SPE

Society of PetroIeun Engineers

SPE 18172

Pressure Transient Analysis of Wells With Finite Conductivity Vertical

Fractures in Double Porosity Reservoirs
by H. Cinco-Ley, PEMEX and University of Mexico, and H.-Z. Meng, Dowell Schlumberger
*MemberSPE

Copyright 1988. Society of Petroleum Engineers

This paper was prepared for presentation at the 63rd Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition of the Society of Petroleum Engineers held in
Houston. TX. October 2-5. 1988.
This paper was selected for presentation by an SPE Program Committee following review of information contained in an abstract submitted by the
author(s). Contents of the paper. as presented. have not been reviewed by the Society of Petroleum Engineers and are subject to correction by the
author(s). The material. as presented. does not necessarily reflect any position of the Society of Petroleum Engineers. its officers. or members. Papers
presented at SPE meetings are subject to publication review by Editorial Committees of the Society of Petroleum Engineers. Permission to copy is
restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words. Illustrations may not be copied. The abstract should contain conspicuous acknowledgment of
where and by whom the paper is presented. Write Publications Manager. SPE. P.O. Box 833836. Richardson. TX 750833836. Telex. 730989 SPEDAL.

Type curves are presented to analyze data falling in the bilinear - pseudolinear flow regions. The effect of wellbore storage
are also included. The general semi analytical models yields simultaneous the constant flow rate and the constant pressure solutions
as well as the pressure derivative function for the constant rate
case.

ABSTRACT
This paper presents the results obtained in the study of the
transient behavior of a well intersected by a finite conductivity
vertical fracture in a double porosity reservoir. Two models are
considered to take into account the fluid transfer between matrix
blocks and fractures: the pseudo-steady-state matrix flow model
and the transient matrix flow model.

INTRODUCTION
A general semianalytical model and simplified fully analytical models are presented. It is demonstrated that these systems
exhibit the basic behavior of a well with a finite conductivity
fracture: that is bilinear flow, pseudolinear flow and pseudoradial
flow in addition to the transition flow periods. Each of these flow
periods is under the influence of the different states of the fluid
transfer between matrix and fractures; that is fracture dominated
period, transition period and total system dominated period.

In recent years interest has been growing for the evaluation of hydraulically fractured wells producing in double porosity
reservoirs. Although considerable efforts have been dedicated to
study either fractured wells in homogeneous reservoirs or wells
producing in double porosity reservoirs,there is not a complete
study that includes fractures in double porosity reservoirs.
It has been shown in the pastl that well intersected by finite conductivity vertical fracture in a homogeneous reservoir can
exhibit several flow periods: bilinear, pseudolinear and pseudoradial in addition to the transition between them. For each of
these flow periods there is a specific graph of interpretation that
produces a straight line portion for the pressure data. The pressure data within the bilinear flow, the pseudolinear flow and the
pseudoradial flow exhibit a straight line in a graph of pressure
versus tl/4, t l / 2 and log t, respectively. The complete behavior
of the system can be correlated by a parameter called dimensionless fracture conductivity (kfbf)v. In order to identify the
different flow regimes type curves have been presented in terms of
pressure l ,2 or pressure derivative 3 4

It is shown that correlating parameters are the dimensionless fracture conductivity (kfbf )v, the fracture storativity coefficient wand the interporosity flow parameter Af( or the dimensionless matrix hydraulic diffusivity 1)maD).
It was found, for the transient matrix flow model, that the
pressure behavior exhibits 1/8 slope in a log-log graph during the
bilinear flow dominated by the transition period of the fluid transfer. Hence a graph of pressure versus t l / S yields a straight line
passing through the origin.

During the pseudolinear flow, and if the fluid transfer is in

the transition period, a log-log graph of the prerssure versus time
exhibits 1/4 slope straight line. This means that a graph of p
versus t l / 4 yields a straight line. Hence it is concluded that bilinear flow is not the only type of flow that exhibits the one quarter
slope type of behavior.

On the other hand, the studies on the behavior of wells

in double porosity reservoirs have considered two kinds of models
for the matrix-fracture fluid transfer: the pseudo-steady-state flow
model (Warren and Root 5 ) and the transient matrix flow model
(de Swaan 6 and KazemF). It has been established that both
models exhibit three well-defined flow periods: at early time, the
behavior is dominated by the storativity of the natural fractures,
at intermediate time the fluid transfer from matrix to fractures

References and illustrations at end of paper.

645

PRESSURE TRANSIENT ANALYSIS OF ,WELLS WITH FINITE CONDUCTIVITY

VERTICAL FRACTURES IN DOUBLE POROSITY RESERVOIRS
becomes more important and the pressure in the network of natural fractures tends to stabilize originating the so called transition
period and at long time the system is dominated by the storage
capacity of the total system. The behavior of a double porosity
system can be correlated by the fracture storage capacity parameter w and the interporosity flow parameter ~f (or dimensionless
matrix hydraulic diffusivity l1maD).

SPE 18172

compressibility CtJ. The matrix blocks are slabs of thickness h ma ,

permeability kma , porosity <Pma and total compressibility Ctma as
shown in Figure 2.
The reservoir contains a fluid of viscosity JL which is slightly
compressible. The flow process in the system under consideration can be studied by breaking up the medium into three parts
and taking into account the interaction among the different parts.
These regions are: hydraulic fracture, reservoir fracture network
and reservoir matrix.

For the case of an unfractured well in a double porosity

reservoir a semilog graph shows two parallel straight lines representing the natural fracture dominated flow period and the total
system dominated flow period. In between these parallel straight
lines there is a transition period sometimes called stabilization
period; here the pressure curve is represented by a rather flat line
for the pseudo-steady-state matrix flow model and by a straight
line whose slope is half the slope of the parallel straight lines for
the transient matrix flow model.

Hydraulic Fracture Model

The flow within the hydraulic fracture can be considered as
linear because the fracture width bJ is much smaller than fracture length and fracture height. It is assumed that flow into the
wellbore takes place via the hydraulic fracture only and flow from
the reservoir into the hydraulic fracture occurs only through the
reservoir fracture network. The last assunlption is valid whenever
k Jb is much larger than k ma .

Several type curves have been presented to interpret transient pressure data of naturally fractured reservoirs8 ,9. These
type curves are expressed in terms of pressure or pressure derivative. Recently Houze et al 10 developed a model to study the
behavior of wells intersected by infinite conductivity vertical fractures in double porosity reservoirs. They presented type curves
that can be used to estimate w, ~f'x J and the formation flow
capacity kh if a large span of pressure data is available. Their
models are semianalytical and consider the pseudo-steady-state
type of matrix-fracture fluid transfer and both the uniform flux
fracture and the infinite conductivity fracture.

Figure 3 shows the characteristics of this model; here qJ(x, t)

is the flow rate going into the fracture per unit oflength. In addition, no flow is allowed into the fracture through the fracture tips.
Cinco-Ley and Samaniego showed that the compressibility
of the hydraulic fracture can be neglected for practical purposes
because the fracture volume is very small. Hence the flow within
the fracture can be considered as incompressible. Under these
conditions, the transient flow in the hydraulic fracture can be described by the following equation in terms of dimensionless variables:

Later Lancaster and Gatens 11 presented a methodology for

analyzing pressure data for fractured wells in double porosity
reservoirs. Their work is based on the use of the type curves
developed by Houze et al. Ben-Naceur and Economides12 utilized
a finite difference model to simulate the behavior of a naturally
fractured reservoir intercepted by a vertical fracture of finite conductivity. Type curves for pressure draw down and cumulative
production are provided and the effect of formation anisotropy is
discussed.

{}2PJlD
{}2xv

+ __2_ {}PJ2V I
(kJbJ)v (}YV

for -1 ::; Xv ::; 1 and tv""

YD=O-

(1)

>0

Boundary Conditions
(2)

The objective of this work is to provide an analytical solution for the behavior of a well intercepted by a finite conductivity
vertical fracture in a double porosity reservoir. Two models for the
matrix-fracture fluid transfer are considered, the pseudo-steadystate matrix flow model and the transient matrix flow model. In
this paper we first present simplified fully analytical solutions for
both the bilinear and the pseudolinear flow periods. We then
present a general semianalytical model for the behavior of the
system including the effect of wellbore storage. Finally we discuss
the application of the specific graph of analysis for pressure data
in this type of systems.

(3)

for tv""

>0

Initial Condition
P/lv(xv, tv"" = 0) = 0

(4)

where the dimensionless variables are defined as follows:

Dimensionless wellbore pressure drop

SIMPLIFIED ANALYTICAL MODELS

PaV = kJbh(Pi -_Pa(t)]

Basic Flow Equations

(5)

o.qBJL
for hydraulic fracture a = fl,
for fracture network a = f2,

Let us consider a well intersected by a finite conductivity

vertical fracture producing in a double porosity reservoir, as indicated in Figure 1. The fracture has a half length x J, a width
b" a permeability kJ' and penetrates the formation vertically.
The reservoir is a homogeneous double porosity system of bulk
permeability kJb' thickness h and of infinite lateral extent. The
reservoir is composed of a fracture network and matrix blocks; the
fracture network possesses a bulk fracture porosity <PJb and total

Dimensionless time
tv", =

where

646

0.

f3k Jb t
( <pct)tJLx}

and f3 are unit conversion constants (see Table 1).

(6)

SPE 18172

H. CINCO-LEY AND H.-Z. MENG

Dimensionless fracture conductivity

Boundary conditions

(18)

(7)
for -1 ::;

Dimensionless coordinates

ZD ::;

and
lim

(8)

tD"'f

zDorYD-OO

for
(9)

tD"'f

>0

Pf2D(ZD, YD, tD"'f)

=0

(19)

>0

where the dimensionless parameters are defined as:

Dimensionless wellbore pressure drop

Reservoir Linear Flow Model

(20)

As mentioned before, the reservoir is represented by a fracture network and by matrix blocks. It is assumed that the characteristics of both, the fracture network and matrix blocks do not
vary throughout the reservoir. The flow from the reservoir into
the hydraulic fracture occurs through the fracture network only,
as generally considered in the past for double porosity reservoirs.

for fracture network a =

for rock matrix a = rna

12,

Dimensionless fracture storativity

>jb Ctj2

w =

At early time, the flow in the neighborhood of the fracture

is essential linear as indicated in Figure 4. The transient flow in
the double porosity reservoir can be described by:

>/b Ctf2

_ >jb Ctj2

+ >maCtma

(>ct}t

(21)

Dimensionless fracture network area

A jD

Transient Matrix Flow

AjbhmaVb

Vma

= Ajmahma

(22)

Dimensionless matrix hydraulic diffusivity

(23)
(10)
Interporosity flow coefficient
for -1 ::;

ZD ::;

1 and

tD"'f

>0
(24)

Boundary Conditions
Dimensionless fracture flux

(11)
(25)

(12)
The use of these dimensionless variables allows to present
the solution for the flow equations in a simple general form. A/ D
and l1maD are used only in the transient matrix flow model and ..\t
is a parameter of the pseudo-steady-state matrix flow model.

Initial Condition

(13)

The pressure behavior of the system is obtained by solving simultaneously the partial differential equations 1 and 10 for
transient matrix flow model and equations 1, 14 and 15 for pseudosteady-state matrix flow model with initial and boundary conditions as described previously. The Laplace Transform is used to
derive the solution. The wellbore pressure solution for both the
transient matrix flow model and the pseudo-steady-state matrix
flow model can be expressed in Laplace space as

Pseudo-Steady-State Matrix Flow

(14)
and

(1 - w) OPmaD =

-A/PmaD - Pj2D)

(15)

otD"'f

(26)

Initial conditions

where I( s) is given by:

Pj2D(ZD, YD, tD"'f

PmaD(tD"'f

for

00

< ZD < 00

and

00

= 0) = 0

= 0) = 0

(16)

Transient matrix flow model

(17)
(27)

< YD < 00
647

PRESSURE TRANSIENT ANALYSIS OF WELLS WITH FINITE CONDUCTIVITY

VERTICAL FRACTURES IN DOUBLE POROSITY RESERVOIRS

Pseudo-steady-state matrix flow model

f( II ) =

101

(1 - 101 )Af
+ --'--"--'-

(l-W)II+Af

SPE 18172

For the transient matrix flow model, we have

sf(s) = A/Dv'TfmaDS

(28)

(35)

Hence, equation 26 gives:

Equation 26 has the same form as the solution presented by
Cinco and Samaniego13 for fractured wells in homogeneous reservoirs; in that case sf(s) = s.

(36)
For bilinear flow,

The solution in the real space can be calculated by using

Stehfest 14 Numerical Laplace inverter. Now let's examine the
early and long time behavior of the solution.

11'

PwD

Fracture Storage Dominated Flow Period

= -r======~~~~~
J2(k/b/ )DA~~Tf~:DS9/8

(37)

and inversion of this equation yields

1/8

11'

At small values of time, the fluid production is due to the

expansion of the fracture network; that means that the contribution of the matrix is negligible. This flow period in double porosity
system has been called "fracture storage dominated flow period".
For this case:

Pw D -- r(!!) l2(k b )1/2 At/4 1/8 t D"'I

S V.to

(38)

/DTfmaD

For pseudolinear flow,

11'

11'

PwD = 2(A/Dv'TfmaD)1/2 S6/4

(29)

+ 3(k/b/)DS

(39)

this gives

Hence:
11'

PwD=

(30)

1/4

t D ",

r(~)2A1/2,.,1/4
4

/D"maD

11'

+--3(k/b/)D

(40)

For the pseudo-steady-state matrix flow model

By comparing this equation to the equation presented by
Cinco and Samaniego we find that a fractured well in a double
porosity reservoir behaves at early time as a fractured well in a
homogeneous reservoir with the fracture network properties. As
a consequence, the pressure behavior might exhibit the bilinear
and the pseudolinear flow periods.

Sf(S)~A/

(41)

and the wellbore pressure PwD is:

(42)

Early Time
For the bilinear flow equation 30 becomes:

Inversion of this equation yields:

(31)

(43)
whose inversion is:

(32)

We can observe that according to equation 43 the wellbore pressure is independent of time. This equation represents the limiting
value of pressure during the transition between fracture network
dominated period and the period dominated by the total system
(matrix + fracture).

Intermediate Time
For the pseudolinear flow equation 30 becomes

D -

11'
---

w - 2s3/2w1/2

+-11'- 3(k/b/ )DS

(33)

Total System Compressibility Dominated Flow Period

which yields:
At large values of time the compressibility of the total system dominates the pressure behavior of the reservoir, under these
conditions

(34)

sf(s)=s

Transition Flow Period

(44)

and equation 26 becomes

After the fracture network dominated period, and if 101 is

very small, there is a period when flow in the matrix is essentially
linear and the well production is caused by the expansion in the
matrix. Under these conditions:

(45)

648

SPE 18172

H. CINCO-LEY AND H.-Z. MENG

Gringarten et al have shown that the solution for double

porosity reservoirs can be obtained in Laplace space by simply
replacing the variable s by 8/(S). f(s) is defined in equations 27
and 28 for transient matrix flow and pseudo-steady-state matrix
flow respectively. Application of the Laplace transformation to
equation 52 and replacement of s by s/(s) gives

As mentioned before for the fracture network dominated period,

this equation includes both the bilinear and the pseudolinear flow
periods.
For the bilinear flow behavior
(46)

111,

PWD(S) - -

which yields:

qfD(Z ,S)KO(ZD -

, r:;;-:;.

)ys/(s)dz

-1

(47)

(53)

For the pseudolinear flow behavior

The fracture is symmetric and homogeneous; hence qj D( Z D, s)
= qjD(-ZD,S) and equation 53 becomes:

(48)
which gives

110

PWD(S) - 2

(49)

+KO(ZD
Note that these equations are applicable for both the transient
matrix flow model and pseudo-steady-state matrix flow model.

qfD(Z ,S)[KO(ZD -

+ z'h/s/(s)]dz' + (kj:j)D

r:;;-:;.

)ys/(s)

f'D f'

,
qjD(z",s)dz"dz'
(54)

GENERAL SEMIANALYTICAL MODEL

This equation can be solved if we discretize the fracture
(half length) in n segments of uniform flux. The first integral of
the left hand side of equation 54 can be approximated as: .

Let us consider a well intersected by a finite conductivity

vertical fracture in a homogeneous, isotropic reservoir. According
to Cinco-Ley et all the fracture pressure behavior for constant
rate conditions in dimensionless form is given by:

(50)
Zi and Zi+1 are the beginning and the end of the ith segment.
The second integral of equation 54 can be expressed as:

where q'D is the dimensionless flow rate per unit of fracture length
going from the formation into the fracture.
The pressure drop between any point within the fracture
and the wellbore can be expressed as:
(56)
This equation assumes segments of equal length and considers ZDj to be located at the jth segment. Substitution of equations 55 and 56 into 54 gives:

(51)

This equation is derived by assuming incompressible flow

within the fracture (Cinco-Ley et all have shown that this assumption is valid for practical values of dimensionless time). A
combination of equations 50 and 51 yields:

If we write this equation for every fracture segment we obtain a system of n equations with (n + 1) unknowns (qj Di( s), i =
1, ... n, and PwD( s)). One additional equation results if V:e recall
that the flow entering the fracture is equal to the well flow rate;
that is

(52)

(58)

649

PRESSURE TRANSIENT ANALYSIS OF WELLS WITH FINITE CONDUCTIVITY

VERTICAL FRACTURES IN DOUBLE POROSITY RESERVOIRS
The unknowns are found by solving the system of equations

SPE 18172

Three well defined regions form the total behavior of the

system: bilinear flow region, transition flow region and pseudolinear flow region. They are separated by horizontal lines, as
indicated in Figure 6. The lower region is dominated by bilinear
flow; the intermediate region corresponds to the transition flow
and the upper region represents the pseudolinear flow.

(59)
The formulation of this model has several advantages over
the semianalytical model used in the past 1 . First, it avoids lengthy
calculations because it takes into account superposition of time effects in Laplace space; second, the constant pressure solution can
be calculated directly from the constant rate solution and third,
wellbore storage effects can be added into the constant rate soultion with minimum of computation. A more detailed description
and the application of this general purpose semianalytical model
will be presented in a subsequent paperl5.

The transition flow period for the double porosity behavior

has an asymptotic behavior represented by the case for w = 0 for
any value of the interporosity flow parameter (1JmaD for the transient matrix flow model and \for the pseudo-steady-state matrix
flow model).
Figure 7 represents the asymptotic behavior of a fractured
well during the transitional regions (fracture -+ fracture + matrix)
for the transient matrix flow model. Here, the correlating parameter is 1JmaD / (k fb f)h according to Appendix A. Figure 8 presents
the behavior during the transition period for the pseudo-steadystate matrix flow model; here correlating parameter is V(kfb f )h.

GENERAL DISCUSSION ON SOLUTIONS

After analyzing the equations derived in the previous sections we can study the pressure behavior of a fractured well in a
double porosity reservoir according to Table 2. Here, it is indicated that the behavior of this system is the result of a combination of the behavior of a fractured well in a homogeneous reservoir
and the behavior of a double porosity reservoir.

The pressure behavior solutions for both matrix flow models are bound by the curves in Figures 6,7 and 8. That is, the
wellbore pressure solution for the transient matrix flow model is
given by a combination of Figures 6 and 7 as shown in Figure 9.
On the other hand, the solutions for the pseudo-steady-state matrix flow is given by a combination of Figures 6 and 8 as presented
in Figure 10.

It has been established that a fractured well in a homogeneous reservoir might exhibit the following flow periods: (a)
bilinear flow, (b) transition, (c) pseudolinear flow, (d) transition
and (e) pseudoradial flow. On the other hand, a double porosity
reservoir exhibits three flow periods: (a) fracture dominated flow,
(b) transition and (c) flow dominated by the storativity of the
total system (fracture + matrix).

As pointed out before, Figures 9 and 10 represent asymptotic behavior of the system. This becomes evident in Figure
11 where data points are graphed for 71maD/(k f bf )h = 10- 4 and
w = 10- 3 ,10- 2 ,10- 1 for the transient matrix flow model. A similar graph is presented in Figure 12 for the pseudo-steady-state matrix flow model for V(kfbf)h = 10- 2 and w = 10- 3 ,10- 2 ,10- 1

Table 2 indicates that a fractured well in a double porosity

reservoir can exhibit fifteen different flow periods. In the following we discuss the first nine flow periods; that is, those falling in
the bilinear, transition and pseudolinear flow regions.

Figures 9 and 10 can be used as type curves to analyze a

pressure test whenever a large span of pressure data is available.
These type curves can be simplified if we assunle that the pressure behavior is dominated by only one flow region (bilinear or
pseudolinear ).

Cinco and Samanieg0 showed that a graph ofPwD(kfbf)D

versus t D"" (k fb f)h yields a single curve for the bilinear and pseudolinear flows as shown in Figure 5. They also showed that the
transition between bilinear and pseudolinear flows lasts about one
log cycle.

For bilinear flow and transient matrix flow, it is shown

in Appendix A that, a graph of PwD(kfb f )~271:!:D and tD""
, (k f bf )1/2
1/4 versus 71maD t
PwD
D 71maD
D""
gives f anu1les 0f curves ( pressure and pressure-derivative ratio) for different values of w as
shown in Figure 13. This type of graph provides a single line
for the stabilization period reducing the uniqueness problem in
type curve matching. For the case of pseudo-steady-state matrix
flow a similar graph can be obtained if we graph PWD(kfb f )~2 AV 4

At early time the pressure behavior of the system is dominated by the storage capacity of the natural fracture network;
that is, the expansion in the system is provided by the fractures
only. The pressure at the wellbore during this flow period is given
by equation 30 for both the transient matrix flow and the pseudosteady-state matrix flow. This equation is similar to the equation
representing the pressure behavior of a fractured well in a homogeneous system. Here the dimensionless time is affected by the
parameter W; that is;

and tD"" . p~D(kfbf )~2 A,1/4 versus ).,tD"" as a function of w (Figure 14).

If the data are within the pseudolinear flow region the uniqueness problem in type curve matching can be reduced, for transient
matrix flow model, if curves are presented in a graph of PwD1J:!;D

[PwD(tD",,/W, (kfb f )Dlf.actu.e netwo.k dominated

= [PwD(tD"", (k f bf )Dlhomogeneou6
(60)
Figure 6 presents a log-log graph of PWD(kfbf)D versus
tD",,(kfbf)h for different values of w. We see that the curves
for different values of ware displaced towards smaller values of
dimensionless time. The case for w = 1 represents a fractured well
in a homogeneous reservoir (see equation 45). During the fracture
network dominated flow period, the wellbore pressure behavior
follows one of the curves according to the value of w and during
the period dominated by the total system the wellbore pressure
follows the curve for w = 1.

1/2

and tD"" . PwD1Jma D versus 1JmaDtD",,/W (Appendix A). Two families of curves appear in this graph, one representing different values ofw and the other different values of the group 71:!;D/(k f bf )D
(Figure 15). For the pseudo-steady-state matrix flow the corresponding graph for the pseudolinear flow is in terms of PwDA I / 2
'1/2
f
and tD"" PWDAf
versus AID"" /w and the correlating parameters
for the families of curves are w and ).~/2/(kfbf)D (Figure 16).

650

SPE 18172

H. CINCO-LEY AND H.-Z. MENG

METHOD OF ANALYSIS

this "Trilinear Flow" period. The solution in terms of dimensionless variables is given by equation 38. For real variables

Speciflc Graph of Analysis

Oil:

In the preceding sections, we see that the behavior of some

flow periods can be represented by rather simple equations. Such
are the cases for flow periods falling in both the bilinear and the
pseudolinear flow regions. These flow periods are the cases number 1, 2, 3, 7, 8 and 9 in Table 2. Following we discuss the
application of the specific graph of analysis for pressure transient
test data in this type of systems.

(66)
Gas:

Bilinear Flow Analysis

During this "trilinear flow period", the wellbore pressure exhibits 1/8 slope in a log-log graph as shown in Figure 13.
Hence a graph of pressure versus t 1 / 8 yields a straight line passing through the origin as shown in Figure 18. The slope of the
straight line allows the computation of Afb~ as follows:

According to equations 32 and 47 the wellbore pressure

varies with the fourth root of time at early and long times under
constant rate conditions for both matrix flow models. At early
time the wellbore pressure (pseudo-pressure) is given by:
Oil:

Oil:
(61)
(68)
Gas:
Gas:

(62)
A

r,;- =

fbV"'rna

btlfgqT
/ 1/4
/
mtllh(kfb,)l 2k </>CdtJl)l 8
'b

)4

(69)

This parameter appears to be important in imbibition rate

calculations. Equations 66 and 67 assume that w is very small;
that is (</>Ct}t ~ (</>Cdrna.

Oil:

(63)

In order to apply equations 68 and 69 both the fracture

conductivity and the formation bulk permeability must be known.
If both the trilinear flow and the final bilinear flow are present in
a test we can compute Afb~ from:

Gas:

r,;- _ btlfo mbf

A fbV"'rna-c
Ublo . mtlf

Two straight lines can be shown in a bilinear flow graph

( P vs. t 1 / 4 ); the first one represents the period dominated by
the natural fracture network and the second one represents the
period dominated by the total storage capacity of the reservoir.
Both straight lines intersect the origin as indicated in Figure 17.

(70)

Pseudolinear Flow Analysis

As explained before, there are two flow periods with pressure being a function of the square root of time within the pseudolinear flow region. During the period dominated by the storativity
of the natural fracture network the pressure drop for constant rate
flow is given by:

The conductivity ofthe hydraulic fracture is calculated from

the slope of either straight line as shown by Cinco and Samaniego 2
for a homogeneous reservoir. The parameter W can be estimated
if the two straight lines are present; w is given by:

Oil:

(65)
bplfoqBJt
r.
A.Pwl = -h-(k-(-1.-) )1/2 v t
:r f IbJlW <pCt t

b
plIo

(71)

Gas:
It must be kept in mind that this analysis is valid when
data fall on the bilinear flow region.

bpllgqT

Vi

A.m (Pwl ) - h :r I (k IbJlW (-I.)

)1/2 t
<pCt t

Trilinear Flow Analysis

b
plfg

(72)

where bpll o, bpll g are unit conversion factors (see Table 1) and bpl f
is defined as:

This flow period takes place in the bilinear flow region when
most of the expansion is provided by the matrix under linear flow
conditions. That is, in this type of flow matrix linear flow is superimposed to the bilinear flow in the hydraulic fracture. We call

Oil:

(73)

651

PRESSURE TRANSIENT ANALYSIS OF WELLS WITH FINITE CONDUCTIVITY

VERTICAL FRACTURES IN DOUBLE POROSITY RESERVOIRS

8
Gas:

SPE 18172

Pseudoradial Flow Analysis

qT xf
bplfg = cplfghkfbf

At large values of time, both matrix flow models exhihit

the so called "pseudoradial flow" after a transition period. The
pressure varies following the radial flow equations based on the
effective wellbore radius 2 The semianalytical model discussed in
previous section can be used to compute the pressure behavior
for the pseudoradial flow period and the transition flow period.
Nothing more will be said about the pseudoradial flow since this
has been covered extensively in the literature.

(74)

where cplfo and Cplfg are unit conversion constants (see Table 1).
At large values of time the compressibility of the total system affects the flow, hence:
Oil:

(75)

Flow Regime Identification and Type Curve Matching

Gas:
Although the application of any specific graph of analysis to
pressure data from a fractured well in a double porosity reservoir
is straight forward, a careful flow regime identification process
must be the first step in interpretation.

(76)
According to these equations a graph of !:1p (or !:1m(p)) versus t 1/ 2 gives two straight lines of slope mplfl> m plf2 having the
same intercept to the origin as shown in Figure 19.

The use of log-log graph of pressure drop and pressure

derivative function t!:1p' is recommended for flow regime diagnosis. Figures 13 through 16 can be used for type curve matching
process for the bilinear and pseudolinear flow regions if a large
span of data is available.

Both the hydraulic fracture conductivity and length can be

estimated from the slope and intercept as discussed by Cinco-Ley
el ap3,. The w can be estimated.from:

w = (rn,plf2)2

It should be pointed out that the parallel straight line feature that characterizes double porosity reservoirs in a semilog
graph for radial flow is also present in a log-log graph for both
bilinear and pseudolinear flow.

(77)

mplf1

It should be pointed out that this type of analysis apply to

both matrix flow models.

The log-log graph also shows a straight line during the stabilization period for the transient matrix flow model; the slope
of this line is one half of the parallel straight lines (trilinear and
formation bilinear flows).

Formation Bilinear Flow Analysis

This flow period occurs in the pseudolinear flow region when
most of the expansion is provided by the matrix under linear flow
condition. Here the matrix linear flow is superimposed to the
linear flow in the reservoir. We call this "Formation Bilinear
Flow" period. According to equation 40 the wellbore pressure is
given in terms of real variables by:

For bilinear flow, a log-log graph shows parallel straight

lines of one quarter slope for both the pressure drop !:1p and the
pressure derivative function t!:1p' as shown in Figure 21. For the
pseudolinear flow, although the t!:1p' curve shows one half slope
parallel straight lines as shown in Figure 22, the !:1p curve does
not necessarily shows this feature unless the well is intersected by
a highly conductive hydraulic fracture.

Oil:
!:1p
wf -'h

5fbfo qB
A 1/2 k1/2k1/4(A.
)1/4
x f fb fb rna 'l'JLCt

V't + b

plfo

8)

Recent studies 16 ,17 have shown that the use of the function
!:1p/t!:1p' simplifies the type curve matching technique when analyzing pressure data for homogeneous reservoirs. It appears that
this function is dimensionless and fixes the vertical matching in
such a way that it is only necessary to move the tracing paper
with data in the horizontal direction (time axis).

Gas:
A

()

~m Pwf =

5fbfgqT

1/2 1[2 1/4

hZfAfb k fb krna(4)JLCd 1/ 4

.t;
Vt

+ bplfg

(79)

where 5fbfo, 5f bJg are unit conversion constants (see Table 1).

Figure 23 shows a new set of pressure-derivative ratio type

curves for bilinear flow behavior of a fractured well in a double porosity reservoir including the wellbore storage effect. Here
a log-log graph of PwV/(tV:r:f p~v) versus TlrnaVtV:r:f for w =
10-1, 10- 2 , 10- 3, 10- 4 and CVfTliaV/ J(kfb f )v = 10- 7 ,10- 6 ,
10- 6 , 10-4, 10- 3, 10- 2 , 10- 1 is presented for the transient ma-

Equations 78 and 79 indicate that a graph of pressure data

versus the fourth root of time during the "formation bilinear
flow" period gives a straight line and intercept as shown in Figure 20. Also a log-log graph of the pressure versus time should
exhibit 1/4 slope straight line as shown in Figure 15. Note that
this type of pressure behavior occurs during the pseudolinear flow
dominated by the transition period of the fluid transferror w ~
10- 2 as shown in Figure 15 for the transient matrix flow model.

trix flow model. Two families of curves define the behavior of the
system. The wellbore storage effects are characterized by curves

Note that the product Afb~ can be estimated from the

slope and the conductivity of the fracture can be calculated from
the intercept.

with the parameter CVfTliav/ J(kfb f )v. The unit slope log-log
straight line is represented in this graph by a horizontal line of
PwV/(tV:r:fP~V) equal to 1.

652

SPE 18172

H. CINCO-LEY AND H.-Z. MENG

For the purpose of demonstration, a set of pressure data

CONCLUSIONS

points are graphed for w = 10-3 and CDfT/,tad/ J(kfb f )D = 10. for the system under consideration. At the early time the pressure behavior follows one of the wellbore storage curves as shown
in Figure 23. At the intermediate time the pressure behavior follows one of the fracture-matrix transition curves indicated by w.
A "trilinear flow" period exits for this case and is indicated by a
horizontal line with a PwD/(tDI1J! . P~D) value of 8. At large time
the pressure data follows the total system curve for the bilinear
flow period as indicated by a horizontal line at a value of 4.

From the results of this work the following conclusions are

warrented:
1. A general semianalytical model and simplified fully analytical models have been developed to study the basic behavior
of a well intersected by a finite conductivity vertical fracture
in a double porosity reservoir. It is shown that the behavior
of this system is the result of a combination of the behavior
of a fractured well in a homogeneous reservoir and the behavior of a double porosity reservoir. This type of system
can exhibit fifteen different flow periods.

It is evident that the type-curve presented in Figure 23 is

superior to the type-curves shown in Figures 9 and 13 in typecurve matching. When field test data are plotted in terms of
Ap/(At. Ap') on a log-log paper, both y-axes (field data and
type-curve) coincide and only horizontal movement is required in
type-curve matching. Therefore the uniqueness problem can be
reduced significantly.

2. Two models are considered to take into account the fluid

transfer between matrix blocks and fracture network, namely
the transient matrix flow and pseudo-steady-state matrix
flow. It is shown that correlation parameters are the dimensionless fracture conductivity (kfbf)D, the fracture storativity coefficient wand the interporosity flow parameter At
for pseuso-steady-state matrix flow model, the dimensionless matrix hydraulic diffusivity T/maD for transient matrix
flow model.

For the case of pseudo-steady-state matrix flow a similar

graph can be obtained if we graph PwD/(tDI1J! . P~D) versus A,tDI1J!
for various values of w and CDf\~ / J(kfb f )D as shown in Figure
24. Here the bilinear flow period is indicated by a horizontal line
with a PwD/(tDI1J! . P~D) value of 4.

3. Two new flow periods are defined for the transient matrix
flow models: the trilinear flow and the formation bilinear
flow. To our knowledge these types of flow behavior have
not been described before.

Figure 25 shows the pressure-derivative ratio type-curves

for the pseudolinear flow behavior of a fractured well in a double porosity reservoir with the wellbore storage effect. A log-log
graph of PwD/(tDI1J! . P~D) versus T/maDtD",! for various values of
w and CDf~D is presented for transient matrix flow model.
Here a horizontal line at a value of 4 indicates the "formation
bilinear flow" period and the line at a value of 2 represents the
pseudolinear flow period for this type of system.

4. The "trilinear flow" is present for the bilinear flow regime

during the stabilization period for small values of w (::;
10- 2 ). In this case the matrix linear flow is superimposed to
the bilinear flow in the hydraulic fracture. This flow period
can be identified from a log-log graph of the pressure versus
time with a straight line of a 1/8 slope. Hence a graph of
pressure versus t l/S yields a straight line and the slope is
inversely proportional to the fracture conductivity.

For the pseudo-steady-state matrix flow the corresponding

graph for the pseudolinear flow as shown in Figure 26 is in terms
of PwD / ( t DI1J! P~D) versus Al DI1J! and the correlating parameters
for the families of curves are w and CD 1'1/'>,. In this case a horizontal line at a value of 2 is indicative of the p~eudolinear flow period.

5. The "formation bilinea.r flow" occurs during the pseudolinear flow when most of the fluid expansion is provided by
the matrix under linear flow condition for small values of
w (::; 10- 2 ). Here a graph of pressure versus tl/4 yields a
straight line with an intercept. The slope of this straight
line is inversely proportional to the fracture area hz f and
the intercept is inversely proportional to k fb JI Z f. A log-log
graph of pressure versus time also exhibits 1/4 slope straight
line. Hence it is concluded that the bilinear flow in the hydraulic fracture is not the only type of flow that exhibits the
one quarter slope on a log P versus log t plot.

In the absence of wellbore storage effects an unique type

curve can be presented for both bilinear and pseudolinear flow
regions and for a given matrix flow model. This type curve is a
graph ofpwD/(tDI1J!p~Dn) versus T/maDtDI1J! (or AtDI1J!)' where n
I
f
is the slope of the log-log curve of Ap or tAp.

Figure 27 presents the type curve for double porosity behavior within the bilinear and pseudolinear flow regions for the
transient matrix flow model. This type curve is applied to estimate n, wand T/ma/h;"a; hence the matrix block size h ma can be
estimated if a value for T/ma is available and the nature of flow
geometry can be identified from n (i.e. n = 4 bilinear, n = 2
pseudolinear) .

6. New pressure-derivative ratio type-curves including the wellbore storage effect are presented for both the transient and
pseudo-steady-state matrix flow models under the bilinear
flow and pseudolinear flow periods. A log-log graph of
PwD/(tDI1J! . P~D) versus T/maDtDI1J! is used to analyze pressure transient test data for the transient matrix flow system.
Shnilarily, a graph of log PwD/(tDI1J! P~D) versus log AtDI1J!
should be used for the pseudo-steady-state matrix flov! system.

Finally Figure 28 shows the type curve for the pseudosteady-state matrix flow model to be applied within the bilinear flow and pseudolinear flow regions; here a log-log graph of
PwD/(tDI1J!p~Dn) versus \tDI1J! is presented. Estimation of w, Af
and n is possible through type curve matching.

7. A new formulation is presented for the selnianalyticalmodel

to allow the consideration of double porosity and ,wellbore
storage, as well as the computation of the constant pressure
solution. This formulation saves computation time considerably, since the superposition in time is simplified in the
Laplace space.

653

PRESSURE TRANSIENT ANALYSIS OF WELLS WITH FINITE CONDUCTIVITY

VERTICAL FRACTURES IN DOUBLE POROSITY RESERVOIRS

10

Ib I

8. A single type curve is also presented to identify and evaluate

double porosity behavior for both bilinear and pseudolinear
flows.

ma
pi I

= formation bilinear flow

= initial, ith matrix block
= matrix
= pseudolinear flow
= total
= trilinear flow

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

tl I

The authors wish to thank the management of

Dowell Schlumberger for permission to publish this paper.

REFERENCES
1. Cinco-Ley H., Samaniego-V., F. and Dominguez, N.: "Transient Pressure Behavior for a Well with a Finite-Conductivity
Vertical Fracture", Soc. Pet. Eng. J. (Aug. 1978) 253-264.

NOMENCLATURE
= Fracture area per unit of matrix volume
= Fracture area per unit of bulk volume
= Dimensionless fracture area
= Formation volume factor
= Fracture width
= Dimensionless wellbore storage constant
C
= Fluid compressibility
= Fracture system total compressibility
Ctf
= Total system compressibility
Ct
= matrix system total compressibility
Ctma
h
= Formation thickness
= Matrix height
= Hydraulic fracture permeability
= Reservoir bulk permeability
= Matrix permeability
m
= Slope of the straight line on the specific graph of
analysis
6.m(pwf) = Gas pseudo-pressure change
Pwf
= Wellbore pressure
Pi
= Initial reservoir pressure
6.pwf
= Wellbore pressure change
PWD
= Dimensionless wellbore pressure drop
PWD
= Dimensionless pressure derivative
q
= Well flow rate
qf
= Flow rate going into the fracture per unit of length
q:"a
= Fluid transfer rate per unit of rock volunle
rw
= Wellbore radius
= Laplace transform variable
= Producing time
= Dimensionless time
= Volume
= Fracture half-length
a, f3
= unit conversion constant
</J
= Reservoir porosity
</Jfb
= Fracture porosity
</Jma
= Matrix porosity
p.
= Reservoir fluid viscosity
At
= Interporosity flow coefficient
."
= Hydraulic diffusivity
w
= Dimensionless fracture storativity

2. Cinco-Ley, H. and Samaniego-V., F.: "Transient Pressure

Analysis for Fractured Wells", J. Pet. Tech. (Sept. 1981)
1749-66.
3. Wong, D.W., Harrington, A.G. and Cinco-Ley, H.: "Application of the Pressure Derivative Function in the Pressure
Transient Testing of Fractured Wells", SPEFE (Oct. 1986)
470-480.
4. Alagoa, A., Bourdet, D. and Ayoub, J.A.: "How to Simplify
the Analysis of Fractured Well Tests", World oil (Oct. 1985)
97-102.
5. Warren, J.E. and Root, P.J.: "The Behavior of Naturally
Fractured Reservoirs", So~_Pet. Eng.l: (Sept. 1963) 245255; Trans. AIME, Vol. 228.
6. de Swaan, O.A.: "Analytic Solutions for Determining Naturally Fractured Reservoir Properties by Well Testing", Soc.
Pet. Eng. J. (June 1976) 117-122; Trans. AIME, 261.
7. Kazemi, H: "Pressure Transient Analysis of Naturally Fractured Reservoirs with Uniform Fracture Distributiou", Soc.
Pet. Eug. J. (Dec. 1969) 451-458.
8. Bourdet, D., Alagoa, A. Ayoub, J.A. aud Pirard, Y.M.:
"New Type-Curves for Tests of Fissured Formations", World
Oil (April 1984).
9. Bourdet, D. and Gringarten, A.C.: "Detennination of Fissure Volume and Block Size in Fractured Reservoirs by TypeCurve Analysis", paper SPE 9293 presented at the 1980
SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Dallas,
September 21-24.
10. Houze, O.P., Horne, R. and Ramey, H.J. Jr.: "Infinite Conductivity Vertical Fracture in a Reservoir with Double Porosity Behavior", paper SPE 12778 presented at the 1984 SPE
California Regional Meeting, Long Beach, April 11-13.
11. Lancaster, D.E. and Gatens, J.M. III: "Practical Well Test
Analysis Methods for Hydraulically Fractured Wells in DoublePorosity Reservoirs", paper SPE 15924 presented at the
SPE Eastern Regional Meeting, Columbus, Ohio, Nov. 1214,1986.

SUBSCRIPTS
a
b
bI
D

11
12

Ib

SPE 18172

12. Ben-Naceur, K. and EconOlnides, M.J.: "Production from

Naturally Fissured Reservoirs Intercepted by a Vertical Hydraulic Fracture", paper SPE 17425 presented at the SPE
California Regional Meeting, Long Beach, Ca., March 23-25,
1988.

= rock matrix

= bulk
= bilinear flow
= dimensionless
= hydraulic fracture
= fracture network
= fracture referred to bulk volume

13. Cinco-Ley, H., Samaniego-V., F. and Rorlriguez, F.: "Application of the Pseudolinear Flow Model to the Pressure

654

SPE 18172

11

H. CINCO-LEY AND H.-Z. MENG

Transient Analysis of Fractured Wells", paper SPE 13059

presented at the 1984 SPE Annual Conference and Exhibition, Houston, Texas, September 16-19, 1984.

This equation indicates that a graph of PWD(kfb f )if21/;';:D can be

presented in terms of two group of variables: wand 1]maDtDa:r
A similar conclusion can be reached for the case of the
pseudo-steady-state matrix flow model; that is, during the bilinear flow the pressure behavior at the wellbore can be expressed
in terms of PWD(kfbf )if2>..V4 as a function of wand D:z:r

14. Stehfest, H.: "Numerical Inversion of Laplace Transforms",

COllununications of the ACM (January 1970), 13, No.1,
47-49.

15. "A General Purpose Semianalytical Model for Vertically

Fractured Wells" to be submitted to SPE.

If we assume that the pseudollnear flow dominates the pressure behavior of the system; that is , the coth function in equation
26 can be approximated as follows:

16. Mustafa, 0., Yeh, N.-S. and Reynolds, A. Jr.: "New Derivative Type Curves for Well Test Analysis", paper SPE 16810
presented at the 1987 SPE Annual Technical Conference a~d
Exhibition, Dallas, September 27-30.

coth(a)

1
a

+ -a

(A -7)

Equation 26 becomes:
17. Doung, A.N.: "A New Set of Type Curves for Well Test
Interpretation Using the Pressure-Derivative Ratio", paper
SPE 16812 presented at the 62nd Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition of the SPE of AIME, Dallas, Texas,
Sept. 27-30, 1987.

11"

PwD = 2s(f(W,1]maD,s)jl/2

11"

or:
11"

APPENDIX A

PwD =

Correlation Parameters for the Type Curves for Bilinear

and Pseudo linear Flow Periods

11"

3/2

21]maD (S/1]maD) (f(w,S/1]maD)jl/2

+ 3S(k f bf )D
(A - 9)

or:

1/2

PwD1]maD =

According to equations 26 and 27 the pressure behavior in

Laplace space for a fractured well in a double porosity reservoir,
during the bilinear and pseudollnear flow periods, considering the
transient matrix flow model is given by:
_
1
S
1]maD
PwD = - (
bk
)3 f V ( -b()2
k'-(
bk
)2 )
ffD
ffD
ffD

(A - 8)

+ 3s(k f bf )D

11" -1(

2"

1
)
[f( w, S/ 1]maD )1/2

1/2

1]maD (A - 10)
3(k f bf ) D
11"

This equation indicates that the group PwD1];';:D versus 1]maDtD""

will show two fantilles of curves; one representing different values
of wand the other one representing values of 1]:!;D/(k f bf )D.

(A -1)

Hence:

For the case of pseudo-steady-state matrix flow, an equivalent graph will be in terms of PwD>..V 2 versus >"JD"', and the fantilies of curves corresponds to different values of wand >..F2 /(kfbf )D.

This equation indicates that a graph of PwD(kfbf)D has two independent group of variables; tD",f(kfbf)"b and 1]maD/(k f bf )h. If
we use the pseudo-steady-state matrix flow model (equations 26
and 28), we find that a graph of PwD(kfbf)D will have two independent group of variables; tD""(kfbf)h and V(kfbf)h.
Now let us assume that the flow process is dominated by the
bilinear flow; that means that in equation 26 we can approximate

(A - 3)
Hence:

(A-4)

By defining the group S/1]maD we can write

From here:

(A-6)

655

S~E

18172

Table 1. SI Preferred Units, Customary Units, and

Unit Conversion Constants Used in These System

Table 2 . Pressure Behavior for a Vertically

Fractured Well in a Double Porosity Reservoir

Parameter

SI Preferred

Customary Units

Fractured Well
Behavior

k
h

I'm 2
m
m 3 /D
m 3 /D
Pa s
m 3 /m 3

md
STB/D
MSCF/D
cp
RB/STB

Bilinear

fraction

fraction

Transition

Pa- 1
kPa
kPa 2 /Pa. s

psi- 1
psi
pse/cp

Ob/o
Ob/g
O/b/o
O/b/g
Opl/o
Opl/g
tpl/o
tpl/g
Otl/o
Otl/g

hours
1842
1293
3.6 X 10- 9
34.97
24.57
24.73
17.36
0.196
0.1375
1928.94
1354.1
382.4
268.43

hours
141.2
1424
2.637 X 10- 4
44.1
444.75
31.18
314.47
4.064
40.99
147.86
1491.2
118.9
1199.1

m 3 /Pa

It 3 /psi

qo
qg

I'
B
>
Ct

p
m(p)
t
Cl o
Cl g

f3

Double Porosity Reservoir

Behavior

It

Fracture Network
Transition
Fracture + Matrix

4
5
6

Pseudolinear

Fracture Network
Transition
Fracture + Matrix
Fracture Network
Transition
Fracture + Matrix

10

Transition

Fracture Network
Transition
Fracture + Matrix

13
14
15

":.

. ......

:"

.....

"!.

'.

:~.'.'.

-' f

.~..

'.:

(10

'..

.... : .::.."

:.'

",

,,",,

. '. -.

.:' .

" . . ',
'.

. . '.'

',' '"

.'

....

..

Fra.cture

; . :

"

..' .~ .

',.......

. .' \

..

'.~' ..... "

0'

"'"

. :.,' :.

':''''

"

, ' , ....

.',

", '.

..

",

M atri~ '... ' .. :.:..' '..:< "k~a tpm~.'. . h'I!"

. .~ '~'~..,> ': . < .. " .

11

12

...... :::..: ...

,; .

~~

7
8
9

:'

.."'"

.. :......! .....

,'

-~.

...... / .......:..:

'-:

-.. :

..

'-~-~.' '

... ,'. :'.

,',

Fracture Network
Transition
Fracture + Matrix

Pseudoradial

Fig. 1 Vertically Fractured Well in a Double Porosity

Reservoir

1
2

....

',

'.

','

.. :,,: ..: . ~.::

..

. .:

....

'.;;

'

.. .to

~.

~:

. :' .'. . .

Hydraulic Fracture

Fig. 2 Slab Matrix Blocks in a Double Porosity Reservoir

656

Well

~
.....

1
..... 10
~
Q 100
~

~
Q.

Fig. 3 - Hydraulic Fracture Model

10- 2
10- 6 10- 5 10- 4 10- 3 10- 2 10- 1 10 0
tOxf

'V'. =0

t t \ \ t \61' j t \ t

Fig. 7 - Asymptotic Behavior for a Fractured Well in a

Double Porosity Reservoir During Transition
Period (Transient Matrix Flow)

10 3

- ..
- - - - - XI - - - - - -

Hydraulic Fracture

10 2

Fig. 4 - System Under Reservoir Linear Flow Conditions

~
.....
~

.....

'--'

~
.....
~

..... 10

~
Q.

Pseudolinear Flow

~
Q.

10- 3
10- 2
10- 1
1
.... '\..0

10 0

u)-

10- 1
10- 2

...II:

'--'

Arf(krbr)i,

10 1

...II:

10 3
10

(krbr)i,

10- 6 10- 5 10- 4 10- 3 10- 2 10- 1 10 0

100

tOxf

10- 1

10 2 10 3

(krbr)i,

Fig. 8 - Asymptotic Behavior for a Fractured Well in a

Double Porosity Reservoir During Transition
Period (Pseudo-Steady-State Matrix Flow)

10- 2 +---~--~--~---+---+--~--~~--~--+
10-6 10-5 10- 4 10- 3 10- 2 10- 1 100 10 1 10 2 10 3
tOxf

10 1

(krbr)i,

Fig. 5 - Pressure Behavior for a Vertically Fractured Well

10
10

10 2

~
.....

10 2

~
.....
~

.....

.....

~
Q.

10 1

...II:

'--'

10 1

~
Q.

...II:

'--'

100

~
Bilinear Flow

10- 1

10

10- 1
10- 2
10- 6 10- 5 10- 4 10- 3 10- 2 10- 1 10 0

10- 2

tOxf

10- 6 10- 5 10- 4 10- 3 10-2 10- 1 100

tOxf

10 1

10 2 10 3

10 1

10 2 10 3

(krbr)i,

Fig. 9 - Type Curves for Pressure Behavior of a Fractured

Well in a Double Porosity Reservoir (Transient
Matrix Flow)

(krbr)i,

Fig. 6 - Pressure Behavior for the Fracture Dominated

Period

657

10

~
...

...

10

10

..0

U3

Arf (krbr)b

--;;:; 10 1
..0

C.
Q

_ it

Q.,

...

10

10- 1

...

Q.

10- 1

"CI

10- 2

10- 2

a:I
Q

10- 3

:::

10- 6 10- 5 10- 4 10- 3 10- 2 10- 1 10 0

tOxl

10

10

10

it

(krbr)b

Fig. 13 -Bilinear Flow Pressure and Pressure Derivative

Behavior of a Fractured Well in a Double Porosity
Reservoir (Transient Matrix Flow)

10
10
Q

'---'

10
10

10- 3 10- 2 10- 1

10- 9 10- 8 10- 7 10- 6 10- 5 10- 4 10- 3 10- 2 10- 110 0
17rnaO t Oxr

Fig. 10 -Type Curves for Pressure Behavior of a Fractured

Well in a Double Porosity Reservoir (PseudoSteady-State Matrix Flow)

...
---..0
...

1.0

...

10- 2
10- 1

10

""INQ

10- 3

""I'">=-"e

3
10
2
10
1

2
10- 3

10- 2

10- 1

1.0

10- 1

Q.

10

o Data Points for

w = 10- 1 ,10- 2 ,10- 3 ,
17rnaO/(krb r)2 = 10- 4

10- 1

10- 4 10- 3 10- 2 10- 1 10 0

10 1

10 2

10- 2
10- 3

10 3 10 4

pressure derivative
10- 4

(krbr)b

tOxl

10- 7 10- 6 10- 5

Fig. 11 -Pressure Behavior of a Fractured Well in a Double

Porosity Reservoir (Transient Matrix Flow)

10- 4 10- 3 10- 2 10- 1 10 0 10 1

ArtOxr

Fig. 14 - Bilinear Flow Pressure and Pressure Derivative

Behavior of a Fractured Well in a Double Porosity
Reservoir (Pseudo-Steady-State Matrix Flow)

10

...
...

10

..0
~

'---'

10

Q.,

10

10- 2

o Data Points for

w = 10- 1 ,10- 2 ,10- 3 ,
Arf(krb r)2 = 10- 2

10- 1
10- 3

10- 2

10- 1

10 0
tOxl

10- 3
10- 4 ~~~-+--~--+-~---+--~--+-~---+--~
10-810-710-610-510-410-310-210-1100 10 1 10 2 10 3
17rnaO t Oxr/w

10 1

(krbr)b

Fig. 12 -Pressure Behavior of a Fractured Well in a Double

Porosity Reservoir (Pseudo-Steady-State Matrix
Flow)
658

Fig. 15 -Pseudolinear Flow Pressure and Pressure Derivative Behavior ~f a Fractured Well in a Double
Porosity Reservior (Transient Matrix Flow)

"..

o
Q..

<1

,..IN.,.

~ 10- 3

0~------------------------------------+

pressure derivative
10- 4 +---+---+---+---+---+---+---r---r---r---+

0.00

10.00

vat

10- 5 10- 4 10- 3 10- 2 10- 1 100 10 1 10 2 103 104 10 5

Fig. 19 - Graph for Pseudolinear Flow Analysis

)"rtDxr!w
Fig. 16 -Pseudolinear Flow Pressure and Pressure Derivative Behavior of a Fractured Well in a Double
Porosity Reservoir (Pseudo-Steady-State Matrix
Flow)

10

""""
Q..

e<1
"..

Q..

<1

10+--------------------------------------+

0
0.00

10.00

Fig. 20 - Graph for Formation Bilinear Flow Analysis

"..

o
Q..

<1

""""
Q..
'-'

0
0.00

Hl1

<1

10.00

1/ 4

--

"..

Q..

Fig. 17 - Graph for Bilinear Flow Analysis

10

<1

r::::::::

,,"

10- 1
10- 2

10- 1

10

10

102

10

10

f1t
Fig. 21 - Log-Log Diagnostic Plot for Bilinear Flow
Regime Identification

10

10

Q:;.
e~
<1,

""""
Q..

'-'

10

<1

"..

"..

Q..

<1

Q..

10- 1

"

<1

,,"

,,"

,,"

10- 2

0
0.00

10.00

10-2

\1M

10- 1

10

10 1

10

10

f1t
Fig. 22 - Log-Log Diagnostic Plot for Pseudolinear
Flow Regime Identification

Fig. 18 - Graph for Trilinear Flow Analysis

659

10

'SfE 18172

CDf0\!= 10- 4 10- 3 10- 2

113- 9 113- 8 113-7 113- 6 113- 5 113- 4 113- 3 113- 2 113- 1 113 13 113 1

113-6

I1maDtDxr

113

1.0

113- 5

113- 4

113- 3

113- 2

113- 1

11313

113 1

113 2

.\rtDxr

Fig. 23 -Type Curves for Bilinear Flow Behavior of a

Fractured Well in a Double Porosity Reservoir
With the Wellbore Storage Effect (Transient
Matrix Flow)

113

10- 1

113- 1

Fig. 26 - Type Curves for Pseudo linear Flow Behavior of

a Fl:actured Well in a Double Porosity Reservoir
With the Wellbore Storage Effect (PseudoSteady-State Matrix Flow)

c:l

-~
...
~

113

I(

c:l

---c:l

113

4.0

113

13

113- 1
113- 6

113- 5

113- 4

113- 3

113- 2

H3- 1

Hl 13

113 1

113 2

113- 9 113-8 113- 7 113-6 113- 5 113- 4 113- 3 113- 2 113- 1 11313 113 1

.\rtDxr
I1maDtDxf
Fig. 24 - Type Curves for Bilinear Flow Behavior of a
Fractured Well in a Double Porosity Reservoir
With the Wellbore Storage Effect (PseudoSteady-State Matrix Flow)

Fig. 27 - Type Curves for Double Porosity Behavior

Under the Bilinear and Pseudolinear Flows
(Transient Matrix Flow Model)

111!aD/(kr b r )D = 10- 4

113- 9 113- 8 113- 7 113- 6 113- 5 113- 4 113- 3 113- 2 113- 1 113 13 HI1

113- 6

I1maDtDxr

113- 5

113- 4

113- 3

113- 2

113- 1

11313

.\rtDxf

Fig. 25 -Type Curves for Pseudolillear Flow Behavior of

a Fractured Well in a Double Porosity Reservoir
With the Wellbore Storage Effect (Transient
Matrix Flow)

Fig. 28 - Type Curves for Double Porosity Behavior

Under the Bilinear and Pseudolinear Flows
(Pseudo-Steady-State Matrix Flow Model)

660