11.02.

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PeaceofWestphaliaWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

PeaceofWestphalia
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

ThePeaceofWestphaliawasaseriesofpeace
treatiessignedbetweenMayandOctober1648in
OsnabrckandMnster.Thesetreatiesendedthe
ThirtyYears'War(16181648)intheHolyRoman
Empire,andtheEightyYears'War(15681648)
betweenSpainandtheDutchRepublic,withSpain
formallyrecognizingtheindependenceoftheDutch
Republic.
ThePeaceofWestphaliatreatiesinvolvedtheHoly
RomanEmperor,FerdinandIII,oftheHouseof
HabsburgtheKingdomofSpaintheKingdomof
FrancetheSwedishEmpiretheDutchRepublicthe
PrincesoftheHolyRomanEmpireandsovereigns
ofthefreeimperialcities.Itcanbedenotedbytwo
majorevents.
ThesigningofthePeaceofMnster[1]between

PeaceofWestphalia
TreatiesofOsnabrckandMnster

RatificationofthePeaceofMnster(Gerardter
Borch,Mnster,1648)

theDutchRepublicandtheKingdomofSpain

Type

on30January1648,officiallyratifiedin

Drafted 16461648

Mnsteron15May1648.

Signed

Thesigningoftwocomplementarytreatieson

Location OsnabrckandMnster,Westphalia,
moderndayGermany

24October1648,namely:
TheTreatyofMnster(Instrumentum

Parties

Peacetreaty

15May24October1648

109

PacisMonasteriensis,IPM),[2]
concerningtheHolyRomanEmperorandFranceandtheirrespectiveallies.
TheTreatyofOsnabrck(InstrumentumPacisOsnabrugensis,IPO),[3]concerningtheHoly
RomanEmpire,theKingdomofFrance,Swedenandtheirrespectiveallies.
ThetreatiesdidnotrestorepeacethroughoutEurope,buttheydidcreateabasisfornationalself
determination.
Thetreatiesresultedfromthebigdiplomaticcongress,[4][5]therebyinitiatinganewsystemofpolitical
orderincentralEurope,latercalledWestphaliansovereignty,basedupontheconceptofcoexisting
sovereignstates.Interstateaggressionwastobeheldincheckbyabalanceofpower.Aprejudicewas
establishedagainstinterferenceinanothernation'sdomesticaffairs.AsEuropeaninfluencespread
acrosstheglobe,theseWestphalianprinciples,especiallytheconceptofsovereignstates,becamecentral
tointernationallawandtotheprevailingworldorder.[6]

Contents
1Locations
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2Delegations
3Results
3.1Internalpoliticalboundaries
3.2Tenets
3.3Legacy
4Seealso
5References
6Externallinks

Locations
PeacenegotiationsbetweenFranceandtheHabsburgs,providedbytheHolyRomanEmperorandthe
SpanishKing,weretobestartedinColognein1648.ThesenegotiationswereblockedbyFrance.
CardinalRichelieuofFrancedesiredtheinclusionofallitsallies,whethersovereignorastatewithinthe
HolyRomanEmpire.[7]InHamburgandLbeck,SwedenandtheHolyRomanEmpirenegotiatedthe
TreatyofHamburg.ThiswasdonewiththeinterventionofRichelieu.
TheHolyRomanEmpireandSwedendeclaredthepreparationsofCologneandtheTreatyofHamburg
tobepreliminariesofanoverallpeaceagreement.Thislargeragreementwastobenegotiatedin
Westphalia,intheneighbouringcitiesofMnsterandOsnabrck.Bothcitiesweretobemaintainedas
neutralanddemilitarizedzonesforthenegotiations.Mnsterwas,sinceitsreCatholizationin1535,a
strictlymonodenominationalcommunity.IthousedtheChapterofthePrinceBishopricofMnster.
OnlyRomanCatholicworshipwaspermitted.NoplacesofworshipwereprovidedforCalvinistsand
Lutherans.
OsnabrckwasabidenominationalLutheranandCatholiccity,withtwoLutheranandtwoCatholic
churchesforitsmostlyLutheranburghersandexclusivelyLutherancitycouncilandtheCatholic
ChapterofthePrinceBishopricofOsnabrckwithpertainingotherclergyandalsootherCatholic
inhabitants.Intheyearsof16281633OsnabrckhadbeensubjugatedbytroopsoftheCatholicLeague.
TheCatholicPrinceBishopFranzWilhelm,CountofWartenbergthenimposedtheCounter
ReformationontothecitywithmanyLutheranburgherfamiliesbeingexiled.WhileunderSwedish
occupationOsnabrcks'sCatholicswerenotexpelled,butthecityseverelysufferedfromSwedishwar
contributions.ThereforeOsnabrckhopedforagreatreliefbecomingneutralisedanddemilitarised.
Bothcitiesstroveformoreautonomy,aspiringtobecomeFreeImperialCities,sotheywelcomedthe
neutralityimposedbythepeacenegotiations,andtheprohibitionofallpoliticalinfluencebythewarring
partiesincludingtheiroverlords,theprincebishops.
SinceLutheranSwedenpreferredOsnabrckasaconferencevenue,itspeacenegotiationswiththe
Empire,includingthealliesofbothsides,tookplaceinOsnabrck.TheEmpireanditsopponentFrance,
includingthealliesofeach,aswellastheRepublicoftheSevenUnitedNetherlandsanditsopponent
Spain(andtheirrespectiveallies)negotiatedinMnster.[8]

Delegations
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Thepeacenegotiationshadnoexactbeginningandending,becausetheparticipatingtotalof109
delegationsnevermetinaplenarysession,butdroppedinbetween1643and1646andleftbetween
1647and1649.BetweenJanuary1646andJuly1647probablythelargestnumberofdiplomatswere
present.Delegationshadbeensentby16Europeanstates,sixtysixImperialStates,representingthe
interestsofatotalof140involvedImperialStates,and27interestgroups,representingtheinterestsofa
varietyofatotalof38groups.[9]
TheFrenchdelegationwasheadedbyHenriIId'Orlans,ducdeLonguevilleandfurther
comprisedthediplomatsClauded'AvauxandAbelServien.
TheSwedishdelegationwasheadedbyCountJohanOxenstierna(sonofChancellorCountAxel
Oxenstierna)andwasassistedbyBaronJohanAdlerSalvius.
TheheadofthedelegationoftheHolyRomanEmpireforbothcitieswasCountMaximilianvon
TrautmansdorffinMnster,hisaideswereJohannLudwigvonNassauHadamarandIsaak
Volmar(alawyer)inOsnabrck,histeamcomprisedJohannMaximilianvonLambergand
ReichshofratJohannKrane,alawyer.
TheSpanishdelegationwasheadedbyGaspardeBracamonteyGuzmn,andnotablyincluded
thediplomatsandwritersDiegodeSaavedraFajardo,andBernardinodeRebolledo.
ThepapalnuntiusinCologne,FabioChigi,andtheVenetianenvoyAlviseContariniactedas
mediators.
VariousImperialStatesoftheHolyRomanEmpirealsosentdelegations.
Brandenburgsentseveralrepresentatives,includingVollmar.
TheRepublicoftheSevenUnitedNetherlandssentadelegationofsix(includingtwodelegates
fromtheprovinceofHolland(AdriaanPauw)andWillemRipperdafromoneoftheother
provinces[10]twoprovinceswerenotpresent).
JohannRudolfWettstein,themayorofBasel,representedtheOldSwissConfederacy.

Results
Internalpoliticalboundaries
ThepowertakenbyFerdinandIIIincontraventionoftheHolyRomanEmpire'sconstitutionwas
strippedandreturnedtotherulersoftheImperialStates.Thisrectificationallowedtherulersofthe
ImperialStatestoindependentlydecidetheirreligiousworship.ProtestantsandCatholicswereredefined
asequalbeforethelaw,andCalvinismwasgivenlegalrecognition.[11][12]IndependenceoftheDutch
RepublicalsoprovidedasafecountryforEuropeanJews.[13]
TheHolySeewasverydispleasedatthesettlement,withPopeInnocentXinZeloDomusDeireportedly
callingit"null,void,invalid,iniquitous,unjust,damnable,reprobate,inane,emptyofmeaningand
effectforalltime".[14]

Tenets
ThemaintenetsofthePeaceofWestphaliawere:
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AllpartieswouldrecognizethePeaceof
Augsburgof1555,inwhicheachprince
wouldhavetherighttodeterminethereligion
ofhisownstate,theoptionsbeing
Catholicism,Lutheranism,andnowCalvinism
(theprincipleofcuiusregio,eius
religio).[11][12]
Christianslivinginprincipalitieswheretheir
denominationwasnottheestablishedchurch
wereguaranteedtherighttopracticetheir
faithinpublicduringallottedhoursandin

AsimplifiedmapofEuropeafterthePeaceof
Westphaliain1648.

privateattheirwill.[11]
Generalrecognitionoftheexclusive
sovereigntyofeachpartyoveritslands,
people,andagentsabroad,andeachand
severalresponsibilityforthewarlikeactsof
anyofitscitizensoragents.Issuanceof
unrestrictedlettersofmarqueandreprisalto
privateerswasforbidden.
Therewerealsoterritorialadjustments:
TheindependenceofSwitzerlandfromthe

Historicalmap

Empirewasformallyrecognizedthese
territorieshadenjoyeddefactoindependence
fordecades.
ThemajorityofthePeace'stermscanbe
attributedtotheworkofCardinalMazarin,the
defactoleaderofFranceatthetime(theking,
LouisXIV,beingachild).Notsurprisingly,
Francecameoutofthewarinafarbetter
positionthananyoftheotherparticipants.
FranceretainedthecontroloftheBishoprics
ofMetz,ToulandVerdunnearLorraine,

HolyRomanEmpirein1648.

receivedthecitiesoftheDcapoleinAlsace
(butnotStrasbourg,theBishopricofStrasbourg,orMulhouse)andthecityofPignerolnearthe
SpanishDuchyofMilan.
Swedenreceivedanindemnityoffivemilliontalers,usedprimarilytopayitstroops.[15]Sweden
furtherreceivedWesternPomerania(henceforthSwedishPomerania),Wismar,andthePrince
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BishopricsofBremenandVerdenashereditaryfiefs,thusgainingaseatandvoteintheImperial
Dietoftheimperialaswellasintherespectivecirclediets(Kreistag)oftheUpperSaxon,Lower
SaxonandWestphaliancircles.[16]However,thewordingofthetreatieswasambiguous:
WhetherornotthecityofBremenwasincludedinSwedishBremenVerdenremained
disputed.FacingtheSwedishtakeover,BremenhadclaimedImperialimmediacy,which
wasgrantedbytheemperorandthusseparatedthecityfromthesurroundingbishopricwith
thesamename.SwedenunderstoodthatBremenwasneverthelesstobecededtoit,and
startedtheSwedishBremenwarsin1653/54.[17]
ThetreatyalsodelegatedthedeterminationoftheSwedishBrandenburgianborderinthe
DuchyofPomeraniatotheparties.AtOsnabrck,bothSwedenandBrandenburghad
claimedthewholeduchy,whichhadbeenunderSwedishcontrolsince1630despitelegal
claimsofBrandenburgiansuccession.Whilethepartiessettledforaborderin1653,the
underlyingconflictcontinued.[18]
ThetreatyruledthattheDukesofMecklenburg,owingtheirreinvestituretotheSwedes,
cedeWismarandtheMecklenburgianporttolls.WhileSwedenunderstoodthistoinclude
thetollsofallMecklenburgianports,theMecklenburgiandukesaswellastheemperor
understoodthistorefertoWismaronly.[18]
Wildeshausen,apettyexclaveofBremenVerdenandfragilebasisforSweden'sseatinthe
Westphaliancirclediet,wasalsoclaimedbytheBishopricofMnster.[18]
BavariaretainedthePalatinate'svoteintheImperialCouncilofElectors(whichelectedtheHoly
RomanEmperor),whichithadbeengrantedbythebanontheElectorPalatineFrederickVin
1623.ThePrincePalatine,Frederick'sson,wasgivenanew,eighthelectoralvote.
ThePalatinatewasdividedbetweenthereestablishedElectorPalatineCharlesLouis(sonand
heirofFrederickV)andElectorDukeMaximilianofBavaria,andthusbetweentheProtestants
andCatholics.CharlesLouisobtainedtheLowerPalatinate,alongtheRhine,whileMaximilian
kepttheUpperPalatinate,tothenorthofBavaria.
BrandenburgPrussia(laterPrussia)receivedFartherPomerania,andtheBishopricsof
Magdeburg,Halberstadt,Kammin,andMinden.
ThesuccessiontotheUnitedDuchiesofJlichClevesBerg,whohaddiedoutin1609,was
clarified.Jlich,Berg,andRavensteinweregiventotheCountPalatineofNeuburg,whileCleves,
Mark,andRavensbergwenttoBrandenburg.
ItwasagreedthatthePrinceBishopricofOsnabrckwouldalternatebetweenProtestantand
Catholicholders,withtheProtestantbishopschosenfromcadetsoftheHouseofBrunswick
Lneburg.
TheindependenceofthecityofBremenwasclarified.
Barrierstotradeandcommerceerectedduringthewarwereabolished,and"adegree"offree
navigationwasguaranteedontheRhine.[19]
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Legacy
TheprinciplesdevelopedatWestphalia,especiallythoserelatingtorespectingtheboundariesof
sovereignstatesandnoninterferenceintheirdomesticaffairs,becamecentraltotheworldorderthat
developedoverthefollowingcenturiesandremainsineffecttothisday(asof2015).Inseveralpartsof
theworld,sovereignstatesemergedfromwhatwasonceimperialterritoryonlyafterthepostWorld
WarIIperiodofdecolonization.[6]

Seealso
CharterofLiberties
ConcordatofWorms
EightyYears'War
Freedomofreligion
HistoryofSweden,16481700
Listoftreaties
PeaceofAugsburg
PeaceofMnster
RogerWilliams(theologian)
ThirtyYears'War
Westphaliansovereignty

References
1. ^"OriginaltextinDutchNationalArchives"(http://beeldbank.nationaalarchief.nl/na:col1:dat515773).
beeldbank.nationaalarchief.nl.
2. ^"DigitalGermantextTreatyofMnster"(http://www.lwl.org/westfaelische
geschichte/portal/Internet/finde/langDatensatz.php?urlID=741&url_tabelle=tab_quelle).lwl.org.
3. ^"DigitalGermantextTreatyofOsnabrck"(http://www.lwl.org/westfaelische
geschichte/portal/Internet/finde/langDatensatz.php?urlID=740&url_tabelle=tab_quelle).lwl.org.
4. ^"PrinciplesoftheStateSystem"
(http://faculty.unlv.edu/gbrown/westernciv/wc201/wciv2c10/wciv2c10lsec2.html).Faculty.unlv.edu.Retrieved
20120911.
5. ^"InformationfromcityofMnster"(http://www.muenster.de/en/peace_of_westphalia.php).Muenster.de.
Retrieved20120911.
6. ^abHenryKissinger(2014)."IntroductionandChpt1".WorldOrder:ReflectionsontheCharacterof
NationsandtheCourseofHistory.AllenLane.ISBN0241004268.
7. ^Croxton,Derek(2013).Westphalia:TheLastChristianPeace(http://books.google.com/books?
id=kFlVmAEACAAJ&dq=%22last+christian+peace%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=4isiUrDlJejKsASpsIDQCg&ved=
0CC4Q6AEwAA).Palgrave.
8. ^KonradRepgen,'NegotiatingthePeaceofWestphalia:ASurveywithanExaminationoftheMajor
Problems',In:1648:WarandPeaceinEurope:3vols.(Catalogueofthe26thexhibitionoftheCouncilof
Europe,onthePeaceofWestphalia),KlausBumannandHeinzSchilling(eds.)onbehalfofthe
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Veranstaltungsgesellschaft350JahreWestflischerFriede,MnsterandOsnabrck:nopubl.,1998,'Essay
Volume1:Politics,Religion,LawandSociety',pp.355372,herepp.355seq.
9. ^KonradRepgen,'NegotiatingthePeaceofWestphalia:ASurveywithanExaminationoftheMajor
Problems',In:1648:WarandPeaceinEurope:3vols.(Catalogueofthe26thexhibitionoftheCouncilof
Europe,onthePeaceofWestphalia),KlausBumannandHeinzSchilling(eds.)onbehalfofthe
Veranstaltungsgesellschaft350JahreWestflischerFriede,MnsterandOsnabrck:nopubl.,1998,'Essay
Volume1:Politics,Religion,LawandSociety',pp.355372,herep.356.
10. ^Sonnino,Paul(30June2009).Mazarin'sQuest:TheCongressofWestphaliaandtheComingofthe
Fronde(http://books.google.com/books?
id=eu8Lb7ZuayEC&pg=PA119&lpg=PA119&dq=Clant+Ripperda+Pauw&source=bl&ots=_uVycVA9uW&si
g=LQ8AaZ0mXqxQL0UKHxv
oK0gKz8&hl=en&ei=OnWdTujsL8PpOfilxIMJ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&sqi=2&ved=0
CBsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Clant%20Ripperda%20Pauw&f=false).HarvardUniversityPress.
11. ^abcTreatyofMnster1648
12. ^abBarro,R.J.andMcCleary,R.M."WhichCountrieshaveStateReligions?"
(http://economics.uchicago.edu/download/state_religion_0303.pdf).UniversityofChicago.p.5.Retrieved
7November2006.
13. ^"Thisday,Mary15,inJewishhistory"
(http://www.clevelandjewishnews.com/cjnconnect/blogs/article_057a78b43f445375a20d
a850a62b2194.html).ClevelandJewishNews.
14. ^LarryJayDiamond,MarcF.Plattner,PhilipJ.Costopoulo(2005).Worldreligionsanddemocracy.
15. ^Bhme,KlausR(2001)."DiesicherheitspolitischeLageSchwedensnachdemWestflischenFrieden".In
Hacker,HansJoachim.DerWestflischeFriedenvon1648:WendeinderGeschichtedesOstseeraums(in
German).Kova.p.35.ISBN3830005008.
16. ^Bhme,KlausR(2001)."DiesicherheitspolitischeLageSchwedensnachdemWestflischenFrieden".In
Hacker,HansJoachim.DerWestflischeFriedenvon1648:WendeinderGeschichtedesOstseeraums(in
German).Kova.p.36.ISBN3830005008.
17. ^Bhme,KlausR(2001)."DiesicherheitspolitischeLageSchwedensnachdemWestflischenFrieden".In
Hacker,HansJoachim.DerWestflischeFriedenvon1648:WendeinderGeschichtedesOstseeraums(in
German).Kova.p.37.ISBN3830005008.
18. ^abcBhme,KlausR(2001)."DiesicherheitspolitischeLageSchwedensnachdemWestflischenFrieden".
InHacker,HansJoachim.DerWestflischeFriedenvon1648:WendeinderGeschichtedesOstseeraums(in
German).Kova.p.38.ISBN3830005008.
19. ^Gross,Leo(1948)."ThePeaceofWestphalia,16481948".AmericanJournalofInternationalLaw42(1):
2041[p.25].doi:10.2307/2193560(https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F2193560).

Externallinks
TreatyofMnsterText
(http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/westphal.asp)
(YaleUniversity)
TextsoftheWestphalianTreaties(http://www.pax
westphalica.de)(German)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia

WikimediaCommonshas
mediarelatedtoPeaceof
Westphalia.
Wikisourcehasthetextof
a1911Encyclopdia
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PeaceOfWestphaliaFirmlyPlantsProtestantismin
Europe(http://www.famoushistoricalevents.net/peace

Britannicaarticleabout
PeaceofWestphalia.

westphalia/)
HighResolutionMapofGermanyaftertheTreatyofWestphalia
(http://bss.sfsu.edu/jacksonc/germany_1648.htm)
PeaceTreatyofOsnabrck(FullText)(http://www.lwl.org/westfaelische
geschichte/portal/Internet/ku.php?tab=que&ID=740)
PeaceTreatyofMnster(FullText)(http://www.lwl.org/westfaelische
geschichte/portal/Internet/ku.php?tab=que&ID=741)
Retrievedfrom"http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peace_of_Westphalia&oldid=644786090"
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HistoryoftheElectoralPalatinate 1648ininternationalrelations
DiplomaticconferencesinGermany 17thcenturydiplomaticconferences
PeacetreatiesoftheNetherlands PeacetreatiesofSpain 1648treaties
TreatiesoftheDutchRepublic TreatiesoftheSwedishEmpire PeacetreatiesoftheAncienRgime
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1648inGermany DutchGoldenAge
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