B8 RNP Extension Frequency Hopping Ed01

RNP Extension: B8 Frequency Hopping
Prerequisites: Radio Network Engineering

Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning
All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel
RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping
Overview
Frequency Hopping Basics
Simulation Results
Frequency Planning of Hopping Networks
Frequency Hopping Parameters
Abbreviations
BCCH
TCH
FH
SFH
BBH
RFH
MAI
MAIO
HSN
FN
Broadcast Channel
Traffic Channel
Frequency Hopping
Slow Frequency Hopping
Base Band Hopping
Radio Frequency Hopping
Mobile Allocation Index
Mobile Allocation Index Offset
Hopping Sequence Number
Frame Number
Method of FH notation
FFH - Fast Frequency Hopping
SFH - Slow Frequency Hopping
BBH - Base Band Hopping
RFH - Radio Frequency Hopping (Synthesized Hopping)
FH
FFH
SFH
BBH
RFH
5
FFH
Fast Frequency Hopping changes frequencies faster than the
symbol rate
GMSK modulation; payload on air interface =22 kbit/s
1 symbol is modeled with 3 bits
Symbol rate on air interface around 7ksymbol/s
For FFH, > 7000 hopps per second
SFH
Slow Frequency Hopping is able to change its frequency every
timeslot
Considering one user, occupying every 8th TDMA timeslot, SFH is
leading to 216.6 hopps per second:
One TDMA frame: 4.616 ms -> 1/0.004616s=216.6Hz
The frequency changes every 8 bursts but the system permits a
frequency change at every burst; however there is no benefit for
the MS and for the network
Frequency Hopping used in GSM is specified in GSM 05.02 (ETSI
recommendation)
BCCH and SFH

Frequency Hopping can be applied on each traffic channel and each
signaling channel except the logical BCCH channel!
As the BCCH frequency is used for RXLEV measurements of
neighbour cells, this frequency must be on air all the time without
power reduction
DTX and PC are not allowed on BCCH frequency
FH is not allowed on the BCCH channel (timeslot 0 on BCCH
frequency)
Basics of BBH
Base Band Hopping
FH
FFH
SFH
BBH
RFH
10
Base Band Hopping (1)

The Frame Units create the TDMA
frame structure
The Carrier Units modulate the
FU 1
CU 1
base band signal onto the carrier

frequency
FU 2
CU 2
In BBH the connections between
FU 3
CU 3
FU 4
CU 4
FUs and CUs are changed, not

the carrier frequencies
Nhop
NTRX within one cell

11
Base Band Hopping (2)

As the CUs arent tuning their
transmit frequency, RTCs (Remote

tunable cavity / combiner) can be
used
Less pathloss then with WBCs
(Wide band combiner)
The communications (users) are
hopping over the different CUs
(Carrier Units)
TS 0 of the BCCH TRX is always
transmitting on the BCCH
frequency.
Other timeslots can use other
frequencies unless the BCCH
frequency is transmitted by any
other TRX at the same time
TRX 1 BCCH
TRX 2
TRX 3
TRX 4
12
Basics of RFH
13
Radio Frequency Hopping
FH
FFH
SFH
BBH
RFH
14
Radio Frequency Hopping (1)

In RFH, each Frame Unit is connected to one Carrier
Unit
Hopping is performed by changing the carrier frequency
within the carrier unit by using a synthesizer (synthesizer
hopping)
A drawback of the synthesizer hopping configuration is
that the BTS cannot be equipped with remote tunable
combiners (RTC), since the tunable filters cannot
change their frequency on a timeslot basis. Therefore a
wideband combiner (WBC) has to be used for the
connection between transmitter and antenna,
WBC: 5.05 dB insertion loss = 1.6 dB duplexer loss
+3.45 combiner loss
RTC: 3.2 dB insertion loss (for max. 4 TRX
combination)
=> 1.85 dB increased downlink path loss for the
WBC configuration
FU 1
CU 1
FU 2
CU 2
FU 3
CU 3
FU 4
CU 4
15
Radio Frequency Hopping (2)

As the communication
(user) is not hopping
between the CUs, but the
CU frequency itself is
hopping, there is no limit
for the number of
frequencies used for
hopping except the
software release!
TRX 1
BCCH
TRX 2
TRX 3
TRX 4
Nhop NTRX possible and mostly used

the BCCH will be on air all the time (needed for MS measurements) and
doesnt perform hopping at all
16
Hopping modes (1)

Cyclic hopping:
HSN = 0
All BTS use a unique periodical hopping scheme
Random hopping:
HSN = 1...63
63 possible pseudo random hopping schemes to guarantee
uncorrelated hopping
HSN = Hopping Sequence Number
17
Hopping modes (2)

Cyclic hopping
F1
F2
F3
F4
Random hopping
F1
F2
F3
F4
18
Comparison between Non Hopping and Hopping

Networks
19
Results from Field Trial in Jakarta

(Implementing BBH)
Improved FER:
0.6%
Reduced Call Drop Rate:
2.4%
Reduced Call Establishment Failure:
5.5%
1.4%
3.2%
6.5%
BUT
Increased HO rate:
10%
...15%
Increased HO rate based on quality:
Can be reduced by adjusting HO quality thresholds
20%
20
Results from Field Trial in South Africa

(Implementing RFH)
Improved CSSR from
93.64%
Improved CDR from
to
98.51%
to
1.32%
6%
to
25%
25%
to
7%
1.72%
BUT
Increased HO Rate due to

quality from
During Optimization of HOs

due to quality, the HO rate due
to quality decrease again from
Implemented was 1x3 reuse with 37.5% RF load

Capacity increase in Bloemfontain was about 100%!!!
21
Results from Telefonica Field Trial in Spain

(RFH)
21 cells, 19 with 2 TRX-es and 2 with one TRX, 18 frequencies available for
traffic carriers
Reuse
CDR
HO Rate
RXQual
1*3 (4 frequencies)
2.7
4000
Increased with 10 %
1*3 (6 frequencies)
2
3900
Increased with 20 %
2*6 (3 frequencies)
2.2
3700
Increased with 35 %
No Hopping
2.5
3000
-
Dropped call reduction

Increase of the received mean level
Possibility of using tighter schemes (like 1/3) providing higher capacity
compared with non-hopping network
No degradation of audio quality
Conclusions useful for radio planning:
The number of hopping frequencies must be 4 of larger.
Hopping frequencies must be separated as much as possible.
22
Results from Field Trial in Egypt - Ismailia (RFH)

10 sites, 21 cells with 2 TRX-es and 9 cells with 3 TRX-es
1 * 1 w i th
N e tw o r k
Ev o lu tio n
D L Q u a lity
H O
CD R
Q V o i ce
Q u a lity
(g o o d )
Pa r a m e te r s
Se tti n g s
O f f se t_ H o p
p in g _ H O
L _ RXQ u a l
(PC
m in im u m
th r e sh o l d )
N o H o p p in g
1 *3
1 * 3 w i th Pa r a m e te r
Se tti n g s
O f f se t_ H o p p i n g _ H O
L _ RXQ u a l (PC
m i n i m u m th r e sh o l d )
15000
27000
19000
18000
13000
10000
1 .3
1 .2
0 .8
0 .7
0 .7
9 1 .2 %
94 %
94 %
9 2 .6 %
9 2 .7 %
9 3 .2 %
1 *1
1 * 1 w i th
D L PC +
D L D TX
+ EF R
Effect of the RF Load can be noticed on the quality HO between

Reuse 3 and Reuse 1
Applying DL PC and DTX together can enhance RFH performance
23
Frequency Hopping Simulation Results
24
Why Frequency Hopping?

There are two advantages when using Frequency Hopping
Frequency Diversity
z Cyclic and random hopping take benefit
z Improves the effectiveness of the GSM error correction algorithm by
taking advantage from interleaving
z improve the effect of fading
Interferer Diversity
z Only random hopping takes full benefit!
z Averages the interference on the hopping carriers, thus highly
interfered cells (before hopping) gain significantly
25
Fading effects
26
Fading
Caused by delay spread of original signal
Multi path propagation
Time-dependent variations in heterogeneity of environment
Movement of receiver
Short-term fading, fast fading
This fading is characterised by phase summation and
cancellation of signal components, which travel on multiple
paths. The variation is in the order of the considered
wavelength.
Their statistical behaviour is described by the Rayleigh
distribution (for non-LOS signals) and the Rice distribution (for
LOS signals), respectively.
In GSM, it is already considered by the sensitivity values, which
take the error correction capability into account.
27
Fading
Mid-term fading, lognormal fading
Mid-term field strength variations caused by objects in the size
of 10...100m (cars, trees, buildings). These variations are
lognormal distributed.
Long-term fading, slow fading
Long-term variations caused by large objects like large
buildings, forests, hills, earth curvature (> 100m). Like the midterm field strength variations, these variations are lognormal
distributed
Fading Effect consists in quality degradation
28
Frequency Diversity
29
Frequency Diversity (1)

Especially Slow
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
fading notches
49.9
47.3
44.7
42.1
39.4
36.8
34.2
31.6
29.0
26.3
23.7
21.1
18.5
15.9
13.2
10.6
8.0
5.4
-70
0.1
short breakdown
of the received
power due to
environmental
conditions
Raleygh fading
-10
2.8
Fading means a
Lognormal fading
Received Power [dBm]
Moving Mobiles
suffer from fading
(fading time can
be long)
Distance [m]
30
Frequency Diversity (2)

Hopping over several frequencies, does not reduce the number of
frames being destroyed by fading notches, but reduces the time of
being in a fading notch!
Hopping over
f1
f1,f2,f3,f4
no fading notch
fading notch
f2
f3
With FH the probability to get into a fading

notch is higher, but the average duration of a
notch is shorter!
f4
Note: The example is based on the assumption of cylic hopping

31
Frequency Diversity (3) - Interleaving and its

benefit
260 bit Data with redundancy for error correction
456 bit
456 bit
Interleaving depth: 8
Creating burst structure
TDMA Time
Slot:
used frequency:
...
f1
f2
3
f3
f4
TIME
Note: Only f1 suffers from
fading in this example
3
f1
3
f3
f4
Burst (partly) destroyed by

fading, but only 12.5% of 456
bit affected -> high chance for
successful error correction!
32
Frequency Diversity (4) - Interleaving and its

benefit
GSM collects 20 ms of speech data before packing it into the 260
bits (456 bits include 260 data bits plus redundancy)

Without hopping, several consecutive bursts (456 bits) would be
affected by fading
This would affect most of the 8 sub-blocks of the 456 bit, leading to
low chance of successful error correction.
With hopping, in the regular case less consecutive blocks are
affected, leading to a good chance of error correction
As RXQUAL does not take interleaving into account, but the BER
before de-interleaving, the FH benefit is not visible in RXQUAL!
RXQUAL is even worse, as the BER during good quality time is
higher.
33
Interference Diversity
34
Interferer Diversity (1)

Interferer Diversity means the averaging of the interference
within the frequency group
Each frequency within a frequency group suffers from
more or less interference
The overall interference to one communication is therefore
the average of the single frequency interferences of the
frequency group
Note: The overall interference within the network does not
change, but the standard deviation is reduced
35

Reducing the network wide C/I standard deviation by FH
C/I
C/I
without SFH
<C/I>
C/IThr
One MS call which
changes the frequency
several times within the
frequency group (e.g. 8
times)
with SFH
<C/I>
C/IThr
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8
Uncorrelated hopping is assumed in the example Random Hopping (HSN 1..63)!

36

If the average C/I in the network is below the required C/Ithr, the quality
gets worse when using frequency hopping
C/I
C/I
without SFH
C/IThr
C/IThr
<C/I>
One MS call which

changes the frequency
several times within the
frequency group (e.g. 8
times)
with SFH
<C/I>
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8
Uncorrelated hopping is assumed in the example Random Hopping (HSN 1..63)!

37

If the standard deviation is quite high some mobiles suffer
from a C/I smaller then the required C/Ithr
When using FH, the C/I values are average values from the
correspondent frequency hopping group
Due to this averaging, the C/I standard deviation gets smaller
Now also the bad calls have acceptable conditions
38
Summary of frequency and interference

diversity
No
H o p p ing
F1
P
I2
I1
F2
F1
C1
F2
MS2
BS1
I1
I2
MS1
Freq uency
H o p p ing
F req u en cy
D iversity
F1
F2
F 1,F 2,F 3
In terferen ce
D iversity
F 2,F 3,F 1
B S1
M S2
M S1
39
BBH
Advantages
The timeslots 1 to 7 of the BCCH frequency are allowed to
perform frequency hopping
Combination of intelligent frequency planning with the
benefit of frequency hopping
Disadvantages
Frequency hopping performs best with at least 4 hopping
frequencies Cells must have at least 4 TRXs!
40
RFH
Advantages
Hopping over more frequencies than installed TRXs
possible
z NHOP NTRX
More benefit from Interferer Diversity

z The more frequencies are used, the higher the averaging effect
Disadvantages
No hopping at all on the BCCH TRX!
41
Comparison BBH vs. RFH (1)

BBH is better than RFH
Interference point of view

z BBH intelligence integrated in the frequency plan
z RFH not (so much) intelligence in the frequency plan (especially in 1*1). The
drawback is the increased level of interference (cf. A955 simulations)
Strategy for operator for hopping mode selection:

prefer BBH instead of RFH
if the available BW is sufficient migrate from BBH to RFH only
when the point comes to deploy a new TRX in the BBH network
without any violations
42

Comparison of hopping schemes 1 x 3, 1 x 1 and BBH
(Network Design point of view)
R e u se
sch e m e
1 x 3
1 x 1
B e n e fits
D r a w b a ck s
A llo w a r e - u se o f th e
h o p p i n g f r e q u e n ci e s ( f o r t h e
m i cr o ce l l s) .
Ea se th e tr a n sitio n
b e tw e e n h o p p in g a r e a a n d
n o n - h o p p in g a r e a .
F r o m in te r fe r e n ce
r e d u ct io n p .o . v ., t h e
r e q u ir e m e n t to h a v e sa m e
a n t e n n a h e i g h t a n d a ca r e f u l
tilt tu n in g is e v e n h ig h e r a s fo r
1 x3 , w h e r e a s th e r e is n o
r e q u ir e m e n t fo r sa m e a z im u th
BBH
M i n i m u m i n t e r f e r e n ce +
b e n e fits o f in te r fe r e r a n d
f r e q u e n cy d i v e r si t y
F e w e r co n st r a i n t s o n t h e
n e tw o r k d e sig n : a n te n n a
h e ig h t+ a z im u th , tilt tu n in g
a r e n o t cr i t i ca l f a ct o r s
a n ym o re
Fr o m in te r fe r e n ce
r e d u cti o n p .o . v . N e e d a g o o d
d e sig n o f th e n e tw o r k (sa m e
h e ig h t o f th e site s, r e g u la r
a z im u th o f th e a n te n n a s, fla t
a r e a , ca r e f u l t i l t t u n i n g ) t o b e
f u l l y e f f i ci e n t .
Re q u ir e h o p p in g o n a
n u m b e r o f f r e q u e n ci e s
m u ltip le o f 3 .
G o o d ce l l p l a n n i n g
r e q u i r e d , l i t t l e co v e r a g e
o v e r la p a llo w e d .
N o r e - u tiliz a tio n o f th e
h o p p i n g f r e q u e n ci e s
p o ssib le (fo r e x a m p le fo r
m i cr o ce l l s) .
M o r e d if f icu lt t r a n si t io n
b e tw e e n h o p p in g a r e a a n d
n o n - h o p p in g a r e a .
H i g h e r e f f o r t f o r f r e q u e n cy
p la n n in g
43
FH field trial
Field trial performed in TMN Network in Portugal 2003
The result is a comparison between RFH 1x1, BBH and RFH 1x3
TMN Network configuration
Hardware
z 19 BSCs with 1400 cells
z dual band network
z azimuths with regular patterns
Frequency policy
z GSM 900: 21 freq. for BCCH; 18 freq. TCH with RFH 1x1
z DCS 1800: 14 freq. for BCCH; 16 freq. TCH with RFH 1x1
44
FH field trial - reasons for FH modifications

Network had a high RFLoad - due to high number of TRX per cell
(urban areas)
Band
GSM900
DCS1800
% cells with more TRX than recommended

45% of cells have more TRX than recommended (for RFLoad < 12%)
85% of cells have more TRX than recommended (for RFLoad < 12%)
RxQual in hopping TRX was worse than RxQual in BCCH (from

drive tests)
BCCH/ Hop
BCCH (RxQual > 4)
Hopping (RxQual > 5)
% ba d RxQua l
10.4%
13.0%
45
FH field trial - 1x1 vs 1x3

Motivation for 1x3: network has a regular pattern
I n d ica to r
1 x1
QoS Results
Better cell H O
9 0 ,0 0 0
47%
4 7 ,5 0 0
24%
50000
27%
Q ua lity H O
Level H O
Drive tests results

Conclusion:
1 x3
9 0 ,0 0 0
47%
4 4 ,0 0 0
23%
5 3 ,0 0 0
28%
Ba d RxQua l - before
Ba d RxQua l - a fter
16.7%
15.2%
z reduction of Quality HO
z increase of Level HO
z no significant modification for other QoS indicators or in QVoice
measurements
46
FH field trial - BBH

Motivation:
TCH TRX using 1x1 have RxQual worse than BCCH
z more frequencies for BCCH
Using the BCCH band reduces the network RFLoad

Call Drops on the BCCH frequencies, due to interference can be
reduced by hopping
BBH combines the benefits of
intelligent frequency planning
frequency hopping
BBH was applied only for one BSC
47
FH field trial - BBH Results

QoS results
QoS indicators
SDCCH drop
RTCH assign fail
1.2%
0.6%
Baseband
hopping
0.8%
0.4%
Call-drop
Handover
success rate
HO causes
1.1%
96.2%
0.9%
96.4%
Better-cell: 43%
Qual HO: 34%
Level HO: 19%
54%
Better-cell: 41%
Qual HO: 32%
Level HO: 22%
61%
0.64
0.58
Interference
bands
(% in band 900)
HO/call
Drive tests
results
Hopping
VQ good
VQ sufficient
VQ bad
1x1
1x1
88.9%
6.7%
4.4%
Obs
Significant improvement
Significant improvement,
showing clearly a reduction of
interference
Significant improvement
Improvement more visible in
some other BSCs
Reduction of Qual HO with BBH
Improvement is visible with BBH
Reduction with BBH even more

visible in other BSCs: shows
improvement in Voice Quality
Baseband
Hopping
90.8%
6.8%
2.6%
48
FH field trial - BBH Conclusion

Clear reduction of network interference: real reduction of
SDDCH drop
RTCH assign fail
Call Drop
Reduction of HO/call
QVoice measurements showed improvement
Due to good results, BBH was generalized for entire network (19
BSCs):
z
z
z
z
z
SDCCH drop:
1.1% -> 0.8%
RTCH assign fail: 0.5% -> 0.3%
Call-drop:
1.2% -> 1.0%
HO Success Rate 96.8% -> 97.5%
Call Success Rate: 97.2% -> 97.9%
49
Hard Blocking / Soft Blocking
50
Hard blocking
Hard blocking is determined by the amount of available
channels
This type of blocking occurs in conventional traffic systems,
with a low interference probability
The blocking is defined by the blocking probability, e.g.
Pblock=2%
With hard blocking, mobiles will not get access to the network,
since all channels are in use (100% traffic load)
51
Soft blocking
Soft blocking occurs due to high interference or due to an
unacceptable call drop rate
This type of blocking occurs in a network design with a low reuse

cluster size, resulting in a high level of interference
The soft blocking limit can be defined by the traffic load, at which the
quality in the network becomes unacceptable e.g. when 10% of the
mobiles will suffer from a C/I < C/IThr or when the call drop rate
reaches 5%
With increasing traffic load, the capacity will be limited due to soft
blocking before the hard blocking limit is reached (traffic load
<100%).
The maximum capacity in a system is defined as the limit, where either the
hard blocking or the soft blocking limit is reached
52
Usage of Power Control and DTX

DTX and PC (used only by TCH carriers) reduce interference
Capacity increase possible with remaing QoS figures
In non hopping systems,
z "bad" communications take much advantage from PC and DTX
z "good" communications do not see any improvement
In hopping systems, due to interferer diversity, all

communications will experience an improvement
Hopping networks with ARCS < 9 are limited by softblocking
Any interference reducing feature is more effective in such a
system
PC and DTX in UL and DL are recommended especially for hopping
networks!
DTX Discontinuous Transmission
PC Power Control
53
Simulation Results
54
FH Performance Simulation - Description

The next slides present the results of a hopping performance
investigation done with the Alcatel Radio Network Planning Tool
A9155
Two different approaches are used to determine the softblocking

limit:
Softblocking defined by the traffic load at which 10 % of the
mobiles suffer from an C/I < C/Ithr
Softblocking defined by the traffic load at which the call drop
rate reaches 5 %
55
C/I Simulation (1)

Considering softblocking based on C/I
? What is the achievable capacity when 10% of all MS suffer
from a C/I < C/Ithr?
Parameters: BW=36, (hard)blocking=2%, 8 TCH per TRX
Considering DTX, PC, HO, GSM signal processing:
Configuration
Capacity (Erl/Site)
Gain comp. to <4x3>
<1x3>
86.4
+74%
<3x3>
71.1
+42%
<4x3>
49.8
+0%
BUT: Call drop rate for the <1x3> design rises up to 16%!
56
C/I Simulation (2)

ARCS >= 12:
Hard blocking
related
ARCS < 9:
Soft blocking
related
Soft Block/No Hopping

Soft Block/Hopping
250
Erlang per 3 sector site
ARCS = 9:
Hardblo
cking =
Softblocking
Hard Block.
200
150
E: 86.4Erl=+74%
16% Call drop
100
B: 71.1Erl=+42%
50
A: 49.8Erl
C: 45Erl
D: 20Erl
0
3
12
ARCS
57
C/I Simulation (3)

Nonhopping:
The hardblocking limit would be reached at ARCS of 12
(traffic load=100%)
Hopping:
The hardblocking limit still can be reached at a ARCS of 9,
meaning that the C/I or the call drop rate is still below the
threshold (traffic load=100%)
If the ARCS is 3 and the traffic load has reached 30% of the
theoretical available hardware capacity, we can see, that the
softblocking limit with a "too" bad quality can be reached
The increased call drop rate is also based on the fact, that
the used PC and HO algorithm were very simple
HO is based on distance only, thus with an according quality
based emergency HO the call drop rate can further be
reduced.
58
C/I Simulation (4)

The simulation does not take into account real
topography,morphology etc.
4*3 and 3*3: capacity can be calculated manually, soft block not
reached
49.8 Erl/3 sector site = 16.63 Erl/sector *3 sectors/site
16.63 Erl : from Erl table with 24 (3*8) channels and GOS=2%
1*3 case: capacity can not be calculated manually, soft blocking is
reached (hardblocking would lead to 3*84.1=252 Erl per site for 12
(TRX) *8 slots = 96 channels per sector at 2%block)
But due to the soft block (interference), the real capacity is lower
Simplification: No signalling considered

59
C/I Simulation (5)

Bandwidth=constant in the example
Idea of fractional loading:
Since at a ARCS of 3 the softblocking limit is reached and
only 30% of a <1x3> HW will be used, it is certainly not
cost effective to install all the HW if 70% of the hardware
is unused. Thus the amount of TRX is lower then the
amount of hopping frequencies
Fractional reuse (ARCS, FARCS) only possible with RFH
Summary: Optimum in terms of capacity could be achieved
with an ARCS of 1x3
60
Call drop Simulation (1)

Considering Softblocking based on Call Drop Rate of 5% or
hardblocking limit is reached
What is the capacity when 5% of all calls will drop?
More suitable definition of softblocking for an operator
compared to the "C/I" criteria
Same simulation conditions as in previous example
Best results are achieved with the <3x3> reuse scheme
But: no quality based handover considered in simulation

Reduced call drop rate in reality can be expected
61
Call drop Simulation (2)

Best solution when taking
80
70
Erlang per site
into account the call drop

rate as the softblocking limit
is achieved with ARCS of 9.
The hardblocking limit still
could be reached: Capacity
increase here: 42%, but
when taking into account
the BCCH with an ARCS of
12, only 30% can be
achieved.
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
<1x1>
<1x3>
<3x3>
Configuration
<4x3>
Max. Capacity with softblocking based on call drop rate of 5%
62
Conclusion on Simulations
System simulations show:
"C/I" simulation: best result with the <1x3> scheme, but with
an increased amount of call drops
"Call drop" simulation: <3x3> reuse scheme is the optimum
Therefore for a first introduction, NTRX=NHop should be used,

aiming at an ARCS of 9 for the TCH
30% capacity increase, taking into account a BCCH with
ARCS of 12 in a typical scenario
Further reduction of the ARCS has to be evaluated in a second

step with NTRX<Nhop, while monitoring the call drop rate and
interference (softblocking starts)
63
Frequency Planning in Hopping Networks
64
Frequency Planning in Hopping Networks
Introduction
65
A9155 FH planning strategy
AFP - Automatic Frequency Planning

Several frequencies can be assigned to one carrier
1*1 and 1*3 fractional reuse supported
HSN and MAIO allocation done automatically
Absolute calculated interference value is taken into account during
frequency assignment
Aim: Minimize the cost! The cost includes violation of channel
separation, interference etc.
66
Required number of Frequencies

Investigations show, that most benefit is taken from FH when
required C/ I (dB)
hopping over at least 4 frequencies!

15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
TU3
TU50
TU3
TU50
1
10
11
12
number of frequencies in hopping sequence
For slow moving mobiles, the benefit of FH is much bigger!

Remark:
TU3
TU50
= Typical Urban Environment with an average mobile speed of 3 km/h

= Typical Urban Environment with an average mobile speed of 50 km/h
67
Fractional Reuse
68
Reuse Cluster Size Definition for FH

The classical definition of the Reuse Cluster Size is:
ARCS =
Bandwidth
Average amount of TRX per cell
The definition of the Reuse Cluster Size for RFH conditions is:
Bandwidth
FARCS =
Average amount of Frequencies per cell
FARCS = Fractional Average Reuse Cluster Size
69
Examples for ARCS

ARCS
A1
27 frequencies for TCH TRXs

3 TCH TRXs in average per cell
A3
B1
B2
A1
A2
A2
A3
C3
A3
C2
C1
A1
B2
B3
B3
B
27
=
=9
ARCS =
# TRX / cell 3
B1
A2
B1
B2
B3
Example: Group planning with 9

frequency groups, 3
frequencies each
70
Examples of FARCS (1)

FARCS
3 hopping groups with 9
frequencies each
1 hopping group per cell
A
C
A
B
C
B
C
B
C
C
A
B
27
=
=3
FARCS =
# f / cell 9
B
C
Example:
3 frequency groups, 9 frequencies
each
REUSE 1*3
71
Examples of FARCS (2)

FARCS
1 hopping group with 27
frequencies
same hopping group on each
cell
A
A
A
B
27
=
=1
# f / cell 27
A
A
A
A
FARCS =
A
A
Example:
1 frequency group including all
27 frequencies
REUSE 1*1
72
Creating Hopping Groups
73
The GSM Hopping Sequence Generator

External Parameters which can be modified by operator
MA
Mobile Allocation
MAI
Mobile Allocation Index
MAIO
Mobile Allocation Index Offset
FHS
Frequency Hopping Sequence
HSN
Hopping Sequence Number
Internal Parameters which cannot be modified
T1, T1R, T2, T3 GSM internal timers
FN
Frame Number
74
MA - Mobile Allocation
The MA is the look up table that is
giving the relation between the
different MAI numbers and the
corresponding ARFCN.
Range:
The look up table has N lines.
N is the number of
frequencies used in the
hopping sequence (hopping
group)
MA
MAI
ARFCN
12
...
...
75
Selection of hopping channels acc. to MA

Overall speech quality improved in relation with frequency
management
During the channel assignment procedure, the BSC will take into
account the MA of the channels before allocating the resource
The MA gives the number of frequencies over which the target
channel hops: the bigger it is, the better the quality can be expected
Hence, the BSC will select preferably the channels with the biggest
MA
76
MAI - Mobile Allocation Index

The MAI is an index number, which allows to determine the correct
line in the MA look up table to find the corresponding ARFCN.
Range: 0 .. N-1
Note: N is the number of frequencies used in the hopping sequence.
77
MAIO - Mobile Allocation Index Offset

The MAIO is selectable for each timeslot and each TRX separately
The MAIO is constant on the TRX but it changes between the FU
Due to the fact, that normally for each timeslot within one TRX the
same FHS is used, there is no need to change the MAIO from
timeslot to timeslot. Therefore the MAIO is constant on the TRX.
It is a number that is added to the calculated MAI to avoid intra-site
collisions due to co or adjacent channel usage.
Range: 0 .. N-1 (max. 63)
78
MAIO - BBH Example (1)
FU 1
fhs_id,
FU 2
fhs_id,
FU 3
fhs_id,
FU 4
fhs_id,
maio
maio
maio
maio
TS 0
BCCH
freq
TCH
2, 0
TCH
2, 1
TCH
2, 2
TS 1
TCH
1, 0
SD/ 8
1, 1
TCH
1, 2
TCH
1, 3
TS 2
TCH
1, 0
TCH
1, 1
TCH
1, 2
TCH
1, 3
TS 3
TCH
1, 0
TCH
1, 1
TCH
1, 2
TCH
1, 3
TS 4
TCH
1, 0
TCH
1, 1
TCH
1, 2
TCH
1, 3
TS 4
TCH
1, 0
TCH
1, 1
TCH
1, 2
TCH
1, 3
TS 5
TCH
1, 0
TCH
1, 1
TCH
1, 2
TCH
1, 3
TS 6
TCH
1, 0
TCH
1, 1
TCH
1, 2
TCH
1, 3
TS 7
TCH
1, 0
TCH
1, 1
TCH
1, 2
TCH
1, 3
79
MAIO - Example (2)

E.g. a TRX has the MAIO 2
Frequencies used on this TRX: f1, f2, f3 ,f4
The frequency hopping generator creates the MAI sequence
3,0,1,2,1,1,3,0,2,
The hopping sequence will be:
f2, f3, f4,f1,f4,f4,f2,f3,f1,...
MA
E.g. MAI = 1 calculated
MAI
ARFCN
F1
F2
F3
F4
F4 is used
MAIO=2
80
FHS - Frequency Hopping Sequence

The FHS is the set of frequencies (max. 63) to be used in the
hopping sequence (frequency hopping group). It is given by the
operator and can be different for each timeslot and each TRX of
each cell
FU 1
fhs_id,
FU 2
fhs_id,
FU 3
fhs_id,
FU 4
fhs_id,
maio
maio
maio
maio
TS 0
bc/ sd4
or
bcch
freq
TCH
2, 0
TCH
2, 1
TCH
2, 2
TS 1
TCH
TS 2
TCH
TS 3
TCH
TS 4
TCH
TS 4
TCH
TS 5
TCH
TS 6
TCH
TS 7
TCH
1, 0
SD/ 8
1, 1
TCH
1, 2
TCH
1, 3
1, 0
TCH
1, 1
TCH
1, 2
TCH
1, 3
1, 0
TCH
1, 1
TCH
1, 2
TCH
1, 3
1, 0
TCH
1, 1
TCH
1, 2
TCH
1, 3
1, 0
TCH
1, 1
TCH
1, 2
TCH
1, 3
1, 0
TCH
1, 1
TCH
1, 2
TCH
1, 3
1, 0
TCH
1, 1
TCH
1, 2
TCH
1, 3
1, 0
TCH
1, 1
TCH
1, 2
TCH
1, 3
FHS_ID = 1: all associated frequencies of the BTS are used

FHS_ID = 2: all associated frequencies of the BTS except BCCH frequency are used
(BCCH in TS 0 have to
stay
onits
81
All rights
reserved
2004,fixed
Alcatel frequency)
Extended Frequency Hopping Sequence

Since release B5.1, FHS can be extended up to 63 frequencies
SDCCH and TCH (Traffic channels) can hop on up to 63 frequencies
in a cell
As the GSM standard does not allow CBCH (Common Broadcast
Channel used for SMS-CB) to hop on such a high number of
frequencies, the operator can configure the frequency hopping
system in two different ways, depending on his decision to make the
CBCH hop or not
82
SMS-CB with/without hopping CBCH

Hopping CBCH
All FHS (Frequency Hopping Sequence) of the different
channels (CBCH, SDCCH, TCH) have an upper limit of 16
frequencies (for both bands)
Non-hopping CBCH (or if there is no SMS-CB)
in GSM 900: SDCCH and TCH can hop on up to 63 frequencies.
In GSM 1800, the GSM standard limits the number of
frequencies which can be used for SDCCH channels to an
upper limit which depends on the span in the cell. The span
represents the shift between the higher frequency used in the
cell and the lower frequency
83
Non hopping SMS-CB with hopping TCHs

The maximum number of frequencies in the hopping sequence for
GSM 1800 cells is defined in the table below
Span in the cell
Max number of frequencies in the FHS
up to 22.5 MHz
63
from 22.5 up to 25.5 MHz
28
from 25.5 up 51 MHz
21
from 51 up 75 MHz
17
84
HSN - Hopping Sequence Number

The HSN is one of 4 input parameters to the GSM hopping
sequence generator algorithm (see GSM Rec: 05.02).
Range: 0 .. 63
HSN = 0 means cyclic hopping!
The values 1 to 63 are so called Pseudo Random Hopping
Sequence Numbers. Their usage forces the hopping sequence
generator algorithm to determine MAIs randomly. Due to the fact,
that only the GSM internal timers T1R, T2 and T3 are additional
input to this algorithm, their period is also the period of the hopping
sequence
85
T1, T1R, T2, T3 - GSM internal timers

Ranges of the timers:
T1: 0 .. 2047
T1R: 0 .. 63(T1R = T1 modulo 64)
T2: 0 .. 25
T3: 0 .. 50
T2 and T3 are triggered every 8 timeslots (1 TDMA Frame). When
both timers switch back to 0, T1 (and T1R) is triggered (that is every
26*51= 1326 TDMA Frames).
In the GSM hopping sequence algorithm the timers T1R, T2 and T3
are used. This is leading to a period of 64*26*51-1 = 84863 for the
MAI sequence (hopping sequence)
86
FN - Frame Number
It is incremented after every TDMA frame (8 timeslots)
At each FN increment, timers T1, T1R, T2, T3 are impacted,
however only T1R, T2, T3 determine the periodicity of the MAI
sequence (hopping sequence)
FN periodicity is 26*51*2048-1 = 2 715 647 TDMA frames

Each frame has a duration of apporx. 4.62 ms
The absolute time from FN 0 to next time FN 0 is accordingly:
2 715 647 * (8*577 s) = 3h 28min 53 s
Note: Duration of one TS 577 s
87
Hopping Sequence Generation - Diagram

With the before shown parameters,
the used absolute frequency can
be determined
MA
MAIO
HSN
T1
T2
T3
Algorithm specified in
GSM Rec. 05.02
Press for
demonstration
ARFCN = MA(MAI)
88
The Period of the Hopping Sequence

Timer T1R is only increased, when T2 and T3 switch back to zero at
the same time (every 1326 TDMA frames)!
The total period of the 3 timers T1R, T2, T3 (=duration of FHS):
64*26*51-1 = 84863 TDMA frames 6min 32sec
This means, that even if we select the same HSN on two different
(not synchronised I.e no common master clock) sites, they have a
probability of
1/84863 = 1.18*10-6
to use the same frame number.
If they have different frame numbers, the order of the used hopping
frequencies is uncorrelated
89
New understanding of reuse

A reuse of A X B means, that A sites belong to the same reuse
cluster and B frequency groups are used on this site.
A
A
Re-use 1x3
Re-use 1x1
90
Co-cell / co-site constraints max RF load

Co-cell constraint 2 channels spacing (ETSI recommends 3, but
with Alcatel EVOLIUM capabilities this value can be set to 2)
Co-site constraint 2 channels spacing
As on the same site the minimum distance between two frequencies

is 2, only every second frequency of a band of consecutive
frequencies can be used
This is leading to a effective usage of the spectrum resources of

maximum 50%
These 50% are the so called maximum RF load on the site
91
Max RF Load
The max RF load within a cell can be calculated according the
following formula:
# TRX / Cell
max RF load =
# Frequencies / Cell
This maximum RF load is only achieved, if all TRXs within the cell
are fully loaded!
If the TRXs are only fractional loaded, the effective RF load is much
lower!
92
Max RF Load - Examples

3 sector site, 12 hopping frequencies, 2 hopping TRX per sector
1*1 reuse:
max . RF load =
2
= 16.7%
12
1*3 reuse:
2
max . RF load = = 50%
4
These values (16.7% and 50%) are the theoretical maximum
achivable RF loads for the two cases.
This is due to the fact, that a consecutive frequency band is
assumed and thus due to inter cell constraint of 2 channels
spacing only every second frequency can be used at the same
time
93
Real RF Load
The real RF load within a cell can be calculated according the
following formula:
real RF load =
# Active timeslots / Cell

( # Frequencies / Cell ) * 8
Only active timeslots contributes to the RF Load

Average number of active timeslots are given by the traffic capacity,
in Erlang
RF Load can be reduced due to the features BCCH TRX Marking
(since B5.2) or TRX Prioritized Preference Quality Control (since
B6.2)
94
Real RF Load - Examples

3 sector site, 12 hopping frequencies, 2 hopping TRX per sector
BCCH TRX Marking is used, therefore BCCH carrier is preffered to
be filled by traffic
3 TRX -> 14.896 Erlang, 2% blocking probability
14.896 timeslots active during the busy hour. The remaining 7.104
timeslots guarantee a blocking probability of 2%
The average timeslots active on hopping carrier is then
14.896 timeslots - 6 timeslots on first carrier = 8.896 active timeslots 1*1
reuse:
1*1 reuse:
1*3 reuse
real RF load =
8.896
= 9.26 %
8*12
real RF load =
8.896
= 27.8%
8*4
95
Real RF-load
Proposed max. values:
Reuse Service target
scheme
Real RF load
1 x 3 marginal service quality (theoretical upper limit for

synchronized hopping)
50 %
service quality comparable to conventional systems30 % 35 %

1 x 1 marginal service quality (theoretical upper limit for
synchronized hopping)
service quality comparable to conventional systems
16.6 %
10 %
96
Real RF Load with Directed Retry and Fast

Traffic Handover
The efficiency of TRX is increased by these features
The same number of timeslots can carry a higher amount of traffic
with the same blocking probability
The interference in the network is increased
Therefore the <<max>> Real RF Load has to be reduced when
these features are used
It is preferred to use these kind of features, even it lead to a reduced
RF Load instead of having a high RF Load without these features
97
Inter site constraints

The maximum RF load is just a theoretical value, up to which we can
avoid violating the co-cell and co-site constraints
The real RF load of a cell (e.g. the traffic in Erlang handled by the
hopping carriers) is the real indicator for the interferer potential of the
cell
With increasing number of used hopping TS, the probability of
having a collission with a used TS of another cell using the same
hopping frequencies is increasing
98
Traffic / Interference relation - Examples

Which scenario interferes most to your communication (yellow)?
Scenario 1
Server
TS
TS
Scenario 3
6
TS
TRX1
TRX1
TRX1
TRX2
TRX2
TRX2
TRX3
TRX3
TRX3
TRX4
TRX4
TRX4
TS
Interferer
Scenario 2
TS
TS
TRX1
TRX1
TRX1
TRX2
TRX2
TRX2
TRX3
TRX3
TRX3
TRX4
TRX4
TRX4
Assumptions: Cells not syncronized, cells using same hopping frequencies, BCCH not included
99
Creating Hopping sequences

The following slides show, how new frequency hopping groups can
be generated and how the MAIO is assigned to the different TRXs
within the cell
Keep in mind the two GSM constraints

2 channels spacing between the frequencies on air at the same
time within one cell (only Alcatel EVOLIUM equipment)
2 channels spacing between the frequencies on air at the same
time within one site
Assumptions:
12 consecutive frequencies available (1..12)
excluding BCCH frequencies
100
Fractional
Reuse 1*2, 1*3,
1*x
101
1*3 reuse (1)

Before we create new groups, we have
to keep two things in mind:
The RF-load of 50% is not possible
with consecutive frequencies in the
FHS
50% RF-load is only possible when
all odd or all even frequencies are
on air at the same time same
amount of odd and even
frequencies in each group
Cell A 1
10
Cell B 2
11
Cell C 3
12
Group A: 1,4,7,10
Group B: 2,5,8,11
Group C: 3,6,9,12
102
1*3 reuse (2)

To avoid violating the GSM constarints, MAIOs have to be defined
for each TRX of the site.
MAIO settings:
Cell A
10
Cell B
11
Cell C
12
MAI = 0
Group A:
0,2
Group B:
1,3
Group C:
0,2
Frequency used by TRX 1

Frequency used by TRX 2
103
1*3 reuse (3)
In a hopping group with 4 frequencies, the MAIs 0 to 3 are possible to

be generated by the hopping sequence generator
Cell A 1 4 7 10 1 4 7
Cell A 1 4 7 10 1 4 7
Cell B 2 5 8 11 2 5 8
Cell B 2 5 8 11 2 5 8
Cell C 3 6 9 12 3 6 9
Cell C 3 6 9 12 3 6 9
MAI = 0
MAI = 2
Assumption:
MAIOs are as defined
before
Group A: 0,2
Group B: 1,3
Group C: 0,2
Cell A 1 4 7 10 1 4 7
Cell A 1 4 7 10 1 4 7
Cell B 2 5 8 11 2 5 8
Cell B 2 5 8 11 2 5 8
Cell C 3 6 9 12 3 6 9
Cell C 3 6 9 12 3 6 9
MAI = 1
MAI = 3
104
1*3 reuse (4)

For each frequency group we have an own MA table
With the group allocation from before, we get:
MA - Group A
MAI
ARFCN
MA - Group B
MAI
ARFCN
MA - Group C
MAI
ARFCN
10
11
12
105
1*2 reuse (1)

On a two sector site we may have only 2 frequency groups and
therefore only an 1*2 reuse.
In a first step we allocate the frequencies according to the allocation
scheme known from the 1*3 reuse
Group A 1
Group B 2
10 12
11
Problem: For max. possible RF load, all odd or even must be

on air at the same time. This is not possible in this case, as
all odd frequencies are in group A and all even in group B
106
1*2 reuse (2)

To have an equal distribution between odd and even frequencies
within one frequency group, we change every second frequency
Group A 1
11
Group A 1
Group B 2
10 12
Group B 2
10 11
12
To be done: MAIO assignment!

107
1*2 reuse (3)

To assign MAIOs we assume the FN 0, and circle as many
frequencies as TRXs are using this group. The circeled frequencies
must fulfil the GSM intra site and intra cell constraint
MAIO TRX 1
Cell A 1
12
MAIO TRX 2
Cell B 2
10
11
MAIO TRX 3
108
1*4 - Exercise
The frequencies 1..24 are available (excluding BCCH freq.)

4 sectors on the site
3 TRXs are hopping in each cell
Cells are syncronized in terms of FN
Create Hopping Groups and assign MAIOs!
109
Fractional Reuse
1*1
110
Reuse 1*1 - 3 sector site

In the reuse 1 case, we use all available frequencies (1..12) on each
cell of the site
Intra site collisions are only avoided by the MAIO assignment
Cell A 1
3 4
5 6
9 10 11 12
Cell B 1
3 4
5 6
9 10 11 12
MAIO of TRX 1
Cell C 1
3 4
5 6
9 10 11 12
MAIO of TRX 2
......
... .... ... ....

..........................
111
Reuse 1*1 - 2 sector site

On a 2 sector site with 12 frequencies of course 3 TRXs per cell are
possible
Cell A 1
3 4
5 6
9 10 11 12
MAIO of TRX 1
MAIO of TRX 2
Cell B 1
3 4
5 6
9 10 11 12
MAIO of TRX 3
112
Reuse 1*1 - Exercise
The frequencies 1..24 are available

4 sectors on the site
4 TRXs are hopping in each cell
Cells are syncronized in terms of FN
Create Hopping Groups and assign MAIOs!
113
Summary: 1*2/1*3/1*4/
Cell A
.......
Cell B
.......
.......
Cell B
Cell C
.......
Cell ...
...
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
Cell B
.......
MAIO TRX 1
MAIO TRX 2
Cell C
.......
TRX ....
TRX 3
Cell A
TRX 1
.......
TRX 2
.......
Rotate the
frequencies
through the
cells
Cell A
Only
necessary, if
the number of
frequency
groups id
even
Cell A
.......
Cell B
.......
Cell C
.......
Cell D
..... .......
Assign
MAIOs
according to
the standard
scheme for
Reuse 1*X
MAIO TRX 3
Cell ...
.......
...
0
.......
.......
.......
4
....... ..... ..... .......
MAIO
114
Summary: 1*1
3
10
11 12
Cell B
10
11 12
MAIO of TRX 1
Cell C
10
11 12
MAIO of TRX 2
......
...
....
...
....
Standard MAIO
assignment for
Reuse 1*1
TRX 1
..........................
Rotate the
MAIOs
through the cells
TRX ....
TRX 3
TRX 2
Cell A
Cell A
x+2 2x+4 .......
Cell B
x+4
....
.......
Cell C
....
....
.......
.....
.......
....
.....
.......
.......
2x+2
.....
.......
115
FH parameter relation to Hardware - 1*3

Site
Cells
TRXs
MAIO (e.g. 0)
Hopping TRX 1
Sector 1
Frequency Hopping
Sequence A
(e.g. 1,4,7,10)
FN
(T1R, T2, T3)
(0 84863)
MAIO (e.g. 2)
Hopping TRX 2
MAIO (e.g. 1)
Hopping TRX 1
Sector 2
HSN
(0 63)
Frequency Hopping
Sequence B
(e.g. 2,5,8,11)
MAIO (e.g. 3)
Hopping TRX 2
MAIO (e.g. 0)
Hopping TRX 1
Sector 3
Frequency Hopping
Sequence C
(e.g. 3,6,9,12)
MAIO (e.g. 2)
Hopping TRX 2
116
FH parameter relation to Hardware - 1*1

Site
Cells
TRXs
MAIO (e.g. 0)
Hopping TRX 1
Sector 1
FN
(T1R, T2, T3)
(0 84864)
HSN
(0 63)
Frequency Hopping
Sequence
(e.g. 1,2,3,4,5,
6,7,8,10,11,12)
MAIO (e.g. 6)
Hopping TRX 2
MAIO (e.g. 2)
Hopping TRX 1
Sector 2
MAIO (e.g. 8)
Hopping TRX 2
MAIO (e.g. 4)
Hopping TRX 1
Sector 3
MAIO (e.g. 10)

Hopping TRX 2
117
Alcatel BTS - Hopping concepts

A910 (M4M) - Evolium Micro BTS
RFH possible for each non BCCH TRX
(max. 4 TRX within one sector)
A9110-E (M5M) Micro Base Station

BBH
RFH for each non BCCH TRX
A9100 - Evolium Macro BTS

BBH
RFH for each non BCCH TRX
118
Implementation of Frequency Plan to the

OMC-R
Directly using OMC-R
Frequencies are implemented manually in the OMC-R
Used for small networks
Using External Tools
A9156 RNO or Excel edit of PRC files (for small changes)
Particularly A9155 RNP offers its A9155 PRC Generator Module to
upload the frequency plan to the OMC-R (for massive changes)
Number of Cells
10
100
500
1000
2000
Time Estimation using

OMC-R
1h22'
4h24'
17h50'
34h38'
68h14'
Time Estimation using

external tool
1h22'
4h26'
17h58'
34h55'
68h49'
119
Frequency Hopping Parameters
120
BSS and CAE parameters

In the hopping case, RXQUAL does not reflect the real quality in the
network as explained before
To overcome this problem, Offsets are applied to RXQUAL

dedendent parameters
Offset_Hopping_PC influences
z L_RXQUAL_UL_P
z L_RXQUAL_DL_P
Offset_Hopping_HO influences
z L_RXQUAL_UL_H
z L_RXQUAL_DL_H
121
Default Parameters for SFH

Find hereafter the parameters which are different within hopping
networks
Offset_Hopping_PC
= 1.0
Offset_Hopping_HO
= 1.0
HO_INTRACELL_ALLOWED = DISABLED
Note: Resolution of Offset_Hopping_XX is 0.1 since B6.2
122
Quality indicator for FH (1)

The RXQUAL calculation takes only the BER before deinterleaving into account
The benefit of FH is not visible in RXQUAL
The higher probability to get into a fading notch (but for a
shorter time) is leading to a worse RXQUAL then without
hopping, except the non hopping frequency would be in a
fading notch at this location
FER - Frame Erasure Rate
is counted after de-interleaving
takes higher error correction possibilities due to FH into
account
123
Quality indicator for FH (2)

Principle of quality indicator calculation within the mobile
Deinterleave
DECODER
DEMOD
Frame Erasure Decision

Voice
Error
Decoder
correct.
ENCODER
Frame Erasure Rate

FER
RXQUAL
Air
Inside the mobile station
124
Influence of FH on RXQUAL
7
Subjective speech quality is

good with RXQUAL=5
approximately:
RXQUAL_DL = f (RXLEV_DL)
RXQUAL
5
4
RXQUAL(FH)
=
RXQUAL(no FH) + 1
Without Hopping
With Hopping
2
1
-50
-54
-58
-62
-66
-70
-74
-78
-82
-86
-90
-94
-102
-98
-106
-110
Offset_Hopping_PC and
Offset_Hopping_HO are
introduced for correcting this
error.
Resolution : 0.1
Min value : 0; Max value : 7
RXLEV [dBm]
125
FH implementation via OMC-R (1)

One of the tasks of the OMC-R is the management of relationships
between a cell and its neighbouring cells in the network
In the OMC-R it is done by the logical configuration management
For example, it enables you to:
Radio configuration including frequency allocation, frequency
hopping schemes, TRX and logical channel configuration
PC/HO parameters
Import/Export
126
FH impl. via OMC-R (2)

B8 TRX configuration
Selecting hopping mode and MAIO
127
FH impl. via OMC-R 1353-RA (3)

B8 Frequency Allocation and FHS definition
Selecting
cell
hopping
type
Selecting HSN
128
FH Summary
Main benefits of frequency hopping are:
z frequency diversity
z interference diversity
BBH is recommended since combines an intelligent frequency plan

and frequency hopping benefits
RFH
used when the capacity increase is not possible with BBH
fractional reuse allows cluster reduction
key parameters ARE
z real traffic load
z the level of interference
should be used in well planned and optimized networks

quality can be improved while using it with DTX and PC
129
What about Your network?
How to start?
Frequency Band and its subdivision
Special Cells (micro-cells, concentric cells)
Hopping useful?BBH or RFH?
Problems (RF load, interference)/Solutions
Open Discussion
130

B8 RNP Extension Frequency Hopping Ed01

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B8 RNP Extension Frequency Hopping Ed01

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RNP Extension: B8 Frequency Hopping

Prerequisites: Radio Network Engineering

Mobile Radio Network Planning

All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel

RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping

Mobile Radio Network Planning

All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel

RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping

Mobile Radio Network Planning

All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel

RNP Extension: B8 Frequency Hopping

Frequency Hopping Basics

Mobile Radio Network Planning

All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel

RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping

All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel

RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping

Mobile Radio Network Planning

All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel

RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping

Mobile Radio Network Planning

All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel

RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping

BCCH and SFH

Mobile Radio Network Planning

All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel

Frequency Hopping Basics

Mobile Radio Network Planning

All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel

RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping

Base Band Hopping

Mobile Radio Network Planning

All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel

RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping

Base Band Hopping (1)

The Carrier Units modulate the

base band signal onto the carrier

In BBH the connections between

FUs and CUs are changed, not

NTRX within one cell

RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping

Base Band Hopping (2)

transmit frequency, RTCs (Remote

Mobile Radio Network Planning

All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel

Frequency Hopping Basics

Mobile Radio Network Planning

All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel

RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping

Radio Frequency Hopping

Mobile Radio Network Planning

All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel

RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping

Radio Frequency Hopping (1)

All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel

RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping

Radio Frequency Hopping (2)

Nhop NTRX possible and mostly used

All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel

RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping

Hopping modes (1)

HSN = Hopping Sequence Number

Mobile Radio Network Planning

All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel

HSN = Hopping Sequence Number