethanfourmonthsduringwhichthe
Britishwerepetrified,becameextremelyvulnerableanddreadedtheworst.Theyranoutofsupportand
suppliesandwerebesiegedalongwithEuropeanwomenandchildrenintheirowncitadeltheAgency
Mansion(nowDivisionalCommissioner'sresidence).TheysurvivedonlybecauseaproBritishlocal
bankermerchantcametotheirrescuewhichboughtthemtimeforreinforcementstoarrive.The1857
movementwaslocallyspearheadedbyGondRajaShankarsahiandPrinceRaghunathsahiwhowerelater
arrestedanddetainedinajailwhichstillexistsnexttotheDRMoffice.ThesameproBritishlocal
bankermerchant'sspyGirdharilalMarwariofBelkhaduandhisaideSumerSinghfabricatedand
plantedwrittenevidenceatthecitadelofRajaShankarsahitoproveconspiracyagainsttheBritish.
Whilethebankermerchantreceivedrichfavours,recognitionsandrewardsfromtheBritish,the
freedommovementculminatedwiththemartyrdomofRajaShankarsahiandPrinceRaghunathsahifrom
themouthofacannonon18September1857attheveryspotwhereLadyElginHospitalnowstands.
Subsequently,theestatesandassetsoftheirsupportersandmastermindsThakurSinghParmar,Beohar
AmanSinha,GangaMishra,SoorajPrasadwereconfiscated.SoorajPrasadwaslaterarrestedand
publiclyhangedbyCaptainPinckneyatBijeraghugarh(Vijayraghavgarh).ThelateRajaShankarsahi's
cousinRajaNerbudabux,alongwithBraveBeoharAmanSinha,avengedthemartyrdomsbytakinglife
ofCaptainAshleyTottenhamof4thMadrasCavalaryon7November1857.

Endof19thcenturyCE
TheSaugorandNerbuddaTerritoriesbecamepartofthenewCentralProvincesin1861whichin1903
becametheCentralProvincesandBerar.Bytheearly20thcenturyCE,Jubbulporebecamethe
headquartersofabrigadeinthe5thdivisionoftheSouthernArmy.TheGunCarriageFactoryJabalpur
gotestablishedintheyear1904.

GandhianEra
MahatmaGandhi'slongestandmostimportantstayinJubbulpore
wasin1933attheBeoharPalaceofBeoharRajendraSimha.
MahatmawasaccompaniedbyJawaharlalNehru,Vallabhbhai
Patel,KhanAbdulGhaffarKhan,RavishankarShukla,Dr
MukhtarAhmedAnsari,KhurshedNariman,AbulKalamAzad,
JamnalalBajaj,DrSyedMahmud,MahadevDesai,andmany
others,andameetingofAICC/CWCwasheldattheBeohar
Palace.Bapu'sgrandsonKanu(sonofRamdasGandhi)stayed
withhimatthepalaceatSathiaKuanearHanumantal.Mahatma
Gandhi'smemorabiliaofthatoccasionarewellpreservedby
descendentsoftheBeohardynastyattheBeoharHousein
BeoharBagh.

BeoharRajendraSinhahelpinghis
guestMahatmaGandhionthe
staircaseofBeoharPalacein
Jubbulpore/Jabalpur.

Manyfreedomfightersvoluntarilygaveupcomfortsoftheir
livesandfamilyandplungedintoGandhiji'sthreeS(swadeshi,
swarajandsatyagrah)movementsandthefreedomstruggleat
large.InthewakeofIndia'sindependenceandnationbuilding,
theyhappilyandgracefullyembracedtheharshesoflongjailsentences.Suchbraveheartsfrom
JubbulporeincludedBeoharRajendraSinha,RavishankarShukla,SunderlalTapasvi,ThakurLaxman
SinghChauhan,SethGovindDas,HariharVyas,MaheshdattMishra,DeviprasadShukla,Subhadra
KumariChauhan,HukumchandNarad,MakhanlalChaturvedi,BalmukundTripathi,DwarkaPrasad

Mishra,KunjilalDubey,NarsinghdasAgrawal,RameshwarprasadGuru,BhawaniprasadTiwari,
KashiprasadPandey,NathuramVyas,ChidambaramPillai,SawaimalJain,SatyendraMishra,Sitaram
Jadhav,MulayamchandJainandmanymanymore.
TheTripuriCongresssessionin1939waspresidedoverby
SubhasChandraBose.JhandaSatyagrahawaslaunchedunder
LokmanyaTilak'sdirection.ACongresssessionwasheldat
VishnudattShuklaNagaratTilwaraGhat(nearJubbulpore)in
1939whenSubhasChandraBosewaselectedtheCongress
PresidentagainstthewishesofMahatmaGandhi.

PostIndependence
BecauseofBapu'sstronglinkageswithJabalpurandhisvery
specialloveforit,hismortalremainswerebroughttothecity
afterhismartyrdom.Aftergoingthroughtheentirecityon
BeoharRajendraSinha'sshoulders,theurncontainingMahatma
Gandhi'sasheswereimmersedinholyriverNarmadabyPt.R.S.
Shukla,BeoharRajendraSinha,SethGovindDasandotherson
12February1948inTilwaraGhatwhereamassive
unprecedentedcondolencemeetingwasheld.In195051,the
CentralProvincesandBerarbecametheIndianstateofMadhya
PradeshandPanditRaviShankarShuklabecamethefirstchief
ministerofaCongressledgovernment.MadhyaBharat,Vindhya
PradeshandBhopalweremergedintoMadhyaPradeshin1956
whenJubbulporebecameJabalpurbut,despiteJabalpur'svery
strongclaims,BhopalwasdeclaredthecapitalofMadhya
Pradesh.

BeoharRajendraSinha(right),RS
Shukla(centre)andLSChauhan
(left)immersingMahatmaGandhi's
ashesinTilwaraGhatnear
Jubbulpore/Jabalpur.

Demographics
Asof2001Indiacensus,[5]Jabalpurhadapopulationof
1,267,564.Malesconstitute52%ofthepopulationand
females48%.Jabalpurhasanaverageliteracyrateof
75%,higherthanthenationalaverageof59.5%:male
literacyis79%,andfemaleliteracyis70%.InJabalpur,
12%ofthepopulationisunder6yearsofage.
Asof2011,Indiacensus,Jabalpurhadapopulationof
2460714
TotalPopulationMaleFemaleRuralUrban
31607141278448118226614219371738777

TotalLiteracy82.589.175.373.788.5

Civicadministration

ReligionsinJabalpur
Religion

Hindus
Muslims
Christians
Jains
Others

Percent

Distributionofreligions
IncludesSikhs(0.2%),Buddhists(<0.2%).

63%
13%
2.5%
20.4%
1.1%

TheJabalpurMunicipalCorporation(JMC)isthemunicipalcorporationinchargeofthecivicand
infrastructuralassetsofthecity.TheJMCcouncilcomprises70electedrepresentatives,called
corporators,onefromeachward(locality).Electionstothecouncilareheldonceeveryfiveyears,with
resultsbeingdecidedbypopularvote.Acorporatorfromthemajoritypartyisselectedasamayor.The
headquartersofJabalpurMunicipalCorporationisnearTeenPattiChowk,WrightTown.Asof2011,
theJabalpurmunicipalitycoveredanareaof53km2.
JabalpurcontributesonemembertotheLokSabha,currentmemberisRakeshSinghofBharatiyaJanata
Party.Additionally,Jabalpursends8memberstotheStateLegislativeAssemblyofwhich4arefrom
cityproper,namelyJabalpurPurba,JabalpurUttar,JabalpurCantonment,JabalpurPaschim.Another4
arefromruralpartsofJabalpurdistrict.

Artsandculture
JabalpurhasbeengiventhenameSanskaarDhaaniorthe
culturalcapitalofMadhyaPradeshbyacharyaVinayakNarhari
Bhave,whileBhopalisRajDhaniorpoliticalcapitalandIndore
isVanijyaDhaniorcommercialcapital.Thereasonforbeing
calledSanskarDhaniisbecausemanycultureconnoisseurshave
hadlongtermssignificantassociationswiththecity,including
MakhanlalChaturvedi,HarishankarParsai,BeoharRajendra
Simha,SubhadrakumariChauhan,ProfKaviIndraBahadur
Khare,SethGovindDas,RoopkumarSoni,AlakhnandanSinha,
GyanranjanShrivastava,Rehman,PremNath,Rajkapoor'swife
KrishnaRajKapoor,ArjunRampal,JayaBachchan,Aadesh
Shrivastava,RaghubirYadav,andmorerecentlyAbhasJoshi,
[multidimensionaltalentinthefieldofScienceandarts,writer,
poetandsocialworkerProfDrMukul],[ankitsantoshsoni]a
wellknownstillphotographerofBollywoodnowresidingin
Mumbaietc.,but,mostimportantinthiscontext,the
internationallyrecognisedartistpainterfromJabalpurRoyal
eoharfamily,BeoharRammanoharSinhawhodesignedand
decoratedtheoriginalpreambletotheConstitutionofIndia.
TraditionalfamoussculptorKundanwasanativeofthecity.
ThepresenceoftheriverNarmada,ruleofGondandKalchuri
MarathadynastiesmadeJabalpuraHindudominatedarea.
MughalrulebroughtinasizeableMuslimpopulation.Thecity
hadHinduMuslimriotsinthe1960sthatshooktheconfidence
ofIndianMuslimsinsecularIndia.[6]Therehasbeenasharp
declineintheseriotsowingtoagradual,slowpathtoprogress.

Jabalpurborninternationally
acclaimedpainterBeohar
RammanoharSinhabeautifiedthe
originalcalligraphicmanuscriptof
ConstitutionofIndiain194849.His
legibleshortsignatureinDevanagari
scriptasRamonthePreamblepage
(lowerrightcorner,withinoutermost
borderdesign),andasRammanohar
onotherpagesoftheConstitution
beartestimonytothisfact.

Thepresentcultureisdominantlyrelatedtoagricultural
populationofthecityandsurroundingareas.Thefoodandclothingchangewiththeharvestofcropsin
everyseason,usuallyobservedbyHindus.
Jabalpurhasaverycosmopolitanfeelaboutit.Therearepeopleofalmostallmajorreligionsandcastes
inIndia.ThecityhasMarwari,Bengali,Malayali,Sindhi,Tamil,Telugu,Kannadiga,Marathi,and
PunjabipeopleinsizeableratiosandtherearepeoplefromotherregionsofIndiaaswell.

Thecityhasbeenastageformanyculturalinventionsandmanytraditionalrituals.Thecityhasbeen
peacefulsincealongtimeafterthe1960sandnowismarchingtowardsdevelopmentinthespheresof
infrastructureandindustries.
Eachfestivaliscelebratedwithgreatpomp.NavratriandDussheraarecelebratedwithfullenergy.Not
onlyresidentsbutalsovisitorsfromalloverMPcometoseetheDurgaPandalsofthecity.
Someofthenonprofitorganisations(NGOs)activeinpromotionofartandcultureare:
Pahalliterarymagazine(ProfGyanranjan&others)
Vivechana(HimanshuRai&others)
DialogueWithNatureInternationalorDiWiNeI(BeoharDrAnupamSangitaSinha&others)
PragatisheelLekhakSangha(PankajSwamy'Gulush'&others)
Patheya(RajkumarTiwari'Sumitra'&others)
ViprakulParishad(RajeshPathak'Pravin'&others)
ItyaadiGroup(SupriyaVinayAmber&Others)
MPArtists'Forum(KamtaSagar&others)
MiPhoSo(MukulYadav&others)
TriveniParishad(DrGayatriTiwari&others)
GunjanKalaSadan(OmkarShrivastava&others)
MitraSangh(AjeetVerma&others)
JabalpurManch(PankajVerma&Others)
OrdnanceFactoryKhamaria'sNatyaKalaSansthan(V.M.Ignatius&others)
Milan
Kalawardhan{Samajik,ShaikshanikandsanskrutikSanstha}Regd.{Dr.BhaskarKhandekarand
others[7]}

Geography
Jabalpurislocatedat2310N7956E.ThecentralpointofIndiaislocatedinJabalpurdistrict.Ithasan
averageelevationof411metres(1,348feet).

Topography
ThetopographyofJabalpurprovidesapicturesquesettingformovies.ThehillsofJabalpur,withvaried
mineralcontentareapopulardestinationforgeologistsandarchaeologists.
Thecityissurroundedbylow,rocky,andbarrenhillocks.ThemainwaterreservoirsofKhandariand
Pariyataretothenortheast.WaterisalsodrawnfromNarmadaRiverbyPublicHealthDept.
Themaincropsarewheat,rice,pulses,oilseeds,andmaize.BargiDamontheriverNarmadaisusedfor
irrigation,watersupplyandpowergeneration.Thetownissurroundedbyseverallakesandwatertanks.
Theareaisrichinlimestone,refractoryclay,bauxite,ironore,manganeseandotherdeposits.Thereare
fewindustriesconnectedwithabovemineralsinthearea.

Climate
Jabalpurhasahumidsubtropical
climate,typicalofNorth
Central(MadhyaPradeshand
SouthernUttarpradesh)India.
SummerstartsinlateMarchandlast
uptoJune.Mayisthehottestmonth
withaveragetemperaturesreaching
uptoandbeyond45C.Theyare
followedbymonsoonseason,which
lastsuntilearlyOctober,withatotal
precipitationofnearly55in
(1386mm).Winterstartsinlate
NovemberandlastuntilearlyMarch.
TheypeakinJanuarywithaverage
dailytemperaturenear15.Jabalpur
getsmoderaterainfallof35inches
(889mm)duringJulySeptember
duetothesouthwestmonsoon.

Jabalpur
Climatechart(explanation)
J

42

39
34
24

28

26

26

31

32

24

23

23

11

16

16

11

29

12

25

19

12

11

19

29

31

16

38

21

169

382

458

188

39

Averagemax.andmin.temperaturesinC
Precipitationtotalsinmm
Source:IMD
(http://www.mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/ClimatologicalAction.do?
function=getStationDetails&actionParam=1&param=2&station=Jabalpur)
Imperialconversion
J

A
102

93
75

82

108

79

79

70

88

90

75

73

73

0.6

0.6

0.2

0.4

6.7

15

Averagemax.andmin.temperaturesinF
Precipitationtotalsininches

84

66
54

77

48

0.5

0.4

0.7

84

88

52

100

61
46

18

7.4

1.5

Month
AveragehighC
(F)

ClimatedataforJabalpur
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
24.5 28.8 34.3 38.7
40.4 36.2 30.3
28.2 30.9 32.4 29.7 25.5 31.66
(76.1) (83.8) (93.7) (101.7) (104.7) (97.2) (86.5) (82.8) (87.6) (90.3) (85.5) (77.9) (88.98)
8.5

11.4

16.2

21.2

24.4

24.1

22.6

21.9

21.1

18.1

13.9

9.6

17.75

0.8

0.8

0.3

0.3

1.8

8.6

15.9

18.3

8.6

3.1

1.4

0.6

60.5

325.5 210.0 105.4

80.6

AveragelowC(F) (47.3) (52.5) (61.2) (70.2) (75.9) (75.4) (72.7) (71.4) (70) (64.6) (57) (49.3) (63.96)
4
3
1
3
11
136
279
360
185
52
21
7
1,062
Precipitationmm
(0.16) (0.12) (0.04) (0.12) (0.43) (5.35) (10.98) (14.17) (7.28) (2.05) (0.83) (0.28) (41.81)
(inches)
Avg.precipitation
days
Meanmonthly
sunshinehours

288.3 274.4 288.3 306.0

180.0 269.7 273.0 282.1 2,883.3

Source:HKO(http://www.hko.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/asia/india/indore_e.htm)

Economy
TheNarmadariverbringinginfreshwaterfromtheVindhyachalRangeshasdevelopedJabalpurdistrict
intoanagrarianeconomy.ThelandoftheNarmadabasinwithitsfertilealluvialsoilgivesgoodyields
ofsorghum,wheat,riceandmilletinthevillagesaroundJabalpur.

IndianOrdnanceFactories
JabalpurhasVehicleFactoryJabalpur,GreyIronFoundry,Gun
CarriageFactoryJabalpurandtheOrdnanceFactoryKhamaria
manufacturingavarietyofproductsfrombullets,howitzers,
rockets,bombs,mortars,grenades,shells,trucks,mineprotected
vehicles,bulletproofvehicles,etc.fortheIndianArmedForces,
theParamilitaryForcesofIndia,theCentralArmedPolice
Forces,StateArmedPoliceForcesandtheSpecialForcesof
India.Theseorganisationsaretheprimaryemployersofthecity
andhavealliedestablishmentssuchastheDirectorateGeneralof
VFJalongwiththeotherIndian
QualityAssurance(DGQA),whichisresponsibleforthe
OrdnanceFactoriesisthemain
inspectionofqualityofequipmentmanufacturedbytheIndian
employerandkeycontributortothe
OrdnanceFactories,CentralOrdnanceDepotwhichstoresand
city'seconomy.
suppliestheequipmentandweaponstotheArmedForces,506
ArmyBaseWorkshopwhichoverhaulsandrepairstheexisting
equipmentoftheArmedForces,DefenceSecurityCorpswhich
hastheoverallresponsibilityofguardingtheIndianOrdnanceFactories.Togethertheseorganisations
aloneemployover100,000peopleandhavethesamenumberofretiredpersonnel.

Defenceestablishments
ApartfromtheIndianOrdnanceFactories,ArmyformationsandestablishmentsliketheHQMadhya
BharatArea,Jammu&KashmirRiflesRegimentalCentre,TheGrenadiersRegimentalCentre,1Signal
TrainingCentre,CollegeofMaterialManagement,CentralOrdnanceDepot,506ArmyBaseWorkshop,
MilitaryHospital,HQChiefEngineerJabalpurZone,MilitaryDairyFarmandHQRecruitingZone.
Besidesthem,civilorganizationsunderMinistryofDefenceareCantonmentBoard,Controllerof
DefenceAccounts,DefenceStandardisationCell,CanteenStoresDepartment.

Agriculture

Importantamongcommercialcropsarepulses,oilseeds,cotton,sugarcaneandmedicinalcrops.The
stateispoisedforabreakthroughinsoybeancultivation.InKharifcropsoccupy60%andRabicrops
40%areawith71.4%areaunderfoodgrainproduction.Nearly59%oflandholdersaremarginal
whereassmallfarmersshare18%offarmland.Lowliteracyrates(35.45%),undulatingtopography,high
percentagesofwasteland(13.2%),underdevelopedirrigationpotential(23%),lowgroundwater
utilisation,largeproportionofrainfedagriculture(75%),practiceofKhariffallows(3.6%),low
croppingintensity(131%),lowfertiliserconsumption(50kg/ha),highproportionoflowvaluecrops,
andhighnumbersofunproductivelivestockconstrainproductioninthestate.
Jabalpurhasavarietyofindustrieslargelybasedinmineralsubstancesofeconomicvaluefoundinthe
district,althoughthereadymadegarmentsindustryisasubstantialportionofproductioninJabalpur.
Intheearly1900s,JabalpurregionbecameamajorcenterofthebeediindustrywhenbrothersMohanlal
andHargovindasPatel,originallyfromGujarat,discoveredthatthetenduleavesareidealformaking
beedis.
JabalpurisanimportantDivisionalHeadquartershaving8districts:Jabalpur,Seoni,Mandla,
Chhindwara,Narsinghpur,Katni,Dindori,Balaghat.TheJabalpurDistricthasbeenreconstitutedon25
May1998.ItnowhasfourtehsilsJabalpur,Sihora,PatanandKundam.Jabalpuralsohasthe
headquartersoftheMadhyaPradeshStateElectricityBoard,HomeguardsandmanyotherStateand
CentralGovernmentOffices.Thereare7blocksinthedistrictwith1449inhabitedvillages,60
uninhabited,1209revenuevillagesand4forestvillages.ThepresenceofseveralindustriesinJabalpur
bolsteredtheindustrialscenarioofthecity.
TheimportantindustriesinJabalpurare:
Garments
ITindustry
EducationandConsultancy
Electricalgoods
Limestoneproducts
Buildingmaterials
Glassware
Telephoneparts
Furniture
Foodstuffs
SteelStructures
CementIndustries
Tobaccoproducts
IndustrialSafetyGoods
MechanicalEngineering

Transportation
Airport

TheJabalpurAirport(JLR),alsoknownasDumnaAirport,isabout20kmfromthecitycentre.Itisof
category6andhasnightlandingfacilityalongwithmodernairterminalandairtaxiparking.Theairport
hasbeenoperatingservicesbyAirIndia,SpiceJet,VenturaAirconnect.Dailyflightsareoperatedfor
NewDelhi,Mumbai,Bhopal,andIndore.AdirectflighttoMumbaiandNewDelhiwaslaunchedby
SpiceJeton7September2012.
JabalpurAirportistheonlyairconnectionformanytouristswho
visitKanhaNationalPark,BandhavgarhNationalPark,Pench
NationalPark,KhajurahoandBhedaghat.
Theairportisspreadoveranareaof310.22acreswhereasan
additional350acreslandisintheprocessofbeingallottedto
AirportAuthorityofIndiaforanexpansionproject.
Airlines

Destinations

SpiceJet

Delhi,Mumbai,Hubli

AirIndia

Delhi

AirportTerminalBuilding

VenturaAirconnect Umaria,Indore,Bhopal,Gwalior,Nagpur

Railways
JabalpurisheadquartersofWestCentralRailways.IthasdirecttrainsforimportantcitieslikeMumbai,
NewDelhi,Chennai,Kolkata,Ahmedabad,Hyderabad,Bangalore,Nagpur,Surat,Pune,Patna,
Ludhiana,Jammu,VascoDaGama,Coimbatore,Bhopal,Indore,Gwalior,Agra,Jaipur,Varanasi,
Jamshedpur,Kanpur,Vadodara,Bhubhaneshwar,Lucknow,Puri,Raipur,etc.WorktoconvertGondia
NainpurJabalpurnarrowgaugetobroadgaugehasbeenstartedunderProjectUnigauge.Thiswill
providenewoptionstoreachareasofsouthernIndia.TherailwaylinefromGondiatoBalaghatis
alreadyconvertedtobroadgauge.
JabalpuristhelaststationofIndianRailwaystrainnumber1theSatpuraExpressnowrenumberedas
TrainNo10001inthenewfivedigitnumberingsystem.ApartfromJabalpurMainStation,Jabalpur
cityhastheMadanMahalStationwhichgenerallycaterstopassengersfromtheinnerpartofthecity
andtheKachhpuragoodsshedwhichisusedfortransportinglargegoodsandironoretoportcities.

Road
JabalpurisconnectedbyroadtoVaranasi,Nagpur,Bhopal,
Jaipur,Raipur,Allahabad,Hyderabad,Bangalore.The
longestnationalhighwayofIndia,NationalHighwayNo.7
runsthroughthecity.TheNationalHighwayNo.12to
Jaipuroriginatesfromthecity.Consistenteffortsaremade
bythegovernmentofMadhyaPradeshandNHAItokeep
roadsingoodcondition.Manyroadsarebeingconverted
intofourlanehighways.
WDP4B40042atJabalpur
ComfortablebusservicesareavailableforcitiesinMadhya
Pradesh,Maharashtra,Chhattisgarh.Ithasdirectbusservice
toIndore,Nagpur,Bhopal,Varanasi,Raipur,Bilaspur,Gondia,Wardha,Durg,Akola,Bhilai,Amravati,

Chandrapur,Allahabad.Forthesecitiesluxury/sleeper/airconditionedbusareavailableatgood
frequencies.BothMPSRTCandprivatebusesprovidemostbusservice.Alltypesofbuseslikeseating,
sleeperandVolvobusserviceareavailableformajorcities.

Bus
AtalJabalpurCityTransportServicesLtd,aPPPschemeoperatesbusesinthecity.Thebuses
designatedasCityBusestodayoperateon20routes,witharound70busstopstations.Thebusesare
colorcodedaccordingtotheirroute.JabalpuriswellconnectedtonumberofcitiessuchasDamoh,
Sagar,Nagpur,Katni,Allahabad,Mandla,etc.

Communicationservices
Jabalpuriscoveredbyalargenetworkofopticalfibrecables.Therearefourfixedtelephoneline
operatorsandeightmobilephonecompanies.

Media
Thereareanumberofprintandbroadcastsourcesintheregion.manynewschannelshavetheirbranches
inthecity.[8]

Newspapers
ManynationalandlocalnewspapersarepublishedfromJabalpurinHindiandEnglish:
Newspaper

Language

NaiDunia

Hindi

Patrika

Hindi

NavaBharat

Hindi

Deshbandhu

Hindi

Haribhoomi

Hindi

Notes

Est.1937

TheTimesofIndia English
HindustanTimes

English

Hindustan

Hindi

TheHitavada

English

Est.1911

BusinessStandard English,Hindi
DainikBhaskar

Hindi

Est.1958

Radio
TheradiochannelsavailableinJabalpurinclude:

StationName

Frequency(MHz) Tagline

RedFM

93.5

Bajaateraho.

MYFM

94.3

JiyoDilse!

RadioMirchi

98.3

ItsHot!

RadioDhamaal 106.4

Dhinchak

Akashvani

102.9

__

GyanVani

105.6

__

AkashvaniJabalpuron801kHzAMviaa200kWtransmitter.

Tourism
SomeoftheattractionsinJabalpur:
HanumantalBadaJainMandir,aJaintemplebuiltinthe17thcentury
MadanMahal,afortbuiltbytheGondkingMadansahiin1116
RaniDurgawatiMuseum,builtin1964tocommemorateRaniDurgavati,themuseumhosts
ancientrelicsandsculpturesaswellasacollectionofitemsrelatedtothelifeofMahatmaGandhi
KachnarCity,famousfora76feet(23m)highLordShivastatuewhichhousesacavernwith
replicasofShivalingamfrom12importantholyshrinesofLordShivaalloverthecountry.[9]
D.B.VallabhDasPalace,AbuildingintheoldcityareaofHanumanTal,whichhasbeenthe
residenceoftheMalpanibankermerchantfamily.
PopulartouristspotsnearJabalpur:
DumnaNatureReservePark
BargiDamReservoir
DhuandharFallsandMarbleRocksinBhedaghat,some05kmfromthecity.
TilwaraGhat,thelocationoftheTilwadeshwartemple,aswellasoneoftheplaceswhere
MahatmaGandhi'sasheswereimmersed.
RaniDurgavatiMemorial
PlacestovisitaroundJabalpur(<200km):
JageshwarNathShivTempleatBandakpurnearDamoh(120km)
KundalpurJainTeerthKshetranearDamoha(133km)
VishnuVarahaTempleatMajholi(42km)
PenchNationalPark(180km)

HanumantalBadaJain
Mandir,Jabalpur,from
acrosstheHanumantal
lake

MadanMahalfort

ShivStatueatKachnar
City,Jabalpur

ShaheedSmarak
Ahistoricandmonumentalcircularbuildinginwhatwasknown
asGoleBazarduringBritishtimesandalsoasWrightTown,
ShaheedSmarakhasfrescoseccobyBeoharRammanoharSinha
andhiscolleaguesfromSantiniketanonthewalls,balcony,
parapetanddome.ThecentralthemeofthefrescoesisIndia's
warofindependence,foughtbetween16thand19thcenturyCE,
startingwithRaniDurgavatigearingupagainstMoghulEmperor
Antiquefrescoesonthewallsof
Akbar'sattackonGarhaMandla(Jabalpur).PaintedbyBeohar
ShaheedSmarak,thisonebyBeohar
RammanoharSinha,itisthefirstunambiguouspaintingever
RammanoharSinhadepictingthe
madeofRaniDurgavati.Theprovincialcongresscommitteein
'QuitIndiaMovement'.
the1950sconstructedanauditoriumintheshapeofa
miniaturisedversionofDelhi'sParliamentHousewithahallin
themiddle,acorridorrunningaroundit,androomsforartandculturalactivitiesincludinganArt
Gallery.ItisnowlookedafterbyaPublicTrust.

TheBeoharHouse
Constructedsoonaftercompletionofthebuildingwhichnow
housestheHighCourtofMadhyaPradesh,thisprivatemanor
hashostedanumberofvisitingluminaries.Historybooksofthe
early18201830srefertothevastestateofthismanorasJamnera
andsubsequentlyBeoharGrove.ItwaslaterconvertedtoCivil
LinesbytheBritish.Whentherailwaylinewaslaid,itbisected
theareaintoNorthandSouth,andthisareabecameCivilLines
(North).ThisentireareaisnowpopularlyreferredtoasBeohar
Bagh,orGardenoftheBeohars,andtheHighCourtofMadhya
Pradeshissituatedthere.

TheBeoharHouse.

RadhaKrishnaTempleComplex
TheseVaishnavandShaivatemplesinJabalpurwereconstructedbytheBeohardynastyinc.1718th
centuryCEandwerethefirsttemplesinIndiatobeopenedtotheDalitsinc.192829byBeohar
RaghuvirSimhawithhisfriendsGhanshyamDasBirlaandJamnalalBajaj.TheRadhaKrishnatemple

housestheidolsofShriRadhaKrisna(givenbyMaharajaChhatrasalofPannatotheancestorsofthe
Beohardynasty,supposedtobereplicasoftheidolsofBhagwanJugalKishoreji),alongsideShriRam
Jankijiandothergodsandgoddesses.

Sports
ThegameofsnookerwasconceivedinJabalpur.Theoriginsof
thegamearegenerallyregardedasbeinginthelatterhalfofthe
19thcentury.Billiardshadbeenapopularactivityamongst
BritisharmyofficersstationedinIndiawhotooktheideafrom
theIndiangamecarrom,andvariationsonthemoretraditional
billiardgamesweredevised.

HistoricRadhaKrisnatemplecomplex
ofBeohardynasty.

Onevariationwastoaddcolouredballsinadditiontothereds
andblackwhichwereusedforpyramidpoolandlifepool.This
gavebirthtosnooker.ItisgenerallyacceptedthataColonelSirNevilleChamberlain(norelationtothe
WorldWarIIprimeminister)conceivedthegameintheBritishArmyOfficer'sMessinJubbulpore,
Indiain1875.[10]
MainplacesforsportsactivitiesinjablapurareWrighttownStadium,RanitalStadium.

Culture
"KhoyekiJalebi",afoodstuffpopularonlyintheMadhyaPradeshregion,issaidtohavebeeninvented
byHarprasadBadkulin1889,whostatedtheshopBadkulHalwaineartheKamaniyagate.[11]Itissaid
thattheearlyexperimentstocreateajalebifromkhoyafailed,untilhegottheideaofaddingtekhurasa
stabiliser.Theadvantageoftekhuristhatitcanbeconsumedbypeoplenoteatinggrainasapartof
fasting.

ShoppingMalls&HypermarketsintheJabalpurCity
/TreasureislandmallNarmadaroad
Mall

Location

SouthAvenueMallandMultiplex NarmadaRoad
SamdariyaMallandMultiplex

CivicCentre

DixitPridemall

NapierTown

BigBazaar

NarmadaRoad

Westside

CivicCentre

MaxFashion

NarmadaRoad

RelianceTrends

CivicCentre

VishalMegaMart

WrightTown

MajorfastfoodrestaurantsintheJabalpurCity

Restaurant

Location

DominosPizza

SouthAvenuemall

DominosPizza

RusselSquare

DominosPizza

VijayNagar

KFC

SouthAvenuemall

PizzaHut

NapierTown

Subway

NapierTown

CafCoffeeDay

SouthAvenueMall

CafCoffeeDay

Sadar

JabalpurCantonment
TheJabalpurCantonmentisoneofthelargestandmostimportantcantonmentsofIndia.[12]

Education
Jabalpuremergedasacenterofhighereducationbytheend
ofthe19thcentury.Institutionsestablishedbylocalcitizens,
suchastheHitkariniSabha[13]foundedin1868,andthe
British,suchastheRobertsonCollegethatbeganasaschool
inSagarin1836andmovedtoJabalpurin1873,[14]helped
initiatethetrends.
JabalpurEngineeringCollegewasthefirsttechnical
institutionofcentralIndiawhichwasestablishedbythe
British.Manydistinguishedscholars,authorsandpoliticians,
suchasRavishankarShukla,OshoRajnish,MaharshiMahesh
Yogi,GajananMadhavMuktibodhhaveemergedfromthe
Hitakariniinstitutions.RobertsonCollege(establishedin
1836)wasanotheroldinstitutioninthecity.Itwaslater
dividedintoGovernmentModelScienceCollegeand
MahakoshalArts&CommerceCollege.

IndianInstituteofInformation
Technology,DesignandManufacturing,
Jabalpur

TheuniversitiesinthecityincludeIIITD&MDeemedUniversity,RaniDurgavatiUniversity,Jawaharlal
NehruAgriculturalUniversity,MadhyaPradeshMedicalUniversity,MaharshiMaheshYogiVedic
VishwavidyalayaandMadhyaPradeshUniversityofVeterinarySciencesetc.
Thecityhasseveralschoolsandcolleges.St.AloysiusSeniorSecondarySchoolistheoldestmissionary
schoolinMadhyaPradesh.

ListofeducationalinstitutionsinJabalpur
Seealso
TropicalForestResearchInstituteJabalpur

Jabalpurdistrict

References
1. ^"HOME:DistrictofMadhyaPradeshJabalpurWelcometotheCityofMarbleRocks"
(http://jabalpur.nic.in/statistics.htm).jabalpur.nic.in.Retrieved27January2015.
2. ^"ProvisionalPopulationTotals,CensusofIndia2011UrbanAgglomerations/Citieshavingpopulation1
lakhandabove"(http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011prov
results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf)(PDF).Officeofthe
RegistrarGeneral&CensusCommissioner,India.p.3.Retrieved26March2012.
3. ^ab"UrbanAgglomerations/Citieshavingpopulation1lakhandabove"
(http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011prov
results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf).Censusindia.The
RegistrarGeneral&CensusCommissioner,India.Retrieved18October2011.
4. ^"Now,IndoretobecomeIndur,BhopalBhojpal"(http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/NowIndoreto
becomeIndurBhopalBhojpal/articleshow/828162.cms).TheTimesofIndia.18December2006.
5. ^"CensusofIndia2001:Datafromthe2001Census,includingcities,villagesandtowns(Provisional)"
(http://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?
stad=A&state5=999).CensusCommissionofIndia.Archivedfromtheoriginal
(http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999)on20040616.Retrieved20081101.
6. ^Enginneer,Dr.AsgharAli."http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/~rtavakol/engineer/muslims.htm"
(http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/~rtavakol/engineer/muslims.htm).
http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/~rtavakol/engineer.RutgersUniversity.Retrieved6March2014.
7. ^Reg.No.04/14/0116234/14
8. ^"JabalpurMedia"(http://www.mapsofindia.com/jabalpur/media/index.html).Mapsofindia.com.Retrieved
1September2010.
9. ^"Jabalpur"(http://www.jabalpurtourismpc.com/Place_Kachnaar_city.aspx).JabalpurTourismPromotion
Council.JabalpurTourismPromotionCouncil.Retrieved19April2014.
10. ^"TheHistoryofSnooker"(http://www.titansports.co.uk/history/snooker.htm).Titansports.co.uk.Retrieved
1September2010.
11. ^SiddhantacharyaPhulachandraShastri,ParwarJainSamajkaItihas,1990,Jabalpur,p.418
12. ^"JabalpurCantonmentBoard"(http://canttboardjabalpur.org.in/).JabalpurCantonmentBoard.Retrieved
7April2014.
13. ^Allen'sIndianmailandregisterofintelligenceforBritishandforeignIndiaPublished1870
14. ^MadhyaPradeshThroughtheAges,editedbyShiriRamBakshi,S.R.BakshiAndO.P.Ralhan,p.20

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