REVIEW OF THE WIND ENERGY GENERATING SYSTEM

Cheng K.W.E., Lin J.K., Bao Y.J., Xue X.D.

Dept. of Electrical Engineering
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
Email: eeecheng@polyu.edu.hk
ABSTRACT
This paper is to introduce an innovative directdrive switched reluctance generator (SRG) wind
turbine generating system. With the rapid growth
of wind energy in recently years, wind generation
plays a more important role in global electricity
generating. Variable speed wind turbine generating
systems are the trend of wind generation,
comparing to the old fashion of fixed-speed
system. Three typical variable speed wind turbine
concepts, including multi-stage doubly-fed
induction generator (DFIG), direct-drive electrical
excited synchronous generator (EESG) and directdrive permanent magnet synchronous generator
(PMSG), are introduced briefly; the advantages and
disadvantages are highlighted in this paper. An
innovative direct-drive SRG is introduced later;
this novel generator reduces the gearbox and
permanent magnet (PM) material with comparative
efficiency regard to induction generator, which is
extreme good candidate for offshore expansion.
1. INTRODUCTION
Wind energy achieves a rapid growth in recently
years. At the end of 2008, the total installed
capacity of the world reached 120.8 GW, and the
new installations in 2008 are over 27 GW, reaching
a 28.8% growth rate in the annual market. The
wind industry also creates many new jobs; over
400,000 people are now employed in this industry.
The total global wind capacity by the end of 2008
will produce 260 TWh of electricity and save 158
million tons of CO2 every year, equaling more than
1.5 % of the global electricity consumption [1] [2].
With the rapid development of wind energy, the
wind energy conversion system has been deeply
developed by the researchers and manufacturers.
Since 1970s, modern wind energy conversion
technology is explored and become one of the most
attractive aspects of renewable energy applications.
Various wind turbine concepts have been
developed and different wind generators have been
used in researching and marketing [3].

The early wind turbine concept is the fixed-speed

wind turbine generating system using a standard
squirrel-cage induction generator (SCIG) and a
multi-stage gearbox, directly connected to the grid.
Because the wind speed is varying, the fixed-speed
concept has the default drawback in wind energy
utilization due to the constant speed rotor. Hence,
the variable speed wind turbine generating system
attracts the attentions of manufacturers. Since the
1990s, most wind turbine manufacturers have
changed to variable speed wind turbines for large
wind farm, to enable a more flexible match with
requirements considering audible noise, power
quality and energy yield [4] [5]. There are two
main types of variable speed wind turbines, namely
geared-drive system and direct-drive system [3]
[6]. The main type of geared-drive system is a
multi-stage gearbox, a standard DFIG and a partialscale converter. The so-called direct-drive concept
connects the low-speed high-torque generators to
the wind turbine directly, and a full-scale converter
is used for the grid connection. The commonly
used generators for direct-drive are EESG and
PMSG [7].
Generally, a wind turbine generating system can be
divided into two parts: mechanical section and
electrical section. Early development is focused on
mechanical section with multistage gearbox; then it
changed to more electrical part and less mechanical
part, such as direct-drive and one-stage gearbox.
The trend is due to reduce the system mass and
cost, mechanical loss and potential to wear out;
increase the aerodynamic efficiency and control
flexibility, then enhance the power quality.
The aim of this paper is to propose a potential wind
turbine generating system with an innovative lowspeed high-torque switched reluctance generator
(SRG) for the direct-drive system. The
configuration of SRG is very simple, it is easy to
manufacture, assembly and maintenance; there is
no permanent magnet and winding in the rotor side,
then it can operate at harsh environment. The
efficiency of SRG is similar to SCIG but gearbox is
no needed [8]. With the improvement of torque
ripple and power smoothing, SRG will be a good
candidate for wind energy conversion system,

especially for offshore wind farm with more

restriction and harsh environment.
This paper mainly gives a survey both wind
business and wind turbine generating systems.
First, a brief survey of wind business around the
world and China is given, showing that wind
energy is a rapid developing renewable energy
source and potential to be a stable supply for home
electricity demand. The wind turbine generating
systems are introduced in section 3, since fixedspeed wind turbine system is out of trend now,
only variable speed wind turbine generators will be
compared in this section. In section 4, a directdrive wind turbine generating system with SRG is
proposed as a potential candidate for future
development of wind energy conversion system.
2.

of total and new installed capacity of 2008 around

the world respectively.

Fig. 1 Top 10 Total Installed Capacity 2008

BUSINESS OF THE WIND ENERGY

2.1 The world business

Among the global location and distribution of wind
energy, there are three main regions [1]: Europe,
North America, and Asia. In North America, the
US market broke all previous records with new
installations of 8.5 GW at last year, reaching a total
installed capacity of over 25 GW. In 2008, the US
surpassed Germany and became the number one
market both in terms of new capacity and in terms
of total wind generation capacity, and created
35,000 new jobs, bringing the total employed in the
sector up to 85,000[9].
In 2008, almost 8.9.GW of new wind turbines
brought European wind power generation capacity
up to nearly 66 GW. The entire wind fleet will
produce 142 TWh of electricity, or about 4.2% of
EU demand in an average wind year. This will save
about 100m tons of CO2 each year. Germany
continues to be European leading market, both in
terms of new (Over 1.6 GW) and total (nearly 24
GW) installed capacity. In 2008, 40.4 TWh of wind
power were generated, representing 7.5% of
Germany net electricity consumption. In economic
terms too, wind power has become a serious player
in Germany, and the sector now employs close to
100,000 people.
The growth in Asian markets has been
breathtaking, as nearly a third of the 8.6 GW
installed in 2008 was installed in Asia. China
continued its dramatic growth in 2008 by adding
about 6.3 GW, to reach a total of 12.2 GW. India is
continuing its steady growth, with 1,800 MW of
wind energy capacity added in 2008, bringing the
total up to 9.6 GW.
The following figures [1] show the development of
wind energy. Fig.1 and Fig.2 show the distribution

Fig. 2 Top 10 New Installed Capacity 2008

2.2 The Chinese business survey

Fig.3 shows the yearly total installed capacity of
China (excluding Taiwan) from 2000 to 2009 [9].
China continues its role as the most dynamic wind
market in the year 2008.. New installed capacity
totaled 6.3 GW in 2008, a 91% increase over the
2007 market. The countrys cumulative wind
power capacity now stands at 12.2 GW, making
China the fourth largest wind market in the world.

Fig. 3 Total Installed Capacity of China

In 2008, the newly-established National Energy

Bureau established wind energy as a priority for
diversifying Chinas energy mix away from coal,
and it implemented the 10 GW-Size Wind Base
Program (Wind Base) in order to achieve this. The
objective is to install of 10 GW or more of new
wind generating capacity by 2020 on each of these
Wind Base sites. The Wind Base projects will
ensure more than 100 GW of installed capacity
producing 200 TWh per year by 2020.

2.3 Global and Chinese wind turbine manufacturers

At present, the global wind power industry is
growing from the exploration stage to a gradual
maturing and Chinese wind power equipment
manufacturers gradually expose the international,
large-scale development and integration trends.
World's top ten wind power equipment
manufacturers are dominant in the global market
share. In 2007, the top ten of the global wind
turbine suppliers are shown in Table 1 [9].
Table 1: Top 10 wind turbine manufacturers by
megawatts installed worldwide in 2007
Ranking
1
2
3
4
5
6

company
Vestas
GE Energy
Gamesa
Enercon
Suzlon
Siemens

7
8
9
10

Acciona
Goldwind
Nordex
Sinovel

country
Denmark
United States
Spain
Germany
India
Denmark /
Germany
Spain
China - PRC
Germany
China - PRC

Installed capacity
4,500 MW
3,300 MW
3,050 MW
2,700 MW
2,000 MW
1,400 MW
870 MW
830 MW
670 MW
670 MW

Vestas is the leading and the largest wind turbine

manufacturer in the world. It has a total market
share of 28%. Gamesa is the market leader in Spain
and is the second largest company in the sector
worldwide with a market share of 15.5 % in 2008.
Table 2: Cumulative market share of Domestic
and Chinese-foreign joint venture owned
manufacturers by the end of 2008
Brand
(Manufactur
er)
Goldwind
Sinovel
DEC
Windey
CASCAcciona
Sewind
MIngYang
XEMC
Others
Total

Capacity
(kW)
2629050
2157000
1290000
330250
250500

Percentage of
cumulative
total capacity
21.63%
17.75%
10.61%
2.72%
2.06%

201250
175500
128000
331170
7492720

1.66%
1.44%
1.05%
2.73%
61.65%

Table 3: Cumulative market share of foreign

owned manufacturers by the end of 2008
Brand
(Manufacturer)

Capacity
(kW)

Gamesa
Vestas

1552500
1455200

Percentage
of
total
capacity
12.77%
11.97%

GE

637500

5.25%

Suzlon
Nordex
Others
Total

347250
328750
338870
4660070

2.86%
2.71%
2.79%
38.35%

Remarks

Contract
record
Contract
record

Table 2 and Table 3 [10] show the cumulative

market share of the wind turbine manufactures up
to 2008 [10].
3.

VARIABLE SPEED WIND

GENERATING SYSTEM

POWER

With significant growth of wind turbine installed

capacity and rapid development of wind energy
technologies, various wind turbine concepts have
been developed. The development of modern wind
energy conversion technology has been going on
since 1970s, and the rapid development has been
surged from 1990s. During these years, various
wind energy conversion concepts have been
proposed and developed; meanwhile, a series of
wind driven systems for different purpose have
been built.
The fixed-speed wind turbine system using SCIG
must be operated at a constant speed, which is not
favoured at the varied wind speed application. The
existing of slip ring, brush and three-stage gearbox
increases the system mass and cost, also electrical
and mechanical loss. Here, the variable speed wind
turbine generating systems are introduced briefly;
the comparisons among them are discussed.
3.1 Variable speed concept with gearbox

Fig.4 Scheme of a geared drive DFIG wind generating system

This configuration is known as the DFIG concept:

a three-stage gearbox is used to connect the low
speed wind turbine to the high speed wound rotor
induction generator (WRIG) to achieve variable
speed generating with partial-scale converter to
rotor winding. As shown in Fig. 4, DFIG is driven
by the wind turbine with a three-stage gearbox
(3G); the rotor is connected through a power
converter while the stator connects the grid
directly. Because of the rating reduction
(approximately 30% of the generator rating
capacity [11]) of power converter and hence the
cost, this concept is attractive and popular in the
market. Many manufacturers, such as Vestas,
Gamesa, GE and Repower, have provided the wind
turbine system with this concept.
3G-DFIG has great improvement comparing with
the fixed-speed concept of SCIG, here are some
summary of DFIG [12]:

Advantages:
a. Flexible control active and reactive power,
reactive power compensation can be achieved
b. The capacity of required power converters is
small.
c. Starting earlier in the field of large-scale wind
power market.
d. Complete supporting large-scale wind power.
Disadvantages:
a. Need to four-quadrant PWM frequency
converter.
b. The need for gear box and high-speed
transmission, increasing cost and reducing the
transmission efficiency, but also an increase of
system maintenance.
c. In generally, the maximum wind power capture
can not be achieved in wide wind speed range,
such as G90-2.0 of Vestas.
d. In most cases, the need for water cooling system
increases system maintenance.
e. Cut-in wind speed is larger than that of PMSG in
most cases.
3.2 Variable speed concept with direct-drive
This concept eliminates most of the mechanical
parts, such as brush, slip ring and gearbox, as a
result, reducing the mass and cost of the system
and achieving high reliability and availability. The
main difference between geared drive concept and
direct-drive concept is the generator rotor speed.
Comparing to 1000 rpm or higher rotor speed of
DFIG, the direct-drive generator rotates at an
extremely low speed. The low speed generators
require high torque for a certain power, which
requires a large number of poles, leading to a larger
diameter and small pole pitch [13]. Hence, a high
torque and power density machine is preferred in
this concept. The common advantages of the
direct-drive wind turbines system are the simplified
drive train and high efficiency.
Typical types of the direct-drive generators used in
the market are EESG and PMSG. The schemes of
two kinds of generating systems are similar, except
the additional converter for exciting the rotor of
EESG, as shown in Fig. 5.

3.2.1 The direct-drive EESG generating system

The rotor of the EESG is excited by a DC source,
and is usually salient type in the low-speed
application. When the generator rotates over a wide
range, the voltage amplitude and frequency can be
fixed through the full-scale converter. PMs are not
required in the EESG, as a result, reducing the
generators cost largely and improving the
performance in harsh environment. Comparing to
the PPSG, EESG is more favoured in the current
market [14]. Enercon, a specified manufacturer for

direct-drive wind turbine system, has increased the

capacity of the EESG up to 6MW (E-112).

Fig. 5 Scheme of a direct-drive EESG wind generating system

The additional disadvantages for the direct-drive

EESG system can be summarized as follows [13]:
a. In order to arrange space for excitation windings
and pole shoes, the pole pitch has to be large
enough for the specific large diameter design, so a
larger number of parts and windings probably
make it a heavy weight and expensive solution.
b. It is necessary to excite the rotor windings with
DC source, using slip rings and brushes, or
brushless exciter with a rotating rectifier, and the
field losses are inevitable.
3.2.2 The direct-drive PMSG generating system
PMSG has a simple configuration by eliminating
the DC excitation in the rotor windings with
permanent magnet. PMSG with a full-scale
converter attracts more attention from direct-drive
market in recent years, because of improving PM
performances and lowering PM cost. Among
several types of PMSGs, the axial-flux slotted
generators have a smaller volume for a given
power rating, making high power density [15].
Currently, large direct-drive PMSG wind
generating systems, which scheme is shown in
Fig.6, have been available in the market, such as
3.0 MW of V112 (Vestas).

Fig. 6 Scheme of a direct-drive PMSG wind generating system

The advantages and disadvantages of PMSG are

shown below [15-16]:
Advantages:
a. Save the gear box and high-speed transmission
to improve the transmission efficiency, cost
savings because of direct drive.
b. High efficiency, the maximum wind power
capture can be achieved in wide wind speed range.
c. Simple control technology, easy development,
less maintenance.
d. Cut-in wind speed is generally 3m / s to start and
it is lower than that of DFIG in generally.

e. Rated wind speed is lower than that of DFIG in

most cases.
f. Does not require water cooling system in
generally.
Disadvantages:
a. expenditure of PM material is high.
b. manufacturing, assembling and maintenance are
difficult.
c. demagnetization of PM material at harsh
environment.
Here, brief comparisons of three different wind
generator systems are discussed. Based on Henk
Polinders study [7], DFIG with multi-stage
gearbox can yield the highest annual energy per
cost, due to the simple configuration and the
converter of smaller power rating. Besides, with
the improvement of its performance and decreasing
in cost of PM materials, the direct-drive PMSG
will be more attractive for wind turbine market.

Table 5: Global TOP wind generator

manufacturers
Nam
e

Prod
ucts

M
W

Gener
ator
type

1.5

3.0

PMS
G
PMS
G
DFIG

3.0

DEC
SZ
FF
(1)

Gold
Wind

Rated
wind
speed(
m/s)
11.8/1
1/10.3
12

70.34/76.
84/82.34
62

3.5
25

13

90

DFIG

3~25

100/105/
110/115

1.5

DFIG

12.5/1
2/11.8/
11.5
-

>=
1.0

SRG(
Testin
g
stage)

1.2
Sinov
el

SL30
00/9
0
SL30
00

Wind
speed
Range
(m/s)
3~25
3~25

Rotor
Dimeter
(m)

Remark: 1: ShenZhen FengFa company.

4. A NOVEL DIRECT-DRIVE WIND

TURBINE CONCEPT
3.3 Global and Chinese wind turbine generating
system
Table 4 and Table 5 show the most commonly used
wind generators in large wind turbine systems
around the world and China. DFIG, EESG and
PMSG are three typical wind generators for
variable speed wind turbine systems. SRG is an
innovative wind generator, which will be discussed
in the next section.
Table 4: Global TOP wind generator
manufacturers
Name

Products

MW

Gene
rator
type

Ves
tas

V1123.0
V903.0
E112

3.0

PMS
G
DFIG

E70

2.5

G802.0
G902.0

Ene
rcon

Ga
mes
a
GE
Win
d

Wind
speed
range
(m/s)
3~25

Rated
wind
speed
(m/s)
12

112

4~25

15

90

2.5
28/34
2.5
28/34
4~25

114

71

2.0

EES
G
PMS
G
DFIG

17

80

2.0

DFIG

3~25

15

90

3.6

DFIG

14

111

2.5

PMS
G

3.5~2
7
3~25

12.5

100

3.0
4.5

Based on the above discussion, direct-drive PMSG

wind turbine generating system has more
advantages regardless to its high cost. It is accepted
more widely with more corresponding products
appearing. However, the requirement of PM
materials restricts the applications of PMSG, either
for high cost or potential to demagnetization in
harsh environment. Some new concepts have been
proposed for improving both the system cost and
performance. Among these concepts, an innovative
direct-drive SRG wind turbine generating system is
an alternative and reliable candidate.

Rotor
dimete
r(m)

Fig. 7 Structure of SRG

4.1 The direct-drive SRG wind turbine generating

system
An innovative direct-drive SRG wind turbine
generating system is an alternative candidate. The
structure of a 6/4 SRG, as shown in Fig.7, is rather
simple. The operating principle of SRG is that the
mechanical energy from the rotor transfers into
electrical energy flowing to the DC link within the
range in which inductance is descending if the
rotor is driven to rotate.

The SRG is ideally suited for wind power

generator applications for its specified attributes,
such as simple structure, robustness, high
efficiency of energy conversion, ability to work
over very wide speed ranges and control simplicity.
D. A. Torrey has highlighted the advantages of the
machine for this particular application in [8]. This
paper has presented arguments for incorporating
the SRG in advanced variable-speed wind turbines,
showing the SRG systems offer improved
efficiency and reduced cost over the conventional
induction generator. R. Crdenas has proven that
the wind turbine generating system can be easily
controlled and implemented with SRG which has
the control simplicity of a D.C. machine and the
robustness of a squirrel cage induction machine
[17]. In addition, the SRG can offer high efficiency
over a very wide speed range with a rotor structure
that is compatible with high speeds and tolerant of
extreme environments [18].

Advantages and disadvantages of SRG are

summarized as follow:
Advantages:
a. simplified structure.
b. good control performance.
c. easy cooling.
d. fault tolerance and reliability.
e. maximum aerodynamic efficiency can be
achieved over a wide wind speed range.
f. direct-drive or half direct-drive.
Disadvantages:
a. full-scale power converter
b. power ripple is needed to smooth
c. self excitation for starting is needed
4.2 comparisons of SRG with DFIG and PMSG
(1) Structures: SRG has the independent stator
units. There are no windings and PM material on
the rotor. Therefore, the SRG has the simplest
configuration comparing with PMSG and DFIG.
(2) Reliability: due to the specific structure, SRG is
highly robust and is suitable for harsh environment.
Additionally, each phase of stator is independent;
the overall controller is highly fault tolerance.

Fig. 8 Scheme of a direct-drive SRG wind generating system

(3) Cooling: SRG is more beneficial to thermal

design because it has the rotor without windings.

The configuration of the direct-drive SRG wind

turbine generating system is shown in Fig.8. The
rotor of the SRG connects to the wind turbine
directly, and the stator generates DC power to the
grid through the converter. The bi-directional
converter allows the current flow into the SRG for
self excitation, which reduces the cost of the
converter. There is no winding and PM material in
the rotor, so the SRG can operate in an extreme
harsh environment such as high temperature and
high speed, which is very suitable to the offshore
expansion. The independent phase operating
provides great fault tolerance, improving the
reliability and reducing the maintenance cost.
Additionally, the direct-drive SRG wind turbine
generating systems produce DC power directly; it
can be connected to a high-voltage, direct current
(HVDC) electric power transmission system,
which is able to transmit large amounts of power
over long distances with lower capital costs and
with lower losses than AC, allowing efficient use
of energy sources remote from load centers.
Because SRG is a novel generator and still be
studied, yet commercial applications in wind
energy is not available now. However, a prototype
is developed by ShenZhen FengFa of China at the
rating over 1 MW. It will be soon installed and the
performance will be examined at the large wind
farm.

(4) Performances: control of SRG is simpler and

more flexible than PMSG and DFIG. Hence, the
control performance of SRG is better than the one
of PMSG and DFIG. For instance, the output
voltage of SRG can be adjusted in the wide range
from zero to full voltage. SRG has the rotor of
lower weight and smaller inertia than PMSG and
DFIG, such that the starting is easier. Similar to
PMSG, the maximum wind power capture of SRG
can be achieved in wide wind speed range. The
efficiency of SRG is similar to DFIG, and a little
lower than PMSG. SRG has simple and open
configuration. Hence, SRG is more suitable for
large-scale design (such as larger than 3 MW) than
PMSG or DFIG.
(5) Maintenance: SRG requires less maintenance
than PMSG or DFIG. Thus, the maintenance cost
of SRG is lowest among three types of generators.
(6) Cost: the cost of SRG is considerably lower
than PMSG or DFIG, including manufacturing and
material. Similar to PMSG, the converter cost of
SRG with full-scale rating is higher than DFIG.
In summary, the overall cost of the direct-drive
SRG concept is lower than the one of direct-drive
PMSG concept or multi gearbox DFIG concept.

5. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, three typical variable speed wind
turbine generating systems are introduced: multistage DFIG wind generating system, direct-drive
EESG generating system and direct-drive PMSG
generating system. Through the comparisons
among these three typical systems in researching
and marketing, it can be concluded that the trend of
wind turbine generating system is less mechanical
parts and more electrical parts.
An innovative direct-drive SRG wind generating
system is built; both the advantages and
disadvantages are discussed detailed. This concept
eliminates the gearbox (direct-drive applications)
and PM material, offering configuration and
control simplicity, robustness, improved efficiency
and reduced cost. Additionally, the independent
control of each phase provides great potential for
fault tolerance, which is extremely suitable for
offshore expansion. The further studies and
commercialization are undergoing, and a prototype
of commercial MW generator is testing recently.
6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial
support of the ITF of the Innovations and
Technology Commission of Hong Kong and the
Hong Kong Polytechnic University for this project
(Project No: ITS/130/09).
7. REFERENCES
[1] Global Wind Energy Council, Global wind 2008
report, http://www.gwec.net/fileadmin/
documents/Global%20Wind%202008%20Report.pdf.
[2] World Wind Energy Association, World wind
energy report 2008, http://www.wwindea.org/
home/images/stories/worldwindenergyreport2008_s.pdf.
[3] HANSEN AD, HANSEN LH: Wind turbine concept
market penetration over 10 years (1995 - 2004), Wind
Energy, Vol.10, No.1, 2007, pp. 8197.
[4] SLOOTWEG J. G. and de VRIES, E. Inside
wind turbinesfixed vs. variable speed, Renew. Energy
World, Vol.6, No.1, 2003, pp. 30-40.
[5] POLINDER, H., de HANN, S. W. H., SLOOTWEG,
J. G., and DUBOIS, M. R.: Basic operation principles
and electrical conversion systems of wind turbines, EPE
J., Vol. 15, No. 4, 2005, pp. 4350.
[6] BLAABJERG F., CHEN Z., KJAER SB: Power
electronics as efficient interface in dispersed power
generation systems, IEEE Trans. Power Electron.,
Vol.19, No.5, 2004, pp.1184-1194.
[7] POLINDER, H., FRANK F. A. et al.: Comparison
of direct-drive and geared generator concepts for wind
turbines, IEEE Trans. on Energy Conversion, Vol.21,
No.3, 2006, pp.725-733.

[8] TORREY, D. A.: Variable reluctance generators in

wind-energy systems, in Proc. IEEE Power Electronics
Specialists Conf., 1993, pp.561-567.
[9] http://www.mywindpowersystem.com/2009/
04/the-10-major-wind-power-companies-in-the-world/.
[10] 2008 , SHI,
P.F.: China wind turbine installed capacity statistics in
2008. web side: http://www.cwea.org.cn/upload/
20090305.pdf
[11] CARLSON, O., GRAUERS, A., SVENSSON, J., et
al.: A comparison of electrical systems for variable
speed operation of wind turbines, European wind energy
conf., 1994, pp.500-505.
[12] HANSEN, AD, HANSEN, LH: Wind turbine
concept market penetration over 10 years (1995-2004),
Wind Energy, Vol.10, No.1, 2007, pp.81-97.
[13] LI, H., CHEN, Z.: Overview of different wind
generator systems and their comparisons, IET
Renewable Power Generation, Vol. 2, No. 2, 2008,
pp.123-138.
[14] BYWATERS, G., JOHN, V., and LYNCH, J., et al.:
Northern power systems wind PACT drive train
alternative design study report, NREL, Golden,
Colorado, Report no. NREL/SR-500-35524, 2004.
[15] CHEN, Y., PILLAY, P., and KHAN, A.: PM wind
generator topologies, IEEE Trans. on Industrial
Application, Vol.41, No.6, 2005, pp.1619-1626.
[16] CHEN, J., NAYAR, C., XU, L.: Design and finiteelement analysis of an outer rotor permanent-magnet
generator for directly coupled wind turbine applications,
Proc. IEEE Trans. on Magnet, Vol.36, No.5, 2000,
pp.3802-3809.
[17] CRDENAS, R., RAY, W. F., and ASHER, G.M.:
Switched reluctance generators for wind energy
applications, in Proc. IEEE Power Electronics
Specialists Conf. (PESC95), 1995, pp.559-564.
[18] TORREY, D.: Switched reluctance generators and
their control, IEEE Trans. on Ind. Electron., Vol.49,
No.1, 2002, pp.3-13.