Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
PROJECT
Name ASHAR FATMI
Class - XII - A
School BHATNAGAR
INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL
CERTIFICATE
THIS IS TO CERTIFY ASHAR
FATMI OF CLASS XII-A HAS
PERFORMED THIS PROJECT
FOAMING CAPACITY OF
SOAP UNDER MY
SUPERVISION.
___________________
SHUBHRA SHUKLA
CHEMISTRY TEACHER
BHATNAGAR INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is my duty to record my sincere thanks
and deep since of gratitude to my
respected teacher and lab assistants. I
have benefited a lot from suggestions
given to me by school faculty. I am
indebted to my guide
Mr. Brijmohan and Mr. Sharma my lab
assistants for their constant support in the
implementation of the project
____________
ASHAR FATMI
CONTENTS
AIM
PREFACE
INTRODUCTON
THEORY
REQUIREMENTS
PROCEDURE
OBSERVATONS
RESULT
PRECAUTIONS
BIBLEOGRAPHY
AIM
PREFACE
Soaps and detergents remove dirt and
grease from skin and clothes. But all soaps
are not equally effective in their cleaning
action. Soaps are the Na and K salts of
higher fatty acids such as Palmitic acid,
Stearic acid and Oleic acid. The cleansing
action of soaps depends on the solubility of
the long alkyl chain in grease and that of
the -COONa or the -COOK part in water.
Whenever soap is applied on a dirty wet
cloth, the non polar alkyl group dissolves
in grease while the polar -COONa part
dissolves in water. In this manner, an
emulsion is formed between grease and
water which appears as foam. The washing
ability of soap depends on foaming
capacity, as well as the water used in
cleaning. The salts of Ca and Mg disrupt
the formation of micelle formation. The
presence of such salts makes the water
hard and the water is called hard water.
INTRODUCTION
Introduction Soap is an anionic surfactant
used in conjunction with water for washing
and cleaning, which historically comes
either in solid bars or in the form of a
viscous liquid. Soap consists of sodium
or potassium salts of fatty acids and is
obtained by reacting common oils or fats
with a strong alkaline in a process known
as saponification. The fats are hydrolyzed
by the base, yielding alkali salts of fatty
acids (crude soap) and glycerol. The
general formula of soap is Fatty end water
soluble end CH3-(CH2) n
COONa Soaps are useful for cleaning
because soap molecules have both
a hydrophilic end, which dissolves in water,
as well as a hydrophobic end, which is able
to dissolve non polar grease molecules.
Applied to a soiled surface, soapy water
effectively holds particles in colloidal
suspension so it can be rinsed off with
THEORY
The foaming capacity of soap depends
upon the nature of the soap and its
concentration. This may be compared by
shaking equal volumes of solutions of
different samples having the same
concentration with same force for the
same amount of time. The solutions are
then allowed to stand when the foam
produced during shaking disappears
gradually. The time taken for the foam to
disappear in each sample is determined.
The longer the time taken for the
disappearance of the foam for the given
sample of soap, greater is its foaming
capacity or cleansing action.
REQUIREMENTS
Five 100ml conical flasks,
five test tubes, 100ml
measuring cylinder, test
tube stand, weighing
machine, stop watch.
Chemical Requirements:Five different soap
samples, distilled water,
tap water.
PROCEDURE
Take five 100ml conical flasks and
number them 1, 2,3,4,5 . Put 16ml
of water in each flask and add 8 Gms
of soap.
Warm the contents to get a solution.
Take five test tubes; add 1ml of soap
solution to 3ml of water. Repeat the
process for each soap solution in
different test tubes.
Close the mouth of the test tube and
shake vigorously for a minute. Do the
same for all test tubes and with equal
force.
Start the timer immediately and notice
the rate of disappearance of 2mm of
froth.
OBSERVATIONS
Test Tube
no
Vol. of soap
solution
Vol. of
water
added
1.
Dove
8 ml
16 ml
1142
2.
Lux
8 ml
16 ml
328
3.
Detol
8 ml
16 ml
510
8 ml
16 ml
1532
8 ml
16 ml
940
4.
Santoor
5. Cinthol
RESULT
The cleansing capacity of the soaps taken is
in the order: Santoor > Dove > Cinthol >
Detol > Lux
From this experiment, we can infer that
Santoor has the highest foaming capacity, in
other words, highest cleaning capacity. Lux,
on the other hand is found to have taken the
least amount of time for the disappearance of
foam produced and thus is said to be having
the least foaming capacity and cleansing
capacity. Test for hardness in water Test for
Ca2+ and Mg2+ salts in the water supplied
Test for Ca2+ in water H2O +NH4Cl +
NH4OH + (NH4)2CO3 No precipitate Test for
Mg2+ in water H2O +NH4Cl + NH4OH +
(NH4)3PO4 No precipitate The tests show
negative results for the presence of the salts
causing hardness in water. The water used
does not contain salts of Ca2+ and Mg2+.
The tap water provided is soft and thus, the
experimental results and values hold good for
distilled water and tap water.
PRECAUTIONS
BIBLEOGRAPHY
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