NSN Smart Scheduler For LTE

NSN Smart Scheduler
for LTE and TD-LTE
2014 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved.
Technology introduction
Scheduling in LTE (FDD) and TD-LTE
Confidential
26-Feb-14
2
Scheduler = Software in the base station, which allocates spectrum to users
Interference
Frequency
QoS
Fading
Time
180kHz
Resource block
1ms
Confidential
26-Feb-14
3
A scheduler needs to mitigate physical

effects like interference and fading,
which can severely impact the
throughput.
It also needs to assure QoS.
The scheduler implementation allows for differentiation
What is a scheduler?
The scheduler is the software within an eNodeB,

which allocates the spectrum resources each
millisecond to the users in a cell
As the scheduler implementation is not defined in
3GPP, a smart scheduler implementation is
Why is it relevant?
The scheduler has a direct
impact on
throughput and latency
This impact has been documented in the analyses and

benchmark tests of Signals Research Group
innovation beyond the standard
Confidential
26-Feb-14
4
Scheduler introduction
What does it take to achieve consistently high data rates and low latency?
User Equipment
eNodeB scheduler
Radio resource
allocation per UE
Channel quality
information (CQI)
assignment
Modulation and coding
MIMO recommendation
(MIMO rank indicator)
MIMO vs. TX diversity
Data to send
(UE buffer status)
Frequency-selective
scheduling
Confidential
26-Feb-14
5
reporting
Power available
(power headroom)
NSN Smart Scheduler

Continuous innovation
Long track record in delivering superior
performance
Confidential
26-Feb-14
6
High throughput low latency - consistently

Continuous innovation for superior performance
Capacity
increase
Smart
Scheduler
Continuous
innovation
Cell edge
performance
boost
Extended QoS
Baseline
efficiency
Higher average
throughput
Consistently
lower latency
Channel
awareness
Interference
awareness
Defineable
quality classes
CoMP
eICIC
Fast Link
Adaptation
Interference
shaping
Interference
aware power
control
Intra-frequency
load balancing
Nominal bitrate
Robustness
Foundation: Frequency Selective Scheduling in UL and DL
Confidential
26-Feb-14
7
September 2010
First independent analysis of LTE scheduler performance
Downlink
Uplink
frequency
Full utilization of resources
Full utilization of resources

Smart
Scheduler
20 MHz
time
One colour = one scheduled subscriber

frequency
Only half of the bandwidth

Only one subscriber per timeslot
Confidential
26-Feb-14
8
Low resource utilization

Only one subscriber per timeslot
20 MHz
Performed measurements in the LTE network of Telia, Sweden in NSN and Ericsson supplied network areas. Published a detailed
analysis. Full report available from: www.signalsresearch.com
October 2011: Performance benchmark in multivendor network

Consistently lower latency and higher throughput
Throughput
Latency
Drive test measurements

10 MHz bandwidth LTE-FDD, commercial network
Drive test measurements

10 MHz bandwidth LTE-FDD, commercial network
Mbps
average latency:
27ms
worst measurement: 51ms
+ 24%
72
+ 88%
18
25
61
58
34
Average throughput
Peak throughput
NSN
Vendor B
Vendor C
Vendor B
average latency:
38ms
Vendor C
average latency:
53ms
Drive tests in a commercial network performed by NSN in October 2011

Confidential
26-Feb-14
9
2012
Smart Scheduler becomes interference aware in uplink
Interference Aware Scheduling
Allocation of medium /
high interference
frequency blocks to
users close to the
eNodeB
Allocation of low
interference frequency
blocks to users at cell
edge
Confidential
26-Feb-14
10
Up to 10% gain for cell edge users in

low and medium loaded networks
Interference
Signal
MWC 2012
Interference
November 2012: Commercial networks throughput benchmark

NSN outperforms Ericsson and Huawei
Optimum downlink throughput in good conditions
Highest DL throughput in challenging conditions
Low interference
Cell center
High interference
Cell edge
Theoretical maximum throughput of 1.48-1.5 Mbps / PRB in good

radio conditions only reached by NSN.
Measurements taken by NSN in two commercial LTE networks in APAC, supplied by NSN
(RL30), Ericsson and Huawei
Presenting results per PRB reduces the effect of network load
Confidential
26-Feb-14
11
Throughput per PRB in challenging radio conditions almost 100%

higher with NSN.
PRB = Physical Resource Block = 180kHz (smallest spectrum resource for LTE)
SNR = Signal to Noise Ratio (noise = interference)
January 2013
(remember the September 2010 benchmark test)
We also knew and validated once again that with the
current implementation of the Ericsson scheduler that
it only assigned downlink resources to one mobile
device within a sub-frame (e.g., it was limited to
timebased scheduling and it didnt support frequencybased scheduling).
Signals Research Group
Full report (January 22, 2013) available from: www.signalsresearch.com
The NSN Smart Scheduler has been assigning both

downlink and uplink resources to multiple devices within
a sub-frame already since 2010.
Confidential
26-Feb-14
12
Best LTE network quality in South Korea (Spring 2013)

Korean LTE audit confirms best LTE network quality for NSN
LTE quality issues vendor results
(in percent of affected population)
The worlds first government

conducted LTE network
quality assessment
All networks in all major cities and

provinces (end 2012 early 2013)
Quality measure = Call Success Rate
(CSR)
Call setup success, call drops
Throughput levels
Voice and data quality
Excellent if CSR > 97.5%

5.8 mn people in cities and provinces
with networks with deteriorated
quality (CSR <97.5%)
The best LTE

network quality
Uplink
Downlink
33%
67%
40%
49%
NSN
Samsung
Ericsson
All NSN-supplied networks in the cities rated Excellent

Both Samsung and Ericsson supplied networks in cities
experiencing quality problems
In one mountainous province, the NSN-supplied network is
rated Excellent in uplink, while the networks provided in the
same province by Ericsson showed degraded quality in both
uplink and downlink
In all other provinces, the networks supplied by NSN are rated
Excellent
Note: KCC has assessed the quality of the networks by geographic area. Mapping of geographic areas to LTE radio suppliers done by NSN.
Confidential
26-Feb-14
13
11%
2013
Smart Scheduler becomes channel aware in uplink
Channel quality varies dynamically
Channel Aware Scheduling
Up to 25% uplink capacity gain
E.g. by changes in destructive

interference of different paths with
smallest movements of users
(fading)
Depending on exact frequency of
the channel (consisting of physical
resource blocks (PRB))
Channel Awareness in uplink
MWC 2013
Optimized frequency-selective
scheduling
Best allocation of PRBs to users
Best usage of each PRB (smart
selection of modulation / coding)
Multi-parameter calculation of
channel state information
Complements the existing channel

awareness in downlink
Confidential
26-Feb-14
14
August 2013, In-depth LTE radio performance comparison

LTE 1800MHz, European capital city
An in-depth performance
comparison confirms the
results from 2012
benchmark tests against
Ericsson.
File Transfer, upload
Mobility
Peak rate 8% higher . Also lower Radio

requirements on signal strength (RSRP) and
signal-to-noise ratio (CINR) for achieving
identical average layer 1 throughput
17% shorter handover interruption of data

transfer during LTE radio resource
connection handover . Maximum value
(worst case) comparison. 100 ms difference.
+8%
17% Faster
File Transfer, download
Latency
Average layer 1 throughput on cells with

similar signal strength (RSRP) and 50%
lower signal-to-noise (CINR) on NSN side
Average round trip time 50% faster.

Ping on 32bit. The difference 20 ms.
+77%
Confidential
26-Feb-14
15
50% Faster
Cell
capacity
+50% dual stream
MIMO usage at
SNR 1015 dB.
More
efficient
LTE from
NSN
Faster
and more
efficient
Smart Scheduler track record (1/2)

Continuous innovation, delivering superior performance
October 2011, Korea
February 2012
What: 50% lower average latency

Why: Proactive resource allocation and fewer
retransmissions
What: Up to 10% higher cell edge

data rates in uplink
Why: Interference awareness
Other vendor
Sept. 2010, Sweden
Oct. 2011, Korea
What: More simultaneous users,

higher data rates
Why: More effective radio resource allocation
to multiple users
What: 88% higher average throughput

Why: Efficient adaptation to good
and bad radio conditions
Other vendor
Confidential
26-Feb-14
16
Other vendor
Smart Scheduler track record (2/2)

Continuous innovation, delivering superior performance
February 2013
August 2013, Europe
What: Up to 25% cell capacity gain in uplink

Why: Channel awareness
What: - 50% shorter average latency

- 77% faster downlink
- 8% faster uplink
Why: Efficient adaptation to signal strength
and signal to noise conditions
shortlisted nominee
in category 6e:
Outstanding LTE
Contribution
November 2012, APAC
Spring 2013, Korea
What: - Highest throughput in good radio

conditions
- 100% higher throughput in poor radio
conditions
Why: Efficient adaptation to good
and bad radio conditions
What: - Highest LTE network quality, including

throughput measures
Why: - Smart Scheduler adaptation to realnetwork load and radio conditions
Low interference
Cell center
High interference
Cell edge
Confidential
26-Feb-14
17
The worlds first government conducted

LTE network quality assessment
1st half 2014, further uplink scheduling innovations in Smart Scheduler

Up to 50% gain in uplink cell edge and up to 20% gain in uplink cell capacity
Network scenario specific optimizations in LTE(FDD) and TD-LTE
Interference aware UL power control
Across homogeneous networks
Unique and IPR protected
Uplink intra eNode B CoMP

Works with Rel.8 devices
Turns interference at sector borders
into useful signal
FDD+TDD
+
FDD+TDD
64QAM in UL
Increased peak data rates and
Fast uplink link adaptation
efficiency for serving users in

good radio link conditions
TDD
Accelerated MCS adaptation

for fast moving users
Confidential
26-Feb-14
18
FDD
Further downlink innovation in Smart Scheduler

Up to 25% gain in downlink cell capacity with downlink interference shaping
Downlink Interference Shaping

Load-triggered, dynamic sub-band
blanking for short periods of time
Implicit coordination, without X2
Efficiency gain by limiting potential
interference
Depending on load situation, up to
25% gain in downlink cell capacity
Confidential
26-Feb-14
19
Nominal bitrate
Establishes nominal (target) data rates for non-guaranteed bit rate bearers
Reduces the cell-edge data rate disadvantage
Optimizes the overall resource utilization
Platinum
Gold
Similar non-GBR
throughput
Consistent experience across the cell
Confidential
26-Feb-14
20
Bronce
Similar experience for all users
Speed experience per quality class
Intra-frequency load balancing

For macro-small cell and macro-macro balancing
Balance cell load
Increase average user data rates
Confidential
26-Feb-14
21
The three dimensional task to reduce interference

Smart Scheduler feature mapping
Interference
awareness
Frequency
Channel
awareness
Interference
shaping
Avoid noisy PRBs
Power (and location)

Adapt power levels
Use multiple antennas
Focus transmission and reception
Optimize user to cell mapping
Interference
aware
power
control
CoMP
Intrafrequency
load
balancing
Higher MIMO
schemes
Beamforming
eICIC
Time
Avoid noisy timeslots
But respect delay budgets
UL
DL
Confidential
26-Feb-14
22
UL +DL
QoS
Scheduler gains by functionality

Frequency Selective Scheduling delivers highest gains
Inter-cell interference
Liquidity of traffic
distribution
Small cell capacity
Cell edge performance
degradation
Coordinated
scheduling
All LTE networks

Intra-frequency
Load balancing
Performance challenge
Confidential
26-Feb-14
23
Implicit, lean inter-cell

coordination
HetNet deployments
eICIC
All LTE networks

QoS differentiation
No need for inter-eNB

coordination
Working with Rel.8
devices
Field-proven
60% of achievable gain
Inter-cell interference
Fading
Multi-cell scheduling in LTE

networks with dark fiber
Frequency Selective Scheduling (FSS)

incl. Interference and Channel Awareness
Achievable gain
Application scenario
Wrap-up
NSN Smart Scheduler performance in LTE networks
Smart frequency selection in UL and DL
Low interference
Cell center
High interference
Cell edge
Successfully
avoiding interference
Excellent cell edge

performance
Successfully
avoiding fading
Superior average data

rates in UL and DL
Successfully
avoiding retransmissions
Consistently short
latency times
Realistic PRB quality estimation

Other vendor
Smart Scheduler
Proven in highly-loaded networks
Confidential
26-Feb-14
24
Successfully proven in
diverse network conditions
Beyond macro networks

HetNets
Ultra-dense deployments
Confidential
26-Feb-14
25
Deployments show different interference patterns
Heterogeneous networks
Macro networks
Interference with small cells
Focused capacity
expansion of macro with
small cells
Co-channel interference
macro small cell
Confidential
26-Feb-14
26
Densified deployments
Cell edge, neighbor cell interference
Large coverage areas

Mobility also for highspeed users
Interference with direct
neighbor cells
Massive cell cluster interference (UL)
Dimensioned for highest

traffic, especially in uplink
Fiber available
Interference across whole
cell clusters
NSN Smart Scheduler ensure superior performance in all deployments

Enhanced cell edge data rates and overall capacity
Heterogeneous networks
Macro-small cell
interference coordination
Common SW for Flexi
Multiradio and Flexi Zone
Dynamic eICIC
Macro networks
Inter-cell interference avoidance

Continuous innovation
Superior performance
proven in many
benchmark tests
Smart Scheduler
Confidential
26-Feb-14
27
Densified deployments
Multi-cell coordination
Centralized RAN
Unique interconnection
and collaboration of
baseband modules
Interference management by software

Running on existing network element
NSN Smart Scheduler

Remember this
Confidential
26-Feb-14
28
NSN Smart Scheduler

Smarter algorithms continuously delivering better performance
Track record in delivering
superior throughput and latency
4 years
Making early experience from
advanced networks available
for all our customers
LTE (FDD) and

TD-LTE
Confidential
26-Feb-14
29
Spring 2013, Korea:

Analysis of LTE network audit
by KCC
Best network
quality
Unique algorithms making a
performance difference
Innovation
August 2013, Europe

50% shorter average latency in
in-depth performance tests
50% faster
latency
August 2013, Europe:
77% faster average downlink
data rates in in-depth analysis
77% faster
Downlink
Further information about the Smart Scheduler
For further information

have a look at our
Smart Scheduler
whitepaper
Available together with whitepapers on LTE-A on
www.nsn.com/lte
Confidential
26-Feb-14
30
Thank you
Backup
Confidential
26-Feb-14
32
Some more details

about the
Smart Scheduler
Confidential
26-Feb-14
33
Consistently high throughput and low latency with NSN Smart Scheduler
Effective usage of high modulation

and coding schemes
high
throughput
Effective usage of MIMO
Confidential
26-Feb-14
34
Minimized retransmissions in good

radio conditions
low
Smart
latency
Scheduler
Pro-active UL resource allocation
Consistently high throughput and low latency with NSN Smart Scheduler
Effective usage of high modulation and coding

schemes
Frequency-selective scheduling
low variance in throughput for each MCS up to 64QAM
and 5/6 coding High Spectral Efficiency
Validation of channel quality (CQI)
reported by UE Robustness
high
throughput
Effective usage of MIMO
Intelligent use of UE MIMO rank
indication (MIMO / TX-diversity switching)
Optimum data rate
Confidential
26-Feb-14
35
Minimized retransmissions at good radio conditions
Stable block error rate (BLER = 10%)

in medium to bad radio conditions
Minimized (BLER) at good radio
conditions Reduced
retransmissions
low
Smart
latency
Scheduler
Pro-active UL resource allocation

Load-adaptive, pro-active resource allocation
Immediate radio resource availability
Further benchmarks proving

superior performance
Confidential
26-Feb-14
36
Best LTE network quality in Korea (Autumn 2012)

Superior performance and stability even under highest load
Autumn 2012: The worlds first LTE-mega-event
One of the largest
firework festivals
Estimated 300,000
LTE users
Extremely heavy
LTE traffic
The most advanced LTE

market in the world
Worlds first country with
commercial LTE by all operators
Worlds first country with nationwide
LTE coverage
Worlds first country with >40% LTE
population penetration
The NSN LTE network outperformed the other LTE networks

by a wide margin*
Ensuring downlink throuphput remained above 34Mbps
2-3 times faster downlink speeds than the two non-NSN LTE
networks
The only network maintaining 100% data call completion rate
(CCR) at all times
* note: according to an independent test by an operator,
Confidential
26-Feb-14
37
NSNs LTE outperforming Huaweis Measurements in Middle East (Dec. 2012)

In Middle East NSN swapped Huawei LTE sites
Nov.-Dec.2012
The performance was measured prior and after the
swap, average results for 9 sites below:
70
60
50
DL Avg Rate (Mbps)

UL Avg Rate (Mbps)
Latency (ms)
49.44
21.16
30.88
On average:
NSN DL throughput 148% higher
NSN UL throughput 100% higher
NSN latency 52% lower
19.9
10.57
64.4
64,40
49,44
40
30,88
30
19,90
21,16
20
10,57
10
NSN
Huawei
0
DL Avg Rate
(Mbps)
Confidential
26-Feb-14
38
UL Avg Rate
(Mbps)
Latency (ms)
Descriptions of selected
Smart Scheduler features
Confidential
26-Feb-14
39
Interference Aware Scheduler (UL)

Optimize the cell edge performance
Frequency domain scheduler assigns cell

edge users to frequency sub-bands with low
measured inter-cell interference in order to
improve the cell edge performance
eNode B
measured
interference
Sub-band
low
interference
Self-tuning algorithm, i.e. no planning

needed
Sub-band
with medium
interference
No X2 needed
Up to 10% gain for cell edge users in low
and medium loaded networks
Confidential
26-Feb-14
40
PRBs
Operator Specific QCI

QCI based user differentiation
21 non GBR operator specific QCI profiles

S-GW MME
to allow for:
User differentiation
Service and user differentiation for MOCN
Confidential
26-Feb-14
41
User class:
Gold
Silver
Bronze
QCI range:
150155
160165
170175
Channel Aware Scheduler (UL)

Up to 25 % capacity gain over channel unaware
Assignment of PRBs (physical resource blocks) in the frequency domain based on CSI
(channel state indicator)
UE specific CSI is based on filtered measurements from the UL reference signal and
sounding reference signal
Channel
aware
CSI table
PRBs
UE A
UE B
UE C
Resulting
weight: 12
Channel
unaware
Resulting
weight: 2
Confidential
26-Feb-14
42
GBR QoS Package (1/3): Support of QCI 2, 3 and 4

Video and gaming services for LTE
Support of GBR QCI (QoS Class

Identifier) 2, 3 and 4
Scheduler takes target delay and GBR
rate into account
Bearer combinations:
SRB1+SRB2+
2, 3 or 4 x AM DRB +
1 x UM DRB
Confidential
26-Feb-14
43
GBR QoS Package (2/3): ARP at Admission Control

Prioritized user access
Bearer pre-emption at admission control

based on:
Priority
Pre-emption capability
Pre-emption vulnerability
ARP=6
may trigger pre-emption
not pre-empted as
higher ARP
ARP=4
ARP=8
pre-empted
Confidential
26-Feb-14
44
GBR QoS Package (3/3): Smart Admission Control

Efficient resource usage
Radio admission control based on:

Current resource usage and
Estimated additional resource usage
admission control
threshold
estimated additional
usage
current usage
PDSCH
Confidential
26-Feb-14
45
PUSCH
Interference aware uplink power control

Improved uplink cell edge & cell capacity
Advanced uplink power control algorithm

balancing
gain in own cell and
interference introduced to other
cells
based on eNode B measurements
no X2 needed
Confidential
26-Feb-14
46
UL intra eNodeB CoMP

Improved uplink cell edge performance
eNode B combines uplink signals from

multiple cells
Automatic selection of suitable Rx paths
Confidential
26-Feb-14
47
eICIC- macro
Dynamic hotspot capacity
Dynamic assignment of ABS (Almost Blank Subframes) by macro eNode B

Load triggered algorithm
eICIC and FeICIC (Further enhanced ICIC) support
Macro eNode B subframe
Micro eNode B subframe
ABS
Confidential
26-Feb-14
48
Subframes to be used
primarily by the Micro eNode B
Micro eNode B subframe

Nominal bitrate
Ensure consistent end user experience per user class even at cell edge
Operator configurable nominal bitrate per

QCI for uplink and downlink
S-GW
MME
Allows to control end user experience for

non GBR bearers
Non GBR resources are allocated first to

achieve the nominal bit rate
Remaining resources distributed according

to scheduling weights
Confidential
26-Feb-14
49
Gold
nominal rate = 1000 kbit/s
Silver
nominal rate =
100 kbit/s
Bronze
nominal rate =
10 kbit/s
Intra-frequency load balancing

Enhanced capacity for micro co-channel deployment or macro-macro deployments
Adapt handover borders between cells

based on load
Load exchange between cells via X2

Handover threshold change coordination via X2
Cell scenarios
Macro Macro
Macro Micro
Micro Micro
Confidential
26-Feb-14
50
expanded micro

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Verwandte Titel

NSN Smart Scheduler

for LTE and TD-LTE

2014 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved.

2014 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved.

Scheduler = Software in the base station, which allocates spectrum to users

A scheduler needs to mitigate physical

2014 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved.

The scheduler implementation allows for differentiation

The scheduler is the software within an eNodeB,

This impact has been documented in the analyses and

innovation beyond the standard

2014 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved.

Modulation and coding

MIMO vs. TX diversity

2014 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved.