Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Center for Energy Sciences, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history:
Received 24 October 2014
Accepted 16 January 2015
Keywords:
Biodiesel
Edible oil
Non-edible oil
Blending
Physicochemical properties
Mathematical modeling
a b s t r a c t
The growing demand for green world serves as one of the most signicant challenges of modernization.
Requirements like largest usage of energy for modern society as well as demand for friendly milieu create
a deep concern in eld of research. Biofuels are placed at the peak of the research arena for their underlying benets as mentioned by multiple researches. Out of a number of vegetable oils, only a few are used
commercially for biodiesel production. Due to various limitations of edible oil, non-edible oils are becoming a protable choice. Till today, very little percentage of biodiesel is used successfully in engine. The
research is still continuing for improving the biodiesel usage level. Recently, it is found that the blended
biodiesel from more than one feedstock provides better performance in engine. This paper reviews the
physicochemical properties of different biodiesel blends obtained from various feedstocks with a view
to properly understand the fuel quality. Moreover, a short description of each feedstock is given along
with graphical presentation of important properties for various blend percentages from B0 to B100.
Finally, mathematical model is formed for predicting various properties of biodiesel blend with the help
of different research data by using polynomial curve tting method. The results obtained from a number
of literature based on this work shows that the heating value of biodiesel is about 11% lower than diesel
except coconut (14.5% lower) whereas kinematic viscosity is in the range of 45.4 mm2/s. Flash point of
all biodiesels are more than 150 C, except neem and coconut. Cold ow properties of calophyllum, palm,
jatropha, moringa are inferior to others. This would help to determine important properties of biodiesel
blend for any percentage of biodiesel and to select the proper feedstock for better performance.
2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
The primary catalyst of any countrys socio-economic development is energy. However, through modernization the demand
of energy consumption is facing a serious threat due to the gradual declination of fossil fuels. Various sectors for instance, industry, transport, agriculture, domestic sector, etc. require energy
from sources like wood, coal, petroleum products, nuclear power,
solar, and wind [1]. Currently, more than 80% of energy demand
is catered by fossil fuels [2]. The deep concern about fossil fuels
is that its generation of toxic pollutants links to global warming,
climate change and even some impasse diseases [3]. To compete
with this critical situation, a good number of research have been
52
Nomenclature
APME
CIME
COME
CME
CMME
JCME
MOME
NME
POME
RBME
also lead to one third of the total projected growth of edible oils
between 2005 and 2017 [16]. This large usage of edible oils for biodiesel has caused a serious impact on food supply. It has the ability
to lead to starvation especially in developing countries and impose
antagonistic effect on environment [13]. The prominent solution is
to use second generation feedstocks (non-edible oils) which has
higher potential for biodiesel production [13] and can easily eliminate the food vs fuel concern. Another boosting feedstock is algae.
Although full scale commercialization from algae has not begun
yet, but it is expected to be rich in oil content (oil content in microalgae can exceed 80% of its weight of dry biomass) [3].
The use of vegetable oils started more than a century ago. Apart
from the remarkable advantages, biodiesel has couple of difculties to be used as a replacement of fossil fuels in engine such as
high viscosity and density and low volatility and heating value
[12]. These difculties lead to problems in pumping, atomization,
gumming, injection fouling, piston ring sticking, etc. [1]. Another
serious threat for biodiesel industry is the cost of feedstock which
currently accounts for over 7085% of biodiesel production cost
[13,17,18]. One solution to alleviate this problem is to use multiple
feedstocks of varying percentage. It will not only subside the cost
of production but also enhance product quality. Problems of using
edible oils can also be moderated by switching these with non-edible oils. It has been proven that biodiesel containing up to B5 will
have no notable difference in terms of power and fuel economy
when it is compared to diesel [19]. ASTM D7467 suggests blending
of 20% biodiesel with diesel. In 2014, the Chevy Cruze Clean Turbo
Diesel is directing the engine with rated B20 biodiesel compatibility [20]. Now-a-days research is going on to increase the use of biodiesel blending with diesel. Consequently, biodiesel blending
(biodiesel and diesel) bring a new topic in research arena. A number of researches have been undertaken already on biodiesel
blending [17,2127]. Accordingly, it has become easier to have a
clear concept of the physicochemical properties of edible and
non-edible vegetable oils with varying blending percentages for a
better understanding on blend qualities. Survey of existing
literature shows that most of the studies focus on pure biodiesel
SME
SFME
CB10
CoB
CrB
JB
CP
PP
CFPP
Table 1
Oil species for biodiesel production.
Category
Source of oil
Edible oil
Sunower, Rapeseed, Rice bran, Soybean, Coconut, Corn, Palm, Olive, Pistachia Palestine, Sesame seed, Peanut, Opium Poppy, Safower oil, Amaranth,
apricot, argan, artichoke, avocado, babassu, bay laurel, beech nut, ben, Borneo tallow nut, carob pod (algaroba), cohune, coriander seed, false ax, grape
seed, hemp, kapok seed, lallemantia, lemon seed, macauba fruit (Acrocomia sclerocarpa), meadowfoam seed, mustard, okra seed (hibiscus seed), perilla
seed, pequi,(Caryocar brasiliensis seed), pine nut, poppy seed, prune kernel, quinoa, ramtil (Guizotia abyssinica seed or Nigerpea), rice bran, tallow, tea
(camellia), thistle (Silybum marianum seed), and wheat germ
Jatropha, Karanjaor Pongamia, Neem, Jojoba, Cottonseed, Linseed, Mahua, Deccan hemp, Kusum, Orange, Rubbe rseed, Sea Mango, Karanja or Honge,
milk bush, Nagchampa, Rubber seed tree, Tobacco seed oil, Algae, Halophytes and Xylocarpus moluccensis
Non-edible
oil
Table 2
Acknowledgement of some edible and non-edible oils.
Name of oil
Characteristics
Country of available
Oil
Yield of
content plant seed
Uses
Refs.
kg/ Kg/ha
tree
A widespread species found in Indo-China and 30
Species in the family Meliaceae also known as pitraj tree. It is
indigenous as evergreen tree mainly growing in the tropical area of western Malaysia. Indonesia, India, Bangladesh, 40%
Asia. This deciduous, perennial tree grows to 2030 m long. Flower etc.
clusters occur in leaf axils, less than a foot long. Seeds are greyish
brown. Flowering: MaySeptember
25
40
[4347]
Herbal medicine, potential for
biodiesel, The wood is used for
construction of ships, vehicles, posts
and agricultural tools
Calophyllum inophyllum L.
Known as penaga laut, non-edible oil seed tree belongs to Clusiaceae Native Australian tree, Found in tropical region 45
family. It enables to tolerate harsh environmental conditions (acidity, of India, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, etc. 70%
salinity, and drought), require little maintenance, 10004000 mm
rainfall is sufcient per year. It is non-invasive, fruits profusely
(300010,000 seeds tree1 season1). Duration of harvest is two
months, Flowering in MarchMay and fruiting in OctoberNovember
25 4680
50
Croton megalocarpus
40
C. megalocarpus belongs to Euphorbiaceae family. It is a multipurpose The plant id indigenous to East Africa and
tree of Mexican and Central American origin with height 1540 m. It widely found in mountain of Tanzania, Kenya, 45%
Uganda, etc.
is capable to engender at the altitude of 1200 m and 2450 m
respectively. It requires less water footprint and fertilization during
cultivation stage
50
Coconut
Coconut is member of the family Arecaceae. Found throughout the Indigenous to Indo-pacic origin. Philippines,
tropic and sub-tropic area. It is familiar as large palm growing up to Indonesia, India, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Mexico,
Brazil etc.
30 m tall with pinnate leaves 46 m long. On very fertile land a
coconut tree can yield 75 fruits per year but often yield less than 30
mainly due to tough cultural practices. Coconut palms are growing in
more than 80 countries of the world with a total production of 61
million tons per year. Coconut trees are very hard to establish in dry
climates and cannot grow without frequent irrigation, in drought
conditions
Jatropha curcas
0.5 100
2.0 8000
Moringa oleifera
35
45%
3000
Neem
Neem (Azadirachta indica), a tree of mahogany family Meliaceae. It is Native to Asian countries like India, Pakistan,
fast growing evergreen tree and can reach a height of 1520 m, rarely Bangladesh, etc.
to 3540 m. It is drought tolerant, thrives in area with sub-arid to
sub-humid condition with annual rainfall 4001200 mm and hardly
below 400 mm. This is a typical tropical to subtropical tree can
tolerate high to high temperature but cannot tolerate temperature
below 4 C. Duration of harvest is 23 months. Flowering starts in
MarchApril and fruiting in JuneJuly. The white, hard inner shell of
the fruits enclose with one and rarely two or three seeds
30
39%
Palm
Palm oil tree belonging to the species namely, Elaeis guineensis. Oil Mostly available in South East Asia (Indonesia,
palms are originally from Western Africa, but can ourish wherever Malaysia), Thailand, Brazil, Nigeria, Colombia,
heat and rainfall are abundant. It is found to be a tropical perennial Ecuador, Costa Rica Venezuela, etc.
60%
[13,5153]
20
35
[13,47,53,55
57]
[53,5860]
[47,61,62]
Aphanamixis polystachya
[12,6366]
53
Rice bran
16
32%
440
kg/ Kg/ha
tree
Refs.
Uses
Oil
Yield of
content plant seed
Country of available
Characteristics
Name of oil
Table 2 (continued)
[68,69]
54
Table 3
Fatty acid composition of crude edible and non-edible oils.
C8:0
C10:0
C12:0
C14:0
C16:0
C16:1
C17:0
C18:0
C18:1
C18:2
C18:3
C18:4
C20:0
C20:1
C22:0
C22:1
C24:0
C24:1
Aphanamixis polystachya
(meliaceae) [13,70]
Calophyllum inophyllum L. [13]
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
23.1
N/D
N/D
12.8
21.5
29
13.6
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
0.09
14.6, 17.9
2.5
N/D
37.57, 42.7
26.33, 13.7
0.2, 2.1
N/D
0.94
0.72
N/D
N/D
2.6
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
14
N/D
51,48.8
6.5
7.5, 7.8
0.1
0.1
0.1
11.6
5, 4.4
72.7
1, 0.8
3.5, o.4
0
N/D
65.7
N/D
N/D
0.9
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
Jatropha curcas[1,13,16]
N/D
0.1
N/D
0.1
18.5,
19.9
1.4, 0.1
19.96,
18.5
3.8
3
0.2, 0.4
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
41.6, 32.1,
31.4, 32.8
1.0, 8.1, 0.7
N/D
N/D
0.2
N/D
N/D
N/D
0.2-0.26
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
0.1
N/D
1
0.3, 0.8
0.40.6,
0.3
0.23
N/D
N/D
2.3-15.8,
18.3
10.2, 10.1
35.4,35.6
26.435.1
N/D
N/D
N/D
14.4-24.1
18.1
4.5, 4.4
2.1, 2.2
1.72.5
0.2
Palm [1,11,16]
Rice bran [3,11,13,73]
13.6-16.2,
18.1
42.8, 42.6
12.5, 17.7
11.716.5
2.0,
5.8
N/D
N/D
N/D
4, 0.907,
5.8
0.8-3.4
7.1
Neem [3,11]
39.1, 40.8,
44.7
72.2, 66.6,
79.4
49.1-61.9,
44.5
40.5
47.5, 40.6
39.243.7
0.2, 0.2
N/D
0.7,
0.9
1.4,
2.1
N/D
0.1
12.6,15.6,
15.1,14.2
6.5, 7.8, 9.1
0.2
1.1, 1.8
1.1
N/D
N/D
0.2, 0.4
0.6,
N/D
N/D
N/D
0.3
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
Sesame [1]
Stauntonia chinensis [28]
Raphanus sativus [74]
Annona diversifolia [75]
Syagrus coronate [76]
Syagrus coronate [77]
chufa sedge [78]
Citrus reticulate [79]
Phoenix dactylifera [80]
Idesia polycarpa [81]
Calotropis gigantean [82]
Baobab (Adansonia digitata L.)
[83]
Fodder radish (Raphanus
sativus L. var oleiferus)
[84,85]
Citrullus colocynthis [86]
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
9.0
6
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
6.0
6
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
42.0
37
N/D
N/D
24
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
16.0
11
0.1
N/D
13
N/D
N/D
N/D
13.1
6.87
6.13
16.40
8.0
8
13.1
26.90
17.44
15.06
15.5
20.96 1.2
N/D
0.21
0.05
N/D
N/D
N/D
2.1
N/D
N/D
6.5
0.3
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
3.9
1.19
1.68
5.22
4.0
3
2.8
4.62
<0.3
1.18
10.5
20.29 0.2
52.8
79.95
23.87
70.42
12.0
24
61.6
26.75
36.8
5.5
31.1
22.14 0.7
30.2
8.32
13.46
7.97
3.0
5
17.2
37.65
7
70.6
36.3
27.47 1.4
N/D
0.13
10.34
N/D
N/D
N/D
1.4
3.80
N/D
1.1
0.8
8.84 2.2
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
1.72
0.68
N/D
N/D
N/D
0.7
0.26
N/D
N/D
0.6
0.29 0.9
N/D
0.51
8.58
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
1.64
N/D
N/D
N/D
0.2
N/D
N/D
N/D
0.1
N/D
N/D
N/D
31.76
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
0.2,
0.4
0.9
N/D
N/D
0.61
N/D
N/D
N/D
0.8
N/D
N/D
N/D
0.4
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
3.6
27.9
7.6
4.6
N/D
2.2
11.2
N/D
33.3
0.6
2.0
N/D
N/D
N/D
0.7
10.53
0.05
0.14
9.57
14.07
64.65
0.1
N/D
0.12
0.06
0.01
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
5.5, 9.7,
7.1
6.0, 5.5,2.7
N/D
N/D
N/D
1.26
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
Oil
55
56
4.2. Density
The airfuel ratio and energy content of the air fuel mixture
largely depend on fuel density within the combustion chamber
of diesel engine [14]. In general, density of biodiesel is slightly
higher than petro diesel and it is augmented by increasing biodiesel percentage in blends [12,14]. Fig. 3 shows density variations
with blend percentage variations. It is found that except Neem biodiesel (having higher density 0.891 g/cc at 40 C) the density of
other feedstocks biodiesel are lower than 0.87 g/cc. Moreover, Rice
bran and Sesame biodiesels have the same trend of increasing density (0.849, 0.853, 0.857, and 0.86 at 50%, 60%, 70% and 80% blend
percentage). Except Aphanamixis, Calophyllum and Neem, density
of other biodiesel varies slightly with the rise of biodiesel percentages in blend.
57
Xylocarpus moluccensis
Table 4
U.S. and European specication for biodiesel.
Property
Test methods
Limit
Test methods
Limit
D 445
D 1298
D 93
D 97
D 2500
ASTM
D 613
D 675
D 664
D 6584
D 6584
D 4530
D130
D 2709
D 5453
D 4951
1.9-6.0
880
93
15 to 16
3 to 12
Max + 5
47 min
3 min
0.5 max
0.02
0.24
0.05
No. 3 (max.)
0.05
15b
10
EN ISO 3104
EN ISO 3675/12185
EN14214
EN ISO 3679
EN 14214
EN ISO 5165
EN 14112
EN 14104
EN 14105
EN 14105
EN 10370
EN 2160
EN 14111
EN 12937g
EN 20846
EN 14107
3.5-5.0
860-900
35
101 min.
51 min
6 min
0.5 max
0.02
0.25
0.30e
No. 1
120
0.05
10
4
58
Table 5
Properties of crude edible and non-edible oils.
Properties
Aphanamixis
polystachya [89]
Calophyllum
[2]
Coconut [2]
Croton
[2]
Jatropha [2]
Moringa
[2]
Palm [2]
Rice
bran
[90]
Sesame
[90]
Neem [91]
38729
38,511
37,806
39,331
38,961
39,762
39,867
39,548
39,386
Kinematic viscosity
(mm2/s) at 40 C
Kinematic viscosity
(mm2/s) at 100 C
Viscosity Index (VI)
Density (kg/m3) at
40 C
Flash point (C)
CFPP (C)
Cloud point (C)
Pour point (C)
Refractory Index
Oxidation stability (h
at 110 C)
Acid value (mg KOH/
g oil)
Transmission (%T)
Copper strip
corrosion 3 h at 50 C
Absorbance (Abs)
MIU (wt%) [95]
FFA (wt%) [95]
35.093
55.478
27.64
29.844
48.095
43.468
41.932
52.225
34.087
32,000
40,000[92]
35.83
7.2547
9.5608
5.9404
7.2891
9.1039
9.0256
8.496
10.393
7.6364
177.9
0.9164
165.4
0.9249
168.5
0.9089
224.2
0.9100
174.1
0.9054
195.2
0.8971
185.0
0.8998
192.8
0.9069
202.9
0.9066
0.9200
5
4
1.4789
0.09
236.5
26
8
8
1.4784
0.23
264.5
22
17
19
1.4545
6.93
235.0
10
1.4741
0.14
258.5
21
9 1[1]
4 1[1]
1.4652
0.32
263.5
18
10
11
1.4661
41.75
254.5
23
23[93]
12[93]
1.4642
0.08
300.50
0
0
1.4718
4.40
280.0
44
3
4
1.4709
9.795
100
11[92]
19
10
12.4 [92]
26.7
41.74
11.6[3]
14.47[86]
32.64 [3]
91.2
1a
18.5[95]
7.40[93]
63.2
1a
13.56
34.7
1a
8.62
2.90[3]
69.2
1a
1.314
61.6
12.07
3.343[94]
87.5
1a
87.10
1a
78.4
0.209
0.46
0.16
0.30
0.21
0.199
0.03
0.54
0.06
2.74
0.05
0.106
2.16
2.14
0.04
2.74
0.07(Lauric
acid)
2.7
2.0
31.4
7.3
1.0
7.3
4.0
0.9
0[b][68]
1990
47.6
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
0.058
1.68[93]
61.8
1a
0.209
0.16
1.17(Palmitic
acid)
3.5
322.9
4.5. Cloud point (CP), pour point (PP), and cold lter plugging point
(CFPP)
59
Table 6
Properties of edible and non-edible methyl esters.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Properties
Aphanamixis
polystachya [89]
Calophyllum
[2]
Coconut
[2]
Croton [2]
Jatropha
[2]
Moringa
[2]
Palm
[2]
Rice
bran
[90]
Sesame
[90]
Neem [91]
39,960
4.7177
39,513
5.5377
38,300
3.1435
39,786
4.0707
39,738
4.9476
40,115
5.0735
40,009
4.6889
39,957
5.3657
39,996
4.3989
39,810
3.70
1.8239
1.998
1.3116
1.6781
1.8557
1.9108
1.7921
1.9609
1.7236
220.7
0.8735
183.2
0.8776
230.8
0.8605
276.3
0.8704
194.6
0.8742
206.7
0.8597
203.6
0.8591
187
0.8681
229.0
0.8848
0.8680
188.5
5
8
162.5
11
12
118.5
1
1
164.0
4
3
186.5
10
10
176.0
18
21
214.5
12
13
174.50
0
208.5
1
1, 6[68]
19
67.07[71]
15
52[1]
3
73.6[13]
1, 14[68]
50.48[68]
76, 120[92]
11[96]
9[92],
14.4[96]
2[92]
4853[92]
1.4494
1.4468
1.4541
9
10
13
57.3[13]
4
59[1]
2
46.6[52]
11
Refractory Index at 25
(C)
Oxidation stability (h
at 110 C)
Acid value (mg KOH/g)
[96]
Free glycerin (%mass)
[96]
Total glycerin (%mass)
[96]
Sulfur (ppm) [96]
Carbon residue [96]
1.4574
1.4357
1.4569
10
55.4[97],
57.1[13]
1.4513
0.16
6.12
8.01
0.71
4.84
12.64
23.56
1.61
1.14
7.1
0.448
0.30
0.106
0.156
0.185
0.046
0.586
0.3[67]
0.649[96]
0.025
0.16[94],
0.2[98]
0.019[51]
0.006
0.001
0.003
0.001
0.02[92]
0.065
0.22[51]
0.10
0.067
0.068
0.083
4.11
0.94
0.01
3.84
0.026
9.9
0.033
1.81
0.01
6.0
0.047
0.0[68]
0.6214[68]
0.158[96],
0.26[92]
473.8[96]
0.105[96]
12
13
14
15
16
17
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Properties
Stauntonia chinensis
[28]
Raphanus sativus
[74]
Annona diversifolia
[75]
Manchurian apricot
[99]
Siberian apricot
[99]
N/D
4.48
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
36.3
4.451
N/D
N/D
4.32
N/D
N/D
4.34
N/D
N/D
N/D
167
-9
N/D
N/D
52.1
N/D
2
0.12
0.003
0.14
5 (mg/kg)
0.05
N/D
N/D
N/D
6
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
0.082
0.000
0.108
0.79 (mg/kg)
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
0
-9
44.7
N/D
N/D
0.5
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
180
-15
N/D
N/D
49.7
N/D
2.9
N/D
0.015
0.16
4.5 (mg/kg)
N/D
N/D
N/D
175
-14
N/D
N/D
49.2
N/D
2.7
N/D
0.017
0.14
4.7 (mg/kg)
N/D
60
Fig. 3. Density at 40 C.
caloric value, decrease in density, cloud point, pour point, kinematic viscosity and ash point of biodiesel. The same work was
done by Krishna [127] to improve the cold ow properties of
biodiesel.
Sivaramakrishnan and Ravikumar [128] developed an equation
to predict the higher heating value of biodiesel based on its kinematic viscosity, ash point and density with 0.949 accuracy.
A review on the physical and chemical properties and the fatty
acid composition of 26 biodiesel feedstocks (including of 22 edible
and non-edible oils and four animal fats) was conducted by
61
SN
X 560 Ai
MW i
IV
X 254 D Ai
MW i
62
Table 7
Mathematical equation for predicting properties for various biodiesel blends.
Biodiesel blends
Property
Biodiesel-diesel blending
APME + Diesel
Kinematic viscosity
Density at 40 C
Flash point
Caloric value
CFPP
Cloud point
Pour point
CIME + Diesel
Kinematic viscosity
Density at 40 C
Flash point
Caloric value
CFPP
Cloud point
Pour point
COME + Diesel
Kinematic viscosity
Density at 40 C
Flash point
Caloric value
CFPP
Cloud point
Pour point
CMME + Diesel
Kinematic viscosity
Density at 40 C
Flash point
Caloric value
CFPP
Cloud point
Pour point
JME + Diesel
Kinematic viscosity
Density at 40 C
at 40 C
at 40 C
at 40 C
at 40 C
at 40 C
Mathematical equation
R2
Variable
Ref.
0.9947
1
0.9683
0.9898
0.9161
0.978
0.9893
0.9989
0.9998
0.9948
0.9989
0.5621
0.8207
0.9606
0.9075
0.9994
0.9655
0.9994
0.9536
0.9083
0.4009
0.919
0.9997
0.9293
0.9968
0.8972
0.9609
0.7637
0.8463
0.9997
[113]
63
Property
Flash point
Caloric value
CFPP
Cloud point
Pour point
Kinematic viscosity
Density at 40 C
Flash point
Caloric value
CFPP
Cloud point
Pour point
Kinematic viscosity
Density at 40 C
Flash point
Caloric value
CFPP
Cloud point
Pour point
Kinematic viscosity
Density at 40 C
Flash point
Caloric value
CFPP
Cloud point
Pour point
Kinematic viscosity
Density at 40 C
Flash point
Caloric value
CFPP
Cloud point
Pour point
Kinematic viscosity
Density at 40 C
Flash point
Caloric value
CFPP
Cloud point
Pour point
Kinematic viscosity
Density at 40 C
Flash point
Caloric value
MOME + Diesel
NME + Diesel
POME + Diesel
RBME + Diesel
SME + Diesel
CIME + Diesel
R2
Mathematical equation
2
at 40 C
at 40 C
at 40 C
at 40 C
at 40 C
at 40 C
Biodiesel-biodiesel blending
SFME-POME
Kinematic viscosity at 40 C
SFME-COME
POME-CME
Cloud point
JCME-CME
CIME-CME
POME-CME
Pour point
JCME-CME
CIME-CME
POME-CME
Cold lter plugging point
JCME-CME
CIME-CME
Variable
0.9808
0.9869
0.9709
0.2857
0.8353
0.9919
0.9994
0.9464
0.9901
0.9361
0.9606
0.9869
0.9559
0.9993
0.9908
0.9981
0.9704
0.979
0.9867
0.9784
0.9785
0.9972
0.9843
0.9639
0.9918
Ref.
0.994
0.8893
0.998
0.9305
0.9696
0.8763
0.7907
0.9076
0.9599
0.9999
0.9521
0.9849
0.932
0.9983
0.9999
0.9438
0.9989
0.9854
0.7033
0.6526
0.9978
0.9998
0.9965
0.9994
[101]
x POME%
x COME%
x CME%
[2]
CN
46:3
5458
0:225 IV
SN
5.95%, 2.57%, 0.11% and 0.21% for the cetane number, kinematic
viscosity, density, and higher heating value were found. Those
derived equations were as follows:
;i 7:8 0:302 M i 20 N
4:9
0:0118 N
Mi
Pi 0:8463
di 46:19
1794
0:21 N
Mi
64
Table 8
Mathematical equation for predicting properties for various biodiesel feedstocks.
Biodiesel blends
CMME
CIME
COME
POME
MOME
CMME
CIME
COME
POME
MOME
Various biodiesel
Feedstocks
R2
Ref.
0.9534
0.9887
0.9933
0.9569
0.9724
0.9891
0.9975
0.9933
0.996
0.9912
[113]
0.9677
0.9902
0.9819
0.7982
0.9530
0.9724
0.964
0.91
0.9568
[134]
0.949
[128]
Property
Flash point (FP) vs. kinematic viscosity (KV)
Mathematical equation
2
[135]
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the Ministry of Higher Education and University of Malaya, Malaysia for the nancial assistance
through High Impact Research Grant titled: Development of alternative and renewable energy carrier (DAREC) with Grant Number
UM.C/HIR/MOHE/ENG/60.
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