Animal Systems

I. DigestiveSystem
a. Process
i. Mouth
1. SalivaryAmylase
a. Digestsstarch
ii. Esophagus
iii. Stomach
1. HydrochloricAcid(HCl)
a. Digestsproteins
b. CreatesalowpHenvironmentforPepsin
2. Pepsin
a. Digestsproteins
3. FoodleavesstomachthroughPyloricSphincter(valve)as
Chyme
iv. SmallIntestine
1. Moredigestion
v. Pancreas
1. SecretesvarioussubstancesintotheSmallIntestine
a. PancreaticAmylase
i. Digestscarbohydrates
b. PancreaticLipase
i. Digestslipids
c. Trypsin
i. Digestsproteins
d. Chymotripsin
i. Digestsproteins
vi. Liver
1. ProducesBile
2. SendsBiletotheGallBladder
vii. GallBladder
1. StoresBile
2. SecretesBileintotheSmallIntestine
viii. SmallIntestine
1. Bile
a. Emulsifies(breaksintosmallerpieces)fats
2. Microvilli(villi)
a. Smallhairlikeprojectionsinthesmallintestine

b. Providesurfaceareatoabsorbnutrientsfromthe
smallintestine
ix. LargeIntestine(colon)
1. SymbioticBacteria
a. Mutualism
b. Bacteriagetfood
c. BacteriaproduceVitaminK
2. Waterreabsorption
b. Ruminants:
Cattle,Sheep,etc.
i. 4chamberedstomach
1. AnaerobicBacteria
a. Digestcelluloseandbreakitdownintousableform
fortheruminants
i. CO2+Methane
b. 1cow400LitersofMethanein1day
c. InsulinGlucagon
i. Pancreas
1. Insulin:
Helpssugarentercellsfromtheblood
a. Usedwhenthereishighbloodsugar
2. Glucagon: HelpsbreakdownGlycogenintheLiverand
releasessugarintotheblood
a. Usedwhenthereislowbloodsugar

II. BodyTemperatureRegulation
a. Homeotherms:

b. Poikilotherms:

c.
d.
e.
f.

Keepaconstantbodytemperature
Varyingbodytemperaturesdependingonthe
environment
Heterotherms:

Sometimeschangetemperatureandsometimes
donot
Ectotherm:

Useenvironmenttoregulatebodytemperature
Endotherm:

Heatfrombodymetabolism
CountercurrentExchange:Bloodthatgoesdownisnearthebloodthatis
comingupheatstaysintheblood
conservationofheat

III. RespiratorySystem(Animals)

Alveoli

www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/humrespsys_1.gif

a. Diaphragm:
i. Contractspullsdownexpandscavityaircomesin

b. Alveoli:
i. Largesurfacearea
ii. Increasessurfacearea
iii. Allowsgasexchange

Alveoli O2
RedBloodCell
O2

O2 O2 O2
BloodVessel

R
R

Hemoglobin

H H
O2
O2

H H
O2
O2

iv. Oxygentransport
1. O2diffusesintoBloodVesselfromtheAlveoli
2. O2entersRedBloodCell
3. 4O2attachontoeachHemoglobinintheRedBloodCells
4. BindingCurve

Fetus
Saturation
Of
Hemoglobin

Human
AcidicConditions

ConcentrationofO2

c. Recycle
i. CellsreceiveO2
ii. CellsuseO2
iii. CellsproduceCO2
1. entersCapillaries
iv. CO2entersaRedBloodCell
1. CarbonicAnhydraseconvertsCO2toHCO3
v. HCO3issentoutintothebloodstream
vi. ASmallamountofHCO3remainsintheRedBloodCell
vii. ***
viii. HCO3willreenteraRedBloodCell
ix. HCO3willbereconvertedintoCO2
x. CO2willentertheAlveoliintheLungs
xi. TheAlveoliwillconverttheCO2intoO2

IV. RespiratorySystem(Insects)
a. Spiracles:

Holesinthebodysurface
b. Trachea:

Tubesinthebodyconnectedtothespiracles
i. O2diffuses
1. fromtheatmosphere
2. intothespiracles
3. throughthetrachea
4. tothecell

V. RespiratorySystem(AnnelidsandCnidarians)
a. ThroughBodySurface

VI. CirculatorySystem
a. Open
i. Bloodcellsdonotstayinbloodvessels
ii. Slowcirculatorysystem
iii. i.e.Insect
b. Closed
i. Bloodcellsstayinbloodvessels
ii. Fastercirculatorysystem
iii. i.e.Mammals

iv. ClosedHumanHeart

http://www.wellesley.edu/Biology/Courses/111/ForOval.gif
v. Cycle
1. DeoxygenatedbloodfromtheBodyenterstheheartthrough
theVenaCavas
2. DeoxygenatedbloodenterstheRightAtrium
3. DeoxygenatedbloodenterstheRightVentricle
4. DeoxygenatedbloodenterstheLungsthroughthe
PulmonaryArtery
5. BloodisOxygenatedintheLungs
6. OxygenatedbloodleavestheLungsthroughthePulmonary
VeinandenterstheLeftAtrium
7. OxygenatedbloodenterstheLeftVentricle
8. OxygenatedbloodenterstheBodythroughtheAortafrom
theLeftVentricle

c. FishCirculation
i. CountercurrentExchange
1. O2diffusesfromH20intoBlood

Blood

LowO2

H2O

HighO2

VII. ExcretorySystem
a. ProcessofgettingridofNitrogenouswastes
b. Ammonia:
Breakdownofaminoacidsandnucleicacids
i. Toxicathighconcentrations
c. LandAnimals
i. DiluteAmmonia
1. Urea
2. UricAcid
d. Platyhelminthes(Flatworms)
i. Protonephridia
ii. Flamecells
1. Cilialeadwasteoutofthebodysurface
e. Annelids(Earthworms)
i. Metanephridia
f. Insects
i. MalphigianTubules
1. PumpoutsaltsandUricAcid
2. H2OflowsbyOsmosis
3. Saltmovesback
4. UricAcidisleft

g. Humans
i. Kidney
1. Nephron

Renal
Artery

users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/K/Kidney.html

a. H2OentersandleavesLoopofHenlethrough
Osmosis
b. ConcentratedUrine
c. DistalTubule
i. Aldosterone
1. Causesmoresaltreabsorption
2. MoreH2Ofollowsthesalt
d. CollectingDuct
i. Endofthetube
ii. AntidiureticHormone(ADH)(Vasopressin)
1. CausesH2Otobereabsorbedoutofthe
CollectingDuctandintotheBody
iii. CollectingDuctleadsurinetothebladder

VIII. ReproductiveSystem
a. FemaleAnatomy
i. Ovaries:

ii. FallopianTube:
iii. Cervix:

iv. Vagina:

b. MaleAnatomy
i. Testes:

ii. VasDeferens:
iii. ProstateGland:
iv. CowpersGland:

Whereeggsareproduced
Deliverseggtotheuterus
Endofthevagina
Siteofspermentranceandbirthcanal
Wherespermandtestosteroneareproduced
Deliversspermtotheurethra
Producenutrientsandalkalinesolutionsto
helpthespermsurvive
Producenutrientsandalkalinesolutionsto
helpthespermsurvive

c. MenstrualCycle
i. Day1Day4
1. Bleeding
ii. AnteriorPituitaryGland
1. FollicleStimulatingHormone(FSH)
a. Stimulatesfollicle(immatureegg)growth
b. FolliclestartsproducingEstrogen
c. EstrogengoestothePituitaryGland
i. CausesLutenizingHormone(LH)tobe
produced
iii. Day14
iv. SurgeinLHcausesOvulation
1. Eggreleasedfromtheovary
2. RemainderoftheFollicle:CorpusLuteum
a. Helpercells
b. SecretesEstrogenandProgesterone
i. ActonUterustobuildwall
3. FertilizedEgg
a. SecretesHumanChorionicGonadotropinin(HCG)
b. SignaltoCorpusLuteumtoproducemoreEstrogen
andProgestrerone
4. UnfertilizedEgg
a. NoHCG
b. SignaltoCorpusLuteumtostopproducingEstrogen
andProgestrerone
c. Menstruationoccurs
d. BasicDevelopment

i. Fertilization
1. SpermandEggcometogethertoformadiploidcell(Zygote)
ii. Cleavage
1. CellsintheZygotecontinuetodivide
iii. Blastulation
1. Foodfilledcavity(Blastocoel)isformedintheZygote
iv. Gastulation
1. Mouthandanusbegintoform
2. Layersform
a. Ectoderm:
Skin,NervousSystem,Eyes
b. Mesoderm:
Bones,Muscles,Excretory
System,CirculatorySystem
c. Endoderm:
Pancreas,Gallbladder,Liningof
theGut
v. Neurulation
1. CellsdivideintheNeuralPlate
a. Notochord:
VertebrateColumn,Skeletal
System
b. NeuralTube:
Spinalchord,Brain,Peripheral
NervousSystem