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RESUMEN
ABSTRACT
Correspondencia:
Dr. Alejandro Aceff-Gonzlez
Asociacin Mexicana de Ciruga del Aparato Digestivo
Tlaxcala, Nm. 161, Int. 501, Col. Hipdromo Condesa, Deleg. Cuauhtmoc, C.P. 06100, Mxico, D.F.
Tel.: 5286-9218, 5211-4019. Correo electrnico: amcirdig@amcad.com
26
INTRODUCCIN
El responsable del manejo operatorio de la sepsis abdominal es el cirujano.
Los agentes causales de infeccin intraabdominal polimicrobiana son:1
Bacterias anaerobias:
Bacteroides fragilis.
Otros bacteroides.
Clostridium spp.
Peptoestreptoco.
En trminos generales en el tubo digestivo alto se encontrarn aerbicos grampositivos y en tubo digestivo bajo, anaerobios y gramnegativos.
Se puede afirmar que en toda infeccin intraabdominal la
flora es mltiple.
Se consideran candidatos a profilaxis antibitica:2,3
Apendicitis no complicada.
Apendicitis aguda supurada.
Colecistitis aguda no complicada.
Infarto intestinal.
Perforacin gastrointestinal en las primeras 24 h.
Cuando el inculo bacteriano supera los mecanismos naturales de defensa (ciruga colorrectal).
En casos de desarrollo con poca frecuencia del proceso
infeccioso pero que su desarrollo genera consecuencias
graves (implantacin de prtesis).
En pacientes graves, desnutridos, con cncer o con inmunosupresin.
Abdomen abierto.
Abdominostoma cubierta con piel.
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Relaparotoma planeada.
Reparacin por etapas de pared abdominal.
Estos cuatro mtodos evitan el aumento de la presin intraabdominal y favorecen el control de calidad de reparacin
de rganos y el lavado de la cavidad abdominal.10
Ventajas y desventajas:
Abdomen abierto: se crean grandes eventraciones.11
Abdominostomas cubiertas con piel, mallas o materiales
plsticos (bolsa de Bogot), tcnica en silo, producen
eventraciones y fstulas.
Relaparotomas planeadas se realizan a las 48 o 96 h de la
primera ciruga.10
Reparacin abdominal organizada por etapas (ciruga
STAR). En esta tcnica se realizan laparotomas cada 24 o
48 h y al final se cierra la pared abdominal, evitando el
aumento de la presin intraabdominal. Se puede considerar una misma operacin abdominal realizada en varios
pasos. El abdomen slo se cierra cuando se observa sano,
limpio, sin edema y es posible suturar la aponeurosis abdominal sin tensin.
Cubriendo la pared abdominal con dos hojas traslapables
se previene el aumento de la presin intraabdominal.
OBJETIVO
Encontrar la mejor tcnica para tratar quirrgicamente las
infecciones intraabdominales.
MATERIAL Y MTODOS
Se realiz un estudio transversal, observacional y prospectivo en 29 pacientes (20 hombres, nueve mujeres), operados con tcnica STAR o cerrados, entre febrero 2002 a febrero 2003 en el Hospital General de Pachuca de la SSA.
Criterios de inclusin de los pacientes: presentar infeccin
intraabdominal con sndrome de respuesta inflamatoria sistmica. En forma aleatoria se emple uno de los dos mtodos.
Datos de sndrome de respuesta inflamatoria sistmica (se
puede presentar despus de un mecanismo disparador, como
sepsis, politrauma, quemaduras, etc.):
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atendido adecuadamente.13,14 La disfuncin orgnica mltiple (funcin orgnica alterada, en la cual la homeostasis no
puede mantenerse sin intervencin; a menudo es irreversible
y la mortalidad oscila de 60 a 80% cuando la disfuncin involucra tres o ms rganos por ms de siete das).
En la mayora se realiz ciruga abdominal dejando cavidad sin presin o ciruga STAR (cierre abdominal por etapas)
(Figura 4), la mayora con aplicacin de bolsa de Bogot o
8
7
6
2/10 mujeres
5
Casos (n)
(34%)
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4
3
2
1
0
4/19 hombres
(66%)
Figura 1. Fallecimientos.
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Fstula colocutnea:
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Apendicitis perforada:
6 (22%)
Ileostoma:
4 (8%)
Empaquetamiento del hgado:
2 (4%)
Lavado y drenaje de cavidad:
4 (8%)
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Apendicectoma:
6 (13%)
Drenaje absceso heptico:
2 (4%)
Colo-colo
2 (4%)
Operacin Harttman:
1 (2%)
Cierre primario de fstula
colocutnea:
2 (4%)
Cierre primario int y col:
6 (13%)
Esplenectoma y hepatorrafia:
5 (10%)
Cierre primario divertculo:
1 (2%)
Figura 3. A. Diagnstico en pacientes operados con ciruga STAR. B. Primera ciruga realizada (ms de un procedimiento por paciente).
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6
(21%)
23
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(3)
3
Casos (n)
(2)
2
(1)
1
Traumatismo
abdominal
(abierto y cerrado)
Apendicitis
Pancreatitis
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(1)
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4
Dcada
(3)
3
2
(1)
1
Laparotomas (n)
10
(2)
Casos (n)
(12)
(8)
8
(5)
(4)
4
2
0
12
7
Da
4-5
6-8
Das de evolucin
9-12
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BIBLIOGRAFA
10
(8)
8
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Casos (n)
(6)
6
(5)
4
(2)
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(2)
2
0
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eas
lia gado
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Co stma la bi
ncr Apn
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Ves
Figura 10. rganos afectados.
rganos afectados principalmente en este tipo de patologa fueron: colon seis casos; estmago, dos; vas biliares,
dos; hgado, dos; pncreas, cinco; apndice cecal, ocho;
mltiples rganos siete casos (Figura 10).
Dentro de los estudios realizados estuvieron las biometras hemticas seriadas y as se encontr variacin linfocitaria importante, pues se observ que a su ingreso la mayora
de los pacientes presentaron un porcentaje de linfocitos menor al lmite inferior aceptable (20%) y durante su estancia
intrahospitalaria redujeron dicho porcentaje hasta un lmite
mnimo de 2%, llegando a recuperarse slo hasta lmites de
15, 20 y 27% al salir del hospital.
En los fallecidos nunca se recuperaron lmites normales,
por lo que esta variacin linfocitaria puede considerarse un
importante indicador de agravamiento del paciente y su eventual fallecimiento, o indicar la posibilidad de una mayor duracin de los das de internamiento en caso de recuperacin
progresiva de los valores de linfocitos.
CONCLUSIONES
32
La ciruga de la sepsis abdominal en la que se usan tcnicas para evitar el sndrome compartamental abdominal es
la ms adecuada para el manejo de las infecciones
intraabdominales graves.
La observacin de la cuenta linfocitaria se puede considerar indicador pronstico de la evolucin del paciente.
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