Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
for reducing
postharvest
losses
Presentation
Title Goes
Hereand
increasing
of farmers
presentation
subtitle. incomes form
their rice harvests.
Martin Gummert
Postharvest Section, GQNPC, IRRI
Post Production Workgroup,
Irrigated Rice Research Consortium, IRRC
Contents
Introduction
Postharvest problems and options for better
postharvest management
o Harvesting
o Drying
o Storage
o Milling
o Market information
Lessons learned
Key issues
Grain loss
Loss in quality
Farmers dont add value to their rice
Grain value
Combined losses
Weight: 10-20%
Value: 25-50%
PPD
NAFRI
VIAEP
MRPTA
CARDI
SME
HUAF
NLU
SIAEP
BLSC
BPTP
IRRC Members
ADB-IFPR Partners
Postharvest trainees
SSFFMP / BPTP
ABC
ICAPRD
BPTP
Training
Understanding Quality
Harvesting
Machine Harvesting
Drying
Machine Drying
Policy
Storage
Hermetic Storage
Milling
Rice mill
improvement
Marketing
Marketing
Assistance
Harvesting Problems
Physical losses (2-5%)
o Shattering in field
o Over drying
o Transporting
Quality losses
o Grain Discoloration
o Fungal infestation
Migration leads to labor shortage
in rural areas
o High harvesting cost
(Cambodia up to 75$/ha)
Stripper harvesting
Reduce harvesting cost
Reduce losses
Failed in the Philippines, Vietnam, Myanmar, Thailand
Promotion through
ATIAMI in South
Sulawesi (Sulsel)
1997-2001
In 2005 local production in Sulsel
3 Manufacturers
Chandue: 210 units in 2005
Manual harvesting
o US$ 75/ha
o Delays
Mini combine
o 1ha/day
o US$ 4,000
o Loss 1-3%
o Cost: US$ 35/ha
Benefit for farmers
o Lower cost
o Timely harvest
o Better quality
o Less losses
Mechanizing Harvesting
Lessons learned
o In areas with labor shortage highly beneficial
o Introduction takes time (4-10 years)
o Some organizations have difficulties to source
technologies abroad (Lao, Myanmar)
Key issues
o Often too little involvement of private sector in
government driven development programs
o Support to manufacturers, after sales services
o Financing
o Do not re-invent the wheel
Drying Problems
Double cropping systems:
o One harvest in the wet
season
o Sun drying often not
feasible
Discoloration,
fungal infestation
Sprouted grain
10-30% reduction in
head rice yield
Traditional drying systems
Over drying in field (1-4%)
Users
Need assessments
2007: 40 dryers
installed in Myanmar
User training
Demo,
Promotion,
Training
Manufacturers
Technology
Participants start local production
Production
know-how
Manufacturing
potential
Lao
Cambodia
Farmer processing center
Features
o
o
o
o
Results
o Low cost (< US$ 3,000 for
dryer, blower, and furnace)
o Saves labor
o Long term monitoring
underway
o Can produce carbonized rice
husk
Lessons learned
Storage Problems
Weight loss (3-5%)
Respiration
Consumed by pests
Quality (10-15%)
Spoilage by pests
Yellowing
Head rice
Cooking quality
Farmers seeds
Loss of Germination after a
few months
5 t Volcani cube
O2 concentration, %
Principle
50 kg Super bag
18
Claypot
PVC drum lrg
PVC drum sml
12
0
0
20
40
60
Storage time, days
80
60
Insects / kg
Effective
control over
time
No
pesticides
needed
80
40
20
0
Source: Bac Lieu Seed Center, 2006
Tai Nguyen
Mot Bui Do
Jasmin 85
Variety
OM 2717
Germination (%)
80
60
40
20
0
initial
hermetic
Tai Nguyen
Mot Bui Do
Jasmin 85
OM 2717
Variety
control
8 months of
storage
4 varieties
Hermetic: IRRI
super bags
Control: Woven
PVC bags
Conducted in
2005
initial
hermetic
80.0
control
60.0
40.0
20.0
0.0
Tai Nguyen
Mot Bui Do
Jasmin 85
OM 2717
Variety
Source: Bac Lieu Seed Center, 2006
Conventional bag
Source: IRRI-MAS research, Plant Protection Division, Myanmar, 17 May 2005
Supplier:
Agri Business
Club Jakarta
20
Oxygen, %
Cheaper,
minimum order
10,000 pieces
Super bag
Kantong Semar
15
10
Slightly better
performance
0
0
14
21
No. of days
28
35
Indonesia
Philippines
Cambodia
Husk
20
26
24
24
Brown rice
80
74
75
76
Bran
10
11
11
Milled rice
70
63
63
65
Head rice
55
46
38
40
Broken kernels
15
17
27
25
Source: IRRI
Info Board
Manager
Decision making:
Provincial market
3,200
Rice price, Rp
3,000
Capital market
2,800
2,600
2,400
Grade 1
2,200
Grade 2
2,000
Grade 3
1,800
3
7
Month
Extension Service
ADB/JFPR 9036: Cambodia and Vietnam
Irrigated Rice Research Consortium
10
11
Where to sell?
When to sell?
What quality to
produce?
Moisturecontent
Millingdegree
Headrice,brokens
Cracks,Insects
Dimensions
Temperature
Weight
Volume
Fact sheets
Reference
manuals
Videos
Included in
RKB
3. E-learning
courses
English
Khmer
(Vietnamese)
Open e-learning prototype
Capacity building most important component for Myanmar, Lao and Cambodia
Farmers benefit from reducing losses, better quality and the ability to sell later
Users need to understand the benefits before they adopt -> extension is
essential but weak in some countries
Locally produced technologies have higher potential for adaptation to local
conditions and therefore sustainable adoption is more likely
Adapt commercially available technologies to local conditions
A technology champion is essential for successful introduction
Involvement of the private sector at an early stage is essential for
commercialization
Most successful were technologies were researchers stayed involved in the
commercialization process and helped manufacturers to make the
modifications users wanted (linear TOT process chain in some countries)
Systems approach: Non technical issues need to be addressed (in
partnership with suitable public and private organizations or projects)
o Training of users, marketing of PH technologies
o Industrial extension for local production and adaptation
o Financing (investment, working capital)
o Advise to policy level
Key questions
Major Partners
Agribusiness Club Jakarta, Indonesia
BLSC, Vietnam
BPRE, Philippines
BPTBs in Sumbar, Sulsel, Jatim, Sumut, Indonesia
CARDI, Cambodia
CRMA, Cambodia
DISIMP, Indonesia
Grainpro Inc., Philippines
Hue UAF, Vietnam
ICAPRD, Indonesia
ICRR, Indonesia
MAS-PPD, Myanmar
NAFC, Philippines
MMRPTA, Myanmar
NAFRI, Lao PDR
NFA, Philippines
NLU, Vietnam
PDA Battambang and Prey Veng, Cambodia
PhilRice, Philippines
ProRice, Lao PDR
PRPC, Philippines
SIAEP, Vietnam
SSFFMP, Indonesia
UPLB, Philippines
VIAEP, Vietnam
Thank You
Thank You
Benefits of PH technologies
Operation
Mechanized
harvesting
Mechanized
drying
Income (s.a.)
Better quality (millers)
Safe storage
Rice mill
improvement
Market
information