Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Committees
Chairmen
Pedro Moreira, INEGI/FEUP, Portugal (chairman)
Paulo Tavares, INEGI/FEUP, Portugal (co-chairman)
Organizing Committee
Chris Rodopoulos, Monash University, Australia, and IJSI editor-inchief
Joaquim Silva Gomes, University of Porto, Portugal
Mrio Vaz, University of Porto, Portugal
Paulo Tavares de Castro, University of Porto, Portugal
Srgio Tavares, INEGI, Portugal
Scientific Committee
D Angelova, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy Sofia,
Bulgaria
Charis Apostolopoulos, University of Patras, Greece
J N Bandyopadhyay, Indian Institute of Technology, India
Leslie Banks-Sills, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
Simon Barter, DSTO, Australia
Claudio DalleDonne, EADS Deutschland GmbH, Germany
Paulo de Castro, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
Bahram Farahmand, Technical Horizon Inc, USA
A Giannakopoulos, University of Thessaly, Greece
M M I Hammouda, Al-Azhar University, Egypt
Seung Ho Han, Dong-A University, South Korea
Peter Horst, Technische Universitt Carolo-Wilhelmina zu
Braunschweig, Germany
Y H Huh, KRISS, Korea
Madabhushi Janardhana, Directorate General Technical Airworthiness,
RAAF, Australia
Rhys Jones, Monash University, Australia
J P Komorowski, CNRC, Institute for Aerospace Research, Canada
Daniel Kujawski, Western Michigan University, USA
G Labeas, University of Patras, Greece
L Marsavina, Universitatea Politehnica Timirosa, Romania
A Navarro, University of Seville, Spain
Sp. Pantelakis, University of Patras, Greece
P Peyre, LALP/CNRS, France
A Pistek, Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic
B Purna Chandra Rao, Indira Gandhi Center for Atomic Research
(IGCAR), India
Stephen Reed, Ministry of Defence, Defence Science and Technology
Laboratory, UK
Published by:
INEGI Instituto de Engenharia Mecnica e Gesto Industrial
Front cover figures credits:
S M Tavares
Editor IJSI2014 book of abstracts: PMGP Moreira and PJS Tavares
ISBN: 978-972-8826-31-4
http://ijsi2014.inegi.up.pt
Sponsors
Book of abstracts of the 2nd International Conference of the International Journal of Strucutral Integrity________
Contents
Committees .......................................................................................................... 2
Sponsors ............................................................................................................... 4
Contents ............................................................................................................... 6
Welcome from President of the Institute of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial
Management ...................................................................................................... 11
Welcome from Conference Chairs ....................................................................... 12
Conference Overview .......................................................................................... 13
Conference site ................................................................................................... 15
About Madeira .................................................................................................... 16
Meetings rooms .................................................................................................. 17
Plenery Invited Speakerss.................................................................................... 18
Prof. Peter Horst, ............................................................................................ 18
The significance of the interaction of stability and damage propagation in
metallic and composite panels ................................................................... 18
Prof. Daniel Kujawski ....................................................................................... 19
A Deviatoric Neubers Rule and SWT Parameter for Fatigue Analysis......... 19
Prof. Chris Rodopoulos .................................................................................... 21
Optimising Controlled Shot Peening Parameters for Optimum Fatigue Life21
Prof. Malgorzata Kujawinska ........................................................................... 22
Full-field optical methods for measurements and monitoring of industrial
structures.................................................................................................... 22
Prof. Carmine Pappalettere ............................................................................. 24
Challenge on Application of Titanium Alloys on Aeronautic Structures ...... 24
Prof. Mrio Vaz ............................................................................................... 26
Structural Monitoring and Biomechanics.................................................... 26
IJSI2014 Program ................................................................................................ 28
Program Overview .......................................................................................... 28
Technical Program........................................................................................... 29
Abstracts ............................................................................................................. 40
Session 1 ............................................................................................................. 41
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Book of abstracts of the 2nd International Conference of the International Journal of Strucutral Integrity________
Book of abstracts of the 2nd International Conference of the International Journal of Strucutral Integrity________
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Book of abstracts of the 2nd International Conference of the International Journal of Strucutral Integrity________
As President of INEGI, it is with great pleasure that I welcome you to the 2nd
Conference of the International Journal of Structural Integrity.
INEGI pledged its commitment to the subject of this conference several years ago,
and has been doing research work in the area that has not gone unnoticed. As an
interface institute between the University and the Industry, we are bound by the
numerous practical issues on the subject brought to our attention by the companies
we partner, the projects we embrace or the discoveries of our scholars and research
teams. Structural Integrity issues arise naturally on real-life parts, and those are
precisely the sort of subjects our industrial partners make a living of, and therefore
we either study or analyse as part of our daily work.
I wish you all a fruitfull meeting and may the consequences of this conference fuel
important work for new researchers and results for the industry and the Society at
large.
Warm regards,
Jorge Seabra
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Book of abstracts of the 2nd International Conference of the International Journal of Strucutral Integrity________
Conference Overview
The International Journal of Structural Integrity IJSI was
launched in 2010 and is published in partnership with the
European Aeronautics Science Network EASN. The IJSI aims
at a broad coverage of structural integrity issues, including
material characterizations from the fracture and fatigue points to
view, numerical modelling of those phenomena in materials and
real structures, failure analysis methodologies and structural
integrity evaluation criteria. The journal provides a forum for the
key players in this broad area of science and technology, as
universities, research institutes, manufacturing industry,
legislative bodies and government agencies, SMEs, consultancy
and maintenance companies.
The 2nd International Conference sponsored by the journal, will
take place in place in Funchal/Madeira, Portugal on 1 4
September, 2014.
The conference aims at being a forum for discussion of current
trends of research in structural integrity, in aeronautics and
space, but also in other sectors of engineering where structural
integrity is a key concern.
Aim and Topics
The conference topics are aligned with the IJSI coverage, and
include but are not limited to:
Book of abstracts of the 2nd International Conference of the International Journal of Strucutral Integrity________
Non-destructive testing
Repair Technologies
Scale Effects
Structural Ageing
Structural Integrity
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Book of abstracts of the 2nd International Conference of the International Journal of Strucutral Integrity________
Conference site
The conference will be held in the beautiful city of Funchal in
Madeira (Portugal), at the Hotel Pestana Casino Park, which is
very convenient and well equipped for conferences in terms of
facilities, transportation and proximity to other hotels.
Book of abstracts of the 2nd International Conference of the International Journal of Strucutral Integrity________
About Madeira
Madeira island is 310 miles from the African coast and 620 miles
from the European continent, which is the equivalent of a 1 hour
30 minutes flight from Lisbon.
The Madeira Archipelago, discovered by the Portuguese in 1418,
is made up of the islands of Madeira, Porto Santo and the
uninhabited islands of Selvagens and Desertas. It is situated
between latitude 322220 and 33750 with its longitude
between 161630W and 171638W.
The island of Madeira has a surface area of 459 square miles (741
km2), (35 miles long and 13 miles wide).
These islands, because of their privileged geographical position
and mountainous relief, have a surprisingly mild climate.
Very mild average temperatures, 25C in the summer and 17C
in the winter, and a moderate level of humidity, confer upon
these islands exceptional subtropical features.
The seawater temperature is also very mild, because of the
influence of the warm Gulf current, presenting averages of 22C
in the summer and 18 in the winter.
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Book of abstracts of the 2nd International Conference of the International Journal of Strucutral Integrity________
Meetings rooms
Room Lisboa: Lisboa (main), Floor GF
Conference
location
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Chris Rodopoulos was born in Athens, Greece in 1967. In 1991 he received his
Dipl.-Eng. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Patras. In 1992 he
received an MSc in Advanced Materials from Nottingham University. In 1996
he completed his PhD from the University of Sheffield. His research interests
are focused on Surface Engineering Treatments, Fatigue Damage Tolerance
Analysis, Theoretical Stress Analysis and Thermomechanical Fatigue of Metal
Matrix Composites. He is the editor-in-chief of the International Journal of
Structural Integrity, and the author of more than 120 papers and four books.
Since 2002 he has led the Interest Group Surface Engineering Treatments with
the European Aeronautics Science Network. He is a member of several
professional organizations, including ASME, AIAA, ESIS and IMechE. During
his career so far he has received 5 awards for research papers. He has strong
collaborations with a number of key research institutes and industrial bodies
including, EADS, Airbus UK, Boeing, Rolls-Royce, Hyundai, NRC-CNRC,
NASA Langley, Applied Ultrasonics, Metal Improvement Company, CLFA,
DLR, NLR, SIKA, Penetron, LAGARGE, etc.
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Prof. Malgorzata Kujawinska PhD DSc., SPIE Fellow, recipient of SPIE Optical
Metrology Award 2013, Professor of applied optics at Warsaw University of
Technology, head of Optical Engineering Division at Institute of Micromechanics
and Photonics, recognized expert on full-field optical metrology and sensing,
image processing and hybrid experimental-numerical methods in experimental
mechanics, material engineering, reverse engineering and multimedia. Author
and co-author of more than 200 papers in recognized scientific journals, one
monograph and several book chapters. Leader of 8 European Projects and
numerous national research and industrial projects. devoted to optical metrology
and development of innovative measurement systems based on interferometric
and noncoherent methods.
M. Kujawinska is the Past President of SPIE the International Society of
Optical Engineering (2005) and recently is the Vice-President of European
Technology Platform Photonics21.
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Book of abstracts of the 2nd International Conference of the International Journal of Strucutral Integrity________
Figure 1 - Sensor for 2D shear force assessment in the plantar region of patients
with diabetic neuropathy, (Patent pending).
------------------------------------------------
Mario Vaz joined the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto teaching
staff in 1985. Throughout his professional life took part in several research
projects in the area of inspection of structures and characterization of its
behavior under load, as well as in developing methods of inspection based on the
use of laser radiation. He was also involved in several projects of technology
transfer and expertise in various accidents involving structures. Currently his
main research interest are focused on Solid Mechanics, Holographic
interferometry, NDT of Composites, Dynamic of Materials, Biomechanics,
Experimental Mechanics, Image Processing.
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IJSI2014 Program
Program Overview
28
Book of abstracts of the 2nd International Conference of the International Journal of Strucutral Integrity________________________________________
Technical Program
August 07th, 2014
MONDAY, 1 September 2014
MON, 09:00 - 09:30
OPENING SESSION
Room Lisboa
Welcome to Participants
(Conference Co-Chairs)
Welcome Address
Vice-President of Regional Government
MONDAY, 24 JUNE 2013
MON, 09:30 - 10:15
PLENARY LECTURE I
Room Lisboa
Challenge on Application of Titanium Alloys on Aeronautic Structures
Professor Carmine Pappalettere
(Politecnico di Bari, Italy)
Chair: Dr. Pedro Moreira (INEGI, Portugal)
COFFEE-BREAK
29
Lounge
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MON, 11:30-13:00
TOPIC: Processes
Chair: Srgio Tavares
Ref:
#132
#136
#112
#117
#129
#190
Session 1
LUNCH
30
Room Lisboa
Page:
link
link
link
link
link
link
Restaurant
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MON
Session 2A
14:15-15:30
TOPIC: Materials
Chair: Jaime Monteiro
Ref:
Title and Author (s)
#102
Combining nanocrystallisation processes
with a subsequent thermomechanical
processing interfacial oxidation
Michal Krzyzanowski ,Szymon Bajda, W.
Mark Rainforth
#122
Structure, electromagnetic wave
absorption and mechanical behavior of
carbonaceous nanofillers modified
polymer composites
R. Merijs Meri, J. Zicans, T. Ivanova, J.
Bitenieks, P. Kuzhir, S. Maksimenko
#123
Hydrogen influence on fatigue in a Cr-Mo
steel
Donka Angelova, Rozina Yordanova,
Svetla Yankova, Ralitsa Pavlova
Room
Lisboa
Page:
link
MON
Room
Berlin
TOPIC: Bio-Mechanics
Chair: Jos Xavier
Ref:
Title and Author (s)
#147
Safety characterization of helmets for
roller hockey goal keepers
M. A. P. Vaz, Nuno V. Ramos
Page:
link
link
#148
link
link
#185
link
#126
Structure-property relationships of
PC/ABS blend composites with nanoclay
J. Zicans, R. Merijs Meri, R. Berzina, R.
Maksimov, V. Kalkis
link
#186
#152
link
#187
#191
Session 2B
14:15-15:30
COFFEE-BREAK
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link
link
link
Lounge
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MON
Session 3A
16:00-17:15
Room
Lisboa
TOPIC: Models
Chair: Virginia Infante
Ref:
Title and Author (s)
#103
Elasto-plastic analysis of structures using
an Isogeometric formulation
J. Ferreira, M. Seabra, M. Parente, R.
Natal
link
link
#124
link
Session 3B
16:00-17:15
TOPIC: Processes
Chair: Mario Vaz
Ref:
Title and Author (s)
#101
Structural Assessment of Fine-scale
Structures Produced by Complex Metal
Forming Processing
Janusz Majta, Marcin Kwiecien, Krzysztof
Muszka, Paulina Graca
#105
Damage tolerance improvement of laser
beam welded fuselage structures via
crenellations
J. Lu, N. Kashaev, N. Huber
#138
Mechanical Behavior of Friction Stir
Welded Butt Joints
Ana C.F. Silva, Daniel F.O. Braga,
Frederico Silva Gomes, M.A.V. de
Figueiredo, P.M.G.P. Moreira
#141
Manufacturing and characterization of
nanostructured Al-Si-Si3N4-C composites
for high-wear application
Malgorzata Sopicka-Lizer, Jerzy Myalski,
Daniel Michalik, Tomasz Pawlik, Nathalie
Valle, Agnieszka Boto-Probierz
#143
Development of multi-layer fibrous
composites for fire resistant and sound
insulating doors
Fernando Cunha, Carlos Mota, Raul
Fangueiro, Manuel Ferreira, Nelson Silva
Page:
#104
#182
MON
link
WELCOME RECEPTION
COCKTAIL RECEPTION
by courtesy of IVBAM
Institute of Madeira Wine
32
IVBAM
Room
Berlin
Page:
link
link
link
link
link
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COFFEE-BREAK
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TUE
Session 4A
11:30-13:00
TOPIC: Processes
Chair: Peter Horst
Ref:
Title and Author (s)
#171
Cold plasma treatment of polymeric
matrix composites
F. Velasco, A. Bautista, S. Guzmn, M.
Pantoja
#173
#174
#128
#189
Room
Lisboa
link
link
Session 4B
11:30-13:00
TOPIC: Testing
Chair: Malgorzata Kujawinska
Ref: Title and Author (s)
#184 Considerations on the choice of the
drilled hole diameter in ESPI-HDM
residual stress measurements in Ti6Al4V
C. Barile, C. Casavola, G. Pappalettera, C.
Pappalettere
#188 Experiment Research and Application on
Super-Retarding Mortar
Xin Feng, Xianyan Zhou
Page:
TUE
Room
Berlin
Page:
link
link
link
#135
link
link
#172
link
link
#180
LUNCH
34
Restaurant
link
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TUE
Session 5A
14:15-15:30
TOPIC: Models
Chair: Carmine Pappalettere
Ref:
Title and Author (s)
#142
Predicting the fatigue life of mechanical
components using continuum damage
mechanics (CDM): application to a railway
axle
Zoser Kalengayi T., Juan Carlos P., Cristina
Castejn S., Mara Jess G
#145
Dynamic models in stress wave dispersion
filtering in the Hopkinson Pressure Bar
Francisco Q de Melo, Mario A P Vaz, Jaime
M. Monteiro
Room
Lisboa
TUE
Room
Berlin
link
TOPIC: Testing
Chair: Daniel Kujawski
Ref: Title and Author (s)
#176 Evaluation of Semi-Ellipsoidal Wall
Thinning on Back Surface of Plate by
Direct-Current Potential Difference
Method
Naoya Tada, Manabu Nohara
link
#113
Page:
#146
link
#130
#159
link
#181
Session 5B
14:15-15:30
COFFEE-BREAK
35
Lounge
Page:
link
link
link
link
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TUE
Session 6A
16:00-17:15
TOPIC: Models
Chair: Srgio Tavares
Ref:
Title and Author (s)
#163
Application of the Strain-Based FAD to
Failure Assessment of Surface Cracked
Components
Igor Varfolomeev, Michael Windisch,
Gerben Sinnema
#164
Theoretical and experimental model for
the analysis of a cardan cross
Eugen Avrigean
#165
#115
Room
Lisboa
Page:
link
link
link
link
TUE
Session 6B
16:00-17:15
TOPIC: Testing
Chair: Paulo Tavares
Ref:
Title and Author (s)
#155
Evaluation of mixed-mode I+II fatigue
crack propagation in steels assisted by
DIC
ALL Silva, J Xavier, Diogo Carvalho, AMP
Jesus, AA Fernandes
#156
Virtual Sensors for SHM using
isogeometric piezoelectric finite
elements
Artur Szewieczek, Christian Willberg,
Michael Sinapius
#157
On Monitoring of Mechanical
Characteristics of Hot Rolled S355J2 Steel
Donka Angelova, Rozina Yordanova,
Alexander Georgiev, Svetla Yankova
#160
The use of optical scanning methods for
testing of thin oxide films deposited on
rough steel substrates
Janusz Jaglarz
36
Room
Berlin
Page:
link
link
link
link
Book of abstracts of the 2nd International Conference of the International Journal of Strucutral Integrity________________________________________
PLENARY LECTURE VI
Structural Monitoring and Biomechanics
Professor Mrio Vaz
(Faculty of Engineering of University of Porto, Portugal)
Chair: Prof. Daniel Kujawski (Western Michigan Univ, USA)
WED, 11:30-13:00
TOPIC: Testing
Chair: Chris Rodopoulos
Ref:
#108
#111
#114
#116
Room Lisboa
COFFEE-BREAK
Lounge
Session 7
LUNCH
37
Room Lisboa
Page:
link
link
link
link
Restaurant
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WED
Session 8A
14:15-15:30
TOPIC: Testing
Chair: Jos Xavier
Ref:
Title and Author (s)
#119
Keying Effect During Fracture of Stainless
Steel
Farej Ahmed Emhmmed
#120
#127
#137
Room
Lisboa
Page:
link
link
WED
Room
Berlin
TOPIC: Materials
Chair: Peter Horst
Ref:
Title and Author (s)
#151
Characterization of nickel alloy 600 with
ultra-fine structure processed by severe
plastic deformation technique (dpi)
W. A. Monteiro, S. L. V. Silva, L. V. Silva,
A. H. P. de Andrade, L. C. E. Silva
#134
The effect of size, amount and surface
treatment of micro particles of cork on
the toughness of a brittle epoxy
A.Q. Barbosa, L.F.M. da Silva, J. Abenojar,
M. Figueiredo, A. chsner
link
#169
link
#110
#162
WED, 15:30-16:00
Session 8B
14:15-15:30
COFFEE-BREAK
38
Lounge
Page:
link
link
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link
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WED
Room
Lisboa
Session 9A
16:00-17:15
TOPIC: Testing
Chair: Srgio Tavares
Ref:
Title and Author (s)
#139
Fatigue Crack Growth Measurement
Automation
Tavares, Paulo J., Viriato, N.S., Moreira,
P. M. G. P.
#140
Contactless defect detection using two
emerging Optical Methods for NDT of
composite structures - Thermography
and Shearography
Monteiro, J., Lopes, H., Vaz, M.A.P.
#144
Novel Non-Destructive Testing
techniques for structural integrity
F. Nascimento, T. Santos, C. C. C. R. de
Carvalho, R. Miranda, L. Quintino
#149
Structural monitorization of
windturbine
Silvina Guimares, Miguel Marques,
Joo Rio, M. A. P. Vaz, Nuno V. Ramos,
Jos Matos
Page:
link
link
WED
TOPIC: Materials
Chair: Daniel Kujawski
Ref:
Title and Author (s)
#170
Fire resistant coatings for polymeric
matrix composites
F. Velasco, S. Guzmn, A. Bautista, M.A.
Martnez
#177
Evaluation of Advanced Materials in
Aircraft Structure
Martin Bugaj, Andrej Cger
link
#179
link
#183
#161
Session 9B
16:00-17:15
CLOSING SESSION
Conference Organizing Committee
BANQUET
CONFERENCE BANQUET
courtesy of Madeira Government
Restaurante Adega da Quinta, Estreito de Cmara de Lobos
39
Room Lisboa
Room
Berlin
Page:
link
link
link
link
link
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Abstracts
40
Book of abstracts of the 2nd International Conference of the International Journal of Strucutral Integrity______________________
Session 1
MON, 11:30-13:00
Room Lisboa
TOPIC: Processes
Chair: Srgio Tavares
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Book of abstracts of the 2nd International Conference of the International Journal of Strucutral Integrity______________________
#132
Abstract Replacement of conventional steel alloys for aluminum alloys has been an emerging
trend in metallic structures. Although the use of these alloys has previously been restrained by
production difficulties associated with their poor welding properties, friction stir welding and
adhesive bonding allowed for a larger flexibility in lightweight structural design. In this
preliminary work an innovative joining process combining these two technologies was studied.
Static properties of the obtained joints were accessed, and compared to joints obtained with
adhesive bonding and friction stir welding.
Friction stir welding (FSW) is a revolutionary joining method that allowed welding of
previously unweldable alloys with excellent characteristics, and has an enormous potential for
application in a large array of industries. Even though friction stir welding presents several
advantages over other welding techniques when regarding joining of aluminum alloys, it also
presents its share of challenges. The occurrence of fatigue cracks in these joints makes them
especially susceptible to this phenomenon, even more when the welding parameters used are not
optimized. Corrosion is also a concern in FSW, as the metallurgical modifications occurred during
the joining process may accelerate this deteriorating phenomenon.
The combination of FSW with adhesive bonding (AB), forming friction stir weldbonding may
present itself as a solution for these concerns. The development of this new joining technology
aims at incorporating properties and characteristics of both joining technologies. FSW is able to
produce joints with very high static strength, while the adhesive from AB will not only allow
improved vibration damping and fatigue strength improvement but may also serve double duty as
a sealant, isolating the weld from the environment.
In this presentation early studies on the development of the friction stir weldbonding technique
will be shown and the technique potential will be discussed.
42
Book of abstracts of the 2nd International Conference of the International Journal of Strucutral Integrity______________________
#136
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Book of abstracts of the 2nd International Conference of the International Journal of Strucutral Integrity______________________
#112
N. Kashaev, 1A. Carvalho, 1M. Nurgaliev, 1S. Riekehr, 2N. D. Alexopoulos, 3A. Karanika
Research and Product Design, Hellenic Aerospace Industry S.A., P.O. Box 23, 32009
Schimatari, Greece
Abstract
To meet the future demands of the aerospace industry with respect to safety, productivity,
weight, and cost, new materials and joining concepts have being developed. Recent developments
in the metallurgical field now make it possible to use laser-weldable Al-alloys of the 2xxx series
such as AA2198 with a high structural efficiency index due to their high strength and low density.
AA2198 holds the promise of providing a breakthrough response to the challenges of lightweight
design in aircraft applications. Laser beam welding as an efficient joining technology for fuselage
structures is already established in the aircraft industry for lower fuselage panels because the
welded panels provide a higher buckling strength and lower weight compared with the classical
riveted designs. The key factor for the application of laser-welded AA2198 structures is the
availability of reliable data for the assessment of their damage tolerance behaviour. In the research
presented, the mechanical properties with regard to quasi-static tensile and the fracture toughness
(R-curves) of laser beamwelded AA2198 butt-joints in T3 and T8 temper were investigated. In
the next step a systematic analysis to clarify the deformation and fracture behaviour of the laser
beam-welded AA2198 four-stringer panels is provided. The mechanical test results were also
compared against the respective of conventional AA2024 and AA6013, in order to assess the
degree of improvement by exploiting the new material/process.
a)
b)
c)
Figure 1 a) Metallographic cross section of a butt-joint, b) metallographic cross-section of a T joint, and c)
welded demonstrator panel from aluminum alloy AA2198 (AA2198T3 as skin and AA2198T8 as stringer).
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#117
Influence of the Kissing Bond Defect to the Fatigue Life in Friction Stir
Welds of 2024 Aluminium Alloy
Roman Rek1, Martin Kadlec1, Lucie Novkov1
1
Aerospace Research and Test Establishment, Beranovych 130, 199 05 Prague, Czech Republic.
Email: ruzek@vzlu.cz
Abstract
Friction stir welding (FSW) has advantages over conventional welding in terms of economic,
environmental and safety. This technology contributes to increased joining speed, higher stress
tolerance, better reproducibility and longer service life when compared to common riveting
methods used for aerospace structures. So far, the FSW is restricted only to non-safety critical
aerospace components, because there is no reliable method for detecting kissing bonds which
have significant effect on fatigue life.
In order to evaluate static and dynamic loading effect, a set of samples with different
thicknesses, which are representative of aerospace components, was manufactured and
categorized into: FSW without any defects and FSW with the kissing bond defects.
The effects of the KB defects on tensile and fatigue properties of 2024 T3 friction stir welds
have been quantitatively evaluated with respect to a reference weld without any flaws. Various
KB defects were investigated with the aim of evaluation which defect geometry has no influence
to the fatigue life of joined 6 mm thickness sheets. A critical value for KB geometry seems to be
0.3 mm in depth considering influence on fatigue life for investigated configurations.
The FSW can be interpreted as a stress concentration. Therefore, the basic material with stress
concentration equal to 1 and 2.6 was also evaluated. These values are typical for structures without
concentrators and for regular area of a riveted panel structure. The definition of this stress
concentration equivalent can be very helpful for design purposes and application.
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#129
Abstract: One of the main concerns in lap joining by friction stir welding (FSW) of any type
of plates is the formation of an important defect, such as that exemplified in Figure 1, mainly at
the advancing side of the welds. Due to its particular morphology, this defect, reported in most of
the studies in literature on lap joining by FSW, is usually called hook, and is attributed to the
particular material flow mechanisms and thermo-mechanical conditions developed during
welding. Naturally, the presence of this small discontinuity has a negative effect on welds
strength, which is particularly harmful in lap joining of very thin plates.
In current work several tools and welding parameters were tested in order to simultaneously
minimize the occurrence of this defect and improve welding productivity, for a selected range of
ferrous and non-ferrous alloys. The mechanical characterization of the welds included not only
performing tensile-shear tests, but also fatigue analysis. It was found that by an accurate choice
of process parameters and toll geometry, it is possible to minimize or even suppress the hook
defect. The microstructural characterization of the welds, as well as the mechanical tests
performed, enabled to determine a strong influence of base materials properties on the selection
of the most suitable friction stir lap welding conditions.
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#190
INEGI, Instituto de Engenharia Mecnica e Gesto Industrial, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias 400,
Porto, Portugal, *email: seslami@inegi.up.pt
Abstract
Friction Stir Welding (FSW) method can be considered as one the most significant joining
methods, which has developed considerably in the last decade. FSW is mostly used for joining
metals and lightweight alloys that can be difficult to weld by traditional techniques. However, in
recent years, FSW of plastic materials has taken its initial steps with the purpose of becoming
widespread in different industrial applications due to its benefits over the conventional welding
methods. Nevertheless, as all new techniques, FSW of plastics needs technological development
in order to be considered as a major asset for new industrial applications.
The main difficulty for FSW of plastics is the lack of frictional heat generated through contact
between the rotational tool and the base material. This applied friction should generate the
adequate heat in order to increase the material temperature near its melting point. For FSW of
Aluminum alloys, this task is implemented by the shoulder touching the surface, which generates
enough heat to stir the material together. Therefore, the shoulder has an essential role in this
process and could be one of the main parameters that plays a considerable effect on the weld
strength, as well as welding surface. However, it is worth mentioning that the good welding
surface is normally followed by good joint quality.
The previous FSW studies suffer from a lack of proper investigation for joining the plastic
materials, especially for lap joining of dissimilar plastics. With this in mind, the present work
focuses on the effect of different shoulder designs for the lap joints of dissimilar plastics which
in this experiment are Polystyrene and Polypropylene. Furthermore, this case study demonstrates
the advantages of using stationary shoulder for welding the plastic materials, as well as
eliminating the flaws in this path with the intention of achieving sound welds.
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Session 2A
MON, 14:15-15:30
Room Lisboa
TOPIC: Materials
Chair: Jaime Monteiro
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#102
Abstract Impurities deposited on the surface of the materials cause bonding imperfections due
to interfacial oxidation during the duplex techniques based on combining nanocrystallisation
with a subsequent co-rolling in order to produce multilayered bulk structures with improved
mechanical properties. It has been shown that the interface oxidation occurring during duplex
processes can influence the microstructure development around the interfaces depending on
whether the oxide scale is a continuous layer or a layer of discontinuous oxide clusters with
heterogeneous thicknesses. Formation of oxide scale related defects at the interfaces and
formation of shear zones within the affected areas around the interfaces has been
demonstrated numerically. The through-thickness shear zones within the material can link the
scale related defects on both the upper and lower interfaces.
Acknowledgement
The financial support of Polish National Science Centre, research grant:
DEC-2013/09/B/ST8/00141, is highly appreciated.
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#122
Riga Technical University, Institute of Polymer Materials, Paula Valdena str. 3, Riga, LV
1048, Latvia, remo.merijs-meri@rtu.lv
2
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conductive network. It has been also observed that efficiency of the absorption of electromagnetic
radiation depends on the development of conductive network within the SAC matrix.
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#123
SCM435
1,0E-05
0,2 Hz
1,0E-06
2 Hz
20 Hz
1,0E-07
1,0E-08
1,0E-09
1,0E-10
1,0E+01
Series13
1,0E+02
Series14
Series15
Series16
52
Series17
Series18
Series19
Series20
Power (Uncharged Constant frequency f
= 20 Hz)
Log. (Charged Constant frequency f = 0.2
Hz)
Log. (Charged Constant frequency f = 2
Hz)
Log. (Charged Constant frequency f = 20
Hz)
Book of abstracts of the 2nd International Conference of the International Journal of Strucutral Integrity______________________
Figure 1 - Tension-compression fatigue in JIS SCM435 steel under test frequencies from the
interval [0.2, 20] Hz
References
[1] Murakami Y., Effect of Hydrogen on Fatigue Crack Growth of Metals, 17th European
Conference on Fracture, 2-5 September, 2008, Brno, Czech Republic, pp. 25-42, 2008
53
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#126
Riga Technical University Institute of Polymer Materials, Paula Valdena str. 3, Riga, LV 1048,
Latvia, zicans@ktf.rtu.lv
2
Abstract The concept of Key Enabling Technologies (KET) is envisaged to be the main
driving force for development of future goods and services. One of the building blocks of KET
in nanotechnology is development of recyclable polymer nanocomposites with enhanced stressstrain, barrier, adhesion, rheological and other properties for broad range applications. This aim
is largely achievable by the control of exploitation properties of polymer nanocomposites by
manipulations in the structural level. Hence we focus on the investigations of structure-property
relationships of recyclable engineering polymer nanocomposites, as well as prediction of it
properties by using structure dependent mathematical models.
The nanocomposites have been developed on the bases of polycarbonate (PC) blend with 10
wt. % of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer (ABS). Unmodified (MMT) and organically
modified (OMMT) nanoclays in the concentration range between 0 and 2 wt. % have been
introduced in the PC/ABS matrix by using twin-screw extrusion process. Especial attention has
been devoted to optimization of extrusion process of the investigated nanocmposites. Structural,
calorimetric, as well as elastic characteristics have been investigated. The approach to predict the
properties of the investigated nanocomposites by using micromechanical models has been
proposed.
As a result set of optimized technological parameters, such as profile of the extruder
temperatures as well as screws rotation speed, have been proposed for manufacturing of
intercalated PC/ABS blend nanocomposites. By evaluating the effect of nanostructured clay
modifier on the tensile stress-strain characteristics of PC/10%ABS blend, it has been revealed that
greater modulus and strength increment is observed in the case of the nanocomposites, containing
aromatic organomodifier treated clay (Ar-OMMT). Ar-OMMT addition to PC/ABS matrix
considerably improved also dynamic modulus of the nanocomposites. Besides it along with
increased modulus of elasticity and strength glass transition temperature of the material increase,
testifying about stiffening of the polymer macromolecules in the presence of Ar-OMMT. It has
been concluded that optimal nanofiller content for the investigated PC/10%ABS blend is 1.5
wt.%. The experimental results have been also compared with the results of micromechanical
modelling and the best compliance has been found for the nanocomposites with lower clay
contents in the PC/ABS matrix.
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55
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#152
The nitriding behavior of austenitic stainless steels (AISI 304 and 316) was studied by different
cold work degree before nitriding processes. The microstructure, thickness, microhardness and
chemical micro-composition were evaluated through optical microscopy, microhardness,
scanning electron microscopy techniques (WDS microanalysis). Through of them were observed
that previous plastic deformations do not influence expressively on layer thickness. In addition,
two different layers can be identified as resulted of the nitriding, a formed of austenitic matrix
expanded by nitrogen atoms and another thinner just below expanded by carbon atoms.
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Session 2B
MON, 14:15-15:30
Room Berlin
TOPIC: Bio-Mechanics
Chair: Jos Xavier
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#147
FEUP, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal; gmavaz@fe.up.pt
INEGI, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 400, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal; nviriato@inegi.up.pt
3
Abstract The purpose of this study, part of a wide research project, was to investigate the head
protection provided by a roller hockey goalkeeper helmet. An experimental setup was
implemented to assess how these protectors can decrease overall head acceleration and prevent
injuries for the goalkeepers regarding the deformation of the helmet/face shield during blunt
impacts. The most widely used helmet with a standard polycarbonate face shield was selected for
this study. To repeatedly generate controlled impacts of the ball a special gas gun was designed
allowing shots up to 120 km/h with the helmet/face shield. A sports handheld radar gun was used
to evaluate the terminal velocity of the ball. Structured illumination and image processing
algorithms allow 3D data extraction from the high speed video recordings of the impacts. The
structured light fields were computer generated and projected through a conventional video
projector. A high-speed video camera allows high sampling recordings of the helmet/face shield
deformation during impacts. The data obtained showed that the structural behavior of the
helmet/face shield is very different from other helmets, for example, motorcycle helmets, bicycle
helmets, etc. This study shows a high risk of temporomandibular injuries due to the direct support
of the face shield on the chin of the goalkeeper. Further experiments are planned to help
redesigning this kind of helmets and reduce the risk of injuries.
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#148
Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Al. Prof. Hernni Monteiro, 4200 - 319
Porto, Portugal, nsmneves@gmail.com
Abstract Vertebral compression fractures are one of the most frequent clinical outcomes from
osteoporosis and a major issue in spinal stability. Kyphoplasty is a surgical procedure for
stabilizing or preventing those fractures to occur and the only treatment option to attempt to
restore the original height of the vertebra. The efficiency of this technique in recovering the
mechanical strength of a vertebra might depend on bone cement type, the shape and volume of
the cement reinforcement and on the surgical approach. PMMA can be excessively rigid and
doesnt promote bone regrowth. New solutions should be explored in order to obtain appropriate
mechanical strength and bone regeneration. This work aims to characterize the biomechanical
behavior of a lumbar vertebra in healthy, osteoporotic and various prophylactic-augmented
conditions in order to investigate the influence of the aforementioned parameters in mechanical
strength restitution. A 3D model of a lumbar vertebra was developed from a CT scan. The
mechanical properties specified for the cortical shell, trabecular bone, endplates, posterior
elements and bone cement were collected from the literature. A compressive force of 800 N was
applied to the superior endplate while the inferior one was entirely constrained. Osteoporosis was
simulated reducing bone Young modulus. One oblate-spheroid or two prolate-spheroids making
10 or 20% of the vertebral body volume correspond to unipedicular or bipedicular filling,
respectively. A physical model of the vertebra was obtained by rapid prototyping for numerical
validation with electronic speckle pattern interferometry. None of the PMMA prophylactic
augmentations fully reestablished the biomechanical behavior of a healthy vertebra. This can be
related to the excessive rigidity of the acrylic cement in comparison to that of trabecular bone.
Still, so far, the results suggest 20% PMMA unipedicular filling to be the best treatment option
for this case study, exhibiting the most significant reduction on the maximum von Mises stress
and total displacement in comparison to the osteoporotic condition. This model proved to be a
very useful tool for predicting changes on the biomechanical behavior a lumbar vertebra,
providing guidelines for physicians to improve the efficiency of these treatments, thus preventing
undesired clinical outcomes from osteoporosis to occur.
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60
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#185
Faculty of Dental Medicine of the University of Porto, Rua Dr. Manuel Pereira da Silva 4200393 Porto, Portugal. ivotlopes@gmail.com ; acorreia@fmd.up.pt ; reiscampos@gmail.com
2
INEGI Institute of Mechanical Engineering and Related Research. Campus da FEUP, Rua
Dr. Roberto Frias 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal. nviriato@inegi.up.pt ; gmavaz@fe.up.pt
Abstract Maryland dental bridges were developed in the 70 of the last XX century. These
are prosthetic rehabilitations build with a middle pontic and two lateral wings that are bonded to
tooth structures. However, lack of structural integrity did not allow the use of these prosthetic
rehabilitations for a medium-long time. Due to the evolution of dental materials, mainly dental
adhesives/cements and ceramic frameworks, these bridges are being reintroduced in the dental
clinical practice. Although, theres a lack of research and clinical papers on the scientific literature
that supports this feature. In this way, weve designed a methodological approach to do a
mechanical analysis of these dental bridges in order to contribute with evidence that supports its
clinical application. By importing a 3D design from a Maryland bridge developed in a dental
CAD-CAM software, we have built a mesh (Ansys 15.0; 39998 tetrahedral elements and 23552
nodes) that allowed us to apply the finite element method in order to do a numerical analysis of
its mechanical features. The loads that were applied resembled masticatory loads, with a vertical
and oblique direction. Our results revealed higher von Mises stresses in the connectors areas of
the Maryland bridge, where the pontic element unifies with the wings that is bonded to the
adjacent tooth, that may be critical depending on the dental ceramic that is used in this bridges.
Geometrical optimization procedures were then developed to reduce the stress in these areas.
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Figure 1 Finite element method applied to a Maryland dental bridge in upper incisors.
(Highest von Mises stress pointed out with a red arrow)
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#186
Asbtract
INTRODUCTION: In daily orthodontic practice, the use of extra oral force traction is one of the
most reliable methods used during active treatment, particularly in growing patients. It represents
an instrument for attaining extra anchorage and it can also be used for orthodontic or orthopaedic
purposes. In order to select the most adequate appliance for patient treatment, it is critical to
consider the quality of the force system delivery, not only in terms of mechanical features but also
in stability over treatment time.
OBJECTIVES: This study intended to compare two distinct extra oral force delivery systems
through the analysis of the coil spring and the enclosure material components. The two selected
brands present very different commercial prices and the assessment of data may validate the
choice between the two options tested.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: This in vitro study involved 12 extra oral force modules
submitted to tensile and short-term fatigue tests. The specimens were equally divided into two
groups according to respective brands, Ormco (California, USA) and Ceosa (Madrid, Spain).
RESULTS: Both groups presented very similar mechanical behaviour. However, the rigidity
presented by Ormcos modules was slightly higher. The short-term fatigue tests showed that
there was no accumulated strain in any of the samples for the number of cycles applied. These
results were inconclusive, since it would have been necessary to perform a superior number of
cycles to analyse in detail the deformation endured by the specimens. The results from the
63
Book of abstracts of the 2nd International Conference of the International Journal of Strucutral Integrity______________________
constant load tension test showed a constancy of module delivered force, even for a superior
number of hours than the usual duration of appliance use.
CONCLUSIONS: The studied devices have a well-known and predictable mechanical
performance, since they are produced under strict regulations and quality control. The price
discrepancy may be justified by the safety mechanism presented by one of the brands, which
greatly reduce the risk of injuries to the patient. Nonetheless, the performed tests allowed
concluding that both devices are mechanically trustable.
CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Although being identical the mechanical behaviour of extra oral
appliances, the clinical results may considerably differ. The patients individual features and
treatment compliance can significantly influence the outcome. For this reason, it is important to
be able to rely on the mechanical behaviour of devices, in order to guarantee perfectly known
force application.
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#187
Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Manuel Pereira da Silva, 4200-393
Port, Portugal, franciscofsgois@gmail.com
2
Laboratory for Bone Metabolism and Regeneration, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of
Porto, Portugal
4
Abstract Removable partial dentures (RPDs) are still widely used in patients requiring oral
rehabilitation. Mastication and aesthetics should be considered in the treatment plan involving a
removable prosthesis.
Despite technological advances and the discovery of new materials titanium, cobalt-chromium
and gold alloys remain the most used and indicated frameworks in RPDs. However, these
frameworks have an unpleasant metallic luster that greatly compromises the aesthetic of the
rehabilitation. This is particular relevant in the extracoronal direct retainers, like clasps. Despite
their function of retention they are also used for fixation and stabilization.
Previous approaches on aesthetic covering of metal structures of RPDs and on the
development of valid alternatives have generally failed due to deficient esthetics or complete or
cohesive (chipping and cracks) fracture. It is still lacking a valid alternative that allows a
functional and long lasting aesthetic application, without inducing fragilities on the frameworks
structure and at the same time being biocompatible.
In this work, we report the alternative of coating the framework with epoxy powder paint, used
on metallic industrial machines and equipment. It presents optimal and unique features in terms
of physical strength and aesthetics. We aim to describe the coating of a cobalt-chromium alloy
(generally used in RPDs structures) with epoxy powder paint. Preliminary biocompatibility in
vitro assays showed an adequate cell response with human fibroblasts cells. The mechanical tests
also revealed promissory results for a future clinical application. Nonetheless, further tests should
be conducted in order to predict the validity and the safely use of epoxy paint in the metal
framework of RPDs.
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#191
Faculty of Dental Medicine of Oporto University, Rua Dr. Manuel Pereira da Silva, 4200-393
Porto PORTUGAL, pat.fonseca@portugalmail.pt
2
Abstract
Introduction: In dental medicine, impressions can be the cause of cross-infection between the
clinic and the laboratory. Thus it is essential to use an effective method of disinfection, which
does not alter the reproductive capacity of the surface detail of the impression materials and that
is compatible with gypsum used.
Aims: The main aims of this study are: 1 to evaluate the surface detail reproduction capability
of alginate and silicone impressions; 2 to evaluate the impressions surface after disinfection
with water, sodium hypochlorite or glutaraldehyde; 3 to evaluate the compatibility of
impressions before and after disinfection with gypsum (type III and type IV).
Material and Methods: For the tests performed we used the device recommended by the
specification n 19 of American National Standards Institute/American Dental Association and
the rule ISO 1563:1990.
Under standardized conditions, 160 impressions were made, 80 with an irreversible
hydrocolloid (alginate) and 80 with an elastomer. The impressions which were not disinfected
were used as controls and the remainder ones were passed through running water, or sprayed with
sodium hypochlorite 0.525%, or glutaraldehyde 2%.
All impressions and the gypsum casts (type III and IV) resulting was classified according with
a scale of 1 to 4 as proposed by Owen.
Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 21 software and the nonparametric Wilcoxon
test with a statistical significance threshold of p <0.05.
Results: Regardless of the disinfection product used, the alginate impressions have a higher
surface roughness.
When the disinfectants are comparing, areas with greater detail are observed in samples from
impressions disinfected with glutaraldehyde.
In general, the gypsum type IV exhibits a greater surface roughness than the gypsum type III.
Conclusion: According to the results obtained, and whenever possible, the authors can advise
the use of an elastomeric material for dental impressions, the disinfection with glutaraldehyde and
the use of type III gypsum to obtain the cast.
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Session 3A
MON, 16:00-17:15
Room Lisboa
TOPIC: Models
Chair: Virginia Infante
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#103
Abstract Numerical simulation often involves using the Finite Element Method (FEM) where the
geometry model, derived from CAD systems, usually suffer a reparameterization of the CAD
geometry by piecewise low order polynomials. This information transfer between models suitable
for design (CAD) and analysis (FEM) introduces significant approximation errors and entails a
amount of man-hours to generate a suitable finite element mesh [1].
In order to create industrial metal parts suitable for the imposed tasks, in which meet the
geometrical and mechanical requirements combined with reduced manufacturing costs, requires
a continuous evolution of assistive technology in order to innovate and optimize the different
stages of the production processes. In this work it is intended to contribute to the analysis of
forming processes and pipeline applications by discussing the use of an isogeometric approach
into a finite element pre- developed models.
Thus, this work makes a study of how ductile materials behave when subjected to monotonic and
cyclic mechanical loads. Isogeometric models with a small and large strains formulations,
plasticity with isotropic hardening and plasticity with kinematic hardening are developed. Also,
an introduction to a Lemaitre-based damage model is designed [2,3]. The Bauschinger effect, the
mesh dependence, and the differences between the developed small and finite strain models are
evaluated by comparison with the finite element typical discretization models. The isogeometric
discretization was performed taking the advantages of the symbolic and algebraic interface of the
AceGen software [4].
REFERENCES:
[1]
T. Hughes, J. Cottrell, and Y. Bazilevs, Isogeometric analysis: Cad, finite ele- ments,
nurbs, exact geometry and mesh refinement, Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and
Engineering, vol. 194, no. 39 41, pp. 4135 4195, 2005.
[2]
[3]
M. Wallin, M. Ristinmaa, and N. S. Ottosen, Kinematic hardening in large strain
plasticity, European Journal of Mechanics - A/Solids, vol. 22, pp. 341356, May 2003.
[4]
J. Korelc, Multi-language and multi-environment generation of nonlinear finite element
codes, Engineering with computers, 2002.
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#104
Jacobs Australia,
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#124
The Boeing Company, M/S 4A-08 P.O.Box 3707 Seattle, WA, USA
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collions, CO, USA
c
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to present a real world application of an innovative hybrid
system reliability optimization algorithm called TAGA. This TAGA algorithm
combines Tabu Search and Genetic Algorithm to provide a more efficient search
method. This new algorithm is applied to an aircraft structure to optimize its reliability.
For retrofitting the horizontal stabilizer under severe stall buffet conditions, a Decision
Support System (DSS) is developed using the TAGA algorithm. This system solves a
reliability optimization problem under cost and weights constraints. The DSS contains
three components: a Graphical User Interface (GUI), a database and several modules to
provide the optimized retrofitting solutions. The GUI receives input from the user with
number of stall buffet flights and their mission types. The DSS provides several nondominant solutions and their rankings. The solutions include where to install doublers
and stiffeners. Compromise Programming is used to rank all non dominant solutions.
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Book of abstracts of the 2nd International Conference of the International Journal of Strucutral Integrity______________________
When the full combination of all input variables increases exponentially, the proposed
DSS become very efficient. In order for this DSS to work effectively, the underlying
database of fatigue damage rates are pre-determined by a reliability model. This DSS
helps decision maker to choose the best plan to execute prior to the airplanes fatigue
test, so that the aircraft can sustain the fatigue test without having to stop for repairs.
This paper presents an application of the TAGA meta-heuristic algorithm for solving
nonlinear multi objective reliability optimization problems embedded in a DSS.
Key words:
Multi objective reliability optimization; Tabu Search; Genetic Algorithms; Comprise
Programming; Epsilon Constraint Method; Redundancy Allocation; Decision Support
Systems; Fatigue Life; Stall Buffet.
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#182
E-
Abstract
The capability of Laser Shock Processing for the induction of RSs fields in sub-surface layers
of relatively thick specimens (d > 6 mm) in view of the improvement of their fatigue life has been
widely demonstrated. However, the LSP treatment of relatively thin specimens (normally d < 6
mm, but also thicker ones depending on the treatment intensity) brings, as an additional
consequence, the possible bending of the treated specimen, a feature that can otherwise be
employed for forming procedures according to the laser shock forming process.
This effect poses a new class of problems regarding the attainment of specified RSs depth
profiles in the mentioned type of sheets, as their self-equilibration reaction after clamping removal
can considerably alter the primary laser shock induced RSs fields, thus possibly motivating
undesired final RSs field distributions, and, what can be more critical, an overall deformation of
the treated component.
With the aid of the calculational system available at CLUPM (see figure), the analysis of the
problem of LSP treatment for induction of tentatively through-thickness RSs fields for fatigue
life enhancement in relatively thin sheets in a way compatible with reduced overall workpiece
deformation due to spring-back self-equilibration has been envisaged. Numerical results directly
tested against experimental have been obtained and optimized in order to induce specified kinds
of RSs profiles while maintaining acceptable global sheet deformations.
Book of abstracts of the 2nd International Conference of the International Journal of Strucutral Integrity______________________
convergence between numerical code results and experimental results coming from direct RS's
measurement is presented as a first step for the treatment of the normalized specimens under
optimized conditions and verification of the crack retardation properties virtually induced.
Acknolwledgements: Work performed under national Spanish funding (MAT2012-37782)
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Session 3B
MON, 16:00-17:15
Room Berlin
TOPIC: Processes
Chair: Mario Vaz
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#101
AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Metals Engineering and Industrial
Computer Science, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland, majta@metal.agh.edu.pl
2,3,4
AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Metals Engineering and Industrial
Computer Science, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
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#105
(a)
(b)
Figure 1 (a) test coupon of fuselage panels with welded stringers (b) experimental setup of
fatigue tests under biaxial loading conditions
References
[1]
[2]
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#138
Abstract Friction stir welding (FSW) is a highly reliable joining process capable of creating
excellent opportunities for new structural design concepts for several industries, like aeronautic,
aerospace and railway. The process was initially developed for aluminium alloys, but since then
FSW was found to be suitable for joining a large number of materials, such as aluminium,
magnesium, steels, titanium and others. It produces nearly defect-free welds for such demanding
applications as aerospace structures at lower cost than conventional fusion welds. A schematic
image of the process is presented in the Figure 1.
Figure 1 - caption for the Figure Friction stir welding process schematic representation, adapted from
Standard ISO 25239-1.
The process understanding and the possibility of predict joint mechanical behaviour is important
for new structural developments, especially in industrial environment. In this work digital image
correlation (DIC) was applied in order to achieve the full displacement and strain field of a friction
stir welded specimen. In order to avoid defect effects, a previous optimization of the process was
performed using the Taguchi methodology. This method is a quality control method that offers a
simple mean of analysis and optimization of complex systems. The deformation field of the weld
zone was determined and the different welded zones of friction stir welded butt joints were also
achieved.
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#141
Abstract Nanostructured aluminium and AK-12 based composites with 15 wt% of Si3N4
reinforcement and 5wt% of glassy carbon addition were prepared as a result of the cold isostatic
pressing followed by free-sintering or hot-pressing of the composite powder obtained via
mechanochemical processing of the initial components. Differential scanning calorimetric (DSC)
and XRD studies were applied for characterization of the composite powder behaviour while
scanning and transmission microscopes were used for characterization of the specimens
microstructure after a thermal treatment. Mechanical (flexural strength, hardness and elastic
modulus) and tribological properties were examined as well as. It has been found that
mechanochemical treatment led to the replacement reaction in the Al-Si-N-C-(O) system and
some amount of amorphous phase was present apart from the composite particles formation and
a limited increase of oxygen content. It is assumed that carbon presence and silicon existence in
AK-12 alloy improved the milling performance and it limited the range of the replacement
reaction.
The cold isostatic pressing under 350 MPa led to compaction of the composite specimens and
aluminium plastic deformation. The last step of manufacturing involved free sintering in argon
atmosphere over the temperature of metal alloy melting, however, the resultant specimens showed
noteworthy porosity in the range of 20 vol.%. Thermal treatment led to crystallization of the
amorphous phase and AlN was detected after XRD examination. The microstructure studies
showed formation of the transition zone of the complex chemical composition between all the
types of the reinforcing particles and the matrix. All specimens showed excellent tribological
properties against a cast iron pin in the reciprocating tribological test. It has been found that carbon
presence significantly improves mechanical and tribological properties of the resultant
composites. Application of hot pressing without the step of a cold isostatic pressing did not
improve mechanical properties of the final material, as well as its wear properties were not better.
Formation of Al4C3 as a result of the reaction between the graphite die and the specimen after the
hot-pressing treatment was also observed.
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#143
fernandocunha@det.uminho.pt
Abstract
This paper reports the development of new type of composite materials based on multilayer
concept. The multilayer composites were mainly composed of waste fibre based nonwoven
fabrics, woven glass fibres and wood layers. Each of these layers was designed to operate with
different functionalities; but when these layers were combined into a single composite, these
functionalities were expected to work together. This particular aspect allowed to develop a single
structure for fire doors (fire resistance time of more than 90 min), as well as to get a better acoustic
insulation behaviour (up to 47 dB). The multilayer structure was comprised of different layers
such as MDF panels (2 mm), woven glass fibre layer (220 and 400 g/m2), wood materials (10
mm), woven glass fibre (220 and 400 g/m2) and waste fibre based no-woven fabrics (3 different
types). Composite panels were produced using these combinations in a compression moulding
machine using two types of thermosetting resin systems. Acoustic insulation behaviour of these
composites was characterized using a method similar to the one applied in the EN ISO 140-3
standard. In this testing method, a white noise was applied in an insulated chamber and the noise
level (in decibels, dB) for various frequencies was measured in the first and second compartments
of the chamber. The difference between the noises measured in those two compartments, called
the noise reduction coefficient (), was used to assess the acoustic insulation behaviour. It was
observed that a good noise reduction coefficient (up to 47 dB) was observed in case of developed
composite materials at 500 Hz frequency. It was also observed that increasing the thickness of the
panels was not found beneficial for sound reduction capacity and the use of non-woven fabrics in
the panel increased the noise reduction coefficient significantly.
Acknowledgement
The authors are grateful for the financial support received from the Research Grants QREN,
project SI&IDT n 24897.
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Session 4A
TUE, 11:30-13:00
Main A
TOPIC: Processes
Chair: Peter Horst
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#171
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50
45
Dispersive part
40
Polar part
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Untreated
10 m/min
1 m/min
Figure 1 surface energy of studied GFRP untreated and after APPT treatment
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#173
Abstract Long term surface peening, such as the Surface Mechanical Attrition Treatment
(SMAT), was developed to upgrade directly the mechanical properties of the materials as
well as a surface activator prior to chemical treatments such as Plasma Nitriding [1]. The
High Current Pulsed Electron Beam (HCPEB) technique is also a recent technique that
has been proved to increase surface hardness as well as improve wear and corrosion
properties [2]. These techniques create a deformed graded surface for which the grain size
reduction, the increased grain boundary density and the introduction of structural defects
(twins, dislocations, vacancies ) improve directly the properties. It was also suggested
that they promote the diffusion of nitrogen and thereby, the reductions in the nitriding
temperature and/or duration, leading to avoid the formation of nitrides which affect the
corrosion behavior of stainless steels.
In the present work, the AISI 316L stainless steel was treated by SMAT or HCPEB under
different processing conditions then subjected to Plasma Nitriding under 'soft' conditions
(350 C for 8 hours). The evolutions of the nitrided depths and hardness of the processed
surfaces are analyzed and their evolutions discussed depending on the processing
conditions at the light of quantitative analysis of the deformed state using a recently
developed procedure [3].
This new procedure -based on the analysis of Geometrically Necessary Dislocation
(GND) and grain size determination obtained from EBSD orientation maps- which has
been used to study quantitatively the surface and sub-surface microstructural changes
issued from SMAT is here extended to the analysis of duplex treatments involving plastic
deformation and nitriding.
[1]
Lu K, Lu J. Nanostructured surface layer on metallic materials induced by surface
mechanical attrition treatment. Mater Sci Eng A, 375377, 2004, 3845.
[2]
Grosdidier T, Zou JX, Stein N, Boulanger C, Hao SZ, Dong C. Texture
modification, grain refinement and improved hardness/corrosion balance of a FeAl alloy
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by pulsed electron beam surface treatment in the heating mode. Scr Mater, 58, 2008,
10581061.
[3]
Samih Y, Beausir B, Bolle B, Grosdidier T. In-depth quantitative analysis of the
microstructures produced by Surface Mechanical Attrition Treatment (SMAT). Mater
Charact, 83, 2013, 129138.
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#174
86
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Figure 1 (a) 3-D model (b) FE mesh Figure 2 Five different cases of weld sequencing
87
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#128
LNEC National Laboratory for Civil Engineering, Materials Department, Av. do Brasil, 101,
1700-066 Lisbon, Portugal, jcustodio@lnec.pt
LNEC National Laboratory for Civil Engineering, Materials Department, Av. do Brasil, 101,
1700-066 Lisbon, Portugal.
Abstract In the last decade, a significant number of problems related to concrete deterioration
have been detected in large concrete structures in Portugal and throughout the world; the leading
cause being internal expansive reactions (IER), more specifically, alkali-silica reaction (ASR) and
internal sulphatic reaction (ISR). The reasoning behind the detection of an increasing number of
affected structures is threefold, greater awareness of the technical and scientific community
regarding IER, improvement of the methods utilized in IER diagnosis, and the fact that IER
distress signs only appear several years or decades after construction. Current knowledge on IER
does not allow for a complete assessment of the actual condition of an IER affected structure and
the accurate prediction of the deterioration of the mechanical properties and, consequently, of the
period during which the structure will effectively perform its function, essential for the timely and
cost-effective planning of the necessary mitigation/rehabilitation/reconstruction works. This is of
upmost importance in large concrete structures, like bridges and dams, where IER can have severe
consequences in terms of structural safety and serviceability. Therefore, to help surpassing this
situation, a research project is being conducted at LNEC to contribute to the establishment of a
method for the accurate determination of current level of IER progression and for obtaining data
relating the level of expansion with deterioration of mechanical properties. These are essential to
the adequate overall appraisal of an affected structure, and the development of structural models
that predict risks to structural integrity, potential for further deterioration due to other
mechanisms, need for mitigation/remediation actions, and the remaining service life of the
affected structure, as acknowledged in the IStructE ASR Technical Guide and IStructE
Appraisal of existing structures. This communication presents the results, from the
aforementioned study, concerning the assessment of the effect that internal expansion has in the
deterioration of the concrete mechanical properties, more specifically in its stiffness, currently
considered has being the concrete mechanical property most sensitive to deleterious expansion.
88
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#189
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Session 4B
TUE, 11:30-13:00
Main B
TOPIC: Testing
Chair: Malgorzata Kujawinska
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#184
Considerations on the choice of the drilled hole diameter in ESPIHDM residual stress measurements in Ti6Al4V
C. Barile1, C. Casavola1, G. Pappalettera1, C. Pappalettere1
1
Abstract The hole drilling method (HDM) is the most general approach used to measure
residual stress profiles in components. It consists in executing a very small hole and then in
measuring the relieved strain by using a strain gage rosette placed in an area close to the hole
itself. Nowadays HDM together with X-ray diffraction are the only practices subjected to
standardization, even if, in the last years, it has been modified by replacing strain gage transducers
with full field optical techniques like Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry (ESPI). This
ensures higher sensitivity measurements and avoid the long and expensive step of transducers
application. Several set-up parameters are involved in this kind of approach: drilling feed rate,
hole depth, cutter milling diameter and so on. In this paper the effects of the choice of cutter
milling diameter are discussed. It is known, in fact, that the strain field magnitude measured at a
certain distance from the hole depends on the squared value of cutter diameter. A Ti6Al4V
specimen was loaded in a four-point bending frame in order to introduce a well-known state of
stress in the sample with zero stress along the transverse direction and =133.5 MPa along the
longitudinal one. ESPI - Hole drilling measurements were then performed by using two different
drilling bits whose diameter was 1/16 and 1/32 respectively. Hole diameter deeply affects the
entity of measured relieved strain. Furthermore it represents the starting point to proper define the
analysis area that is to say the portion of the image that will be used for the strain measurement.
This area is given by a circular crown concentric to the drilled hole being defined by two radius,
internal and external radius, starting from the center of the hole. Reducing too much internal
radius can lead to include plasticity effects of hole drilling, while if it is kept too big one can
exclude significant strain field data. The proper choice depends on the material behavior and on
the hole diameter. Usually internal radii are double of the hole diameters and external radii have
the maximum value compatible with the camera field of view. In this paper considerations about
the proper definition of the area of analysis are reported in connection with the radius of the drill
bit adopt. It was found that better results for the small diameter drill bit are obtained by increasing
the internal radius. This attitude could be due to the more accentuate hole curvature which
contributes together with thermal effect to the creation of a plasticization area around the hole.
This trend was confirmed by analyzing the stress curve by varying the internal radius: deeper was
the hole, more was the convergence between the optimal internal radius values for the two mills
since the temperature effects on the surface are less accentuated. As a final result it was found
that, for the level of applied load, the cutter mill diameter didnt affect substantially the
measurement accuracy on titanium specimen and this represent an important result and it should
be compared with the analogous results reported in literature for steel. In that case, in fact,
substantial influence of the drill bit diameter was found. Explanation for this discrepancy can be
found by comparing the Young moduli of the two materials. In the case of steel the higher value
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of the Young modulus joined with the choice of a small diameter drill bit leads to a low strain
field around the hole harder to be detected and measured and, as a consequence, most subjected
to measurements errors.
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#188
Abstract In scores of experiments indicates that the super-retarding mortar, keeping plasticity
long-term, can make cement setting and hardening at a slower speed through chemical additive.
Based on large numbers of orthogonal tests and theoretical analyses, the super-retarding mortar
which satisfies the demands of actual engineering was developed successfully in present paper.
And it is consist of cement, sand, water and composite retarder blended in an appropriate rate.
From 0 to 40, setting time can be adjusted from 1 day to 22 days in the light of to the
engineering requirements, and after condensation, it begins to harden gradually and ends with the
compression strengthen over 30MPa. In this study, experiments were employed to test the
influences of accession amounts of composite retarder dosage on setting time and compression
strengthen of super-retarding mortar. On the other hand, the retarding mechanism of superretarding mortar was studied, and the super-retarding mortar was applied to experimental models.
The results show that super-retarding mortar used in this study can be applied to the actual
engineering, and it can be treated as the theoretical reference for the actual project application of
the new retard-bonded prestressed concrete system.
94
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#135
Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences,
CITAB, University of Trs-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila
Real, Portugal, {jmcx,jmorais}@utad.pt
2
INEGI/LOME, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal,
jxavier@inegi.up.pt
95
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Reference
Mean
Std
EL
(GPa)
15.13
12.55
5.319
ER
(GPa)
1.91
1.396
0.237
96
LR
0.47
0.639
0.371
GLR
(GPa)
1.12
1.190
0.145
Book of abstracts of the 2nd International Conference of the International Journal of Strucutral Integrity______________________
#172
Reprocessing Projects and Operations Group, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research,
Kalpakkam, India, Pin-603102, Tel.: +91 44 27480500 Ext: 26959; Fax: +91 44 27480207
maharana@igcar.gov.in
Abstract
Ground supported and elevated tanks of various sizes and configurations are widely used in
nuclear industries for handling nuclear process liquids. Horizontal cylindrical tanks are
employed in nuclear reprocessing plant for storing high level wastes (HLW). Since the HLW
generate decay heat, cooling coils provision are made for circulation of process cooling water
for heat removal. Seismic safety of these liquid storage tanks is of considerable importance to
ensure leak proof and must remain functional in post earthquake period. During lateral base
excitation the free surface liquid oscillates with different modes and the seismic ground
acceleration causes hydrodynamic pressure on the tank wall which in turn causes the failure of
tanks due to buckling. Hence earthquake-induced sloshing effect has been recognized as an
important issue toward safeguarding the structural integrity of liquid storage tanks and vessels.
Evaluation of sloshing effect requires knowledge of sloshing frequency of liquid, hydrodynamic
pressure on the tank wall and seismic force due to sloshing. Hydrodynamic pressure depend on
the geometry of tank, height of liquid, properties of liquid and fluid-tank interaction. The
pioneering work of Housner and the design codes based on "impulsive-convective"
decomposition of the container-fluid motion is limited to non-deformable vertical circular and
rectangular tanks. The present paper investigates sloshing effects on the earthquake design of
188 m3 capacity horizontal cylindrical HLW storage tanks. Since the HLW tank comprises of
baffle plates, ballast tanks, internal cooling coils and due to the limitation of studies available on
the spring-mass model of horizontal cylindrical tanks with internal obstruction, a detailed study
is done to obtain the sloshing frequency, hydrodynamic pressure and detailed finite element
analysis carried out for qualifying the HLW tank subjected seismic excitation and results are
discussed.
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Figure 1 - Stress plot for load combination consists dead weight, hydrodynamic pressure
and seismic forces in x-excitation.
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#180
MLABIOMEP, IDMEC Polo FEUP, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto Portugal
2
Abstract Nowadays the main cause of failure in mechanical components is due to fatigue
cracks therefore, the correct prediction, location and monitorization of danger regions is
extremely important. This is extremely important in aeronautics since it can lead to disasters and
catastrophic situations. Generally, al the materials increase or decreas their local temperature
wend subjected to some sort of stress. In most cases a positive stress (traction) will lead to a
decrement in the temperature and vice versa. In the case of aluminum a stress amplitude of
0.4MPa with a frequency between 5 and 200 Hz would induce a temperature increment of 1mK.
In this work were used two different frequencies, 10 and 100 Hz. The test specimen was a CT
according with the ASTM E647 standard. The sample was subjected to 50K cycles to initiate the
fatigue crack. The sample was monitored with a FLIR SC7500 thermal camera with force
reference. The acquired data was processed in two different manners: A) with the IrNdt software
and B) with a costume made application developed in LabVIEWTM. The costume made
application compensate the vertical and periodic movement of the sample and therefore reduce
the noise. The results at this point are not yet conclusive but provide a good indication of the
possibility of measuring the stress using only thermal information.
Crack tip
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Session 5A
TUE, 14:15-15:30
Room Lisboa
TOPIC: Models
Chair: Carmine Pappalettere
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#142
Abstract: During the last years, safety in the railway sector has been considerably improved.
Mechanical components are increasingly reliable and with better performance. However
components like railways axles, although they are designed for an infinite life, display cracks
within just a few hours after starting operating, causing additional maintenance costs and machine
standstill. The safety and reducing costs requirements tackle the fatigue phenomena in railway
axle from another perspective. This paper presents an application of the Continuum Damage
Mechanics (CDM) to the case of railway axle under constant and variable loads. This theory
allows the non-linear damage accumulation and the sequence effect to be taken into account,
improving the fatigue life prediction. A Damage variable is defined and used to characterize the
railway axles state at a specified number of load cycles. The number of cycles for a mesoscopic
crack initiation, the size of crack initiated and the fatigue life are calculated under different load
conditions.
Keywords: Fatigue, Damage Mechanics, CDM, Railway axle.
[1] Lemaitre J., Chaboche J.L., Ahmed B., Rodrigue Desmorat, Mcanique des Matriaux
Solides, Paris, 2009.
[2] David L. McDowell, Applications of continuum damage mechanics, Barr Harbor Drive,
1997.
[3] J. Skrypek, A. Ganczarski, Modeling of Material Damage and failure of structures. Theory
and Applications, Springer, Berlin. 1999
[4] Lemaitre J., A course on Damage Mechanics, Springer, Berlin, 1996.
[5] Lemaitre J., R. Desmorat, Engineering Damage Mechanics: Ductile, Creep, Fatigue and
Brittle Failure, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 2005
101
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#145
Summary
The wave dispersion observed in the stress wave records with the Hopkinson bar in testing
materials under high strain rates is an unfavorable phenomenon when accurate
constitutive relations for materials subjected to high strain rates are requested. In this
paper, the raw stress wave signal is treated as an equivalent external dynamic force that
loads an equivalent dynamic system, consisting in a spring, a viscous damper and an
inertial mass. The system transmissibility to a reference foundation is equivalent to the
filtered stress-strain signal of the material in test, where the tuned damping characteristics
of the system lead to an efficient adjustment of the stress-strain signal now clean of
dispersive frequencies
Keywords: Dispersion waves, Hopkinson pressure bar, filtering techniques
102
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#146
Abstract The aeronautical sector has been exploring in depth the different properties of the
materials enabling continuous improvement of the aircraft efficiency and effectiveness, in line
with the demand of the Quieter, Cleaner and Greener or More Affordable, Cleaner and
Quieter air transportation aims. This trend has been putting pressure on manufacturers to invest
in R&D in order to create new solutions that meet these new needs. From the structural point of
view, these new solutions can be developed based on new materials or new structural concepts
with the major objective of aircraft weight reductions, which will lead to lower fuel consumption,
lower operational costs and lower greenhouse gases. The continuous development of new
materials and new manufacturing processes requires a permanent characterization of their
mechanical properties for a correct evaluation of their benefits and drawbacks when compared
with the present solutions. Concerning metallic airframes, they are commonly designed based on
the damage tolerant philosophy, which allows to reduce the structural weight and, at the same
time, increase the reliability and the integrity in the presence of inherent damages which may have
occurred during the manufacturing process or induced during the service or due to the structure
aging. However, the application of this design concept requires an extensive know-how of the
fatigue and fracture properties of the employed materials. This knowledge is essential to define
the maximum damage or flaw size that allows the structure to operate safely until the next
maintenance check-up and the number of cycles and the intervals of structural inspections.
This article analyses the material data related with fatigue crack growth rates used to estimate
the fatigue life of structures when a flaw is identified. These material data have an inherent scatter
mainly due to two different aspects: (i) material variability and (ii) properties measurement
characteristics. The material discrepancies can be caused by differences on its chemical
composition, its manufacturing process, applied heat treatments or even on the conditioning mode
and time. The measurement of the crack growth rate properties may also be subjected to
differences due to the testing environment (temperature, humidity, etc.), testing equipment (crack
measurement, load application, testing frequency) and technician capabilities. These different
characteristics create discrepancies on the crack growth properties. In order to reflect this crack
growth scatter, a sensitivity analysis was performed and its consequences on a common scenario
of a finite Al alloy plate with a central crack was studied. The present work studies examples of
fatigue crack growth data to understand its scatter and to estimate the sensitivity of the fatigue
life assessment to these material parameters. As a case study, the scatter of different Al alloys will
be presented, considering a common scenario of a through crack on a plate. Taking into account
the different data sets, the difference in the fatigue life was evaluated. Scatter and differences on
103
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the material parameters related to the fatigue crack growth have considerable impact on this
determination. This study suggests that the fatigue crack growth data should be used in a cautious
way and using probability of failure functions since the materials have inherent scatter and the
external factors that affect the fatigue crack growth in real structures are not always completely
known.
104
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#159
Abstract The present paper concerns the use of PAM-CRASH, a finite element analysis
solver, to assess the performance of a mass production vehicle cross car beam (CCB) under
impact conditions (crashworthiness) and its modal analysis (NVH assessment). The
available data at the beginning of the present study consisted of the structure CAD file and
performance requirements stated by the OEM for NVH. No technical information was
available concerning crashworthiness. Taking into account these limitations, it was decided
to adapt the requirements for other mass production cars of the same category, as regards
dynamic loading, including g-forces resulting from deceleration. Although the
unavailability of published results for this particular cross car beam model prevents a
comparison of the present results, the trends and order of magnitude of the several analyses
performed are within expectation for this type of product. Concerning modal analysis, the
steering column first natural frequency had a percent deviation from the design target of
5.09%. The other requirement of the NVH assessment regarding a 5 Hz minimum interval
between first vehicle CCB mode and the first mode of the steering column was indeed
achieved. This study is a further confirmation of the interest of numerical modeling as a
first step before actual experimental testing, saving time and money in an industry that has
seen an enormous increase of the demand for new models in the last decade.
105
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106
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Session 5B
TUE, 14:15-15:30
Room Berlin
TOPIC: Testing
Chair: Daniel Kujawski
107
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#176
Abstract Local wall thinning is one of serious problems in aged power generating plants. As
the thinning grows inside the pipes, it is difficult to detect and evaluate it from the outer surface
of pipe. Various non-destructive techniques, such as ultrasonic and eddy current testings, have
been developed for this purpose. The direct-current potential difference method (DC-PDM) is
also a suitable non-destructive technique to monitor the initiation and growth of wall thinning.
Figure 1 shows an example of the distribution of normalized potential difference, V/V0, in the
central area of 70[mm] 70[mm] on the surface of large flat plate with a semi-ellipsoidal thinning
of 60[mm] (total length) 60[mm] (total width) 15[mm] (depth) on the back surface, where V
is the potential difference between a pair of probes and V0 is that without wall thinning. This result
was obtained by an electric field analysis under a uniform current supplied. Higher increase in the
potential difference was found near the wall thinning part, which shows the possibility of wall
thinning detection by this method. As the geometry of wall thinning (i.e., length, width and depth)
affects or determines the potential difference distribution, it is considered that the evaluation of
wall thinning geometry is also possible. In this study, an evaluation method of wall thinning
geometry by DC-PDM is proposed and the results are discussed.
Uniform current
Wall thinning
z
y
108
Over
1.215
1.17
1.135
1.09
1.045
1
0.955
0.91
0.875
0.83
0.785
Under
Book of abstracts of the 2nd International Conference of the International Journal of Strucutral Integrity______________________
Figure 1 Distribution of normalized potential difference in the central area on the surface
of flat plate with semi-ellipsoidal local wall thinning on the backside.
109
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#113
Abstract Hybrid laminates are outstanding solutions for applications where superior
mechanical performance must be combined with functional requirements. A laminated system
consisting of thin tungsten and carbon-fibre-reinforced plastic (CFRP) layers is a light, stiff and
strong concept, which also works as an efficient radiation shield, for spacecraft enclosure
structures. An unfortunate consequence of the concept is the formation of residual stresses during
manufacture due to the thermal expansion mismatch between tungsten and CFRP.
In this study, we analyse internal residual stresses due to thermal expansion (contraction) of
tungsten-CFRP hybrid laminates. Our study includes experimental work and 3-D simulations
using finite element methods:
a) Strain measurements during a cure cycle analysis of the residual stress development for
elevated temperature curing.
b) Simulation of thermal residual strains in a hybrid laminate analysis of the effects of
initial anomalies (curvatures, Ri) and comparisons to the experiments.
First of all, the residual stresses are very high due to the high Youngs moduli (410 GPa for
tungsten and 215 GPa for the CFRP) and anisotropy. Secondly, since the tungsten layers are
extremely thin (50 m), the simulation of the laminate distortion during the cool down period is
sensitive to micrometre-scale anomalies in the initial flatness of the tungsten layer. Our results
show that already a small initial anomaly in the tungsten layer flatness
(Ri > 3 specimen length) affects the residual strains (change in the longitudinal strain 40%) and
distortions significantly making it demanding to predict dimensional accuracy and interlaminar
strength in the final structures.
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Figure 1 On the left hand side: experimental strain measurements during curing;
on the right hand side: simulation of the effects of curvatures on residual stresses.
111
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#130
Abstract This research proposes some evaluations on the behavior factor q of pultruded FRP
strut and tie spatial structure (Figure 1). The proposed calculation procedure is based on the
dynamic identification data of existing frame made of pultruded FRPs (Fiber Reinforced
Polymers). The determined experimental dynamic parameters were used to calibrate a numerical
finite element model employed under the hypothesis of kinematic equivalence to evaluate the q
factor considering the elastic-brittle behaviour of FRP material. The dissipative capacity of
structure was assigned to the global geometric configuration - frame with concentric diagonal
bracings - through the strength hierarchy criteria locating the dissipative zones in the tensile
diagonals. The analysis was carried out considering some typological variations to investigate the
variability of the behavior factor q.
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#181
In this paper, A study is carried out on the dynamic response of the liquid under sloshing
in a 3D tank against external harmonic excitation. Accordingly, an incompressible N-S
equation based solver is employed using volume of fluid (VOF) method to track the free
surface interface. As a validation problem, 2D tank is modeled first and the free surface
displacement time histories for both resonant and non-resonant cases are compared with
experimental results available from the results. Good agreement between simulations and
corresponding experiments indicates that the present numerical scheme is able to predict
the nonlinear behavior accurately. The scheme is then applied to a 3D tank, studied the
free surface height, hydrodynamic pressures at different locations and also the dynamic
forces acting on the walls of the tank.
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Session 6A
TUE, 16:00-17:15
Room Lisboa
TOPIC: Models
Chair: Francisco Melo
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#163
Abstract
In this study, finite-element analyses (FEA) are carried out to explore the
applicability of the strain-based failure assessment diagram (SB-FAD) to the evaluation of surface
crack behaviour in components under displacement controlled boundary conditions. The major
expectation is that the SB-FAD may potentially be useful in the damage tolerance assessment of
a composite overwrapped pressure vessel (COPV) during autofrettage loading. For comparison
purposes, cracked plates subjected to uniaxial tension are also considered. The following
geometries are analyzed:
Plates with semi-elliptical cracks. The ratio of the crack depth to plate thickness is varied
between / = 0.1 and 0.5, whereas the crack aspect ratio is assumed to be / = 0.2 or 1, where
is a half crack length.
COPV under internal pressure containing a shallow semi-elliptical crack with / = 0.2 and
/ = 0.1 or a through-wall crack with the length equal to 10 times the wall thickness.
Three materials exhibiting different strain hardening capacity are investigated: AA2219-T87
(high strain hardening), Inconel 718 (medium strain hardening) and Ti-6Al-4V (low strain
hardening).
The numerically calculated J-integrals are compared to respective analytical estimates based
on the SB-FAD, using both Option 1 and Option 2 approximations. It is found that the analytical
approach yields conservative and rather accurate J-integral estimates (especially, Option 2) for
plate models, whereas the Option 2 may underestimate the crack driving force for surface cracks
in the COPV, as shown in Figure 1.
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Figure 1 J-integral vs. internal pressure for a semi-elliptical crack in COPV liner made
of Ti-6Al-4V alloy
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#164
Abstract
The paper presents a mathematical, numerical and experimental analysis of a component element
of the cardan joint, namely the cardan cross, which is one of the most loaded elements in the
whole assembly. The numerical and experimental analyses use state-of-the-art software packages
(Cosmos), Instron testing machines as well as state-of-the-art data acquisition devices. It is sought
to determine and verify the strain values using several methods.
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#165
Abstract Low-velocity impact events occur with some frequency on composite applications
such as airplane components. From ground operations to unavoidable birds, there is a range
of situations where an aircraft outer component may be subjected to unexpected impact loads.
The damage produced in such cases is mostly in the form of delaminations which are not
easily noticeable through routine naked eye inspections. However, the spread of these
delaminations over wide areas of the structure may severely compromise the residual
compressive strength of the structure, possibly even below the limit load for which it was
initially designed. Therefore, the ability to predict the impact damage resultant from impact
events likely to happen is of high importance to the aeronautical industry.
This paper proposes a systematic strategy to determine the mechanical behaviour of
composite materials under low-velocity impact using a multiscale numerical approach. A
virtual design/testing strategy that takes into account the physical mechanisms of damage at
the different length scales is developed and validated, so the influence of the microstructure
and loading conditions can be taken into account rigorously. The multiscale approach
describes systematically the material behaviour at different length scales from ply to laminate.
One of the advantages of this bottom-up multiscale approach is that changes in the properties
of the constituents (fibre, matrices), the fibre architecture or laminate lay-up can be easily
incorporated to provide new predictions of the macroscopic behaviour of the composite. At
mesoscale level, a three-dimensional continuum damage model for the simulation of intraply
damage phenomena is used. Delamination is simulated by making use of cohesive surfaces.
The use of structured meshes, aligned with fibre directions allows the accurate capturing of
matrix cracks, and their interaction with the development of delaminations. Element erosion
and the application of friction allow the simulation of fibre splits and their entanglement
which results in the permanent indentation of the impacted specimen.
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Figure 1 Multiscale strategy for LVI simulation: a) Matrix tensile damage for AS4/8552
under transverse tension. Simulation of 40J impact on a 32-ply composite AS4/8552
laminate sample (longitudinal stresses (11) are shown)
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#115
Lisbon Superior Engineering Institute, Rua Conselheiro Emdio Navarro 1, 1959-007 Lisbon,
Portugal, mga@deea.isel.ipl.pt, fmelicio@deea.isel.ipl.pt
Figure 1 Displacements in y-axis, where the dark area is the area with large displacements
This paper presents the DIM (Digital Image Measurements) software that automatically
computes the displacement field based on block matching algorithms. Two different algorithms
are used: the Adaptive Rood Pattern Search and the Rood Pattern - Particle Swarm Optimization.
The system setup is very simple involving a simple photographic camera (no camera calibration
is required), a spot light and a computer that automatically captures images at regular intervals.
For better results, the specimen must be covered with a random or regular pattern. The pattern
can be prepared with an underlying layer of white matt ink on top of which black ink is sprayed.
The DIM software uses a photo sequence taken during the load test and based on this information
analyzes a particular region of interest (ROI). After the test has been completed different ROIs
can be chosen and analyzed independently. This is only possible with this methodology, which
allows greater reduction of cost and time since it does not require the test repetition for new
achievements even analyzing a number of points substantially than the traditional instrumentation
approach in Civil Engineering tests. This approach can be directly transposed to any other field
that requires displacement measurements such as mechanical strength tests, fatigue analysis and
many others.
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In this paper we will present the results of the application of our methodology to different
sequences of images taken during real stress tests with special emphasis on the software system
specifically developed for this purpose.
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Session 6B
TUE, 16:00-17:15
Room Berlin
TOPIC: Testing
Chair: Paulo Tavares
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#155
Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 400 4200-465
Porto, Portugal. a.luis.l.silva@gmail.com
2
3
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#156
Guided waves like Lamb waves can be excited and received easily by PZT patches in plates
and plate-like structures. They propagate over large areas with small damping and interact with
structure discontinuities such as impacts. Therefore, this principle can be used for impact
detection and localization.
The wave propagation can be very complex due to reflections, refractions or mode
conversions. A simulation of the exact wave behavior in complex components poses a hard
challenge due to non-exactly known material parameters and high requirements on computing
power. Furthermore, simulations have to be validated with experiments.
At the German Aerospace Center an imaging technique for guided wave investigations was
developed. Here, a combination of bonded actuators for wave excitation and air coupled ultrasonic
scanning technique for plate scanning is used for wave propagation research. The measurement
data contains all information of wave interaction with the real structure and can be used for
different imaging methods like B-Scans or video animations of wave propagation.
The measurement data can also be used for advanced tasks like virtual sensors. In this
technique measured displacements of the structure surface are used as stimulation of a virtual
sensor which can be designed by software and positioned within available data field. For the
calculation of sensor signals an isogeometric finite element model is used. The virtually bonded
layer of the virtual piezoceramic sensor interpolates with non-uniform rational B-Splines
(NURBS) the measured nodal data for each time step. This interpolation corresponds to a
displacement boundary condition and is used to calculate the electrical potential at the free surface
of the sensor. Isogeometric finite elements have, due to their higher polynomial ansatz, a better
convergence and can be distorted. Therefore, they allow better results than standard FEM
applications.
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#157
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a.
b.
Metal Forming Handbook, Part 5, edited by Angelova D., .348. Sofia, Bulgaria:
Academic publishing house . Drinov (in Bulgarian).
3. Dowling N. 2006. Mechanical Behavior of Materials. Engineering Methods for
Deformation, Fracture, and Fatigue. Prentice Hall
4. Angelova D., Yordanova R., Georgiev A. and Yankova S. 2013. Investigation of
Possibilities for Improving Mechanical Characteristics of a Low-Carbon Hot Rolled
Steel. Scientific Proceedings. Year XXI, No 2 (139), pp. 249-253.
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#160
The use of optical scanning methods for testing of thin oxide films
deposited on rough steel substrates
Janusz Jaglarz
Institute of Physics, Cracow University of Technology, ul. Podchorych 1, 30-084 Krakw,
Poland
e-mail: pujaglar@cyfronet.pl
Abstract
The paper presents techniques for the measurement of optical thin film profiles
determined from optical profilometry (PO) and scanning spectroscopic
ellipsometry(SSE). The presented methods were used for non-destructive testing of
structural integrity of thin films and hard coatings. The first method allows a map of the
local reflectance of the small surface areas (102 mm2), the second method allows to
determine changes in the polarization light beam of reflected from the thin films. These
methods measure the surface topography of the films in long space wavelengths (of the
order of a few mm2 to several cm2), thereby complementing the measurements made
using atomic force microscopy (AFM). To determine the thickness, and the refractive
index in model fitting the semi-coherent optical theory of reflection from rough films was
used . The combined PO and SSE investigations have been used to determine the root
mean square (rms) roughness and autocorrelation length of films and surfaces. The
Fourier transform analysis of layer images was applied to determine correlation between
upper and lower film surface obtained from PO and SSE study. In work we show results
of PO and SSE study performed for oxide layers (La0,6 Sr0,4)(Co0,2 Fe0,8)O3 deposited
on croffer steel by the use laser ablation method.
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Session 7
WED, 11:30-13:00
Main A
TOPIC: Testing
Chair: Chris Rodopoulos
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#108
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Figure 1 assembly of the receptacle for the nuclear fuel of the sipping inspection method
131
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#111
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Figure 1 a) Monitored structure; b) and d) the remotely collected acceleration data for
de accelerometer sensitive directions; and c) and e) the frequencies spectra
with the estimated natural frequencies
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#114
Instituto Superior Tcnico, ICEMS, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa,
Portugal
2
Joo de Deus & Filhos SA, Estrada dos Arados 5, 2135-113 Samora Correia, Portugal,
luis.neves@jdeus.com
Abstract
The present study aimed to develop techniques towards characterizing the static mechanical
behaviour of three different polyamides used in intercoolers and then the structural fatigue
behaviour of the polyamide selected for a specific industrial application.
Since this is a highly complex component subject to various loadings, an analysis methodology
comparing two different strands was adopted; one with an experimental character and the other
based on a numerical simulation known as Finite Element Analysis, FEA.
The experimental research was based in thermal tensile and fatigue tests carried at high
temperatures.
The tensile tests were carried out at room temperature, 150C, 190C and 210C. In order to
avoid dispersion of results were tested 3 specimens of each polymer at different temperatures.
Thermal fatigue tests were carried out at room temperature and 210C in a servo hydraulic
machine coupled with a furnace. The specimens were tested until fracture or up to 10 5 cycles
concerning the industrial application and a constant amplitude loading with stress ratio, R=0.1
and frequency of 10 Hz. Fatigue data is presented in the form of S-N curves.
The experimental results indicated that the thermal life of the polyamides was reduced with
increasing test temperature.
To ensure the reliability of the numerical model, the mechanical characterization was studied
in detail, either as regards the approximation of the hyperelastic model to the experimental work,
as to determine the range of deformations for which the model is numerical stable, since the lack
of stability can strongly affect the numerical solution. This characterization was based on a
numerical simulation, FEA, considering properties from production process. These properties
were obtained using an interface between an injection molding computer-aided engineering
software and a software of finite element analysis.
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#116
Abstract In the framework of the VIADINTEGRA research project funded by both the
Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitivity and the European Union, the Villanueva del
Jaln viaduct is being permanently monitorized, in a view to improve its reliability assuring
structural safety and optimize repairing and maintenance operations, by means of a continuum
evaluation of its structural health condition.
Villanueva del Jaln viaduct is a six-span box girder high-speed railway bridge of double track
located at Calatayud, Spain. It is composed by a prestressed concrete box girder of constant
section with 6 spans and 5 piers, with a total length of 250 m. A long-term monitoring system was
designed and installed, including accelerometers, clinometers, strain gauges, displacement and
thermal sensors. Two of the main functions of the monitoring system are: i) the analysis of trackbridge interaction phenomena by controlling seasonal evolution of the deck and track
displacements and strain; ii) the evaluation of the evolution of modal dynamic parameters under
seasonal variations caused by temperature.
Since April 2012 the permanent sensors have been recording statistical values of all the
measured parameters and once per month 6 hours of dynamic data with a sampling frequency of
200 Hz. In this work the main results after the analysis of the measurements are presented, and
the time evolution of both dynamic behaviour and track-bridge interaction are discussed.
The measured data have been compared with the results predicted by finite element models of
the viaduct. The track-bridge interaction model has been updated with the long-term
measurements of deck and the track displacements and strain. The dynamic model has been
updated with the results of a short-term dynamic test, showing a reasonably good correspondence
in terms of natural frequencies and Modal Assurance Criterion values of the mode shape.
Average daily values
-170
1.5%
Changes in natural
frequencies
-190
-210
-230
Sep'12
-250
-270
(a)
-290
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
135
Deck temperature
[C]
-150
30
25
20
15
10
5
(b)
Oct'92
Nov'12
Dec'12
Apr'13
May'13
Jul'13
Sep'13
Book of abstracts of the 2nd International Conference of the International Journal of Strucutral Integrity______________________
Figure 1 (a) Correlation between deck temperature and relative displacement sliding-fixed
rail on expansion joint; (b) Seasonal variation of bridge natural frequencies and deck
temperatures
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Session 8A
WED, 14:15-15:30
Room Lisboa
TOPIC: Testing
Chair: Jos Xavier
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#119
Abstract:
Fracture of duplex stainless steels (DSS) was investigated in air and in 3.5 wt % NaCl solution.
Tow sets of specimens were heat treated at 475C for different times and pulled to failure either
in air or after kept in 3.5% NaCl with polarization of -900 mV/ SCE . Fracture toughness testing
was performed using a clip gauge and the direct current potential drop (DCPD) tow techniques
to monitor the crack propagation process. The crack tip open displacement (CTOD) was evaluated
for both methods. Discrepancy was observed between the experimental data and the
computational ones. Fracture took place in general by ferrite cleavage and austenite ductile
fracture in transgranular mode. Literature was able to expect the crack tip open displacement ,
experimental data , only within a certain range of the material hardness. Some microstructural
features played a role in " blocking" the crack propagation process leading to lower the CTOD
values specially for specimens aged for short times. Unbroken ligaments/ austenite were
observed at the crack wake. These features may exerted a bridging stress , blocking effect , at
the crack tip giving resistance to the crack propagation process.
Keywords:
Stainless steels, Fracture toughness, 475C ,embrittlement, CTOD, DCPD.
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#120
Federal Institute of Paraba, Av. 1o de Maio, 720, CEP 58015-430, Joo Pessoa, Pb, Brazil,
edgard@ifpb.edu..br, jhribeiro@ifce.edu.br aluciassouza@gmail.com, neilor@ifpb.edu.br
2
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Figure 1 Impact energy and magnetic lux density as a function of the aging time at 475oC.
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#127
Abstract The paper presents a description of the measuring device, method of measurement
and description of the results of research on testing stands aimed at attracting new sources of
information about the technical condition devices and constructions.
Still looking for new methods determine the status of the effort of steel structures, detect early
stages of damage in order to increase the safety of these facilities. The results of the tests carried
out using the device for the visualization of the x, y, z of the magnetic flux in space. The device
is based on a sensitive magnetic flux sensor, fluxgate type which has been integrated with inertial
sensors to determine the angular orientation of the magnetometer. To determine the full spatial
orientation, vision base method was used. The application of a Fluxgate sensor to register the
magnetic flux has allowed observe not only the quasi static field changes, but also the dynamic
changes in a field around the full operating speed of the electric motor.
For the analysis of such a large amount of data, an important issue is the visualization of the
results. Built for the needs of the experiments the application allows to track changes of the major
parameters of the flux in the space around the truss steel structure, typical of large halls as well
around BLDC motor. The application also allows observe changes in the parameters of the
magnetic field in space with information about the instantaneous position of the shaft of the
electric motor, what is important for diagnostics. The paper presents a description of the
measurement system with a focus on the basic problem occurring with fusion signals from the
selected sensors. Paper presents the measurements results from two different types of
experiments. One study focused on the magnetic flux integrity around the truss subjected to cyclic
load changes. In this paper is presented a description of phenomena of impact the state of the
construction strain on the magnetic flux around it. The second type of experiments concerned the
observation of magnetic flux around the BLDC motor, where successively various mechanical
defects were set. The paper presents an attempt of connection of selected faults introduced to the
object and the characteristic parameters of the magnetic flux. The work ends with a summary of
the authors, with particular attention to the usefulness of the system in the diagnosis and its further
development.
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#137
Abstract
Hybrid methods, wherefore numerical and experimental data are used to calculate a critical
parameter, have been used for several years with great success in Experimental Mechanics and,
in particular, in Fracture Mechanics. This letter reports on the development of a hybrid
methodology for the determination of the stress intensity factor (SIF) parameter, which entails
combining experimental and numerical procedures to compute the SIF based of linear elastic
fracture-mechanics concepts.
The strain field around the crack tip was obtained experimentally with the digital correlation
method, as depicted in Figure 1 and stresses were assessed thereof, applying linear theory of
elasticity. The obtained data was used as input to the implemented over-deterministic numerical
algorithm and the stress intensity factor solutions for different crack lenghts were the obtained.
Those results were validated with SIF solutions drom the Dual Boundary Element Method
(DBEM) and show an excellent agreement.
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Session 8B
WED, 14:15-15:30
Room Berlin
TOPIC: Materials
Chair: Peter Horst
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#151
Abstract
High strength nickel based alloys are used in a multitude of advanced systems where
lightweight, high power density mechanical power transmission systems are required.
Components such as gears, bearings and shafts could be made significantly smaller and
more durable if a major improvement in nickel based alloy mechanical properties could
be achieved. A significant refinement in grain size (includes nano level) is thought to be
a promising method for achieving fundamental improvements in mechanical properties.
Grain size is known to have a significant effect on the mechanical behavior of materials.
One of the most favorable methods of achieving extreme grain refinement is by subjecting
the materials to severe plastic deformation. The principal microstructural variations in
superalloys are the precipitation amount and morphology, grain size and the distribution
of carbide precipitation (Cr7C3 and Cr23C6) that could reduce the mechanical properties
of the alloys. This work shows optical and transmission electron microscopy analysis and
also hardness data after severe plastic deformation (pure shear stress) and some thermal
treatments.
Key-words: nickel alloy 600, severe plastic deformation (SPD), optical microscopy,
electron microscopy, hardness test.
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#134
Abstract Epoxies are the most common structural adhesives due to their good mechanical,
thermal and chemical properties. However, the structure of these thermoset polymers also
causes brittleness, with a low resistance to the initiation of cracks and their propagation. The
inclusion of particles (nano or micro) is a method to improve the mechanical properties such
as toughness of structural adhesives [1]. Structural adhesives are known for their high strength
and stiffness but also for their low ductility and toughness. There are many processes
described in the literature to increase the toughness, being one of the most common the use of
rubber particles [2]. In the present study, natural micro particles of cork are used with the
objective to increase the toughness of a brittle epoxy adhesive. The idea is for the cork particles
to act like as a crack stopper leading to more energy absorption [3,4]. This fact occurs because
cork presents a remarkable combination of properties (low density, low cost and sustainability
of the raw material). The influence of the cork particle size, amount and surface treatment
were studied. Particles of cork ranging from 125 to 250 m and 38-53 m were mixed in the
adhesive Araldite 2020 from Huntsman. The amount of cork in the adhesive was varied
between 0.25 and 1% in volume. To improve the adhesion between cork particles and adhesive
it was used a plasma surface treatment. The toughness of the adhesive was assessed through
toughness measurements with three-point bending specimens (SENB). The Taguchi method
was used to evaluate the influence of the variables presented (size, amount, treatment).
[1] - L.F.M. da Silva, A. chsner, R.D. Adams (ed.), in Handbook of Adhesion Technology,
Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg (2011)
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[2] A.J. Kinloch, Adhesive in Engineering, Proc. Instn. Mech Engrs, 211 Part G, (1997) 307335
[3] - A. Q. Barbosa, L.F.M da Silva, A. chsner, J. Abenojar, J. C. del Real, J Adhesion, 88 (4-6)
(2012) 452-470
[4] A. Q. Barbosa, L.F.M da Silva, A. chsner, Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. L J
(2013) doi:10.1177/1464420713493581
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#169
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Figure 1 Ecorr evolution of the partial immersed mortar samples during the 8-year
exposure. The evaluation of the corrosion risk following ASTM 876 criteria has been included.
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#110
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#162
Abstract There are many biodegradable polymers commercially available, which combined
with natural fibers (such as sisal, banana, coconut, hemp) or particulates (such as cork, sawdust),
can be used to produce a great variety of composite interior parts for automobiles, trains and
airplanes in order to obtain green products, following eco-design philosophies. Reliability of a
product may be defined by its ability to fulfill requirements during time. Biodegradable
composites can present short term performances similar to conventional composites. Although
the performance of a biodegradable composite decreases during time, mainly due to hydrolytic
degradation of the biodegradable polymer matrix, the interior parts should support the design
requirements, during all its life cycle. However, the mechanical behavior of biodegradable
polymers along its degradation time, in the presence of water or humidity and temperature, is still
an unexplored subject. In this work, it is considered a three-dimensional viscoplastic model. It
enables to simulate the monotonic tests of a biodegradable structure loaded under different strain
rates, and also the hysteresis effects during unloading-reloading cycles at different strain levels.
Furthermore, a parametric study is presented, showing the evolution of the material model
parameters during the hydrolytic degradation, and a sensibility study is carried out. The
investigated model was able to predict well the experimental results of a blend of polylactic acid
and polycaprolactone (PLA-PCL) in the full range of strains until rupture during hydrolytic
degradation.
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151
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Session 9A
WED, 16:00-17:15
Room Lisboa
TOPIC: Testing
Chair: Srgio Tavares
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#139
Book of abstracts of the 2nd International Conference of the International Journal of Strucutral Integrity______________________
[3]
154
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#140
Abstract Optical techniques for nondestructive testing & evaluation (NDT&E) are used to
access the presence of defects within the material, without affecting its physical integrity. Among
the main optical methods of NDT&E, Shearography and Thermography either passive or active,
have shown great potential in the detection and evaluation of defects. These techniques have
received considerable industrial acceptance and they can be applied to most materials. When
compared, they present advantages and disadvantages and can complement each other and thus
constitute NDT&E tools with high capacities. In this article, the principles and the methods of
testing of these two techniques are reviewed. A comparative analysis of both techniques and their
application in the inspection of composite structures with defects is done by addressing the
strengths and limitations of each other.
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Figure 1 - Inspection results on a composite plate with several defects obtained with
Shearography and lock-in-Thermography.
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#144
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#149
Abstract
Wind turbine blades inherently subjected to loads with provenience in the atmospheric flow
and are, in fact, one of the elements with a shorter life-cycle. Their monitoring with the purpose
of anticipating damage and potentially correct is, although not that often, hence a key aspect in
the successful operation of a wind turbine.
In this work a structural monitoring system for wind turbine blades is described. Using Bragg
sensors in optical fibers to obtain the strain on the blades and GSM delivering signal, this device
allows controlling the structural integrity in real time. With attained data it is possible to access
or even anticipate damages, as well as, to perform a life cycle assessment of this component in a
more reliable way.
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Session 9B
WED, 16:00-17:15
Room Berlin
TOPIC: Materials
Chair: Daniel Kujawski
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#170
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Book of abstracts of the 2nd International Conference of the International Journal of Strucutral Integrity______________________
Moreover, and due to their good fire reaction, the fire resistance under loads has also been
evaluated. Figure 1 shows an example of the loads measure with time when fire is applied to
uncoated and coated composite materials. Coated samples were able to keep the material good
conditions for at least 15 min.
120
COATED 1
COATED 2
PMC 1
PMC 2
100
F (%)
80
60
40
20
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Time (s)
Figure 1 fire effect on loaded (0.2 kN) composites both uncoated and coated: change of
force with time.
161
Book of abstracts of the 2nd International Conference of the International Journal of Strucutral Integrity______________________
#177
Martin Bugaj, assoc. prof., University of ilina, Air Transport Department, Slovakia,
Martin.Bugaj@fpedas.uniza.sk
2
Abstract The main goal in almost all daily activities is safety. Many kinds of researches and
development try to find out how to produce things easily with appropriate amount of safety. We
have to take into account that every construction used is potentially in some conditions damaged
and could collapse. This situation is in some cases dangerous and could be fatal. Researchers have
to produce constructions which are still safe even during failure and could resist minor damage
and equipment is still usable in operation or will not suffer any damage until their determined
lifetime. Especially in aviation new trends push materials development and technologies forward
and it is absolutely normal when half of aircraft construction is made by composite material. This
kind of material is used in extreme conditions and can resist heavy loads. It is very light which is
in aviation very important and needed. Main problem appears in setting save lifetime for this
material or how to deal with damages during operations.
This paper shows some kinds of degradation processes in materials such as delamination in
composites used in construction aiming to special types of fibers. Increasing of costs in aircraft
production despite efficiency improvements in technologies and manufacturing operations, can
be attributed primarily to the increased use of more expensive materials and structural parts and
assemblies. The tendency in aircraft production has been a growing use of high-cost composites,
titanium parts and advanced materials to maximize weight efficiency.
Aircraft composite material is in expanding usage continuously. Fiber reinforced composites
find their utilization in the rapidly broadening field of applications. Some composite types can be
considered as structural materials for usage at elevated temperatures. Ideally they should be
lightweight, chemically and thermally stable, possessing good mechanical properties and cheap.
Next the paper presents the possibility of using basalt fibers in composite structure, its
techniques of production, physical and mechanical characteristics and analysis of mechanical
capabilities. Basalt, a natural mineral material, environmentally-friendly, gradually becomes a
new substitute in the composite group. There is a lack of research on basalt fibers; in fact, few
studies on basalt fiber as reinforcement material in resin have been published.
162
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#179
Military Equipment and Technologies Research Agency METRA, Information Systems &
Communications Test Evaluation Scientific Research Center, Aeroportului Street no. 16,
Bucharest, Romania, menache@acttm.ro
Military Equipment and Technologies Research Agency METRA, Information Systems &
Communications Test Evaluation Scientific Research Center, Bucharest, Romania,
dfostea@acttm.ro, aboteanu@acttm.ro,cpuica@acttm.ro
Abstract Two of the major issues of the aerospace applications, where sensitive electronic
equipments must be safely operated with respect to aircrafts building design and
installation restraints, are the density of the electromagnetic interferences (EMI) and the total
weigh of the electrical and electronic equipments. Our first concern was to address the problem
of EMI and emission security (EMSEC). The classical protection solutions consist of standard
electromagnetic shielded enclosures, designed as the product chassis, which do not met the
requirements for aerospace applications because implies several disadvantages like: ergonomics,
transportability, maintenance, interoperability and versatility. In order to find an applicative
solution for these problems we carried our work to design and develop a special experimental
model (ExpM) for EMI/EMSEC protection. ExpM consists of a modular lightweight materials
shielding enclosure that can be adapted to all and each equipments maintaining their
performances and functionalities. After the process of testing and optimizing some materials,
conductive coatings and fabrics applied to different types of dielectric substratum by deposition
and multi-layer techniques, we selected the optimal ones and we defined requirements for the
Electromagnetic Shielding Enclosure (ESE) built on metallic lightweight structure. In this paper
we present the numerical simulation and analysis of the structure behavior concerning different
dropping impacts and collisions. The impact performance of Faraday enclosure is a major concern
of a new design.
The analysis procedure helped us to comply with minimum mechanical requirements,
evaluates yield stress and deformation characteristics of products and will provide the necessary
data for ExpM design and execution process. After the execution phase, using all intermediate
numerical simulation and experimental test results, ExpM will be tested as a product, both for
complying with electromagnetic shielding and mechanical requirements according to
EMI/EMSEC national, European and NATO standards.
163
Book of abstracts of the 2nd International Conference of the International Journal of Strucutral Integrity______________________
#183
Welding and NDT Research Centre (CSC), BP 64, Road of Dely Brahim, Chraga, Algiers,
Algeria
E-mail :n.bensaid@csc.dz
Abstract ferritic stainless steel steels are associated with many problems during the welding
process. These problems are the martensite formation and grain growth, causing a reduction of
ductility and toughness. For these reasons, until recently, the application of this group steels is
limited in welded structures. The aim of the present study is to investigate the influence of the Ti,
Nb and Al on the microstructure and mechanical properties of welds of 1,2 mm thick AISI 430
ferritic stainless steel sheets produced by GTA welding. The microstructures of the welded joints
were investigated by the optical microscopy (OM), the mechanical properties included hardness
and tensile strength was investigated, the fracture surfaces of the tensile specimen were examined
by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). From this investigation, it is observed that the grain
growth in fusion zone is limited when the titanium content above 0.2%, and lead to a fine grain
structure, equiaxed grains morphology and superior tensile of weld metal, when compared with
conventional welding.
Figure 1 - Martensite formation and grain growth in fusion zone of AISI 430 ferritic
stainless steel weld
164
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#161
Abstract Metamodeling is generally recognized efficient approach for the optimization problems.
In our case it is used for shape optimization. Due to development of CAD/CAE software and
advanced metamodeling techniques such approach has become highly effective and popular in
recent years. The references to the non parametric approximation methods are commonly given
to solve deterministic problems. For non-deterministic optimization problems, such as in
proposed case of composite pallet structure (Figure 1) that must account for uncertainties, the
optimization should be based on double loop approaches where the uncertainty propagation is
recursively performed inside the optimization iterations. Often the uncertainty estimation for the
given point is based on metamodel, thus allowing reduction of computational time but introducing
additional bias in the estimates. In such approach a single loop kriging based method for
minimizing the mean of an objective function is proposed: the simulation points are calculated in
order to simultaneously propagate uncertainties, i.e., estimate the mean of objective function, and
optimize this mean. This approach is realized in the original code KEDRO for design of
experiments, analysis and multiobjective robust optimization.
The FE-model of the composite pallet is considered and solved accurately as multi-ply
shell structure. The fiber-reinforced polymer material mechanical properties and two
main operation cases of the loaded pallet are taken into account during deterministic
structural optimization procedure. Next the same problem is considered as nondeterministic taking into account possible uncertainties of the pallet supporting
conditions. In both cases shape is defined using CAD based NURBS curves (Figure 1).
Appropriate shapes of the stiffness ribs are found for best performance of the structure.
Sensitivity analyses for probabilistic performances are given. As a result of optimization,
the competitive design of composite pallet is developed, that could meet requirements of
the modern automated distribution systems, including superior strength and weight ratio,
nestable design concept, increased service life, better corrosion and impact resistance.
165
Book of abstracts of the 2nd International Conference of the International Journal of Strucutral Integrity______________________
Figure 1 - 3D model of composite pallet with obtained optimal shapes of stiffness ribs (left)
and NURBS parameterization (right)
166
Book of abstracts of the 2nd International Conference of the International Journal of Strucutral Integrity______________________
Index
A. Barbini, 91
A. Bautista, 83, 148, 161
A. Carvalho, 45
A. Karanika, 45
A. chsner, 146
A. Ravisankar, 87, 98, 114
A.A. Fernandes, 125
A.H.P. de Andrade, 145
A.L.L. Silva, 125
A.M.P. Jesus, 125
A.Q. Barbosa, 146
Aaron Warren, 70
Adina Otilia Boteanu, 164
Agnieszka Boto-Probierz, 80
Alexander Georgiev, 127
Alexander Janushevskis, 166
Amar Boutagane, 165
Amir Zacarias Mesquita, 131
Ana C.F. Silva, 43, 78
Ana L.S. Souza, 140
Anatolijs Melnikovs, 166
Andr Correia, 62
Andr F.C. Vieira, 151
Andr Pinto, 106
Andrej Cger, 163
Antnio Bettencourt Ribeiro, 89
Antnio Silva, 100
Artur Szewieczek, 126
B. Beaussir, 85
B.M. Ananda rao, 114
B.M. Ananda Rao, 98
B.M. Anandarao, 87
B.S.V. Prasad Patnaik, 114
Bruno Henriques, 66
C. Barile, 93
C. Casavola, 93
C. Correa, 73
C. Dong, 85
C. Gonzlez, 120
C. Leito, 47
C. Pappalettere, 93
C.C.C.R. de Carvalho, 158
C.S. Lopes, 120
Carlos Mota, 81
Christian Willberg, 126
Cludia Carneiro, 60
Cristian Puic, 164
Cristina Castejn S., 102
D. Faustino, 135
D. Peral, 73
D.M. Rodrigues, 47
Dan Fostea, 164
Daniel F.O. Braga, 43, 78
Daniel Gmez del Pulgar, 136
Daniel Michalik, 80
Diogo Carvalho, 125
Donka Angelova, 53, 127
E. Sarlin, 111
E.C. Paredes, 148
Edgard M. Silva, 140
Emma Moliner, 136
Eugen Avrigean, 119
F. Nascimento, 158
F. Naya, 120
F. Pierron, 96
F. Velasco, 83, 148, 161
F.F. Duarte, 44
Farej Ahmed Emhmmed, 139
Fernando Cunha, 81
Fernando Melcio, 122
Filipe Silva, 66
Francisco Gis, 66, 67
Francisco Q. de Melo, 103
Frederico Silva Gomes, 78, 143
G. Pappalettera, 93
Gaurav Rajput, 87
Gerben Sinnema, 117
Giosu Boscato, 113
Graa Almeida, 122
H. Lopes, 156
Huang Yuan, 150
Humberto Varum, 133
Igor Varfolomeev, 117
Ivo Lopes, 62
J. Abenojar, 146
J. Bitenieks, 51
167
Book of abstracts of the 2nd International Conference of the International Journal of Strucutral Integrity______________________
J. Carstensen, 91
J. Ferreira, 69
J. Lu, 77
J. M. A. Csar de S, 106
J. Morais, 96
J. Vatavuk, 57
J. Xavier, 96, 125
J. Zicans, 51, 55
J.A. Porro, 73
J.C. Reis Campos, 62, 64
J.F. dos Santos, 91
J.L. Ocaa, 73
Jaime M. Monteiro, 103, 156, 159
Janusz Jaglarz, 129
Janusz Majta, 76
Jerzy Myalski, 80
Joo Custdio, 89
Joo Sampaio-Fernandes, 66
Joaquim Gabriel, 100
John W. Labadie, 71
Jorge H.R. Silva, 140
Jos Carlos Matos, 159
Jos Manuel Fonseca, 122
Josinaldo P. Leite, 140
Juan Carlos P., 102
K.Velusamy, 114
Kim C. Long, 71
Krzysztof Muszka, 76
L. Neves, 135
L. Quintino, 158
L. Ruiz de Lara, 73
L.B. Cavalcanti, 64
L.C.E. Silva, 145
L.V. Silva, 145
Lucas F.M. da Silva, 43, 146
Lucie Novkov, 46
M Portela, 67
M Sampaio-Fernandes, 67
M. de Freitas, 44
M. Daz, 73
M. Kanerva, 111
M. Laulajainen, 111
M. Nurgaliev, 45
M. Pantoja, 83
M. Parente, 69
M. Seabra, 69
M. Wallin, 111
M.A. Martnez, 161
M.A. Sampaio-Fernandes, 64
M.I. Costa, 47
M.J. Ponces, 64
Malgorzata Sopicka-Lizer, 80
Manabu Nohara, 109
Manuel Cuadrado, 136
Manuel Ferreira, 81
Marcin Kwiecien, 76
Margarida Sampaio-Fernandes, 66
Maria Helena Fernandes, 66
Maria Helena Figueiral, 66
Mara Jess G., 102
Mrio A.P. Vaz, 59, 60, 62, 64, 100, 103,
156, 159
Martin Bugaj, 163
Martin Kadlec, 46
MH Figueiral, 67
Michael Sinapius, 126
Michael Windisch, 117
Michal Krzyzanowski, 50
Mickael M. Rodrigues, 140
Miguel A.V. de Figueiredo, 78, 146
Miguel Marques, 159
Mihai Enache, 164
Mohamed Farid Benlamnouar, 165
N. D. Alexopoulos, 45
N. Huber, 77
N. Kashaev, 45, 77
Nabil Bensaid, 165
Naoya Tada, 109
Nathalie Valle, 80
Neilor C. Santos, 140
Nelson Silva, 81
Nuno Neves, 60
Nuno Viriato Ramos, 59, 60, 62, 154, 159
O. Saarela, 111
P Fonseca, 67
P.Kuzhir, 51
P.M.G.P. Moreira, 43, 44, 48, 78, 100,
143, 154
P.M.S.T. de Castro, 44, 104, 106
P.P. Camanho, 120
Paulina Graca, 76
Paulo Andr, 133
168
Book of abstracts of the 2nd International Conference of the International Journal of Strucutral Integrity______________________
Shayan Eslami, 48
Silvina Guimares, 159
Stanisaw Radkowski, 142
Sunil Kumar Gupta, 98
Svetla Yankova, 53, 127
Szymon Bajda, 50
Szymon Gontarz, 142
T. Brander, 111
T. Czerwiec, 85
T. Grosdidier, 85
T. Ivanova, 51
T. Santos, 158
T. Selvaraj, 87, 98, 114
Tomasz Pawlik, 80
V. Infante, 44, 135
V. Kalkis, 55
V.C. Pinto, 64
V.S. Sanapala, 114
Volnei Tita, 151
W. Cruz, 96
W. Mark Rainforth, 50
W.A. Monteiro, 57, 145
William S. Duff, 71
Xianyan Zhou, 95
Xin Feng, 95
Y. Samih, 85
Zoser Kalengayi T., 102
169