TOPIC:

2 ELECTRICITY
2.1
ANALYSING ELECTRIC FIELD AND CHARGE
FLOW
2.2 ANALYSING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
ELECTRIC CURRENT AND POTENTIAL
DIFFERENT

CONTENTS:
1.

CHAPTER HIGHLIGHT (30 MINUTES)

2.

ACTIVITY (50 MINUTES)

3.

ASSESSMENT (40 MINUTES)

4.

MARKING SCHEME(ANSWER KEY)

CHAPTER 2
ELECTRICITY
2.1 Analysing electric fields and charge flow
1.
Electric charge can be produced by rubbing an object (e.g. polytena rod) with soft
fabric.
2.

The produced charge is static which is known as static electric.

3.

Symbol for the quantity and unit of electric charge.

Q=1C
Symbol for the quantity
of electric charge

Symbol for the unit

of electric charge, Coulomb

4.

Type, symbol and value of a unit of electric charge

Type of charge
Symbol
Value of a unit ( Coulomb)
Positive charge (proton)
p
+1.6 x 10-19
Negative charge (electron)
e
-1.6 x 10-19

5.

The relationship between the total of electric charge and the amount of electric
charge.

Q = ne
The total of
electric charge
6.

The amount of
electric charge

The value of a unit

of electric charge
( +1.6 x 10-19 C )

Example:
What is the amount of the electron needed to carry charge of 1 C ?
Formulae:
Q = ne
Given: Q = 1 C
Find: n = ?
e = +1.6 x 10-19 C
Solution:
Q = ne
.. n = Q
e
=
1

1.6 x 10-19
= 6.25 x 1018 electrons
7.

Electric current is defined as the rate of charge flow.

Current = Rate of charge flow

i.e.

8.

Q = It
C = As

Example:
If the current which flows through a bulb within a minute is 1.5 A. Calculate the electric
charge that has flowed within a minute.
Formulae: Q = It
Given: I = 1.5 A
Find: Q = ?
t = 1 minute
= 60 s
Solution:

9.

Current = Charge flow

Time
Formulae:
I = Q

t
Unit:
A = Cs-1

Q = It
= (1.5)(60)
= 90.0 C

The relationship between the current flow and the electric charges.
Water tap

Van de
Graaff
generator

galvanometer

The above set up designed to show that the electric charges which flow through a
conductor produce electric current.
10.

An electric field is an area which if entered by a charged object, it will experience the
electric force which is produced by a quantity of charge.

11.

The paths of electric field of a positive charge can be represented by the electric force
lines or electric field lines.

12.

The characteristics of the electric field line are:

(i)
The lines begin from the positive charge and end at the negative charge.
(ii)
The lines do not overlap.
(iii)
The lines repel each other.
(iv)
The lines intensity represents the electric field intensity.

13.

The pattern of electric field lines depends on the pattern of charged object.
(a) single spherical (positive charge)

(b) single spherical (negative charge)

(c) two spherical of same charges

(d) two spherical of different charges

-0

-0

X = neutral point
(e) a positive spherical & a negative (f) two plats of different charges
plat

14.

The effect of the electric field upon the charges.

(i) A ping-pong ball coated with conducting material
Step
Observation
(1) A Very High
Voltage source is
connected to the
plats
+
F1

F2

The ping-pong
motionless

ball

Explanation
Attraction force on
the ping-pong ball
from positive plat is
at the magnitude with
the attraction force
from negative plat,
i.e. F1 = F2.
The ping-pong ball is
neutral

remains

(2) The ping-pong

ball is pulled until
it
touches
negative plat
+

----

(i)

When the ping-pong

ball
touches
the
negative plat, this
ball will receive the
electrons and will be
charged negative.
This
negatively
charged ball will be
pushed
by
the
negative plat and will

be attracted by the
positive plat

+++
+

(ii)
The ping-pong ball oscillates back
and forth between the two plats
until the Very High Voltage source
is disconnected

Once the ping-pong

ball
touches
the
positive plat, all of its
negative charges will
be neutralized.
Further, the ball will
be positively charged
This
positively
charged ball will be
pushed
by
the
positive plat and will
be attracted by the
negative plat
The ball later will
touch the negative
plat,
and
the
processes will be
repeated.

(ii) A candle flame

Step
Observation
A
Very
High
Voltage source is
connected to the
plats
+

Explanation
The heat energy
produces
positive
+
and negative
ions
+
around the candle
+
flame
Positive ions which
are heavier will bring
more flame attracted
towards the negative
plat. This happens
The flame is not symmetrically
because the positive
distributed
ions move rather
slow
The flame is deflected more
Negative
ions
towards the negative plat
(electron) which are
lighter will occupy
smaller flame area

Assessments
Objective Questions
1. If a charge of 300 C flows through a bulb every 2 minutes. Calculate the current which
flows through that bulb.
A 2.0 A
B 2.5 A
C 150 A
D 600 A
2. There are 5 x 1018 electrons flow through a bulb within 20 seconds. What is the value
of current flow ? ( Given e= 1.6 x 10-19 C )
A 40 mA
B 0.8 A
C 16 A
D 80 A
Answer:

1B

2A

Structure Questions
A. 1

Define the following terms.

(a)

Electric current: __________________________________________________

__________________________________________________
Electric current is defined as the rate of charge flow.

(b)

Electric field:

__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________

An electric field is an area which if entered by a charged object, it will experience

the electric force which is produced by a quantity of charge.

Sketch the electric field lines showing the direction of the field.

(a) single spherical (positive charge)

(b) single spherical (negative charge)

(c) two spherical of same charges

(d) two spherical of different charges

-0

-0

(e) a positive spherical & a negative (f) two plats of different charges
plat

B. 1 Explain the effect of the electric field upon the charges in the following cases:
(i) A ping-pong ball coated with conducting material
(ii) A candle flame

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