Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
After separating the heterogenous mixture, attempt can then be made to separate the homogenous
mixture produced from the reaction.
This is a harder separation !
Remember from your earlier courses in separation !
We need to create or add an extra phase in order to perform the separation.
Most common example : Distillation, Liquid Extraction,
Super Critical Fluid Extraction etc...
ABSORBER
if cannot perform
separation or
economically
unattractive
ADSORBER
Extraction
DISTILLATION
MEMBRANE
Liquid-Liquid
Solid-Liquid
2
Sequence preferred should be
the sequence that has highest
energy efficiency.
HOW ?
Multi-component distillation
F
zF,1
zF,2
Key components
Each column is designed to separate two components of adjacent relative
volatility. These components are the keys.
All other components are non-keys.
component
design for
separation
designation
Distributions in the distillate and bottoms streams are specified for the two
key components.
If we assume that the non-keys do not distribute, the overall mass balance
is easily solved.
Stages of Calculation for the Short Cut (FUG) Method for the multicomponent distillation
i. Calculation of Minimum Number of Stages using Fenske Equation.
Short Cut Design Method for Distillation Column for multi-component separation
Stages of Calculation for the Short Cut Method.
ii. Calculation of component distribution using Fenske equation.
di
log m log a ij C
bi
Log (di/bi)
di
Log (di/bi) for HK
bi
aHHK aHK
aLK
aLLK
Log (aij)
Short Cut Design Method for Distillation Column for multi-component separation
Stages of Calculation for the Short Cut Method.
ii. Calculation of component distribution using Fenske equation.
1 +
di
bi
=
=
1 +
1 +
Example
N min
d L bH
log .
d H bL
log a LH
Try yourself!!
1 +
i 1
a i , j xi , F
1 q
a i, j
Rmin 1
NC
i 1
a i , j xi ,D
a i, j
q feed quality
ai,j relative volatility of component i
x i,F feed composition , x i,D Distillate composition
i 1
a i , j xi , F
1 q
a i, j
NC
i 1
a i , j xi ,D
a i, j
=
+1
Then a Y value is determined from the X value using the correlation below;
0.2910
+ 0.8628 ln + 0.9020 ln +
The Y value obtained is then used to determined the number of stages N corresponding to the Reflux Ratio R
using the equation below based on the Nmin determined from Fenske Eqn.
=
+1
x
x
x
x
x
x
Reflux Ratio
This will allow for the capital energy trade off to be investigated. (Discuss how it is being done?)
=
+1
=
+1
z B x
NR
log
0.206 log H . . B , L
NS
z L D xD , H
Kirkbride Equation
Component
Xfeed
Distillate Flow
Bottom Flow
Mean Relative
Volatil1ity
Propane
i-Butane
n-butane
i-pentane
n-pentane
0.05
0.15
0.25
0.20
0.35
5
14.9
24
1
0.4
0
0.1
1
19
34.6
5
2.6
2.0
1
0.85
45.3
54.7
Total
Solution
Calculate the minimum no of stages using Fenske eqn.
24 19
log .
1 1 8.8
N min
log 2
Solution
Calculate the minimum Reflux Ratio using Underwood Eqn. (Assume sat. liq and therefore q = 1)
i. Determine the root of Underwood equation value.
NC
i 1
a i , j xi , F
1 q
a i, j
Component
a i . zi
ai-
a i . zi
= 1.5
Propane
i-butane
n-butane
i-pentane
n-pentane
0.25
0.39
0.50
0.20
0.30
Sum
= 1.3
= 1.35
0.071
0.355
1.0
-0.4
-0.462
0.068
0.30
0.714
-0.667
-0.667
0.068
0.312
0.769
-0.571
-0.600
0.564
-0.252
-0.022
Solution
ii. Using the calculated root of the Underwood equation , determine Rmin.
Rmin 1
Component
NC
i 1
a i , j xi , D
a i, j
a i . xDi
ai-
x Di
= 1.35
Propane
i-butane
n-butane
i-pentane
n-pentane
0.15
0.69
1.66
-0.06
-0.02
0.11
0.33
0.53
0.02
0.01
Sum
2.42
= Rmin + 1
Exercise
Alternative?
1
1,
2
II
2
2,3,4
F
zF,1
zF,2
zF,3
zF,4
3
3,4
3, 4
III
Separation of C components requires (C-1)
distillation columns.
DISTILLATION
DISTILLATION
DISTILLATION
DISTILLATION
DISTILLATION
DISTILLATION
Component
Xfeed
Feed Flow
Relative Volatil1ity
A - Propane
B - i-Butane
C - n-butane
D - i-pentane
E - n-pentane
0.05
0.15
0.25
0.20
0.35
45.4
136.1
226.8
181.4
317.5
8.09
3.49
2.68
1.23
1.00
Total
907.2 kmol/hr
Each component is to be separated with a specification of 99 %. Assume that the non key
component will not distribute but end up either at the top or bottom depending on their relative
volatility compared to the key component.
Determine the best sequence(s).
A/BCDE
AB/CDE
B/CDE
C/DE
CD/E
D/E
C/D
BC/DE
B/C
D/E
BCD/E
BC/D
B/C
B/CD
C/D
C/DE
D/E
CD/E
C/D
AB/C
A/B
D/E
A/BC
B/C
D/E
AB/CD
A/B
C/D
A/BCD
B/CD
C/D
BC/D
B/C
A/BC
B/C
AB/C
A/B
A/B
ABCDE
ABC/DE
ABCD/E
ABC/D
AB/CDE
B/CDE
C/DE
CD/E
D/E
C/D
BC/DE
B/C
D/E
BCD/E
BC/D
B/C
B/CD
C/D
C/DE
D/E
CD/E
C/D
AB/C
A/B
D/E
A/BC
B/C
D/E
AB/CD
A/B
C/D
A/BCD
B/CD
C/D
BC/D
B/C
A/BC
B/C
AB/C
A/B
A/B
ABCDE
ABC/DE
ABCD/E
ABC/D
AB/C
A/B
D/E
ABC
B
ABCDE
BC
Mixed Sequence
D
C
DE
BC/DE
ABCDE
B/C
D/E
BC
C
D
DE
Mixed Sequence
AB/CD
A/B
C/D
A
AB
ABCD
B
C
Mixed Sequence
ABCDE
CD
ABC/D
AB/C
A/B
A
CD
ABC
B
Indirect Sequence
ABCD
C
ABCDE
In Summary..
For homogenous mixture separation, distillation has always been preferred by industry due to their
established position over other methods and their versatility /flexibility in addressing range of feed
mixture.
As most reactor effluent mixture consist of many components, the separation for the individual
components has to be done is a sequence. The sequence of these separators can be determined using
established methods such as the short cut method (Fenske-Underwood Equation) for distillation column