Progress In Science and Engineering Research Journal

ISSN 2347-6680 (E)

Performance Analysis of BER for Different SNR of Channel in

Various Modulation Schemes
Manish Dangi1, Dr. Mahesh Kr. Porwal2
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Shrinathji Institute of Technology & Engineering
Abstract: In modern world wireless communication has its

data rates. In application like video conferencing and

wide application in almost every section of communication.

online gaming there is requirement of high data rates.

In this time of globalization and competition, speed and

As the business, industries and users are depending on

accuracy is the most important factor to deal with.

Designing of system depends upon the application and
usage. So to determine what design should we use, because
of its cost, complexity and requirement, is a challenging
task. Today wireless communication is totally embedded in
our

daily

life

for

exchange

of

information

and

entertainment purpose. Wireless communication becoming

more popular among users as it provides mobility but wired
communication has more efficiency and less error. So
continuously around the world work is going on to increase
the efficiency of wireless communication. As the speed of
schemes like 3G and 4G are being developing numerous
applications and services are developing accordingly like

wireless communication, there is need to work on high

quality voice, streaming video.
This application requires high speed internet of several
megabits per sec. And here option is 4G network which
supports 1 Gb/sec for indoor and 100Mb/sec for
outdoor users [1].
In 3G schemes like CDMA, WCDMA, there is a
problem of ISI. To counter this effect OFDM is
developed, this reduces ISI to great extent [2]. In
OFDM, basically what happened is, it converts the

video conferencing, online gaming, autonomous sensor

wideband channel into many narrowband channel and

network etc.

each subcarrier in channel is orthogonal to each other.

Our objective in this paper is to find at what SNR what

modulation scheme will give least BER. This way we can

This property reduces the ISI. In OFDM, it is first

modulated by BPSK, QPSK etc., is then segmented to

later develop adaptive modulation scheme, which will give

length N. Then IDFT is calculated for each block. Now

low BER noise at receiver in compromise with high quality

a preamble is added called as cyclic prefix in front of

of video.

IDFT block. Now these blocks are transmitted in

Index Terms: SNR, BER, autonomous sensor network, 3G

channel one after another. If channel length is smaller

and 4G

than length of cyclic prefix, there is no ISI. There will

I. INTRODUCTION

be interference between two adjacent block only. At

For the last few decades, there is a steep evolution in

receiver, this cyclic prefix is discarded and now DFT is

wireless technology. This increase in technology has

performed [3]. In OFDM, we convert the wideband

widen the application with respect to mobility and high

frequency

selective

channel

to

narrowband

flat

frequency channels.
Corresponding Author: [1]
1. Mr. Manish Dangi, M.Tech. (Digital communication) ECE

After eliminating the ISI effect, to get the coherent

Department, Shrinathji Institute of Technology & Engineering

symbol detection, we are require to calculate the phase

PO-Nathdwara, Dist-Rajsamand (Raj)

and gain of sub channel [6]. To estimate this gain and

Email Id: manishdangi@hotmail.com

2. Dr. Mahesh Kr. Porwal, Professor, ECE Department,

phase parameters we introduce pilot/training symbols at

Shrinathji Institute of Technology & Engineering.

transmitter. Training symbols at regular and short

Email Id: porwal5@yahoo.com

interval of time is introduced at transmitter with

2014 PISER Journal

http://.piserjournal.org/
PISER 16, Vol.02, Issue: 06/06 November-December; Bimonthly International Journal
Page(s) 168-171

Progress In Science and Engineering Research Journal

message signals. These bits are known bit pattern.
When these bits are received at receiver after passing

ISSN 2347-6680 (E)

SNR=Ps/Pn,
Ps= signal power

through channel, there are some changes introduced in

training bits and message bits which is recognizable due
to know bit pattern of training bits at receiver[9]. And

Pn=noise power
SNR(db)= 10log10(Ps/Pn)

hence we estimate the gain and phase of message bits

accordingly.
We know that channel is not constant from SNR point
of view. When SNR of channel is low we get higher
BER at receiver. So we use adaptive modulation
scheme [8]. But main problem is when to switch over to
next modulation scheme. That means to calculate rang
of SNR of channel at which specific modulation
scheme is to be used for lower BER. So to do this we
will calculate BER at different SNR for each
modulation scheme. After analyzing the result, we will
get rang of SNR for each modulation scheme [5]. Main
objective of this paper is to measure BER at different
SNR of channel for each modulation scheme.

II. PROPOSED LAYOUT

In model to adapt the modulation scheme in OFDM,
first channel estimation is necessary to decide the
appropriate modulation scheme to be used. For channel
estimation some bits are transmitted along with
message signal. These bits help to calculate the SNR of
channel. Now this information is transmitted back to
transmitter by feedback to use the appropriate

Fig 2 simulation model

modulation scheme.

Fig1 Block Diagram of Model

In this type of system, comparison is very necessary

between signal power and noise power

Fig 2 Simulation Model

2014 PISER Journal

http://.piserjournal.org/
PISER 16, Vol.02, Issue: 06/06 November-December; Bimonthly International Journal
Page(s) 168-171

Progress In Science and Engineering Research Journal

ISSN 2347-6680 (E)

We have developed simulation model of WiMAX

Convolution Encoder
Along with error correction error controlling is also
done by some specific codes, knows as noisy channel
coding theorem [4]. For every channel we can calculate
the channel capacity. There are some error control
codes which allow information to be transmitted near
channel capacity. Encoder rate is encoder outputs two
bits for every single input bit.

where channel estimation is done. Motive of this model

is to reduce the calculation and estimation to set the
modulation scheme for adaptive modulation scheme by
give range of SNR for each modulation scheme and we
can directly set the threshold for SNR to directly switch
to other modulation scheme.
So in our result we can see BER at different SNR of
channel for different modulation schemes, for both with

Code rate = k/n

k = input bits and

fading and without fading. Now we get the range of

n = output bits

SNR for each modulation scheme to achieve least BER

at receiver for adaptive modulation scheme.

Simulation Model
In this model at transmitter we set the modulation
scheme and data is transmitted at fixed modulation
scheme through the channel. In channel we will see
result in AWGN channel but to see effect of Rayleigh
fading channel also, we have set the switch by which
we can check the performance of system in both the

SNR Range

Modulation scheme

5-9

BPSK

10-14

QPSK

15-19

16QAM1/2

20-24

64QAM2/3

25-30

64QAM3/4

channel. We can set the SNR of channel manually as

our task is to calculate BER at different SNR.

Table3: Range of SNR for each Modulation Scheme

III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

IV. CONCLUSIONS

SNR

10

15

20

25

30

In this paper we designed a model for WiMAX, where

BPSK

we set the modulation scheme and SNR of channel

QPSK1/2

0.0541

manually and the see its BER. This way we check

QPSK3/4

0.3296

0.00067

BER for each modulation scheme at different SNR of

16QAM1/2

0.4875

0.2175

0.09634

16QAM3/4

0.495

0.4323

0.01349

channel and finally based on our observation we get

64QAM2/3

0.4976

0.4922

0.3755

0.0075

range of SNR for each modulation scheme to achieve

64QAM3/4

0.5013

0.4999

0.4493

0.04266

least BER at receiver.

Table1: Performance of system with OFDM without fading

SNR

10

15

20

25

30

BPSK

0.3034

0.4372

0.5164

0.5429

0.552

0.3789

QPSK1/2

0.4928

0.5063

0.4988

0.5004

0.3486

0.4939

QPSK3/4

0.498

0.4978

0.5006

0.4978

0.3914

0.4285

16QAM1/2

0.498

0.5005

0.497

0.4977

0.506

0.4997

16QAM3/4

0.528

0.4963

0.502

0.4993

0.5023

0.5032

64QAM2/3

0.4999

0.5006

0.4994

0.4999

0.4999

0.5009

64QAM3/4

0.4999

0.4985

0.5015

0.5034

0.5019

0.5003

Table2: Performance of system with OFDM with fading

REFERENCE
[1]. J. Mitola and G. Q. Maguire Jr., Cognitive radio: Making
softwareradios
more
personal,
IEEE
Personal
Communications, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 1318, Aug. 1999.
[2]. T. Weiss, J. Hillenbrand, and F. Jondral, A diversity approach
for thedetection of idle spectral resources in spectrum pooling
systems, inProc. of the 48th Int. Scientific Colloquium,
Ilmenau, Germany, Sep.2003.
[3]. ANSI, The DWMT: A multicarrier transceiver for ADSL
using M-band wavelets, ANSI Standard, 1993.
[4]. H. A. Mahmoud and H. Arslan, Sidelobe suppression in
OFDM based spectrum sharing systems using adaptive symbol
transition, IEEE Commun. Lett., vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 133135,
Feb. 2008.

2014 PISER Journal

http://.piserjournal.org/
PISER 16, Vol.02, Issue: 06/06 November-December; Bimonthly International Journal
Page(s) 168-171

Progress In Science and Engineering Research Journal

ISSN 2347-6680 (E)

[5]. S. Haykin, Cognitive radio: brain-empowered wireless

communications, IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun., vol. 3, no.
2, pp. 201220, Feb. 2005.
[6]. T. S. Rappaport, Smart Antennas: Adaptive Arrays,
Algorithms, & Wireless Position Location. IEEE, 1998.
[7]. D. E. Breen Jr, Characterization of multi-carrier locator
performance, Masters thesis, Worcester Polytechnic
Institute, May 2004.
[8]. Z. Yang and X. Wang, Blind detection of OFDM signals in
multipath fading channels via sequential Monte Carlo, IEEE
Trans. Signal Processing, vol.50, pp.255-270, February 2002.
[9]. Stefan Parkvall, Anders Furuskr, and Erik Dahlman, Ericsson
Research Evolution of LTE toward IMT-Advanced IEEE
Communications Magazine February 2011

2014 PISER Journal

http://.piserjournal.org/
PISER 16, Vol.02, Issue: 06/06 November-December; Bimonthly International Journal
Page(s) 168-171