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Earthworks and Site Preparation

ES-14-202-01

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EARTHWORKS AND SITE PREPARATION

Title:

ES-14-202-01
Number:
5.0
Version Number:
Date Revised:
Owner:

22 November 2013
Manoj Thakur
Manoj Thakur

Authoriser:

New Owner

Reasons for Creating


or Amending
Document

Actual Change Details:

New Authoriser
Full Review of Document
New Owner (from R Woodall) and Authoriser assigned. The word
Superintendent replaced with Responsible Officer.
Reference to Drawing Standard Civil Details Plant Fence and Gate
Details has been added to the procedure.
DEP has been changed to Department of Environment and
Conservation.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SCOPE ....................................................................................................................................... 4

1.

DEFINITION OF TERMS....................................................................................................... 4

2. 2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
3.

CONTRACTOR / VENDOR ................................................................................................ 4


SUB-CONTRACTOR ........................................................................................................... 4 CSBP
..................................................................................................................................... 4
WORKS................................................................................................................................. 4
UNSUITABLE GROUND OR MATERIAL ........................................................................ 4 LINE
OF INFLUENCE......................................................................................................... 4
ROCK.................................................................................................................................... 4
SUBGRADE ......................................................................................................................... 5
TOPSOIL............................................................................................................................... 5
HEAVY EQUIPMENT ......................................................................................................... 5
STANDARDS ............................................................................................................................ 5

Version No. 5.0


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3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
4

CSBP ENGINEERING STANDARDS ................................................................................ 5 CSBP


GUIDE MANUALS ................................................................................................... 5 CSBP
STANDARD DRAWINGS ........................................................................................ 5
AUSTRALIAN STANDARDS............................................................................................. 6
OTHER PUBLICATIONS .................................................................................................... 6

GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION .................................................................................. 6

.
5.1
5.2
5.

SETTING OUT ......................................................................................................................... 6


LICENSED SURVEYOR ..................................................................................................... 6
CONTRACTOR .................................................................................................................... 7
SPOIL STABILISATION AND DUST CONTROL .............................................................. 7

6. 7.1
7.2
7. 7.3

SITE CLEARING ..................................................................................................................... 7


TOP SOIL.............................................................................................................................. 7
ORGANIC MATTER ........................................................................................................... 8 NONORGANIC MATTER.................................................................................................. 8
EXISTING UNDERGROUND SERVICES............................................................................ 8
EXISTING STRUCTURES ..................................................................................................... 8

8.
9.
10.

BLASTING ................................................................................................................................ 9

11.

DE-WATERING ....................................................................................................................... 9

12.

BENCHING ............................................................................................................................... 9

13.

EXCAVATION ......................................................................................................................... 9
1
3
.
1

GENERAL ............................................................................................................................ 9
TEMPORARY SUPPORT .................................................................................................... 9
UNSTABLE GROUND ...................................................................................................... 10
EXCAVATION IN ROCK.................................................................................................. 10
TRENCHES FOR SERVICES............................................................................................ 10
OVER-EXCAVATION....................................................................................................... 10
SURPLUS EXCAVATED MATERIAL............................................................................. 10

13.2
13.3
13.4
13.5
13.6
13.7
14.

FILLING.................................................................................................................................. 11
14.1
14.2

15.

MATERIAL ........................................................................................................................ 11
PLACEMENT ..................................................................................................................... 11
COMPACTION....................................................................................................................... 12

15.1
15.2
16.

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS........................................................................................... 12
SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS ............................................................................................ 12
FINISHING AND TOLERANCES ....................................................................................... 13

16.1
16.2

GENERAL .......................................................................................................................... 13
FORMATION LEVEL........................................................................................................ 13 16.3
SUBGRADE LEVEL .......................................................................................................... 13 16.4
BATTER SLOPES AND LINES ........................................................................................ 13

17.

INSPECTION.......................................................................................................................... 14

Version No. 5.0


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18.

TESTING ................................................................................................................................. 14
18.1
18.2

19.

GENERAL .......................................................................................................................... 14
FREQUENCY OF TESTING ............................................................................................. 14 18.3
REJECT WORK.................................................................................................................. 15
REINSTATEMENT................................................................................................................ 15

20.

ACCEPTANCE OF THE WORKS....................................................................................... 15


20.1
20.2

DENSITY AND COMPACTION TEST RESULTS .......................................................... 15


AS-BUILT DRAWINGS .................................................................................................... 15 20.3
FINAL INSPECTION ......................................................................................................... 16

Tables
TABLE 1 FILL MATERIAL MINIMUM COMPACTION REQUIREMENT.................................................................. 12
TABLE 2 COMPACTION TESTING FREQUENCY ................................................................................................. 15

Version No. 5.0


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1.

SCOPE

This Standard covers the general requirements for site clearance, excavation, filling, compaction,
inspection, testing and finishing of earthworks.

2.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

2. 1

CONTRACTOR / VENDOR

The company that provides the equipment and services needed.

2. 2

SUB-CONTRACTOR

A third party to be employed by the Contractor / Vendor, who has been approved by the Responsible
Officer.

2. 3

CSBP

CSBP Limited

2. 4

WORKS

The scope of works that a Contractor is or may be required to execute under an agreement including
variations and remedial work.

2. 5

UNSUITABLE GROUND OR MATERIAL

Ground or material, which is unsuitable for the purpose of the Works, includes:
fill which is liable to subside

2. 6

ground which contains cavities, faults or fissures


ground which is contaminated by harmful substances
ground which is or becomes soft, wet or unstable
material which is unsuitable for a future works foundation or as a fill material eg sensitive
clays, humus or silt, and
ground that is unsuitable at the Responsible Officer's direction.

LINE OF INFLUENCE

A line which extends downwards and outwards at 45 from the bottom edge of a footing, slab or
pavement, defining the extent of foundation material having an influence on the stability or support of the
footings, slab or pavement.

2. 7

ROCK

Rock is defined as any monolithic material with a volume greater than 0.5 m, or rock in solid beds or
compact stratified layers, which will require drilling and blasting or wedging for its removal.

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Note:

Soft or disintegrated rock, which can be removed with hand tools or by power operated
excavation equipment, shall not be classified as rock.
Classification of rock shall be subject to the approval of the Responsible Officer.

2. 8

SUBGRADE

The trimmed or prepared portion of the formation, on which the pavement, slab or footing is
constructed.

2. 9

TOPSOIL

The upper layers of soil containing more than 1% by weight of organic matter.

2. 10

HEAVY EQUIPMENT

Any equipment larger than a 100 kg vertical rammer or a 500mm plate compactor.

5.

SETTING OUT

5. 1

LICENSED SURVEYOR

A licensed surveyor, engaged by the Contractor, shall carry out the following activities prior to
commencement of any earthworks
5.1.1

Control Marks

The licensed surveyor shall establish survey control marks, which shall remain undisturbed for the
duration of the Works. The Contractor shall reinstate any which are damaged or disturbed during
construction.
5.1.2

Verify Levels

The licensed surveyor shall verify the levels shown on the earthworks and site preparation drawings.
5.1.3

Establish "Cut and Fill" Boundaries

The licensed surveyor shall establish and peg out "cut and fill" boundaries, based on the earthworks and
site preparation drawings.
5.1.4

Identify and Record Services

The existence of services, structures and any other obstruction within the site clearing area shall be
checked, identified and recorded.

Version No. 5.0


Document last modified: 22 November 2013. Date printed: 18 March 2014.
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CONTRACTOR
In addition to the survey work carried out by the licensed surveyor, the Contractor shall carry out the
following activities.

5.2.1

Temporary Marks

The Contractor shall complete all other setting out and levelling as required. Temporary set out marks
shall be left in place until all activities, which require their presence, are completed.

6.

SITE CLEARING

Site clearing shall be carried out in advance of any construction activities and shall include the
removal of foreign material and nominated vegetation from within the clearing limits.

6. 1

TOP SOIL

Where specified, the Contractor shall carefully remove topsoil from areas nominated and relocate it to
approved locations, sufficiently clear of the works being constructed so as to ensure that the stockpile
is not contaminated by construction activities.

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6. 2

ORGANIC MATTER

All organic matter including trees, logs, shrubs and roots shall be cleared from within the limits of the
clearing.
No material shall be burnt on site.

6. 3

NON-ORGANIC MATTER

All non-organic material including concrete, masonry, boulders and rubbish shall be cleared from
within the limits of the clearing, unless directed otherwise by the Responsible Officer.

7.

EXISTING UNDERGROUND FACILITIES

In areas where there are existing underground services, the Contractor shall use extreme care and
take all necessary precautions to ensure the services are not damaged during excavation and
compaction activities. Existing services shall be located by hand excavation before mechanical
excavation is used.

9.

EXISTING STRUCTURES

In areas where there are existing structures, the Contractor shall use extreme care and take all
necessary precautions to ensure the structure and footings are adequately supported and protected from
damaged during excavation and compaction activities.

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ES-14-202-01

11.

DE-WATERING

The Contractor shall take all necessary action and supply all equipment to remove or divert, as
specified by the Responsible Officer, any surface and sub-soil water from the works. This will include
the provision of trenches, sumps, pumps and well points as required, to maintain the work area to the
approval of the Responsible Officer. Water shall be disposed of or diverted in a manner, which will not
damage adjacent property or interrupt work in progress.

12.

BENCHING

If fill is to be placed on a surface that slopes more than 1:4, the surface shall be benched to form a
key for the fill.
14.

Earthworks and Site Preparation


ES-14-202-01

14.

FILLING

14. 1

MATERIAL

Fill material shall be Responsible Officer-approved, clean and uniform granular material free from
rubbish, building rubble, organic matter, excessive clay or silt, stones and lumps remaining on a 25mm
sieve and any other contaminants as determined by the Responsible Officer.
Fill material shall have a moisture content that is suitable for compaction.
Earthworks and Site Preparation
ES-14-202-01

15.

COMPACTION

15. 1

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

Each layer of fill material shall be uniformly compacted to the required density as specified in Table 1,
before the next fill layer is placed.
15.1.2 Undisturbed Ground
Undisturbed ground surfaces, in areas to be covered by fill material shall be scarified and compacted
to the same density as the fill for a minimum depth of 200mm.

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ES-14-202-01

c.

FINISHING AND TOLERANCES


GENERAL

d.
e.

All earthworks shall be finished to a reasonably smooth and uniform surface, and shall comply with the
tolerances specified
Stockpiled topsoil shall be evenly graded over Responsible Officer-specified areas to a thickness
between 25mm and 100mm and shall blend in with adjoining undisturbed ground. All sticks,
stones, rubbish and surplus topsoil shall be gathered and removed from site by the Contractor.

16. 2

FORMATION LEVEL

All cleared, excavated and filled areas shall be finished to the lines, grades and levels specified on the
drawings. Finished earthworks surface levels, which are not under concrete ground slabs and
footings shall not vary from the specified levels by more than 30mm.

16. 3

SUBGRADE LEVEL

Subgrades to concrete ground slabs and footings shall be trimmed to the levels shown on the drawings
within the tolerances -15mm, +0mm.

16. 4

BATTER SLOPES AND LINES

At all levels the average batter slope shall not be steeper than the slope specified on the drawings.
Cut batter shall be constructed so that the toe of the batter is not more than 150mm outside the batter
line shown on the drawings.
Fill batters shall be constructed so that the toe of the batter is not more than 300mm outside the batter
line shown on the drawings.

17.

INSPECTION

In areas where topsoil has been stripped and the area cleared of organic and foreign material, the
Contractor shall not commence cut and fill operations until the Responsible Officer has approved the
cleared area.
Unsuitable materials used as fill shall be rejected. Material shall be excavated and replaced with
satisfactory material and compacted as specified. Refer to Section 2.5 for definition of unsuitable
material.
Topsoil redistribution shall not commence until final contouring and grading or benching has been
inspected and approved by the Responsible Officer.
Acceptance of the Works is subject to satisfactory final inspection. Refer to Section 20.

18.

TESTING

18. 1

GENERAL

All sampling, in-situ density testing of fill material, subgrade and graded areas, and other soil tests as
specified shall be carried out by a suitably qualified and approved NATA certified laboratory.
Testing shall be carried out in accordance with AS 1289 not later than 24 hours after compaction has
been completed for each layer. Where specified, results shall be verbally submitted to the
Responsible Officer prior to the placement of sub-base material. The NATA certified laboratory shall
within seven (7) days of testing, confirm test results in writing to the Responsible Officer and the
Contractor.

18. 2

FREQUENCY OF TESTING

Frequency of testing for every fill layer shall be as shown in Table 2.


LOCATION OF TEST
Tren

General

FREQUENCY OF TEST
The lesser of:

1 test every 5.0 m of fill or


every 10 linear metres of trench

ch
Bac
kfill

Under roads and buildings

Footings and Slabs Fill under footings


Fill around footings

1 test every 3.0 linear metres of trench per


metre depth of fill
1 test every 5.0 m of fill
The greater of:

1 test every 5.0 m of fill or


every 4th footing
Slab and raft footings

1 test every 20.0 m of fill

Subgrade

1 test every 100 m

Version No. 5.0


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Table 2 Compaction Testing Frequency


Note:

18. 3

When specified by the Responsible Officer, random tests shall be carried out at locations
where compaction limits have been defined.

REJECT WORK

Where the field density of the compacted layer, as determined by test, is less than the specified
percentage compaction in Table 1, the layer shall be reworked and retested until the required
compaction is achieved.

19.

REINSTATEMENT

Existing ground surfaces outside the site clearing area, including paving, roadworks, lawn and
natural vegetation areas, that was removed, disturbed or damaged by earthwork activities, shall be
reinstated by the Contractor to match existing and adjacent ground, to the satisfaction of the
Responsible Officer. For reinstatement of roads and paving refer to CSBP Engineering Standard Roads
and Paving (ES-14-202-19).
Fences that were removed or damaged during the Works shall be reinstated in accordance with CSBP
Standard Drawings 9900-2-0600/002, 9900-2-0600/003 and 9900-2-0600/004.
Existing structures, footings and underground services damaged during the Works shall be repaired to the
satisfaction of the Responsible Officer and the owners of the facilities.

20.

ACCEPTANCE OF THE WORKS

The Works shall be accepted on completion of the following.

20. 1

DENSITY AND COMPACTION TEST RESULTS

Density and compaction test results issued by the approved NATA certified laboratory.

20. 2

AS-BUILT DRAWINGS

Contractor prepared as-built earthworks survey for approval by the Responsible Officer. The survey
shall record any areas where unsuitable subgrade was removed and replaced.
Drawings shall be upgraded in accordance with approved survey results. Responsibility for revising the
drawings shall be specified in the Works.
Drawings recording the as-built details, shall be prepared / revised, numbered, approved and
handed over in accordance with CSBP Engineering Standards:
ES-14-101-02

Drawing Management

ES-14-101-03

Drawing Preparation

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ES-14-101-04

20. 3

Drawing Numbering

FINAL INSPECTION

Satisfactory inspection by the Contractor and the Responsible Officer.

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