Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Epistemol
ogy
Babbie
Silverm
an
Crotty
Objectivism
Constructionis
m
Subjectivism
Paradigm
s
Positivism
Conflict
SI
EM
Structural
functionalism
Feminisms
Critical race
theory
Functionalism
Behaviourism
EM
SI
Constructionis
m
Naturalism
Positivism (and
post-positivism)
Interpretivism
SI
Pheno
Herm
Critical inquiry
Feminism
Postmodernism
Etc.
Densco
m-be
Methodolo
gies
Methods
Qualitative
Quantitative
Texts
Observation
Transcripts
Interviews
Visual data
Experimental
research
Surveys
Ethnography
Phen research
Grounded
theory
Heuristic inquiry
Action research
Discourse
analysis
Feminist
standpoint
research
Etc.
Sampling
Measurement and
scaling
Questionnaire
Observation
(part or non)
Interview
Focus group
Case study
Life history
Narrative
Visual ethnographic
methods
Statistical analysis
Data reduction
Theme identification
Comparative analysis
Cognitive mapping
Interpretive methods
Document analysis
Content analysis
Conversation analysis
Etc.
Surveys
Sampling
Case studies
Experiments
Ethnography
Phenomenology
Grounded
theory
Action research
Systematic
reviews
Mixed methods
Mackenz
ie &
Knipe
Postivist
Interpretivist/
constructivist
Transformative
Pragmatic
Lather
Predict
Postivist
Mixed
methods
Understand
Naturalistic
Hussein
et al
Subjectivism
(relativist
ontology)
Objectivism
(realist
ontology)
Constructivi
st
Pheno
Ethnograph
ic
SI
Interpretive
mixed
methods
Emancipate
Neomarxist
Feminist
Critical
race theory
Praxisoriented
Action
research
Critical
ethnograph
y
Deconstruct
Poststruct
Postmodern
Queer
theory
Discourse
analysis
Postcolonial
PostFordism
Interpretivism
Positivism
Critical
Subjectivism
(historical
realist
ontology)
Phenomenology
Grounded
theory
Ethnography
Case study
Historical and
documentary
research
Ethnomethodolo
gy
SI
Narrative
research
Experimental
(causation)
Nonexperimenta
l (correlation)
Ideology
critique
Action research
Observation
(part/non)
Questionnaires
Interviews
Document analysis
Tests
Interviews
Questionnaires
Definitions
Epistemology
Paradigm
Methodology
Methods
Typologies
Silverman has paradigms, concepts, theories, methodologies, and
methods.
Blaikie has strategies, paradigms, and methods.
Strategy: a feature of social research that is usually overlooked, i.e.
the logic used to generate new knowledge.
Paradigm: refers to major traditions in the natural and social
sciences that incorporate particular ontological and epistemological
assumptions and one or more of the research strategies. Some also
incorporate general theoretical ideas.provide theoretical and
methodological contexts within which research is frequently
conducted.
Starting out
Crotty (1998) suggests that we need to answer two initial questions
in developing a research proposal: what methods and
methodologies will we use; and how will we justify their selection?
He says we answer the second by referring to our research question
we need a process that is able to answer it. But justification also
requires us to refer to assumptions about reality that we bring to our
work and these are rooted in our theoretical perspective.
Assumptio
ns about
reality
(from
paradigm)
Research
question
Methods &
methodologi
es
So 2 questions become 4:
1. What methods do we propose to use?
2. What methodology governs our choice and use of methods?
3. What theoretical perspective lies behind the methodology?
4. What epistemology informs this theoretical perspective?
Opening remarks
What is research?
In broad terms, human sources of knowledge include the
knowledge based on perception (senses), conception (intellect),
intuition and research. Unfortunately, all of these are essentially
limited and imperfect in different ways. However, among these the
most reliable one is the knowledge based on research. Hence, the
foremost objective of research is the production and expansion of
knowledge based on evidence. Bassey (1990: 35) defines research
as a systematic, critical and self-critical inquiry which aims to
contribute to advancement of knowledge. Following the same line,
Ernest (1994: 8) considers research as a systematic enquiry with
the aim of producing knowledge. These two definitions emphasize
the same point: systematic production and expansion of knowledge
through research. (Hussain et al., 2013)
Designing research