First aid is the assistance given to any person suffering a sudden illness or injury,

[1]
with care provided to preserve life, prevent the condition from worsening, and/or
promote recovery. It includes initial intervention in a serious condition prior to
professional medical help being available, such as performing CPR whilst awaiting
an ambulance, as well as the complete treatment of minor conditions, such as
applying a plaster to a cut. First aid is generally performed by the layperson, with
many people trained in providing basic levels of first aid, and others willing to do so
from acquired knowledge. Mental health first aid is an extension of the concept of
first aid to cover mental health.
Wounds an injury, usually involving division of tissue or rupture of the
integument or mucous membrane, due to external violence or some
mechanical agency rather than disease.
Kinds of wounds
Lacerations
Lacerations consist of cuts to the skin caused by sharp
objects. Broken glass, shop tools, knives and other cutting
implements commonly cause skin lacerations. In
Common Simple Emergencies, Drs. Philip Buttaravoli
and Thomas Stair explain that thorough cleansing of a
laceration is of utmost importance in prevention of wound
infection. Closure of lacerations may be accomplished
with adhesive strips, tissue adhesive, skin staples or stitches. Choice of closure
technique depends on the location, shape, size and severity
of the laceration.
Punctures
Puncture wounds
result from forceful, deep skin penetration by slender
objects.
Accidentally stepping on a nail or other sharp object is a
common
cause of puncture wounds. MayoClinic.com points out
that the
penetrating object may introduce bacteria into the deep
layers of the skin
where they can flourish. The risk for tetanus, an
infection caused by
the bacterium Clostridium tentani, provokes concern
because of the prevalence of the bacteria in the environment. Management of
puncture wounds typically includes thorough cleansing and ensuring current tetanus
vaccination. Puncture wounds associated with animal or human bites may require
antibiotic treatment due to the high risk for wound and underlying bone infection.
Animal bites may require rabies vaccination if the rabies status of the involved
animal is unknown.
Abrasions
Abrasions are wounds caused by traumatic scraping and loss
of skin. Falls occurring while in motion frequently lead to skin
abrasions. Extensive skin loss may occur with high-speed
motorcycle or

similar accidents. The University of Virginia Health System

advises thorough cleansing and bandaging of abrasions involving limited, superficial

skin loss. Extensive or deep abrasions require more intensive treatment, which may
include skin grafting for the most severe cases.

Burns
Burn injuries vary according to the depth of the
burn and the amount of skin surface involved.
Superficial burns are the least serious, typically
healing quickly and without scarring. Deeper burns
include superficial and deep partial-thickness burns.
In a review article on the treatment of burns
published in American Family Physician, Dr. Eric
Morgan and colleagues report that superficial
partial-thickness burns infrequently cause scarring. Deep partial-thickness burns,
however, often lead to skin disfigurement. The most severe burn injuries are fullthickness burns, with complete skin destruction in the affected region. Extensive
deep partial-thickness and full-thickness burns
require intensive in-hospital treatment.
Ulcers
Ulcers are open, cavitary skin wounds caused by
local skin breakdown. The Cleveland Clinic
explains that poor circulation, inflammatory
disorders, prolonged pressure and excessive fluid
accumulation frequently precipitate skin ulcers.
Chronic ulcers present a challenge due to impaired
skin healing. Improvement in the underlying
condition may promote skin ulcer resolution.

20 kinds of herbal medicine and its uses with picture

bagawak
Used for Muscular strains, back pains: Leaves are
boiled in vinegar and applied to involved areas
overnight and repeated for two to three days.
Flatulence, abdominal pains: Oiled leaves are
applied to abdominal epigastric area.

asparagus A much desired vegetable, especially the tips.

- Contains many vitamins and minerals: Vit A, B1-6-12, C, E, K, calcium, magnesium,
zinc, dietary fiber, rutin, niacin, folic acid, iron, selenium, among others. Considered
a useful supplement for hangovers.

azucena Bulbs
have been used in
decoction for gonorrhea.
Poultice of bulbs employed as
formation of pus in boils or
In Cambodia, Laos, and
are used to calm spasms and
China, rhizomes are used to
infections, and swellings. (9)
In India, flowers used as diuretic and emetic.
In Sind, bulbs are dried, powdered and used for gonorrhea.

maturative in the
abscesses.
Vietnam, rhizomes
treat malaria. In
treat burns,

Guayabano Juicy ripe fruit is eaten raw; also used in

making beverages, ice cream, and jelly tarts. Fruit is an
excellent source of vitamins B and C. Unripe fruit used for
dysentery.
Ripe fruit is antiscorbutic.
Seeds and green fruit are astringent.
Flowers are antispasmodic.
Infusion of leaves used as sudorific, antispasmodic and
emetic.
In some cultures, the fruits and leaves are used for tranquilizing and sedative properties.
Juice of ripe fruit used as diuretic and for hematuria and urethritis.
Flesh of soursop used as poultice to draw out chiggers.
Decoction of leaves used of head lice and bedbugs.
Pulverized seeds and seed oil effective for head lice.
Fruit used as a bait in fish traps.

Ampalayang ligaw Juice of young leaves used for

infants and adults as mucolytic in tight and poorly
productive coughs.
- Wild variety shares in the folkloric medicinal uses
of the cultivated variety.

anonang The bark is moistened an applied to boils and

tumors to hasten ripening.
- Also used for headaches and stomachaches.
- Bark is used as antidyspeptic and as febrifuge.
- Powdered bark used for mouth ulcers.
- Infusion of bark used as gargle.
- The bark juice, mixed with coconut milk, is used to
relieve colicky pains.
- In Java and Bengal, the bark is used as a tonic.
- In Java, the bark is used for dysentery; and with
pomegranate rind, used for fevers.
- The bark are rubbed on the teeth to strengthen them.
- Leaves used for ulcers and headaches.

apatot In the Philippines, fruit is used as emmenagogue.

Leaves, when fresh, applied to ulcers, facilitates healing.
Malaysia, heated leave applied to the chest and abdomen for coughs,
nausea, colic, enlarged spleen, and fever.
In Indo-China, leaves used as deobstruent and emmenagogue.
- In Bombay leaves applied externally for wound healing, and
internally, as tonic and febrifuge.
Decoction of charred leaves with mustard for infantile diarrhea.
Juice of over-ripe fruit used for diabetes.
Over-ripe
fruit used as poultice and for treating kidney diseases.
In Java, juice of fruit pulp, mashed with sugar, is slightly laxative.
Syrup of fruit juice used as a gargle for sore throats.

- In
-

garlic vine No reported folkloric medicinal use in the

Philippines.
- Elsewhere, a common remedy for pain and inflammation of
arthritis.
- Decoction or infusion of leaves used for colds, flu, fever.
- Cold maceration and tincture of roots used as whole body tonic.
- In the Amazon, bark poultice used on bumps, inflammatory
swellings. Infusion of bark or leaves used for rheumatism, arthritis,
colds, uterine disorders, inflammation and epilepsy. Root prepared
in cane alcohol tincture used as whole body tonic. The Amuesha
use a leaf tea to aid fertility.
- Stem and leaf decoction for baths to treat fever, influenza, rheumatism, and colds. Decoction of stem
fragments used as external wash to treat fatigue, lameness, and lumbago.
Called gatas-gatas because of the healing property of the milky juice.
- In the Philippines, leaves are mixed with Datura metel leaves and flowers in the
preparation of "asthma-cigarettes."
- Latex is prescribed for asthma.
- Entire plant prescribed as an antidote; considered hemostatic, sedative, and soporific.
- Decoction used to allay the dyspnea of asthmatics.
- Fluid extract of tincture is used in asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema, also in
pulmonary cardiac disease and angina pectoris.
- Used for acute and chronic dysentery.
- Tincture is used as anthelmintic. Also used for ringworm.
- Juice used for colics.

- Juice used as ophthalmic drops for conjunctivitis or ulceration

of the cornea. Stem sap used in the treatment of styes.

Ayong kabayo. Not known medicinally in the Philippines.

- In India, the decoction of dried tubers used as alterative
and as diuretic.
- Extracts have been used for dissolution and expulsion of
urinary stones.
- Root, powdered and heated, applied to cuts and fractures by the Santals.
- In Bangladesh, plant traditionally used for treatment of boils, bruises, epilepsy,
fever, food poisoning, gastric tumors, jaundice, gout, hysteria, snake bites,
urolithiasis, etc. (8)
- In Kerala, India, decoction of tuber considered diuretic, alterative, and blood
purifying. (9)

- In

aurorang gubat In India, the

bitter, tuberous roots are used as
tonic, alterative, aphrodisiac and
demulcent.
the Konkan region of India, root is
peeled, cut in small pieces, and

dried for use as aphrodisiac.

- Used for uterine pain, sexual
debility, infertility, lactation,
infertility, hepato-splenomegaly,
gastric ulcer, ulcerative colitis.
- As galactagogue, powdered
root-stock, given with wine.
- Powdered roots used as a
cholagogue for splenic and liver
enlargement.
- Powdered tuber with honey used for high blood pressure and heart disease.
- Powdered sun-dried root, boiled in sugar and butter, promotes weight gain and
moderates menstrual discharge.
balatong aso Seeds used as emeto-cathartic. Also,
employed as febrifuge, usually as an infusion in coffee.
Used for chronic gastroenteritis, constipation,
indigestion, gastric pains, asthma and fever, poisonous
snake and insect bites.
Pounded fresh material applied as poultice for
snakebites.
Plant used for dropsy, rheumatism, fevers and
venereal diseases.
Ointment used for ringworm, eczema and variety of
skin diseases.
Roots used for gonorrhea, black-water fever, malaria, and dysentery.

malunggay Decoction of leaves used for hiccups,

asthma, gout, back pain, rheumatism, wounds and
sores.
- Young leaves, usually boiled, used to increase the flow
of breast milk.
- Pods for intestinal parasitism.
- Leaves and fruit used for constipation.
- Decoction of boiled roots used to wash sores and
ulcers.
- Decoction of the bark used for excitement,
restlessness.
balimbing Decoction of leaves used for aphthous
stomatitis and angina.
- In Tonkin, flowers are used as vermifuge.
- Boiled flowers used to expel worms: 50 gms to a pint
of boiling water; drunk in normal doses.
- Malays use a poultice of crushed shoots or leaves used externally for headaches,
chickenpox, and ringworm.
bawang - In the Philippines, bulbs used for hypertension.
Also used as diuretic, and eaten fresh or burned for
coughs in children.
- Arthritis, rheumatism, toothaches: Crush several cloves
and rub on affected areas.
- Crush clove applied to both temples as poultice for
headache.
- Crush garlic or cut clove crosswise and rub directly to
areas of insect bites.
- Decoction of leaves and bulbs for fever and as hypotensive, carminative,
expectorant, and antihelmintic.
- Juice from freshly crushed garlic used for colds, cough, sore throat, hoarseness,
asthma and bronchitis.
- Decoction use for tonsillitis.
bayabas - In the Philippines, the astringent, unripe fruit,
the leaves, bark cortex, and roots - though more often
the leaves only - are used in decoction for washing ulcers
and wounds.
-Fresh leaves used for wounds and toothache.
- Decoction or infusion of fresh leaves used for wound
cleaning to prevent infection and to facilitate healing.
- Warm decoction of leaves for aromatic baths.
- Decoction of bark and leaves used for diarrhea.

niyog Myriads of use in the traditional systems

worldwide: abscesses, asthma, baldness, burns and
bruises,, cough and colds, kidney stones, scabies, ulcers,
among many others.
- Constipation: Take 1 to 2 tablespoons of gata (cream).
- Dandruff: Massage oil on scalp, leave overnight, and
wash hair.
- Diarrhea and/or vomiting: Drink water of young fruit, as
tolerated. Water from the young coconut has been used
as a substitute for dextrose infusion in emergent situations during World War II.
- Dry skin: Apply oil and massage into affected area.
- Young roots astringent for sore throats.
- Ash of bark used for scabies.

okra
Decoction of roots and leaves as a tea or for
washing.
Decoction of young fruit useful for catarrh,
urinary problems.
Syrup from mucilaginous fruit used for sore
throat.
Infusion of roots used for syphilis.
Poultice of roots and leaves for wound healing.
Young pods for fevers, difficult urination and diarrhea.
Decoction of roots for headaches, varicose veins, arthritis, fevers.
Decoctions of leaves for abdominal pain.
kalamansi - Aromatic bath: Mix juice with gogo.
- Cough, colds and sore throat: Drink warm kalamansiade.
- Nausea and fainting: Squeeze rind near nostril to inhale.
- Applied externally for itching.
- Higaonon tribe of Mindanao use decoction of leaves to
lower hypertension. Juice from partly roasted fruits used

for coughs and colds. (10)

- Fruits crushed with bark of Entada phaseoloides used as hair shampoo, for itching
and to stimulate hair growth.
- Juice of fruit used for Acne vulgaris and Pruritis vulvae.

soldiers orchid In India and Bangladesh, plant is used as

a salep.
Tubers and pseudobulbs used as restorative.

An accident or a mishap is an incidental and unplanned event or circumstance, often with lack of intention
or necessity. It usually implies a generally negative outcome which might have been avoided or prevented
had circumstances leading up to the accident been recognized, and acted upon, prior to its occurrence. Injury
prevention refers to activities designed to foresee and avoid accidents.
Accidents of particularly common types (crashing of automobiles, events causing fire, etc.) are investigated to
identify how to avoid them in the future. This is sometimes called root cause analysis, but does not generally
apply to accidents that cannot be deterministicallypredicted. A root cause of an uncommon and
purely random accident may never be identified, and thus future similar accidents remain "accidental."

Kinds of accident
Physical and non-physical
Physical examples of accidents include unintended collisions or falls, being injured
by touching something sharp, hot, or electrical, or ingesting poison. Non-physical
examples are unintentionally revealing a secret or otherwise saying something
incorrectly, forgetting an appointment, etc.
By activity

Accidents during the execution of work or arising out of it are called work
accidents. According to the International Labour Organization (ILO), more than
337 million accidents happen on the job each year, resulting, together with
occupational diseases, in more than 2.3 million deaths annually.
In contrast, leisure-related accidents are mainly sports injuries.

By vehicle

Aviation accidents

Bicycle accidents

Sailing ship accidents

Traffic collisions

Train wrecks

Tram accidents