Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Date of experiment:
20/01/2015
Date of Report:
26/01/2015
Max. Marks
10
Sample calculations
30
Error analysis
Marks
40
References
Overall formatting
20
Total
100
Roll Number
RishabhSethiya
CH12B055
S DheerajSharavan
CH12B056
S Gokulakannan
CH12B057
Sanket Wani
CH12B059
Marks:
100
Simple distillation, also known as Rayleigh distillation or differential distillation is the most
elementary example of batch distillation. In this distillation system, the vapour is removed from the
still during a particular time interval and is condensed in the condenser. The more volatile
component is richer in the vapour than in the liquid remaining in the still. Over time, the liquid
remaining in the still begins to experience a decline in the concentration of the more volatile
component, while the distillate collected in the condenser becomes progressively more enriched in
the more volatile component.
In the case of differential distillation, the vapour at any time is in equilibrium with the liquid
from which it rises but changes continuously in the composition. Thus, the mathematical approach
used must be differential. Assume that L mol of liquid in the still of composition x mol fraction A
and that an amount dDmol of distillate is vaporized, of mol fraction y in equilibrium with the
liquid.
The rate of depletion of liquid is equal to the rate of distillate output. The instantaneous rate of
depletion of a component in the liquid is therefore, In - out = accumulation.
Taking balance on more volatile component, rearranging and integrating, we get the following
form which is called the Rayleighs Equation,
(1)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
3
Procedure:
A calibration chart with refractive index of liquid mixtures of ethanol water system along Y
axis and mole fraction(and volume fraction) of ethanol in the mixture along X axis is
prepared using 11 data points.
Known volume of the ethanol water mixture is transferred to the round bottomed flask and
heated. A constant heat input is maintained.
Water is admitted to the condenser and the heater is switched on.
Observe the first drop of distillate when the temperature reaches between the boiling points
of water and ethanol.
Collect and measure the volume samples from the residue as well as the distillate flasks as a
function of rise in temperature .
Composition of residue and distillate is found out using calibration chart.
EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS; DATA
Density of water : 1 gm/cm3
Density of ethanol : 0.78 gm/cm3
Molecular weight of water: 18 g/mol
Molecular weight of ethanol: 46 g/mol
1.33298
1.33809
1.3536
1.35906
1.36142
1.36196
1.36224
1.36256
1.36259
1.36261
1.3627
of
0
0.032800673
0.070894769
0.115676151
0.169075145
0.233844104
0.314047122
0.415947181
0.54972592
0.733116732
1
refractive index of
mixtures
0.5
1.5
1.34
1.335
1.33
0
0.5
1.5
molefraction of ethanol
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
0.032632
0.0337789
0.0485778
0.0327703
0.0502199
0.0235819
0.030987
1.36247
1.36263
1.3623
1.36174
1.36214
1.36135
1.36116
4
of
0.180742
0.185683
0.176844
0.163286
0.172044
0.155991
0.152766
1.34642
1.33819
0.0480097
0.0193398
1.36149
1.36203
Integral
(1/(y*x))*(delta
x)
0.001147
0.014799
0.01581
0.01745
0.02664
0.007405
0.017023
0.02867
Total Integral
0.007744
0.097423
0.123259
0.1337
0.218676
0.055925
0.139786
0.259489
1.036
3.391304
16.66667
20.05797
Moles of
water
Moles of
ethanol
Total moles
LHS :
ln(F/D)= 0.92
ERROR ANALYSIS
Error % =abs ((LHS-RHS)/(LHS))
Where LHS =ln(F/D)
RHS = Integral ((1/(y*-x)*delta x)
Error % = (1.036-0.92)/0.92 *100 =12.6%
5
0.158496
0.169475
SUGGESTIONS
1. Take adequate amount of mixture feed so that temperature sensor remains dipped in
the solution throughout the experiment. When we performed the experiment, halfway
through it, the sensor was above the solution. So we had to complete the experiment
by measuring the temperature manually using a thermometer. This caused some of the
error.
2. While taking sample solution for measuring the refractive index, we took more
amount than optimally required as we had to do it manually using a pipette. If a micropipette was provided, we can increase the accuracy of the experiment.
3. Constant heat flux should be provided for the distillation of the binary mixture of
ethanol and water.
REFERENCES
[1] Robert E. Treybal, Mass-Transfer Operations, Third Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill, 2012
[2] CH3030 Applications of mass transfer class notes.
[3] Seader and Henley, Separation process principles, 2nd edtion