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SPE6752
EFFECTOFWELLBORE
STORAGE
ANDDAMAGE
ON THETRANSIENT
PRESSURE
BEHAVIOR
OF
VERTICALLY
FRACTURED
WELLS
by Heber Cinco-Ley and Fe?nando Samanlego V.,
Members SPE-AIME, Instftuto Mexicano del Petroleo
s Copyright1977,AmericanInstituteof Mining,Mstaihrrglcal.
and PetroleumEn;meera,Inc.
Thispaperwas presentedatthe 52ndAnnualFallTechnicalConferenceandExhibitionof theSocietyof PelroleumEflgineersof AIME, heldin Denver,Colorado,Ott. 9-12,1977.Thematerialicibjectto
correctionty theauthor.Permissionto copyis restrictedto an abstractof not more than300 words. Write:6200 N. CentralExpy,Dallaa,Texas75206.
ABSTRACT
-A model recentlyp?esentedby Cinco et al. for
the transientpressurebehatiorof wells with finite
conductivityverticalfractureswas moafled to
includethe effectsof wellborestorageand fracture
damage. An infinitesimalskinwas consideredaround
the fracture,end it was handledas a dimensionless
factordefinedas (aK/2)
(wd/Xf)[(k/kd)
- 1].
It was found that the well behavioris
importantlyaffectedby the fracturedamage. When
plottedas a functionof log ~D vr3lot tD for short
times,resultsshow flat, almosthorizontallines
that laterbecome concaveupwardcurvesasymptotically approachingthe curve for undamagedfractures,
This behavioris showneven by slightlydamaged
fractwes. It also was found th&t important
iidlmmation about the fracturecharacteristics
may
not be determinedwhen wellborestorageeffectsare
present.
INTROIUCTCON
It has been shownthat the increasein the
productivityofswell createdby hydraulic
fracturingdependson fracturecharacteristics,l-k
such as fractureconductivity,
length,penetration,5?6and also on a possibledamageto the
formationimmediatelysurroundingthe fracture.sfy
Duringthe last few years~therehas been a
continuouslyincreasinginterestin thedetermination
of the characteristics
and orientationof fractures
by means of trsnsientpressure
anaIYSiS,6-20Most of
tkse methodsconsiderthe fractureto be of
infiniteconductivityor of uniformflu%; others
considerfiniteconductivity
fractures. Generally,
thesemethodsassumethat there is no skin damage
aroundthe fracture. Evens14proposeda pressure
analysistechniqueconsideringfractureSW damage.
He assumedthe flow from the formationto the
fractureto be linear,passingthroughtwo porous
media in series,one being the damagedzone around
the fractureand the other the undsmagedformation.
Ramey end Gringarten17discussedthe transientwell
behaviorof verticallyfracturedwellg with large
Referencessnd W&trations
at end of paper.
..
E~~EcTOFwELLBORE
sTORAGEANDD~AGEONTHE
k h (pi - Pwf)
Pw = 141.2qB~
D
~ =o*ooo264kL
D
6P Ct Xfz
SPE 6752
and
(3)
.(4)
.(5)
. . .
, ,
c
cD=2Tt#hctxf2
WellboreStorageModq&
FractureFlow Model
D
wD(tD)
[1 - CD d ~.()]
= Jo
T)]
dT
,.
. .
[~
.
tD
D
.
* .
(1)
* cibwensionl.ess
wellborepreswhere pwn end pD are th(.
V
from
kh (pi - pf)
representsthe wellborestoragecoefficientin
dimensionless
form.
A discretizationofthe integralinEq. 1
allowsus to solvefor pw as follows.
I
(tD)=
D
[(1+
{CID,
PD
CD PD (tD - Dn ,)
(~
Dn
-:
Pf
(XD,
tD,
A, Bf,
.(6)
dimensionless
time definedin E@. 4, and A sndB are
the correlatingparametersof the solutiondefinedby
Cinco et EQ.19:
)]
Dn ,)
w @ff Cft
(tD ) -:::
n
(qD
)PD(tD-tD
- qD
n
i
i+l
Pw
-PD@Dn- Dn-l)},
(tD
%xf~ct
i+- 1
)
n-1
pD :tD - tD )+[l+cDg-~J
- qD
n
n-1
n-2
B4=
. 1 - CD
. . . . .(7)
kfffct.
. ($)
. . . . . . . . . . . (2)
(tD )-P
[PWD
i
n-1
where
Di
B u
u
p
141.2
D~-~]
.
Di - Di-l
Desnajzed-Zone
Flow Model
F??acture
is consideredto be surroundedby a
zone of width W9 and permeabilityk= less than the
formationpermeebilityk. Since the fluid flowing
from the formationto the.fracturehas to go through
thts zone, a> <xtrapressuredropAp9 is createdthat
can be computedfrom
Ap
I
I
443.6qf
hk
Wg-
k
[-1
ka
(10]
SPE 6752
damaged zone.
Eq. 10 in dimensionless
form becomes
kh~p
IT
d
k
s
llpD =
2
Xf
(~
141.2 q BP = qfD(xD* D)
s
**.***
*****.
O****>
,1)
(11)
= P*
q B IJ
.*,**.*
where ~andyD=e
(xD,
*.****
YD1
tD)
*****=
(12)
the fimensiotiess
abscissaand
ordinate,respectively.
The PD functionof ~. 12 was definedby Eq. 5
in Ref. 19
Methodof Solution
The reservoirand fractureflow modelscan be
coupledby consider. that the pressuredrop elong
the fractureApf(X,Yt is equalto the pressuredrop
along the plane sourceAp(x, y = C, t in the reservoir,pla3 the preesuredropAp5(x, t1 causedby the
damagedzone. This maybe expressedin dimeneionless form as
YD
Pfd(xDttD, A, B) = PD(XD,
=o, tD)-i-qf(xDrtD)sf~ ,..
,,,
,.(13)
where
IT w~(xD) k
%=T
Xf
(~-
(~ =
.
4
SPE 6752
CONCLUSIONS
From the resultspresentedin this work, the
followingcommentsare important.
1. The transientpressurebehaviorfor.a
fracturedwell is importantlyaffectedby wellbore
storageand fractureekin damage.
8. For a bettercharacterization
of the Zra.tured eystem,it is of prime interestto have an
estimateof the formationpermeability.
CDK ~7K9
UCRCD
PTNffLl
CV
ANn
CCQNllNllfl
RAMANTFMI
524.
. fracturewidth,ft
14, ~m9, J. G.: !lTheUse of Re99LUe
Buildup
w: = damagezone width,ft
Informationto AnalyzeNon-Respondent
Vertix,y = spacecoordinates,
ft.
callyFracturedOil Wells?paper SpE3345
~ =half fracturelength,ft
presentedat ths SPE-AIMERockyMowtti
RegionalMeeting,?2illings,
Mont.,June 2-3,
: = viscosity,cp
1971.
= porosity,.
fraction
15. Gringarten,A. C., Rsmey7H. Jts Jr.9 and
for FracRaghaven,R.: t!~e99We A.nal.ysie
tWed wells,~~
paper SPE 4051 presentedat he
S?&AIMEAnnusl.Fall TechnicalConferenceend
D = dimensionless
Exhibition,San Antonio,Tex.,Oct. 8-11,
f . fracture
1972.
i = initial
S . damagedzone
,16. Gringsrten,A. C., RemeypH. J.v Jr.p and
Reseure Adysis or
Raghaven,R.: f?APPlied
t = total
~r;&ed
Wells,J. Pet. Tech. (J@J 1975)
w = wellbore
. -*.
17. Ramey,H. J., Jr. and Gringarten,A. C*:
t!~fectof High VolumeVerticalFracturesOn
GeothermalSteamWell Behavior,!
paper pre1. McGuire,W. J. end Sibra, V. J.: l~~e Effect
sentedat the SecondUnitedNationsSymposium
of Vertical.
FractureE..{Well Productivity,
on the Use and Developmentof Geothermal
Trans.,AIME (1960)~,
401-403.
EnergyrSan Francisco,Celif.,May 20-29,
2.
van Poollen,H. K., Tinsley,J. M., and
1975.
Saunders,C. D.: Wydraulic Fracturing18. Locke,C. D. snd Sawyer,W. K.: Constant
FractureFlow Capacityvs Well Productivity,
PressureJnjectionTest in aFractiared
Trans.,AIME (19%) ~,
91-95.
Reservoir-History
MatchUsing NumericalSimula?. m.
M.: wEffectof VerticglFractureson
tion snd~e
Curve Analysis,t
paper SPE 5594
Reserbir Behatior-Incompressible
Fluid Case,
presentedat the SPE-AIME50thAnnualF~
Sot. Pet. liim.J. (June 1961) 105-117.
TechnicelConferenceand ~bition, Dallas,
4. Jefigs, A. R. ~dLord~ DC L.: Fracture
Tex.,Sept. @-Oct. 1, 1975.
Flow C~pacity- A Key to SustainedProduction
F., and
19. Cin~o-Ley,H6ber,Ssmeniego-V.?
AfterHydraulicFracturing,paper SPE6127
Rmunguez-A.,N.: lt~~eient PressureBehavior
presentedat the WE-AIME 51st AnnualFall
for a Well With a FiniteConductivity
VerticSl
TechnicalConferenceend Exhibition,New
Fracture,paper SPE6014 presentedat theSPEOrleans,La., Oct. 3-6, 1976.
AIME Annuali%ll TechnicalConferenceend
5. Tinsley, J. M., Williams,J. R., Tiner,R. L.,
~d M~one, W. T.: ~WerticelFractureHeightlMhibition,New Orleans,La., Oct. 3-6, 1976,
~actica Considerations
20. Raghavan,R.: tlsome
Its Effecton Steady-StateProduction
in the Anslysisof PressureData,J. Pet.
Increase,~
J. Pet. Tech. (MSY 1969)633-638.
Tech. (Oct.1976) 1256-1268.
6. Raghavsn,R., Uraiet,A., end l%omastG. W.:
l~vertics,l.
FractureHeight: Effecton Tran21. ~-al,
R.G.,A1-HussainY,R.t end mey~
of Wellbore
sient Flow Behavior,paper SPE 6016 presented
H, J*t Jr.: Wk Investigation
Storue end Skin Effectin UnsteadyLiq~d
at the WE-AIME 51stAnnualFall Technical.
Fiow:-1. AnalyticalTreatment,Sot. Pet.
Conferencesndl?xhibition,
New Orleans,La.,
*R. J. (Sept.1970) 291-297,
oct. 3-6, w76.
Cinco-Lev.H6ber and Samaniego-V.,
Fernando:
22.
7. van Poollen.H. K.: w~oductitityVS permef?A Sbpl&Numerical.
Wellbore-Storage
Simulaabilityin H@raulicsllY Reduced-Fractures~ I
tor,to be published.
&L1l.sndfiod. Prac.,-AF!I
(1957)103-110.~fect of VerticalFrac23.
Cinco-Ley,H6ber and Semaniego-V.,
Fprnsndo:
8. Scott,J. 0.: fr,~~e
tlWellTest Analysisfor VerticallyFractured
tureson TransientpressureBehaviorof Wells,
Wells,l
to be published.
J. Pet. Tech. (Dec.1963) 1365-1369.
24.
Wattenbergerf
R. A. and RameytH. J., Jr.:
9. Rusell.D. G. and Truitt,N. E.: Transient
.
of WellboreStorage and
~!~ Investigation
Press&e Behaviorin VerticallyFractured
Skin Effectin Unste&@Liqtid Flow: 11.
Reservoirs,~lJ.
Pet. Tech. (Oct. 1964) 1159FiniteDifferenceTreatment SOC= Pet. %.
1170.
(Sept.1970) 279-290.
J.
10. Lee, W. J., Jr.: wAnalyeisof Hydraulically
NOMENCLATURE
WELLBORE
>
FINITECONDUCTIVITY FRACTURE
II
,FRACTURE
IMPERMEABLE
BOUNDARIES
I
.-
~ -
NW
---FIG,
FIG,
2-
FRACTURED
FRACTURE
1-
iNFINITE
FINITE CONDUCTIVITY
VERTICALFRACTURE
IN
SLAS
WELL
WITH
A DAMAGED
ZONE
AROUND
THE
AN
RESERVOIR,
PLANE
Q(x.t)
SOURCE [WELLI
PLANE
af(x,
SOURCE
(FRACTURE)
f)
*X
~
3-
FIG,
FRACTURE
FLOW MODEL,
FIG, 4 - RESERVE
cd
,.-4
I r
,0-3
,0-2
,.-1
0.000264
10
kt
o= #Pc,xf
FIG,
5-
FRACTURE
DIMENSIONLESS
SKIN
DAMAGE
PRESSURE
(WKF/~XFK
DROP
=
VERSUS
DIMENSIONLESS
TIME
FOR
A FRACTURED
FLOW MODEL,
lo~
..
WELL
WITH
0.2),
.-
10
1
Id
lo~
JO-4
6-
FIG,
IO-8
DIMENSIONLESS
FRACTURE
SKIN
DAmAGE
10-~
10-[
0.000264 kt
o
flxc!xf
DROP VERSUS DIMENSIONLESS
PRESSURE
(WKF/17XFK
10
TIME
J
lo~
lot
FOR A FRACTURED
WELL WITH
2),
10
,0-3
to-d
10-2
I o-~
to=
4FC,
7-
FIG,
FRACTURE
DIMENSIONLESS
SKIN
DAMAGE
PRESSURE
(WKF/IIXFK
DROP
E
Jo-1
k!
0.000264
VERSUS
10
102
10
x?
DIMENSIONLESS
TIME
FOR A FRACTURED
WELL
WITH
100),
i
3
+boe
II
(+-1)
sf,**
r \\
es
-r.
.2
.4
,6
.8
x+
FIG, 8- STABILIZED
FLUX DISTRIBUTION
FERENT FEACTURE SKIN DAMAciE (WKF/7XFK
FOR DIF={0,2)
FIG,9FERENT
STABILIZED
FRACTURE
SKIN
-.
FLux[.isTRIBuTIgN
QAMAGE
(WKF/17XFI(
[o;o;;F.
lot
to=
Fig. 10fracture
Dimensionless
0.000264
+ r etXf
kt
pressure vs. dimensionless time for swell with a fully penetrating vertical fracture (zero
skin damage).
~o-l
10-2
10-3
10-4
1
to = 0.000264
kt
01 v Ct Xf