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Chapter 1
To solve these fundamental technical defects of the analog systems, the digital mobile
communication technologies emerged and the second generation mobile
communication systems represented by GSM and IS-95 came into being in the
middle of 1980s. The typical examples of the second generation cellular mobile
communication systems are the DAMPS of USA, the IS-95 and the European GSM
system.
The GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) is originated from Europe.
Designed as the TDMA standard for mobile digital cellular communications, it
supports the 64 kbps data rate and can interconnect with the ISDN. It uses the 900
MHz band while the DCS1800 system uses the 1800 MHz band. The GSM system
uses the FDD and TDMA modes and each carrier supports eight channels with the
signal bandwidth of 200 kHz.
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The DAMPS (Digital Advanced Mobile Phone System) is also called the IS-54 (North
America Digital Cellular System). Using the 800 MHz bandwidth, it is the earlier of the
two North America digital cellular standards and specifies the use of the TDMA mode.
The IS-95 standard is another digital cellular standard of North America. Using the
800 MHz or 1900 MHz band, it specifies the use of the CDMA mode and has already
become the first choice among the technologies of American PCS (Personal
Communication System) networks.
Since the 2G mobile communication systems focus on the transmission of voice and
low-speed data services, the 2.5G mobile communication systems emerged in 1996
to address the medium-rate data transmission needs. These systems include GPRS
and IS-95B.
The CDMA system has a very large capacity that is equivalent to ten or even twenty
times that of the analog systems. It also has good compatibility with the analog
systems. Currently some countries and regions such as USA, Korea and Hong Kong
have put the CDMA system into operation to provide services for subscribers. As the
narrowband CDMA technologies come into maturity at a time later than the GSM
technologies, their application far lags behind the GSM ones and currently they have
only found large-scale commercial applications in North America, Korea and China.
The major services of mobile communications are currently still voice services and
low-speed data services. With the development of networks, data and multimedia
communications have also witnessed rapid development; therefore, the target of the
3G mobile communication is to implement broadband multimedia communication.
The 3G mobile communication systems are a kind of communication system that can
provide multiple kinds of high quality multimedia services and implement global
seamless coverage and global roaming. They are compatible with the fixed networks
and can implement any kind of communication at any time and any place with
portable terminals.
Put forward in 1985 by the ITU (International Telecommunication Union), the 3G
mobile communication system was called the FPLMTS (Future Public Land Mobile
Telecommunication System) and was later renamed as IMT-2000 (International
Mobile Telecommunication-2000). The major systems include WCDMA, cdma2000
and UWC-136. On November 5, 1999, the 18 th conference of ITU-R TG8/1 passed
the Recommended Specification of Radio Interfaces of IMT-2000 and the TD-SCDMA
technologies put forward by China were incorporated into the IMT-2000 CDMA TDD
part of the technical specification. This showed that the work of the TG8/1 in
formulating the technical specifications of radio interfaces in 3G mobile
communication systems had basically come into an end and the development and
application of the 3G mobile communication systems would enter a new and essential
phase.
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network to provide more diversified services. The UTRA (Universal Terrestrial Radio
Access) is used as the radio interface standard.
In January 1999, the 3GPP2 composed of the American TIA, the Japanese ARIB and
the Korean TTA also formally came into being. The cdma2000 and UWC-136
technologies are applied for radio access and the cdma2000 technologies adopt the
Qualcomm patents to a large extent. ANSI/IS-41 is used for the core network.
One formal member of the above two standardization organizations is the China
Wireless Telecommunications Standard Group (CWTS) and two Chinese companies
(Huawei and Datang) are two independent members of the 3GPP organization.
From the perspective of development, the process of evolution from the existing 2G
mobile communication systems to the IMT-2000 is a vital issue. It relates to the reuse
of the existing networks (the construction of new networks should not be the optimal
solution) and the development of multiple 2G digital network systems towards the
same standard.
Variable peak data rate that ranges from several bits per second to 171.2 kbps
(the maximum data rate depends on the manufacturers)
Charging by the actual data volume: This charging method enables the
subscribers to pay the cost of the actual data volume transmitted while remaining
online all the days
Packetization over the radio interfaces to optimize the sharing of radio resources
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Based on the existing GSM part, the packet switching GPRS network architecture has
the new network function part:
3)
The WCDMA has become a new mature technology aiming at the UMTS/IMT-2000. It
can satisfy all the requirements listed by the ITU to provide very effective high-speed
data services and high quality voice and image services. In the process of evolution
from GSM to WCDMA, only the core network part is smoothly evolved. As the change
of the air interface is revolutionary, so is the evolution of the radio access network
part.
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the 136+ high-speed data transmission. The GPRS-136 is the official name of the
136+ packet switched data service and its high-layer protocols (L3 protocols and
above) are fully the same as those of the GPRS system, considering the economical
aspect of the implementation. It provides the same capacity as the GPRS of GSM
and its subscribers can have access to two forms of data networks: IP and X.25. Its
major purpose is to reduce the technical difference between TIA/EIA-136 and GSM
GPRS so that the subscribers can roam between GPRS-136 and GSM GPRS
networks. One of the policies for the American TIA to develop the 3G systems is to
implement convergence of the 3G systems with the GSM system that also uses the
TDMA access mode. This is quite beneficial for the economics of global roaming and
products and it also implements the coordination protocol between UWCC and ETSI.
Whats more important, it enables the TDMA to player a more important role in the 3G
systems.
Network part
In one intermediate meeting of ITU-T SG11 in March 1997, the ITM-2000 Family
Concept put forward in Europe was passed. This concept was based on the existing
networks and involved at least two major standards: GSM MAP and IS-41.
2)
In the ITU-R TG8/1 meeting in September 1997, the discussion on the radio interface
family concept started. In a special meeting of TG8/1 in January 1998, the concept of
suite was put forward and applied and this put the family concept out of use. This
means that there may be more than one radio interface standard but the concept of
more than one standard is not yet accepted, rather, these different standards are
expected to ultimately form a unified standard.
The following two factors have caused various technical differences:
1)
Relationship with 2G
The network part must be compatible with 2G, that is, the 3G networks are gradually
evolved from the 2G networks. There are two major 2G core networks: GSM MAP
and IS-41.
Radio interfaces: The American IS-95 CDMA and IS-136 TDMA operators emphasize
on the backward compatibility (evolutional) while the European GSM and Japanese
PDC operators emphasize on the backward incompatibility of the radio interface
(revolutionary).
The correspondence between the core networks and the radio interfaces is shown in
Figure 1-1 below:
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Core networks
IS-95 CDMA
cdma2000
GSM
W-CDMA
TD-SCDMA
PDC
Figure 2.1 Correspondence between the core network and the radio access network interface
3)
In terms of frequency spectrum, the key issue is that the ITM-2000 frequencies
allocated by ITU have already been applied to the PCS service in USA. Because the
USA requires the sharing of frequency spectrum with 2G systems, the backward
compatibility of the radio interfaces is especially emphasized and technically the USA
requires gradual evolution. In contrast, most of the other countries have new IMT2000 frequency bands that feature very large flexibility. Whats more, the intellectual
property rights play a very significant role, for example, Qualcomm has its own patent
declaration. Competition is also a major factor to contribute to the technical
differences.
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8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
14)
15)
16)
TD-SCDMA (China)
Global CDMA (Synchronous, Korea)
Global CDMA (Asynchronous, Korea)
LEO satellite system SAT-CDMA
ESA wideband satellite system SW-CDMA
CDMA/TDMA hybrid bandwidth satellite system SW-CTDMA
ICO RTT
INMARSAT satellite system Horizons
Iridium LLC satellite system INX
Among these proposals, the first ten are RTT proposals for the IMT-2000 terrestrial
system and the last six reflect the efforts of incorporating the MSS (Mobile Satellite
Service) into the IMT-2000.
These proposals reflect the concern of many countries as to the future mode of IMT2000 and their basic wishes to exercise effective influence. However, as viewed from
the market basis, backward compatibility and overall features, the UTRA WCDMA of
ETSI and the cdma2000 of USA are the most competitive; therefore, the key to the
merge of RTT lies in the progress of effectively merging these two proposals.
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2. cdma2000 system
The cdma2000 system is a 3G standard put forward on the basis of the IS-95
standard. Its standardization work is currently undertaken by 3GPP2.
Circuit Switched (CS) domain: Adapted from the 2G IS95 CDMA network, the circuit
domain has introduced a service platform based on the WIN infrastructure.
Packet Switched (PS) domain: A packet network based on the Mobile IP technology.
Radio Access Network (RAN): Based on the ATM switch platform, it provides
abundant adaptation layer interfaces.
The air interface adopts the cdma2000 technologies and is compatible with the IS95.
The signal bandwidth is N1.25MHz (N = 1, 3, 6, 9, 12) and the chip rate is
N1.2288Mcps. It uses the 8K/13K QCELP or 8K EVRC voice coding mode and its
BTS needs to run in the GPS/GLONESS synchronous mode. The following modes
are applied in the cdma2000 system: Uplink/downlink closed loop power control plus
outer loop power control; OTD and STS transmit diversion in the forward direction to
improve the anti-fading capacity of channels and the signal quality of the forward
channels; pilot-assisted coherent modulation in the reverse direction to improve the
demodulation performance; convolutional coding and Turbo coding; BPSK in the
uplink and QPSK in the downlink.
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3. TD-SCDMA system
The TD-SCDMA standard is put forward by the Chinese Wireless Telecommunication
Standard (CWTS) Group and now it has been merged into the specifications related
to the WCDMA-TDD of 3GPP.
The core network evolves on the basis of and can thus be compatible with the
existing GSM/GPRS networks.
It can be based on the TDM, ATM and IP technologies to evolve towards the all-IP
network architecture.
Logically, the core network comprises two parts: The circuit domain and the packet
domain to complete the circuit-switched services and the packet-switched services
respectively.
Based on the ATM technology, the UTRAN uniformly processes voice and packet
services and evolves towards the IP network architecture.
MAP and GPRS tunneling technologies are the core of the mobility management
mechanism in the WCDMA system.
The air interface adopts the TD-SCDMA mode.
The TD-SCDMA features 3S: Smart antenna, Synchronous CDMA and Software
radio.
The key technologies used in TD-SCDMA include Intelligent Antenna + Joint
Detection, Multi-slot CDMA + DS-CDMA, Synchronous CDMA, Channel
Coding/Decoding and Interleaving (the same as in 3GPP) and Baton Handover.
A comparison of the above three systems is given in the table below.
Table 1.1 Comparison among the three major technical systems
System
Using countries
WCDMA
Europe and Japan
cdma2000
USA and Korea
TD-SCDMA
China
Inheritance from
GSM
Narrowband CDMA
GSM
Synchronous mode
Asynchronous/synchronous
Synchronous
Synchronous
Chip rate
3.84Mcps
N1.2288Mcps
1.28Mcps
Signal bandwidth
5MHz
1.6MHz
Air interface
WCDMA
Core network
GSM MAP
N1.25MHz
cdma2000 compatible with IS95
ANSI-41
TD-SCDMA
GSM MAP
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conference in the year 2000: 806 MHz ~ 960 MHz, 1710 MHz ~ 1885 MHz and 2500
MHz ~ 2690 MHz, as shown in Figure 1-2 below.
800
850
900
950
Cellular
PDC
Cellular
1000
1700
1750
1800 1850
IMT 2000
GSM
GSM 1800
GSM
1900 1950
2100
2150
2200 2250
MSS
PCS
A D B EF C
2050
MSS
IMT 2000
PHS
2000
IMT 2000
DECT
A D B EF C
MSS
IMT 2000MSS
IMT 2000MSS
Reserve
MSS
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The frequency spectrum used by the WCDMA TDD mode (including the high bit rates
and the low bit rates) is as follows (bands other than those specified by 3GPP may
also be used):
1)
2)
America: Uplink 1850 MHz ~ 1910 MHz and downlink 1930 MHz ~ 1990 MHz.
3)
America: 1910 MHz ~ 1930 MHz in both the uplink and the downlink
In special cases (such as the boundary area of two countries), the TDD mode and the
FDD mode may coexist in the same frequency band and 3GPP TSG RAN WG4 is
currently researching this situation.
There is only the FDD mode in the cdma2000 system and currently there are a total
of seven band classes, of which Band Class 6 is the 1920 MHz ~1980 MHz/2110
MHz ~ 2180 MHz band stipulated in IMT-2000.
In China, according to the present radio frequency division, mobile services, fixed
services and spatial services are using the 1700 MHz ~ 2300 MHz band, which is
currently serving plenty of microwave communication systems and a certain number
of wireless location devices. In December 1996, the State Radio Regulatory
Committee of P. R. China re-planned and adjusted some terrestrial radio service
frequencies of 2 GHz to adapt to the needs of cellular mobile communication
development and radio access. However, the frequency spectrum still conflicts with
the 3G mobile communication systems, that is, the 1.9 MHz band for public cellular
mobile communications and the radio access band have both taken up some of the
IMT-2000 bands.
Therefore, the 3G mobile communication systems have to share the limited frequency
resources with the existing radio communication systems. With the development of
technologies and services, the planning and adjustment of IMT-2000 bands must be
well done to stimulate the operators, scientific research organizations/institutions,
manufacturers and other bodies to actively develop the 3G mobile communication
systems, so as to meet both the short-term and the long-term frequency spectrum
needs in China mobile communication development.
The occupation of the IMT-2000 frequency spectrum in China is illustrated in the
following figure.
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1900
ITU
1950
IMT 2000
1885 MHz
1880 MHz
TDD
2050
2100
MSS
2150
2200
IMT 2000
2025 MHz
1920 MHz
China
2000
2110 MHz
2250
MSS
2170 MHz
2010 MHz
1980 MHz
FDD
MSS
MSS TDD
MSS
FDD
2170 MHz
1850
1900
1950
2000
2050
2100
2150
2200
2250
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