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PAGE 1 OF 14 NOTES EXCEL COACHING CLASSES

STANDARD IX GEOMETRY PARALLELOGRAM


PARALLELOGRAM
Theory Question No. 1
The opposite sides of a parallelogram are congruent.

A B Given: ABCD is a parallelogram in which


Side AB Side DC & Side AD Side BC.
To Prove: Seg AB  Seg DC &
Seg AD  Seg BC
Construction: Draw diagonal BD.
D C
Proof:
Statement Reason
1. In ∆ABD and ∆CDB,
a) ABD  CDB Alternate angles
b) seg BD  seg DB Common side
c) ADB  CBD Alternate angles
2.  ∆ABD  ∆CDB ASA test
3.  side AB  side CD c.s.c.t.
4. Also, side AD  side CB c.s.c.t.

Theory Question No. 2


A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if it’s opposite sides are congruent.
A B
Given: ABCD is a quadrilateral in which
Side AB  Side DC & Side AD  Side BC .
To Prove: ABCD is a parallelogram.

D C Construction: Draw diagonal BD.


Proof:
Statement Reason
1. In ∆ABD and ∆CDB,
a) side AB  side CD Given
b) side AD  side CB Given
c) side BD  side DB Common side
2.  ∆ABD  ∆CDB SSS test
3.  ABD  CDB c.a.c.t.

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PAGE 2 OF 14 NOTES EXCEL COACHING CLASSES
STANDARD IX GEOMETRY PARALLELOGRAM
4.  Side AB Side DC Alternate angles test
5. Similarly we can prove that Side AD Side
BC.
6.  ABCD is a parallelogram. Both pairs of opposite sides are parallel to
each other.

Theory Question No. 3


Opposite angles of a parallelogram are congruent.
P Q
Given: PQRS is a parallelogram.
To Prove: P  R & S  Q.
Construction: Draw diagonal QS.
S R
Proof:
Statement Reason
1. In ∆PQS and ∆RSQ,
a) PQS  RSQ Alternate angles
b) seg QS  seg SQ Common side
c) PSQ  RQS Alternate angles
2.  ∆PQS  ∆RSQ ASA test
3.  P  R c.a.c.t.
4. Similarly, considering diagonal PR we can
prove S  Q.

Theory Question No. 4


A Quadrilateral is a parallelogram if it’s opposite angles are congruent.
P Q
x y Given: PQRS is a quadrilateral in which
P  R & S  Q.

y x To Prove: PQRS is a parallelogram.


S R
Proof:
Statement Reason
1. Let mP  mR  x
and mQ  mS  y
2. mP  mQ  mR  mS  360o Sum of measures of angles of a quadrilateral

3.  x  y  x  y  360o From steps (1) and (2)


 2 x  2 y  360o

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PAGE 3 OF 14 NOTES EXCEL COACHING CLASSES
STANDARD IX GEOMETRY PARALLELOGRAM
4.  x  y  180o

i.e. mP  mS  180o


5.  Side PQ Side SR Interior angles test of parallel lines
6. Similarly, we can prove Side PS Side QR.

7.  In PQRS, side PQ side SR, From step (5) and (6)


and side PS side QR.
8.  PQRS is a parallelogram.

Theory Question No. 5


Prove that the diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.
A D
Given: ABCD is a parallelogram.
M Diagonal AC and BD intersect at M.
To prove: Seg AM  Seg CM &
B C
Seg BM  Seg DM.
Proof:
Statement Reason
1. In ∆ABM and ∆CDM,
a) ABM  CDM Alternate angles
b) Side AB  Side CD Opposite sides
c) BAM  DCM Alternate angles
2.  ∆ABM  ∆CDM ASA test
3.  seg AM  seg CM and c.s.c.t.
seg BM  seg DM

Theory Question No. 6


If the diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect each other then the quadrilateral is a
parallelogram.

A D Given: In ABCD, diagonal AC and CD


M intersect at M. Seg AM  seg CM
and seg BM  seg DM.
B C
To prove: ABCD is a parallelogram.
Proof:
Statement Reason

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PAGE 4 OF 14 NOTES EXCEL COACHING CLASSES
STANDARD IX GEOMETRY PARALLELOGRAM
1. In ∆ABM and ∆CDM,
a). seg AM  seg CM Given
b). AMB  CMD Vertically opposite angles
c). seg BM  seg DM Given
2.  ∆ABM  ∆CDM SAS test
3. BAM  DCM, c.a.c.t.
4.  side AB  side DC Alternate angle test
5. Similarly, we can prove that side AD 
side BC
6.  ABCD is a parallelogram. From step (4) and (5)

Theory Question No. 7


A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if a pair of opposite sides is parallel and
congruent.
L K
Given: In LMNK, side LM  side KN
and side LM  side KN.
To prove: LMNK is a parallelogram.
M N Construction: Draw diagonal MK.
Proof:
Statement Reason
1. In ∆KLM and ∆MNK,
a) seg LM  seg NK Given
b) LMK  NKM Alternate angles
c) seg KM  seg MK Common side
2.  ∆KLM  ∆MNK SAS test
3. LKM  NMK c.a.c.t.
4.  seg LK  seg MN Alternate angle test
5. In LMNK, Side LM  side KN and From given and step (4)
side LK  side MN
6.  LMNK is a parallelogram.

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PAGE 5 OF 14 NOTES EXCEL COACHING CLASSES
STANDARD IX GEOMETRY PARALLELOGRAM
RECTANGLE
Theory Question No. 8
If one angle of a parallelogram is right angle then it is a rectangle.
A B
Let ABCD be a parallelogram and
B be a right angle.
To prove: ABCD is a rectangle.
D C
Proof:
Statement Reason
1. ABCD is a parallelogram Given
2. B  D Opposite angles are congruent
3. Side AB  side DC and line AD is Opposite sides are parallel
transversal.
4.  mA + mD = 180° Interior angles
a) mA + 90° = 180°
A = 90°
5. mC = 90° Opposite angle of A
6. ABCD is a rectangle All angles of a rectangle are right angles

Theory Question No. 9


Diagonals of a rectangle are congruent.
A B
Given: ABCD is a rectangle.
Seg BD and AC are its diagonals
To prove: Diagonal AC  diagonal BD.
D C
Proof:
Statement Reason
1. In ∆ABC and ∆DCB,
a) side AB  side DC Opposite sides of a rectangle
b) ABC  DCB Right angles
c) side BC  side CB Common side
2.  ∆ABC  ∆DCB SAS test
3.  diagonal AC  diagonal BD c.s.c.t.

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PAGE 6 OF 14 NOTES EXCEL COACHING CLASSES
STANDARD IX GEOMETRY PARALLELOGRAM
Theory Question No. 10
If diagonals of a parallelogram are congruent then it is a rectangle.
A B
Given: ABCD is a parallelogram.
Diagonal AC  diagonal BD.
To Prove: ABCD is a rectangle.
D C

Proof:

Statement Reason
1. In ∆ ABC and ∆ DCB,
a) side AB  side DC Opposite sides of a parallelogram
b) side BC  side CB Common side
c) diagonal AC  diagonal BD Given
2. ∆ABC  ∆DCB SSS test
3. ABC  DCB c.s.c.t.
4. mABC + mDCB = 180º Adjacent angles
5. mABC + mABC = 180 From step (3) and (4)
2mABC = 180
 mABC = 90
6.  mDCB = 90 From step (3) and (5)
7.  mBAD = 90 Opposite angles of parallelogram
8. Also, mADC = 90 Same as step (7)
9.  ABCD is a rectangle All angles of a rectangle are right angles

RHOMBUS
Theory Question No. 11
A parallelogram having adjacent sides congruent is a rhombus.
P Q
Given: LMQP is a parallelogram.
Side PL  side LM.
To prove: LMQP is a rhombus.

L M

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PAGE 7 OF 14 NOTES EXCEL COACHING CLASSES
STANDARD IX GEOMETRY PARALLELOGRAM
Proof:
Statement Reason
1. LMQP is a parallelogram Given
2. side PL  side QM and side LM  side PQ Opposite sides
3. But, side PL  side LM Given
4. side LM  side MQ  side QP  side PL From step (2) and (3)
5.  LMQP is a rhombus All side are congruent

Theory Question No. 12

Diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular bisectors of each other.


P
Given: PQRS is a rhombus.
Diagonal PR and diagonal QS
M
S Q
intersect at point M.
To Prove: seg PM  seg RM, seg QM  seg SM &
R
seg PR  seg QS.
Proof:

Statement Reason
1. ABCD is a rhombus Given
2. ABCD is a parallelogram Every rhombus is a parallelogram.
3.  seg PM  seg RM and Diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each
seg QM  seg SM other
4. In PMS and PMQ,
a) seg MS  seg MQ From step (3)
b) side SP  side QP Given
c) seg PM  seg PM Common side
5.  PMS  PMQ SSS test
6. PMS  PMQ c.a.c.t.
7. But, PMS and PMQ are in linear pair.
a)  mPMS + mPMQ = 180
 2 mPMS = 180
 mPMS = 90
8.  seg PM and seg SM are perpendicular From step (3) and (7a)

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PAGE 8 OF 14 NOTES EXCEL COACHING CLASSES
STANDARD IX GEOMETRY PARALLELOGRAM
bisectors of each other.

 Diagonal PR  diagonal QS.

SQUARE
Theory Question No. 13

Diagonals of a square are congruent and perpendicular bisectors of each other.


A B
Given: ABCD is a square.
Diagonal AC and diagonal BD intersect at M.
M
To Prove: (i) diag AC  diag BD,
D C (ii) seg AM  seg CM, seg BM  seg DM
(iii) diag AC  diag BD.
Proof:
Statement Reason
1. ABCD is a square Given
2. It is a rectangle Every square is a rectangle
a) diag AC  diag BD Diagonals are congruent
3. Also, ABCD is a rhombus. Every square is a rhombus
4.  seg AM  seg CM, seg BM  seg DM Diagonals are perpendicular bisectors
of each other
5.  Diag AC  diag BD

Theory Question No. 14

A quadrilateral is a square if its diagonals are congruent and perpendicular


bisectors of each other.
A B
Given: In ABCD, Diagonals AC and BD

M intersects at M. Diag AC  diag BD


and diag AC  diag BD.
D C To Prove: ABCD is a square.
Proof:

Statement Reason
1. In ABCD, seg AM  seg CM and Given
seg DM  seg BM

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PAGE 9 OF 14 NOTES EXCEL COACHING CLASSES
STANDARD IX GEOMETRY PARALLELOGRAM
2.  ABCD is a parallelogram
3. Diag AC  diag BD From step (4)
4.  ABCD is a rectangle.
5. diag AC  diag BD Given
6.  ABCD is a rectangle with diagonals
perpendicular to each other.
7.  ABCD is a rhombus and rectangle. From steps (3) and (5)
8. ABCD is a square From steps (3) and (6)

THREE OR MORE PARALLEL LINES


Theory Question No. 15

If three parallel lines make congruent intercepts on a transversal then they make
congruent intercepts on any other transversal.
t1 t2

Given: Line l ॥ line m ॥ line n.


A l
G D Line t1 and t2 are transversals.

m Seg AB  seg BC.
B E
n To Prove: seg DE  seg EF.
C F I
Construction: Draw a line GI ॥ line AB
through E.
Proof:

Statement Reason

1. Line AG ॥ line BE Given

a) Line AB ॥ line GE Construction


2. ABEG is a parallelgram. From steps (1) and (1a)
3. seg AB  seg GE Opposite sides of a parallelogram

4. Line BE ॥ line CI Given

a) Line BC ॥ line EI Construction


5.  BCIE is a parallelogram From steps (4) and (4a)
6. seg BC  seg EI Opposite sides of a parallelogram
7. But seg AB  seg BC Given
a)  seg GE  seg EI From steps (3) and (6)
8. Now in GED and IEF,

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STANDARD IX GEOMETRY PARALLELOGRAM
a) DGE  FIE Alternate angles
b) seg GE  seg EI From step (7a)
c) GED  IEF vertically opposite angles
9. GED  IEF ASA test
10. seg DE  seg EF c.s.c.t.

TRAPEZIUM
Property: In a trapezium, line segment joining mid-points of non-parallel sides is
(i) parallel to its parallel sides and
(ii) half the sum of the lengths of its parallel sides.
A B

P Q

D C
ABCD is a trapezium in which side AB ॥ side DC. P and Q are the mid-points of seg AD and
seg BC respectively then,
1) seg PQ ॥ seg DC ॥ seg AB
1
2) PQ   AB  DC  .
2
SOLVED PROBLEMS
1. ABCD is a parallelogram. On the diagonal AC take points P and Q so that AP = CQ. Prove
that BQDP is a parallelogram.
D C
Given: 1) ABCD is a parallelogram.
Q
M 2) AP = CQ.
P To Prove: BQDP is a parallelogram.
A B
Construction: Join B to D intersecting AC at point
Proof:
Statement Reason
1. In parallelogram ABCD,
a) DB is the diagonal Construction.
b) DM  MB M bisects the diagonal DB.
2. AC is the diagonal Hypotenuse side test
a)  AM = MC Same as (1b)
3. But, AM = AP + PM A–P–M
a) CM = CQ + MQ C–Q–M

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PAGE 11 OF 14 NOTES EXCEL COACHING CLASSES
STANDARD IX GEOMETRY PARALLELOGRAM
b) AP = CQ Given
6.  PM = QM From steps (2a), (3a), (3b) and (4)
7.  DM = MB From steps (1b) and (5)
8. PM = QM
9.  BQDP is a parallelogram. By diagonals test for parallelogram.

2. ABCD is a parallelogram; E is the midpoint of diagonal AC. Line PQ is any line through
E cutting the opposite sides DC and AB respectively in P and Q. Prove that seg PQ is
bisected at E.
D P C Given: 1) ABCD is a parallelogram.
2) E is the midpoint of diagonal AC.
E
To Prove: Seg PQ is bisected at E. i.e. PE = EQ
A B
Q
Proof:
Statement Reason
1. In parallelogram ABCD,
a) AC is the diagonal Construction.
b) AE = EC Given.
2. DC ‖ AB and AC is the transversal.
a)  DCA  CAB Converse of alternate angle test.
i.e. PCE   EAQ
3. PEC   AEQ Vertically opposite angles.
4. In PEC and  QEA
a) PCE   CAB From step (2a)
b) AE = EC From step (1b)
c) PEC   AEQ From step (3)
d) PEC   QEA ASA test
5.  PE = EQ. c.s.c.t.
i.e. Seg PQ is bisected at E.

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PAGE 12 OF 14 NOTES EXCEL COACHING CLASSES
STANDARD IX GEOMETRY PARALLELOGRAM
3. ABCD is a parallelogram. AP = BQ = CR = DS. Prove that PQRS is a parallelogram.
R
D C Given: 1) ABCD is a parallelogram.
S 2) AP = BQ = CR = DS.
Q
To Prove: PQRS is a parallelogram.
A P B
Proof:
Statement Reason
1. In parallelogram ABCD,
a) DAB  DCB Opposite angles of a parallelogram are
i.e. SAP  QCR congruent.
2. seg AP = seg CR Given.
3. seg AD = seg BC Opposite angles of a parallelogram are
congruent.
4. But AD = AS + SD and A – S – D and B – Q – C
BC = BQ + QC
a) Also, DS = BQ Given.
b) seg AS = seg QC From steps (3), (4), (4a)
5. In SAP and  QCR,
a) seg AS = seg QC From step (4b)
b) SAP   QCR From step (1a)
c) seg AP = seg CR From step (2)
d) SAP   QCR. SAS test
6.  seg SP = seg RQ c.s.c.t
7. Similarly, we can prove that
seg SR = seg PQ.
8.  PQRS is a parallelogram. Opposite side test for parallelogram.

4. In a rhombus with side 13cm and one of its diagonal is 24cm. Find the other diagonal and
the perimeter of rhombus.

A D Given: 1) ABCD is a rhombus.


2) Diagonal AC = 24cm
M 3) Side AD = 13cm
To find: 1) Diagonal DB
B C
2) Perimeter of rhombus.

Proof:

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PAGE 13 OF 14 NOTES EXCEL COACHING CLASSES
STANDARD IX GEOMETRY PARALLELOGRAM
Statement Reason
1. In rhombus ABCD,
a) DB and AC are perpendicular bisectors of Diagonal property of a rhombus.
each other.
2. Diagonal AC = 24cm Given.
1 M is the midpoint.
a) AM = MC =  24 = 12cm
2
3. In rt AMD,
a) AD² = DM² + AM² By Pythagoras theorem.
b)  (13)² = DM² + (12)² Given and from step (2a)
 169 = DM² + 144
 DM² = 25
 DM = 5cm
4. Diagonal DB = 2DM
 DB = 2  5 = 10cm
5. Perimeter of rhombus = 4  side
= 4 13 = 52cm

5. A rhombus with area 336 sq.cm, one of its diagonal is 48cm. Find the other diagonal and
perimeter of the rhombus.
Given: 1)  is a rhombus.
2) Diagonal d1 = 48cm
3) Side = 25cm
To find: 1) Diagonal d 2
2) Perimeter of rhombus.
Proof:
Statement Reason
1. In rhombus,
a) Diagonals are perpendicular bisectors of Diagonal property of a rhombus.
each other.
2. Diagonal d1 = 48cm Given.

1 1
a)  d1 =  48 = 24cm = x (say)
2 2

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STANDARD IX GEOMETRY PARALLELOGRAM
1
Area of rhombus =  d1  d 2
2
14
1 12 336
336   24  d 2 .   d2 .
3. 2 24
Diagonal d 2  14cm.
1
 d 2  7cm  y ( say ).
2
4. By Pythagoras theorem we have,
x ²  y ²  side²  24²  7²  side²
 576  49  side²  side²  625
 side  25cm
5. Perimeter of rhombus = 4  side Given and from step (2a)
= 4  25 = 100cm

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