ustRAniny STEEL INSTITUTE (ENVACH (4) 000973238 Design Guide 1 Botting in structural steel eonnactions ‘copyright © 2007 by AUSTRALIAN STEEL INSTITUTE Publihed by: AUSTRALIAN STESL INSTITUTE |All ghls reserved, This book of any part thereof must net be reproduced in any fxm without the writen permission of Austalan Sioa Insitute, te fo commercial sitnare developers: Copyright of he infraton contained within tls pubis bet by Ausraton Sto! nto (AB). Whton permission must be oktsied rm ASI rth ose of 27 Intomadon contrned hein whch subsequent used ary commersaly avaible sofware pose. RST EDITION 2007 (LIMIT STATES) fog, T) Del Gude t Bong in st Bogapy. is pubes mp of ‘Saw Bre 0 00eso78 (et), Dusen sel meio en oe sua Stns saa Pesci OE et aia thee moan, (Soros Sulu sto! connection serie). Ao in thse Design cpl bl rst el, Volume Spe conection open tons undbok : Dei scl sto comes Denon Guide: Welding in srs sel combectons Dasen Guide 3: Web sept compctons Dasiga Ge lexi end pate connections Design Guide 3, Arles conection ‘asin Guide 6: Sad coms Disclaimer: The infomation prevented by the Austalan Ste! litte ia tis publestion hs boon Propaea for geasal nfrmnon any ahd does natin ay oy consiive tecmmendaton or rotons! advice. While very sot nas been mage av al eatonale care akan 1 ensure the SCaurty tthe rman onan inthe pbteatin, tus ntomation should wot be Used reed ‘pon of any specie appicaton wibou iesbgation end weston a ois sccuoey, Raby a ‘SBoteeuray oye campeon terol paren in hie rgd. Te Austaan See Inst, fers ‘Si cmplovoes andthe sutirs ana ecdtore ofthe pubeaton donot give any wacanties ot make ony ‘presentations sreaion tote Inlonmaton paides herein an tothe exe pert y aw a) wi rb hold tbls oreeponae anyway. snd (0) exrosly deci any Hab or re=pansty for ny hve or dome cote or angonace neuen sonnocton wits is patio by any bese, aneer {hat parson ie orchasr oh pubeaton or at Without matin, hs clues oss, mage, costs {and expense inured aba resul of he nepigence othe ators, eos or pubishers. ‘The information in hie publcaon shoud nat be rales upon as a substute for independent du ‘jena rteslonl or foge ace and’ ts reparde he orion of a compote! professional peson Srperons shoud bo sought e se oe soa ow! a er | CONTENTS: Poge st of tgues v6 DETAILING: Citar ables fe” 61 Bot ries Preface 62 Limitations ‘About he author 4 ‘About the conirbuing auhor an edtor vi 7 INSTALLATION OF BOLTS. ‘Acknowledgements vi 71 Inoaueton + CONCEPT oF DesiGh GUIDES. 1 Bockground 2 WTRODUCTION 2 CHARACTERSSTICS OF STRUCTURAL Bouts 31 Thad frm 3 3 32 Boles 4 35. Idenlestion 5 34 Commercial bats é 36 Teepe 5 cenaionw ASA 1252166. Sr snes a 4 BOLTING CATEGORIES so TRNAS ose oie 5 BOLTLENGTH CONSIDERATIONS... 19 Bz Toate neue seaplane 21 25 Tate extad hom Seaplane 22 32 etanon 3 e toting nuts ee oto et ton a 12 Shugrtightening 13 Fulltonsionng meteds 14 Part turn ofl motos 7. Dect tension incaion method 7 tesues wih teasionng bts 17 Gleorances 7 Inspection of toed connections 78 Bling bots 8 CORROSION PROTECTION 8.1 Comosion proieton of ots 82 Comosion protec of iletaces 3 st 7Figwe 1 Figue 2 Fue 3 Four 4 Figure 5 igure 8 Figue 7 Flowe 8 Figue @ Figue 10 Figure 11 Table Table 2 Table ‘Tables Tables ‘ables ‘Tebe7 Tables ‘able Tab 10 Tove 11 Table 2 Table 13 Tables ane 15 LIST OF FIGURES, Page Bokthead marking ientficaton.... Figue 12 Use ota tpares washer 48 Fagure 15 Cover pats forlng sti hoes. 13 Figue ts {occ aut cantguration 15 Figure 15 ‘ead included n shear pane. 13 Figure 18 “Trad excluded from shaar Figur 17 plane. 19 [KS s100 rumen forthread Figure 18 projection 2 ‘Worked example —Thveads Figue 19 Inet 25 Figure 20 Worked example Threads igure 21 exchided 25 Figure 22 {Eoge distance ond applied force. 20 Bich and bearing force desion| provisions 20 LIST OF TABLES. Page {80 Mavic serew teads to Tobie 16 AS 278, Mere hexagon commercial bli Propedy Class 6 6 Mebretexaqon commercial lt, Table 17 bot sizes gonoraly avaiable. NMeticheragon conmercal bak Table 18 7 Table 19 High stength stuciral bots Table 20 Property class 8.8 9 Table? High strength stucturl bots, bolt ‘zee gonorallyavaltle 10 Table 22 High strengh sutra it thread tents 10 ‘Nuts for use wit high tenth stturl bos 0 ‘Washaes fr use with mesic Tobie 23 hexagon commercial tots... 12 ‘ashore foruse wth high ‘trong stucturl bas 12 Table 24 Bolt types and oting catogoies. 16 ‘Simple flexes statically Table 25 [badd in shear vr Table 25 Fg ae semi jis ‘Sava loaded shear 18 Tobie ‘Shank legihs and pormisible ‘roa Threads incided shear Plane, M20 commercial bots...20 tein in strc sot cnracons Wat ton Pooe of tension an tum f mt 8 Marking fr part tur of ut ‘natnos. Led nestor washer 6 aod indealor washer assorby 36 aad indealar washorcomplstion 38 Location af oad incieator washer ‘when bolls rotated sr FResatonship betwoen bal tension. load Indleator gap and tum of put. 8 ‘Swage lock stoner 39 ‘Refit pn made tem abot... 8 ‘ea equtng masking, 0 Sample high stongth oll ssumbl tot coil 55 Page Shank lengths and permissible ‘ine-—Thweads Inluces in shear Pome, M20 high srongth Srucural bats 20 [AS 4100 provisions for sted ‘snd oversize hates ‘8S 4100 fl siz hal punching fimtations 28 [RS 4°00 minimum 2390 ‘stances 2 'AS 400 minimum ol tensions 33 18S 4100 nut rotatlon fom the snug tight conaton. 38 Dimensions of wrenches for olermining eration clearances ‘Dimensions af open ended ‘wrenches. Dimensions of Socket Hand wrenches 42 DDenensins of wrenenos fo ‘etermning erocton clearance Dimensions of mpc! wrenches 43 Indalve eostinlace ratios fran M20 Bol ina Ou ann 87 ‘Summary of sp facors 39 ‘CHECKLIST for complncetest ‘erifcate documentation. 53 [GUIDE tote key Australian Standard specticaton requirements In checking complanestost Ccetfele documentation... 58 om” ee PREFACE This new sores of connettion pubiatons by the Australian Insitute of Stel (ASN) covering Capociy tables, theory and design of individual simple connections wil be known ashe Structural Stee! Connections Series, Part. ed. 2007 ("Connection Series, Part). This Connection Series, Part 1 datals the method cf design and provides capacty tables and Gatalng parameters fr a range of simple connections commonly used fo svuctralstolwork In Australia. Comections have a major engineering and economic importance in ste! stuctres influoncing design, doting, abietion and erection soste Standarceaion of design approach Integrated wit industry dating isthe Key to minimum cosis at each stage. Ths Comecions ‘Series, Part in conjunction withthe future Connecion Series, Part 2 for raid connections (collectively tneStrucural Stoel Connections Series ot “Connacton Series") replaces and fennances an AS! agehip publication fist released in 1978 at which time connection design Ttoories wore daveloped for the purpose of generating and releasing conection capacty {ables ‘The ist three edtions wore releaed im permicsbleslress format. The fourth estion Design of Structural Cannectons (ttn eter lo as the Groen Book) was released in 1894 in Tmt state format but there was 90 subsequent release of @ limi state companion document containing conection design capac table This series also revises the renowned third edton of Boling of steel structures in Design {Guide 1"now known a8 Boling in steolwark connections. The former ubieaion has been redeveloped int the new design guide format bringing the key designer reference material for: the former appendces Into tha relevant sectans a this design guide. Now technological ovelopmente inthe afea of specialised lrect tension meacurng devices have boon incorporated along wih high strength structural blind bots ta! are becoming 9 key component withthe gfowing. use of large closed sectons in bulding constiction. For this gus, Interatonal stanéards have been reviewod ana global manufactures of erecton equipment Investigates to provide updated gucones on ihe standard wrenches for determining erection Clearances, ‘Structural designs are nw leaner as a cirect result of advanced analysis, design tons andthe supply of higher strength stucturt mombers. This has increased boll design actions olen ‘mating them the erica tem in design. The most significant upgrade to thie Design Guide hos inthe area of bot quality and cotfeaion alongwith the dimensional ané mechanical propertios ‘of ccmmonsttuetual assembles, Mnimising designer rik in eriieaion of oll quali now 8 necessary process and a necessary duly ofcare nthe structural design. Al Australian standard high strength boll assembles are supplad from intemational sources following the Increasing trend o reduce projct cost through those commadity Heme, A simple checlt and uide Mave Deon developed ta assist the designarin this design guide Following many Australian Soe! isttute technical enquiries and feedback from the fabrication Industry, best practice In bok instalation has been reinforced with wamings nto weld any heat ttoated high stonath bolt assemblies. There are very fw bell experts and designers raray have edicaled courses at undergracuate level focusing on these Key stuclral ems. Boll Mould have the last design time but generally play the Wey role anc this design guide has been votpad 16 cencoknt ha necessary ot inewedpe when wang bors mseUCal set ‘An appendix to ach publication inthe series also contains an ASI comment form. Users of this ‘Connections Series are encouraged to photocopy this one page form and forward. any Seppe rovovets wich maybe noupercis nee coos 14. Honea SA Mitr e toting setae enon, et eaton o*ABOUT THE AUTHOR ‘Tim Hogan is Director of SCP Gontuling Ply Ltd. His geademic achievements inckude Bacholer of Engineering fom tho University of NSW with 1 Class Honours and the University Maca Post grosuate qualiicaions include a Mastor of Engineering Science and a Master of Basinose Asmnstvation, Tin fs Member ofthe Inelituiton of Engineers Australia wih CPEng fand PIE Aust status, His cary experience was on bridge design and construction wih the NSW Publ Works DDopartment snd subsequently ag Development Engineer and then Enginoering Manager with the Austaion Insttte of Steel Construction untt 1980. Consuting experience wi SCP ‘Consuting since 1980 has included design and supervision of lage steel tramed builtins, Industial buings, mil buldinge, retail developments, defonce infasiructur and compos Slectoncete buildings. His pubished works. doa! primary with the areas of composi Construction, steal conection, fabrication and erection of sel structures and he was @ major ontrbutor and editor of the Commentary to AS 4100. He is a member of a number of Standards Australa Commitees desing win sles! ané compost structures and is curerly Charman of Commitse 80-001 Steel Stuctures and 60-032 Composite Construction. He feceived an award from Standards Australia Tor Ns contrbutons To wing of Australian ‘Standards ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTING AUTHOR AND EDITOR Scott Munter is now the National Strecural Dacking Manager for BlueScope Lysapht. He was formery the National Manager—Engnesring & Consiucton forthe Ausiaian Ste! insti (KSI) and worked in Wis roms from 2000 to 2007. Ths Kay fle involved setting the technical \acarshp of ASI in support of design and constuction to enable the efficient specication anc toe of steel fn constuction. Responsibilities included ASI technical publications, advice on Industy best practize, ASI and Code commitees, presentations and lecturing Scotts « Mernber of the Istution of Engineers Austalia with CP Eng & NPER (Structural) ‘als. He Doles a Bachelor of Structural Engineering from the University of Technology, Sydney win 1 Class Honours and the University Medal. Hs professional carer includes 15 years consulting evil and structural engineering working fr Tim Hogan at SCP Consulting bis conauting experience nudes @ strong steel focus wth major infrastructure, industrial and ‘ommersal developments pls domestic constuction. e rim te mo" . er ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. ‘Te authors woud ike to extend special hanks to: ‘The AS! Gonrectons Steering Commitee consisting of Richard Colins (Engineering Systoms). ‘Anthony Ng (OneStee! Markat Mil), Arun Syam (Storgon Stool Tube Mil) fr th rospectivo Contrttions with the Gavelopment and roviow of te technical and editorial content of the revised ASI Cannecion Pubcon ‘Slonficant contributions wera made by + Dr Saman Femando—Ajax Engineered Fasteners for his expert rview of the bot ‘technical content and systems. eee ‘+ Standards Austala for prowaing thal echnical ypeseting expert + Whizzead Ply Lid with dating and graphics for publishing ‘+ ASI Stato Engineering & Constructon Special Sub-Committees for progressive ‘engineering and inusty review of manuscrpts Together with supporto +All facets of the ASI membership including design enginoers stechwork deters and Tebricators in contrbuting industy best practice and standards thvough ASI surveys and droct consuitation t9 establish the thoory and geometry inthis now ASI Connection Publication e toring in she tos, rt eon oa”1 CONCEPT OF DESIGN GUIDES ‘Background ‘The ASI was formed in 2002 through the merger of Australian Insitute of Steel Construction {AISC) ana Stee Insite of tralia (SIA), The former AISC published a design mana! ging (uidance on te design of suetural connections in steehwork (Ref. 2). [ASI is updating Reference 2 by way of the Connection Series including design guides, desing ‘ith connection pars. and indvidial connection types. The overall series of connections publications wil be know a5 the Connestions Series. The former AISC also publishes 8 manual containing slandardised detaiing Yor simple Connections, accompanied by loa tablos (Ref 3) \Wherover possible each design guide for individual connection types contains standerlbed Gelating ond design capacity tables for tne connection type covered by that design guide Sermed using the design modes in hat design guide. “The Connection Series i a specait series devoted to the design of connections in structural Hoel in sevordance wit current Australan Slandard AS 4100 (Rel 1), reflecting the Curent Slate of hnowledge of connection behaviour fom test resus, In some Instances, the test Evicence le sparse and nother Instaneas the evidence fs contador or clouded. Each sign fulde in the, Connection Series has been writen by weighing ihe evigence to provide Fecommendad design procedires based in parton the design procedures used in equivalent publications andor published papers. Each Design Guida fs intended to provide a design model which gives a reasonable estimate of ‘Somecton design capaci and effort has been expended in researching anc developing design ‘model nhich can be juified on the basis of Uo avallble research and current design proce. Its To be amghalaed that forthe connections model presented, th design model is fot the only possbla model. Wt tz thorefore not intended to suggest that other models may hot result In adequate connection capacity and further reference is made to the Disclaimer on page i ofthis publication as to the required investigation and verification y's competent professional person or persons In regards tothe accuracy, sultabiity 2nd “pplicablity of the materials provided In this Connections Series. “The connections deat with ae those presently in common us in Australia and reflect the types reomavtons covered within the eerlar A'SC Standardized Strctural Connections (Ref 3) This Design Guide deais withthe bolting of steel structures and is based on an earior ASC publication ‘Boling of steel structures’ (Ret. 6). wo! e sot suc Sears, et eaton ee — 2 INTRODUCTION Bolts are widely used for making connections in stuctural steelwork, especialy fed ‘onnecions. An understanding ol ail aspects of the use of bolls is consequently Wal to designing, deistng, fabricating an erecing steel structures. ‘The selection ofa bol for use in structural stelwork connection wil need lo have regard to 8 arey of facors ncuding aa + the nature of the forces to be resisted ‘+ the design capacity of avaliable bot types; + the amount of joint siopage desirable; + tne degre of esityirgity desited inte joint installed fastener. “This Desion Guide i intended to provide a state-of-the-art summary of the following thay relat tothe use cf bolts in stel connoctions: “+ the bottsypas that are avalable and commonly used (Section 3) + the characteristics of each bat type (Section 3) + thecost oft + the metnos of eistinguising and identiying each bol iype (Section 5); + the bolting categories in use and thor application in typical connections (Section 4); “+ the mathod of dstaling to ative al required bok lenghs (Section 8); + aspects of dotating of bolted connections (Section 8); + the mettods of instalation of boils (Secon 7); + the motnods of corrosion protection, for bolts and interfaces (Section 8); “Tne scope ofthe publication is inte to: + boltypes in common use for connections ia ste! structures in Australia + metic bots: + sizes ofbots in common wse in stool connections: + commen methods of application. The design of boted connections in stucuralstel and the design capac of bots ae ‘discussed in detail in Handbook 4 ‘on can The use of bots and their design in indvdusl connections in srutual steals discussed the design guide relevant Io that connection. General, best practice in structural connections would involve the use af more smal lamar bots rather than fewer large damier bots e sing svat Cen, eon2 CHARACTERISTICS OF 34 Thread form ‘STRUCTURAL BOLTS ‘Australian metre Bolts incorporate the mete coarse tivead series. specified in AS 1275 {Ret 10) welch is based on ISO {Inernational Standards. Organisation) recommendations. ‘Screw tteace are t0 tolerance Class. 6g or 8g of AS 1275 before corosion pratecton is ‘applied. Note that Clause 224.2 of ASINZS 1252 (Ret. 5) lms the tolerance To 6g for High rength stuctra! belts while AS 1118-4 (Rel, ) allows 8g for commercial bolis. Bok types are ‘covered in Secian 32. “The items of interes in celation ta goraw threads are the core area (A,) and tensile stress art (A) and these ave summarised i Table 1 for bolt diamators in common use, The formula used for calculating A, (lensla sts atea) in AS 1275 isan approximation only, which has been found to eoreate reasonably with tst results for sioels having substantial ductiy. Also of felevance are the pic () ofthe tvead ana the plan shank area (A) which are alse quoted in ‘Table 1 The alos cf rete (Ada, and AJA) are of interest in comparing the capaci of bois {or alforent design condone and these are slo given in Table 1 Note (atthe ros re not TABLE 4 {SO METRIC SCREW THREADS TO AS 1275 (Ref, 10) ee Ratios Nom. ota, | Piteh ® a x a a * P core | tensile | shank ~ a ov) | tov | tommy | tomy | evr 2 18 002 ua [1s on 07s 16 2 150 157 201 075 on Py 2s 208 215 ou 07s on os 3 38 253 82 o7s on a8 40 sot 708 076 on 6 ‘ 78 a sos ove 0.0 Explanation o Table were 1 For the atea of cosesecton at the minor = igor dametar area (om ‘Gamer (core aves) of external heads & ‘ss = tonal sass area & aa tle omni shane ea : bene major sameter of irra 2 forthe at cl ig date eres Gqsl"e he warn of te ple and'mmat gp. menneas 17s tate Stes sla sree as) of'onal = PACERS TE Tae 91) roses SNCS foreman fo a8oe) A= lo ossee)? 4 = nora tt same = O 2 Forte sami hank ea A Eat eto! igi om: e ohn a strc te Someone, ton ee 3 chaRACTERISTICS OF STRUCTURAL BOLTS, 32 Bottypes “The Iwo basic types af metric Blt a use in struct engineering in Austra ae! “+ the commercial (Property Class 4.6) bolt 9 AS 111.1 (Rel. 4; ‘+ the high strengtn strctral Property Class 6.8) bolt to ASINZS 1252 (Ret. 8. ‘commercial bots are made of law carbon steel with mechanical propertis sila to that of [Grade 250 material. High stangtn structural bots are made by hest-vecing. quenching and tempering medium carbon steal. Accordingly, heating or welding to 3 commercial bolt wil cause no significant change ins properties, bul either provess wil cause a siprvicant degradation In ‘he mechanical properties of high strength bolts (see Section 38), ‘Only lines range of sizes of tase bots eof intrest o structural engineers ‘Note that th prefix Mis used in this Gude to designate mete bolts wit a thread complying with AS 1275 (S00 Section 3.1) “Toe commercial bolts commonly used in the following damster ia steetnork connections: e12—putin an git appleations; M16—tloats,brackos (relatively light leaded): ‘M20, 24—goneral structural connections holding down bolts; M30, 1436—holding down belts. Most commercial bots for structural connections are to AS 1111.1 (Ref, 4) which is the key {eference inthis Design Guide Prin and git bolts ae typically commetcat bolls to AS 1111.2 (Ref, 18) and axe theoaded up to he undersie of he ott head Details ofthese bots may Be founs i Table 2, details ofthe bolt sizes generally avaiable may ‘be found in Table 3, deals of thread lengts may be found In Table 4. Details of the nls used with these bots may be found in Table 8. ‘The high strength structural bot! 1s most commonly used in the following dameters 16-stevetural connections i small members M20, M24 oxible connections, rigid connections. Lager sizes (N30, MSE) ofthe high ‘rengih structural boll should be avoided when ful tensioning ss coquired, Since onsite tensioning can be dificult and reques special equipment Sscheve the minimum boll tensions spectied lobe achived. (0 instalation’. Section 7), Details of ese bots may be found in Table 6, details of bolt sizes generally available may be {ound in Table 7, deta of tread lengths may be found in Table 8. Details of the nuts used wi these bolts may be found in Table 8. e betaine hos etn wo *3. CHARACTERISTICS OF 33° ldentincation 3 CHARACTERISTICS OF 3.4 Commercial bots STRUCTURAL BOLTS. STRUCTURAL BOLTS, “The idenifcation ofthe two diferent bot and nut assembles can be readily made from the bot qase 2 head and nut markings indicated en the bets (see Figure 1). In addtion, 2 dstingushing feature fe the larger BOW head and mul ofthe high svenglh stuctral Bot compared f0 the commercial bol ‘The strength of bolts is normally specified In terms of the tensile strength of the threaded fastoner. As a consequence, Property Ciass of bals are idntfid in the felling manner: METRIC HEXAGON COMMERCIAL BOLTS. | | Appeoximately one tants of the ratio between nominal yal stress and nominal tensile stenath xprosaed as a porcontage. ) One hundreath of he nominal tensile strength (MPa) | For example a Property Class 4.6 bolt to AS 1971.1 bol has: [BOLT GEOMETRY AND HEAD MARKING Nominal tensile engin of 4 «100 = 400 Pa “STANDARD SPECIFICATION AS 1111.5 (Roh 4) (weal = 400 MPa) | Trrexo sreciricanion: AS 1275 (Ret 10) tlerance Nominal yield stress of 0.6» 400 = 240 MPa TTOLERANCES-PRODUCT GRADE: (otal « 240 MPa) | woratAL METHOD OF MANUFACTURE: Hot or cll forging (gare cle while a Properly Cass 88 bolt to ASINZS 1252 has: | echawicat pRoPERTIEs Tensie sera 400 MP (nom. and min.) Nominal tensile stength of 8 x 100 | old stress 240 MPs in) (aewal Sess under proof nad 228 MP rn) Nominal yield sross of 0.0 600 = 640 MPa MOST COMMONLY USED SIZES: M2. MIE, NBO, a4, 190, MOE (suess at permanent set) (Actual = 660 MPa) TENSILE AND PROOF LOADS: Desig | _Torale | _Winimam ration | stone area | breaking to Monfocure rane ent ae mm) | tommy | an wiz] | 387 me fs za 860 wae za ie zr (a)Meticnexagenconmerinbots (yh sengh sroctralboks NOTE: Elongaten air askre j Faranese = 474 HB in FIGURE 1 BOLT HEAD MARKING IDENTIFICATION GENERAL DIMENSIONS OF BOLTS: ‘Shank | with | Width | Height of | Sisetme puaiy.|at | este ons | ene |"8obe | ome ‘tae | comer | / ee re _ i peat eect ini ce wa Tae | ee] teas] a | tie [20 | ie | a | dee] soe tm fas | @ | 3 | ao] ise | nor |3o | x | a | se] too wo [3s | 3% | & |S) i we [is | & Ls | ss se e tpn ene en te won oo e bing seve set iton, at aon o neTABLE 3 METRIC HEXAGON COMMERCIAL BOLTS, "BOLT SIZES GENERALLY AVAILABLE ‘Designation ‘Nominal engine Fem mom [ao oo os GOs 70 00_00_ 00 170 120100 140100, wa {x[x_x x x x xX xX x x me [x ox xLx_x x KX x x x mo |x x x x x Le x ox x x x ze xx XK xox x x x m0 x x Xx x x x hoe x x x x x [tases scope ‘Comaminly avaliable nes: Pan uncoated ot dp eases Nominal head length, b, (acting tread nou Forbols up oan eidng 125 mong For bls ova 125 mm yp 6a ncluing S00 mmtong For ts over 200 mn ong “ahere d= nominal diameter (oe) e TABLE 4 METRIC HEXAGON CONMERCIAL BOLT THREAD LENGTHS Worinal length of thread Desi ‘baom (rm) rewis_| 425<12200 wa [30 se tie | 38 a tio | ae 2 w2qs2smem fie |e 5 Neo | 6s 2 sos | 7 o [STANDARO SPECIFICATION: THREAD SPECIFICATION MECHANICAL PROPERTIES: ‘ASINZS 429121005 (Rt. 13) (GENERAL DIMENSIONS OF NUTS (nm Chass Sane ¢ TABLE 5 NUTS FOR USE WITH METRIC HEXAGON (COMMERCIAL BOLTS. oO too nur ‘as 1142.12) 1S 1275 (Ret. 10) sort Hot or 28 trang 201 620 Pa Cia 8 rea oo) om’) [owas s [cin we we oe) 7ae ao | as wa | s ze | 35 ze | as wo] ser as | 516 mse | es sis | nse Width across | Height of a ‘comers | normal mute we 200 108 mie me us eo 0 130 uaa ms a8 96 con a0 toting stucta ateComestone, st eon ee ee3 CHARACTERISTICS OF 3.5. High strength structural bolts ‘STRUCTURAL BOLTS TABLE 6 HIGH STRENGTH STRUCTURAL BOLTS PROPERTY CLASS 8.8 OLY GEOMETRY ANO HEAD MARKING ‘hte: te esos). ASINZS 1252 (eueae nua Washoe) (Re 5), [AS 1275 (Rat 10) 69 flrance ‘STANDARD SPECIFICATION ‘THREAD SPECIFICATION TABLE 7 HIGH STRENGTH STRUCTURAL BOLTS, BOLT SIZES GENERALLY AVAILABLE Decl Nominal engine Tm) pases |-————_—renint ents ee —________ wie” [4s S055 co 6s TO 75 80 85 90 95 100 110 120 139 Y40 100 we x xX KX XX XXX 20 x XxX XX XX KK x as x XX KX XX KK 30 xix xe 96 x xx x|x x x x x ‘ole wih shotenes teas kenge ———) in, bodytngih= OS bot at ‘Commonly avaiable fishes: lain ald Ro ap gatranzee TABLE 8 HIGH STRENGTH STRUCTURAL BOLT THREAD LENGTHS: Proper cues te ont, cTHOD OF MANUFACTURE: oto cl erg, brn nd ongered ‘THREAD LENGTHS Torin eng of ead MechaNoal PROPERTIES: Tena stengih #00 Morr) 20 MPa in) Nori rang eag ted nc ocr ‘Stress af porn sk es a ‘For bolts up to and including 125 mm lang = 2d + 6 mm sites | 128<15200 Stescuncer oa ead 600 MPa 25 mang UNS [Fizas [assez host coumomtyusen sizes: i. lm Hat, 190), (8) {seabed Ft tg we | < = For bolts over 200 mm long Lad bs 1) ensue AND pROOE LOADS: Boag | Trae] nium] Prost te | & ita ther Bonde [ouces are [tennetons| owe tee a wt soo | oma, | om | om con0 te [as | mm | w NUTS FOR USE WITH HIGH STRENGTH STRUCTURAL BOLTS ta | is | a | ae to | sr | ies | aor GENERAL DMENSIONS OF NUS (am toc] str | ere tao it : Tate ean henna ran] oa | ee mene Woes srg an ten] serve |e (reese wie |e oe Senenat oMensions oF TTRERS she [_W_ wea | a rad] sy |e | feinmtinres) ee onl wwe [ae | | oa | ama wat | as [ te [2] 2 | 3 | ot wep ate ee tee [35 | 8 | @ | ae we | as) = | 3 3 | is Pe eS ta | so | | o [te wer [te | eo | a | se te) as | a | a | tee tol ts | fe |e |e "eA sreciicaion 1) PROOF LOADS OF NUTSUSED “pyyg, | Temunavens | Pret ind NORMAL METIOD OF MAMUFACTURE: Het re gma (Property Clase 8) sation | axm’y rare liars MECHANICAL PROPERTIES: Proat aoa enone ae} er a vnc sore ta | me | ae Nip goveiees 88 MPa ao | am cos | ate Cian gene Sma RC oe |r se_| oe e soungin rss tates, at eon wo e sot ect tr ft eon wo2 CHARACTERISTICS OF ‘STRUCTURAL BOLTS 36 Testing of bolts Tables 2 and 6 contain the proof loads of commercial and high strength stuctral bolts respoctvely laken Wom AS 4291-1 (Rat. 1). Bolts are tasted ful size using methods specified inthe relevant Standard AS 4291.1 (Ret. 14). Methods speciiea in AS 4291-1 are —tensie fst for machined test place —tenalo tes for fl size bolts “tensile test under weige lading for ul size bolts “The tensile strength i determined sing the tensile stress area wile the proof Toad test involves appication of the nominated proof load. and: the measurement of any permanent ‘extension caused by Ine prot load. The sess under proot load spectied in AS 4291.1 Is as follows: Property Cass 4.6 stress under proo oad stoma Property Case 88 ress under proo oad 00 MPa (Glameters 16 mm and over) ‘The proof toad is th ous up to which the boll can be losded and thon unloaded without permanent residual deformation (Ref 9}. Detals of how the above tests ae conducted are contained in Relerence 15, e sotng sce Sa Seen, ft on 3. CHARACTERISTICS OF ‘STRUCTURAL BOLTS. 37) Washers Commercial bots to AS 1111.1 (Re. 4) are not normally supplid with a washer and therefore washers (0 AS 1297.1 (Re 19) are ordered separately when required. High srengin structural Bots to ASINZS 1252 (Ref. 5} are normally supplies ae bokinulwasher assembles Detals of the washers for commercial bolts to AS 1237-1 are shown in Table 10, while deta of {he washers for high svength structural bots ASINZS 1252 (Ret 8) ar shown In Table 17 |AS 4100 requires that a washer be used under the rotated part (usually the nl for all boing falegories. This i common practice in any case but fs patcuarly important for 887 Boling ‘alogorywivere the bol lenstoned (see Section 4) TABLE 10 TABLE 11 WASHERS FOR USE WITH METRIC WASHERS FOR USE WITH HIGH HEXAGON COMMERCIAL BOLTS STRENGTH STRUCTURAL BOLTS a a FLAT ROUND WASHER, waster ‘noe tee mi) stawoaRo AS 1237 (Rol 11) STANDARD ——_ASINZS 1252.9) ‘SPECIFICATION: ‘SPECIFICATION: PRODUCT GRADE: MATERIAL: Hardened and tempers soe! MATERIAL a sto HARONESS: Notnot sp gat, 95-45 HAC Netaip gate 26-45 HRC GENERAL DIMENSIONS OF WASHERS (mn) GENERAL DIMENSIONS OF WASHERS in) Nominal "twom}) dae Bott Tietness ae “ = ” e252 we 3a mn) Abin) we 3 Bm Mo 2 ow Noma zo 3 sr wor 28 aiming re nso 33 go ['ABImax) Note that the hardness requtement for hotsip galvanized washers was lowared in [ASINZS 1252 (Rel. 5) to 26HRC (Rockwoll hardness). The. specified hardness range for Property Cass 8.8 bolts to AS 4291.1 (Rel. 14) 8 23-34 HRC. Ife therfore recommended that washers are made to 25-45 HRC range (a8 required in ASINZS 1262 for olher than hot-dip ‘slvaned) te avoid scouring of he washers when tightening the assembly, \Wnere the slope of the suraces between the parts in contact withthe bolt head or nut nd the nn vena sc th, ttn om" eebolt als exceeds 1:20 (St), then a tapered washer must be provided against the tapered ‘Surface and the non rotating part must be placed agains the tapered washer (Figure 2) ote nn-olatig) Teper washer a Standor washor FIGURE 2 USE OF A TAPERED WASHER Note that under wo cumstances shall the bolt bend in he assembly ofa astalition. For soted or oversize oles, hardened washers or plato washers must be used on each sie of the joint under bath heed nd nut (ace Section 6.1). Where long slotted holes are use (he. up t 25 x bot lameter in tength), a special washer or cover plate must be installed to complotly cover all ofthe sles. Such a washer or plate shal be atleast & mm thik. In lng joints It fof mare economical provide such a cover plate from a rolled edge lat bar cil tothe nominal Bok conte (as in Figure 3) 30 thal tis proviced 8.2 single tam, 20 toned hol ure Oo Oo Oo > 209 sot oe ner O° Loy Oo oO oO 0 0 0 FIGURE 3 COVER PLATES FOR LONG SLOTTED HOLES e design aie oOo” ‘song in atta soe comodo, rst ton { 3 CHARACTERISTICS OF ‘STRUCTURAL BOLTS, 38 Welding of bolts ‘The successful welding of bots requires knowledge of the chemical camposton of te steet Uses im manulacurig Ine fastener For commercial bots (Property Ciass 46) wolding Is achlaved by using the same welding procedure as ie used for Grade 250 ste, since the stoel general hes carbon content above Bi40% ‘and a tow sulphur conten. Note that the mecsanicl properiae of cold forged ‘commercial Balls may be reduced dus tothe ses rele genorate by welding process For high seng stvetural Bots to ASINZS 1252, welding requires pre-heating or post weld heat Weatment ‘ofthe weld ora inorder to vols Brie steel or cracked welds. The Is dis 0 the formation of martenstc steel curing the welding arocess such treatment does not occur Because such treatment may net be avaiable fespecaly Tor ase weld), wolcing ofthese bots Isat recommended, “The same commons as above aso appllas to the nus associated with ‘ot weldable nuts mace from a weldale steel ae avaiable (Ret 1), Ws ‘This Design Guide recommends that any heat treated high strength structural bolt, nut oF washer not be welded under any circumstances, This includes the {ack welding of retained nuts in one-sided bolting details. e von srt Sen, et on wo"3 CHARACTERISTICS OF ‘STRUCTURAL BOLTS, 39° Lock nuts ek mut ate ote won ona o ao ut wring loose in connect whet enon fore snator baton 2 proson A standard nt usvaly ed mh afk lon ger bok is consequently required, me ‘The lock nut should be the botiom nut nthe assembled jin as shown in Figure 4. The lock mut should be installed frst on tho thread and snugiighloned only. The standard nul an Inslalles and tightened so that ho threads inte lock nt fret bear upwards onthe bo theeass, hase ee, nd fal ear downwards nthe bal treads wate threads ef ho ora er upwarcs on the bat treads. Since the two nuts are Bearing in apposite dectons, the us ae efecvely jammed (ater Relerence 15). ‘During the tightening of te top out with a wrench, the lock nut shouls be held fo prevent it om tuning ‘Lock nuts afe avaliable wth ISO metic coarse series threads (Ref. 15) to AS 1112 (Ret. 12) Cian fee BW ta ee ne ea Sree Pa ha sansa Note Must be baton ee Ls FGURE 4 Lock NUT ConFIcURATION e sear cree Sa con | 4 BOLTING CATEGORIES In Ausbala @ standard bolting category Identification systom has been adopted in AS 4100, Stoo stuctuos for use by designers and detailer. This system is summaisod in Table 12 poe rrree is RoLTii exreoorae aera aeons ea porn cavon] tote Jssnizeng] Nerina | eatnwne | sos se ny fae cone eciea come ao = ara nc mm oa ae Ss oo | won |e) san sn 7] a = ere oe & Category 4618 rele to commercial bots of Proparty Class 4.8 conforming to AS 1111.1, tighlened using a standard wrench toa snug-lghtcondton (soe “Installation, Section 7.2), Category 88S rele 1 any bot of Property Glas 88, tightened using a standard wrench to a ‘suglghtcondton inthe same way 25 for catogory 4.6/5. Essential. these bolts are used as Iaher grade commercial bots in order to inreaeo the capacly of carain connection types. In ‘racic thy wil normally be high svengih stuctral balls to ASINZS 1252, but any attr bo of Property Cias 88 would be saltactory Categories 8.F and 8.876 (or 8.8/7 when refering general to botn types) reer spectcaty {o high strongth sirucoral bols of Property Ciass 1.8 conforming to. ASINZS 1252, faly Tenatned ins controled manner tothe requirements of AS 4100. “The popularity of high strength structural Dols fo ASINZS 1252 used in a‘snugtght”condon lenge lo the stntion where this Bolt may need to be ful tensioned on one occasion while on ‘another cccasion snug-tghlening 9 sufficient. This could lead to misunderstanaings and iis ‘necessary for a designer Using this bolt ype lo inca clearly what lvel of tonsioning (other fl r eng) ls requred In aach connection n ordar fo vad any confusion on se. The baling «|™ 6 eaten aie wore 2 cinsad not 1 Th Tate sesumes a mien of 2 tea4s (5 mm) proacton trough hen and one washer stn nie het (an igre 538). morta 0 1, wn taken a2, max i = = 26) Im practice the value of plain shank fongth , depends upon the manufacturing tolerances for 6 anda, hal unas) #1 Bain Bn | Iynns #1~ boa Bos ‘Valves of funn af6 ven io Tables 15 and 16 for M20 bots in commonly used lengths of ‘commercial snd high strength Blt ypes respectively TABLE 16 ‘SHANK LENGTHS AND PERMISSIBLE GRIPS—THREADS INCLUDED IN SHEAR PLANE. ‘M20 HIGH STRENGTH STRUCTURAL BOLTS (ASINZS 1252) Batters Tas | 50 | 55 | 60 | es | 70 | 75 | 80 | a5 | 20 | 100 [110 | 120 Minion pa startienare | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 [11s | 165] 218/265] 315) 268 |465| 965) cas ete 3) ‘Average rinmamarp |175]175| 175] srs] 19 | 24 | 20 | sa | so | aa | ot | oe | 4 (Wot 2a) rmanimengip | 16 | at | 20] ar | ac | a1 | ae | or | os | or | 71 | or | on (hee 4. Th Table auras a minum af 2 theace (5 mim) projetion trough the nu ond one washor Instalod unde tho nt ash Figures 5a). 2. Deduct one washer thness om gp If eddonl washer usod under head (6 max, 34 min, ‘hehnss) 1. From Tabla 2.2 of ASIN 1252 4 moe t9ton 967, nn aon 883, aX. ga © ()~ 20) mm, min. ip a dened in ASINZS 1282 cranes ame ipa FIGURE 5 THREADS INCLUDEDIN FIGURE 6 THREADS EXCLUDED FROM SHEAR PLANE (SHEAR PLANE e tegration a @ setng msn Satins, fa eton a5 BOLTLENGTH CONSIDERATIONS 5.2 Threads included in shear plane For the case of threads included in the shear plano, (Figure 8) the average maximum orp {assumag.a § mm projecton of treads trough the nu) is given by— -5- average maximum grip “The absolte maximum rip would be ((—5— Aaa Wen) bu for doaiing purposss it is not possible te presuppose the mand w valves appteabe. The average minimum Grips assumed to be average maximum gp = = Pron “Tables 16 and 16 list the average range of rips for MO bolts forthe case where threads ae Incluced nthe shear plane for commercial and high sength bolts respoctvely. e errs ow 5 BOLTLENGTH CONSIDERATIONS 5.3 Threads excluded from shear plane For the case of threads excluded trom the shear plane, the situation is a& shown in Figure 6 ‘The exiteal dimension ie the teknoss of th ply under the bolt Read, and the al ent ‘ust be chosen eu that eh-8 nero 8 ian allowance (usually 3 mm) designed to cover any variation in ply thickness from the nominal hckness Its washer is used under tho bolt hear (for cases whore the head is rotated rather han the nut) then hehos-w wire wis the washer thickness, When the designr elects to exclude threads fom the shear plane, the desired bolt tong i iven by selecting a boll whose minimum plan shank longi lia equal To the thekness oF the iy (or lie inte case of double shear) adjacent tothe alt head pus an alowance 5. Hence, = (ey thickness adjacent to head) +8 In practice i ie usually not possible to determine In advance which way the bot wil be installed, fn 80's necessary Yo calculate the bal longih forthe worl case. Ths wil be where the theker external ply is under the bolt head For single shear cases, the ercal dimension is this ply thickness. In multiple shear cases the tical dimension isthe sum of the tlcknossas ofthe Icke extemal ply an alterna plies, In both cases the plan shank length ofthe bolt must be a east equal to the cxticat dimension +: tn action, tne overall engin of the batt must be suffeent io scoommedate the ll gp wo? e boting incur Conan,5 BOLTLENGTH CONSIDERATIONS. 54 Discussion ‘Thread projection [AS 4100 requires that the longth ofa bolt be such that at least one clear thread pls the thread ‘run-out is clear beyond the nut after igntoning in either /S or bolting catagory (Faure) “Tho methods of ealeulation presented in Sactons 52 and 5.8 meet these requirements, “The minimum projaction tough the nul of about one thread pte is intended to ensure that fll ‘engagement ofthe nu thvead fs achieved Lo. no Incomplat tvcads shal be engaged with the ‘ut. While this accaptes good practice for baling eateqoy. Riserva with /T category v0 Order to achieve the spectod minimum bolt tension. Note that some bolts may requite two threeds sticking out depending an manutsctuing processes and tolerances, ‘Tho clearance under the nut ls intended to angure tha a nut is never tun up to the tea ‘un-out on fhe Boll which conslutes the nd ofthe threaded portion ofthe Bot ifthe clearance is not provided, the nut wil net st firmly against the washer and in tho case of catagory, the ecessarytun-ofnl may not have been achieved, Material in the grip [AS 400 requis thal all materia within the grip of the boli stel and that no comprossbie ‘material such a5 gaskeis Or insulation be within the gip. This requcement is needed because Dredilabie performance is only possible with raters Kentesl to that for whieh the design lena was establishes (Clause 14.3.6.1 of AS 4100}. el oO ~ (ero) FIGURE 7 AS 4100 REQUIREMENTS FOR THREAD PROJECTION (Clause 14.36.1) 1 Although an apparently substantial inzease in bolt shear capacity (up lo 35 to 40%) can be ‘achieved by excluding threads trom the shear plane, mis gan must be measured against some Gt the probloms which arise during the erection of srucutes whore theoads are spectied are 12 be ences ‘The following matters should be considered before deciding whether oF nol to exclude threads from the shear plane (1) Bolt length for tne tmeads excluded ease must be selected lo provide plan shank in the shoar plane for instalation rom ether side ofthe jit. This usualy reeults In longer bois than would others be theo fs Included versus threads excluded e toting tac et con, ft ton o* {@) Because of te relatively long toad longts of ISO motte bois to ASINZS 1252 and [AS 1111-12 bol wth sufcent pian shank to exclude theade from shear plano may Doject wo past the nutswasher assombly (called scout) Thi stick-out ean cause italy in instalation because adjacent bot in a connection may foul one another The {nd 8 A/TB)H wil no elways be possible to apply ih socket ef an ar ranch tothe nuts fli wi eng tend stck-uts (8) Injonts wih thin plies (2g. 8 mm angle logs or 8 mm ond plates), ts oft necessary to Use ena washers under the nt ovhore tiaade are to be exchided Irom the shear plane inorder to anaure that he nt does nl run up to the end ofthe tread (4) Because the location ofthe plain shank rlativ tothe shear plane poston i eal for the threads excluded case, such 9 joint is vary senstve to bolt length election. This ‘means that bolts have fo be selected usual n length increments ofS mm and results in the stocking of great number of aferen bolt tengls and te subsoqunt ify in tstingushing corect bok Yor @ particular jlnt on se. Alternatively, exbessive stick out must be accepted, (8) im general stctual steelwork, where each jin typically contains only upto 10 bots, the {design economies avatabie using the subsaquentcetaling, fabrication and Considering tal AS 1171.1 and ASINZS 1252 nave adopted tne ISO mete bo dimensions Which provide long treed longs, ts felt in general that designers se better to acoept the Fedused eapscty pansity and dosign for threads Included in the shear plane. There ahould Inaver bea reason for considering Grade 4.6 bolts with threads excluded—t Is certain 10 be ‘more economic fo adopt 8 BS procedure with tveads included. However in lage stuctures using Property Class 88 bots to ASINZS 1252, and where joins contain upwards of 50 bots, a good argument can bo advanced forthe design tobe based on thweads excludes. In stuctures such as major power stations whore afta of 200,000 ball Common, the savings can be substantial If consideration Is gven to alleviating the cticuties Tontioned above. These savings result fom fewer balls, fewer holes lo be cil, smaller {urs dimensions and reducad nsalaton time Furthermore, on large projects there Is gonerally much better contol and supervision than on malo job, and it must bo srosced that good supervicin a requed to anauro that tho covroct, Boi length is installed to provide forthe threads excluded skuston. I necessary to denty the bol length roquted fr each joint and for an inspector to ensure thatthe corect bot Ienath Is used in ha Joint. Such checks are not necessary fr th treads nclosed ase, e voi in rc Serato eon o *Examples ‘Te folowing examples compare the threads included’ and hveads excludes” stations for ‘nate practically (@) 20 bott—threads included in the shear plane (holt dimensions to ASINZS 1252)— Joint as in Figure 8 Jot grip (the total thickness ofthe ple inthe jit) From Section 52: Minimum bot engl = (ep) 95 +20= 651mm where 30mm accounts for the thread projecton (S nm), the out height (21 mm average) and the washer thickness (4 mm average) From the dimensional data in ASINZS 1262 and Table 16 it willbe found that @ 65 mm Tong bol nas a thread length of 46 mm nominal. To tis must be added an allowance for ttvead run-out (7 mm maximum), ging 2 tla thread length of 3.5 mm, and leaving @ plain shank length of only (65 —55:5)=11-5mm, This Gimension ly fs 3 fabulated in Fable 16 Since tis short plain shank length Is of no consequence, a 65 mm long bolt could be Selected although n practice the Industy has tended to raionelize as fr 9s possible on bolt longs in neroments on 10 tm, in which eaes a 70 mm length woulé be used. These 0mm increments aro more eas ianiifed onsite and provide for speedier selection ‘and instalation ofthe bos. Sam vt SY \] FIGURE 8 WORKED EXAMPLE—THREADS INCLUDED ¢ oanain ne teats ton o* wy, ‘Mz0—tiveads excluded from the shear plane (bolt dimensions to ASINZS 1262)— joint as in Figure 9 Jolt grip = 95 min as before, maximum extemal ply under bolt head From Seaton 5.3: 4 =20 Minimum plain shank length, = +8 =m+3 23 am ‘Thread length including tread runout for M20 bol = 55.4 mm as be ‘Therefore minimum bol langth required = 25 + 55.5 = 76.5 mn Ratlonalsing to next standard long: bolt lngth stactod woulé be 60 mm, “This bolt nas @ minimum plain shank longth of (80 ~ 35) = 2.5mm. This dimension is 28 tabulated In Table 16 ‘An #0 nm bot is also adequate 08 far a9 total gulp 1 concerned. Joint grip = 35mm; ‘antrum grip for 80 mm long bot = 0 ~30 = 50 mm, where 30 mm Is an allowance fo fread slceout, nul eight and washor thickness (soe Socton 52). Actual grip Is only 235 mm giving a projection beyond tho nt of (50 ~ 36 +5) = 20 mm, {til be soon (Figure 8) that his blt canbe installed rom ethor side of tha joint and wil provide plain shank across the shear plane in both cases. This is an important onsideration since bots wil normally be placed in joints from the more convenient side for the erecor or provide nuts onthe easier sige for tensioning in the case of BT Drocodvres. His therefore essential that in eet Bok length for the case where Avoads are 19 be excluded fom the shear plane, attention be paid 16 the Individual py {Micknesses a5 well as the total grip ofthe Jot. 1200 a. FIGURE 9 WORKED EXAMPLE—THREADS EXCLUDED tering msc Cony, hat eon o*6 DETAILING 64 Bolthotes “Tne diameter of bot hoes in baad connections are stipulated in Clause 14.3.5.1 of AS 4100 to be larger than tho Bok chameterby either 2mm for M24 bolts or small Sm for bots larger than M2 ‘9mm for noes in base patos “Tmo large oversize holes permitiod in base plates isto assist on colurn erection and is relates to the out ot position telerance of anchor bots permited in AS 4100, In some applications, the use of sloted or oversize holes may be justified in order fo ease ‘recton sielies. AS 4100 rakes provision forthe Use of short and ong slotted Holes an ‘oversize hole, and the detaied provisions for ach holes are summarsod in Table "7. Table 17 ‘requires a hacdonad or heer plate washer lobe insaeg ovr such Noles. The nol se has @ ‘greater Impact on fully tensioned bots 95 the bearing area under the bolt head oF nut Is @ {unetion ofthe hae sie, TABLE 17 [AS 4100 PROVISIONS FOR SLOTTED AND OVERSIZE HOLES (Clause 14.3.5.1, = nominal bot clamoter) Vote [_ Maximo lee (em) azo] uae aetna es [oats ater omer ees one Sin | eras? ]2 | artoucw nnn apmct tet cote tong sia] a |e [Rr age mnt ean ae Ra ee tots come rensrc eecotere eens’ emuctremee Recetas oe nes cre ‘Long | Width: &+2 | 22 | 26 [May b0 used in shear connoctons, but only in alternate ples, bn soled | je cae ralan ype joni: may be uses witout agar to deston ot rt <2 | 50 | 60 |i. In boarng pe, nts must be naa’ tothe drecon of telat, te must nessun and te jac canol be fescenicay nase. Spd water ot lle (28 Nek) must cova exponediong ates ns, debt te bth ‘Ovewizs| _=1254 | 25 [30 |tay De uses many oralipies a beatnoype and Wciomype sae inte ot vests es, une” bt he bok René and “The possbiliy of addona slp with oversize oles must be considered, as should the aifcuty In maintaining beam levele na steel framed floor. In practice, wihin normal fsoriating tolerances, the total movement in @ bol group using say 4 mm oversize holes wll nver bo 4 min, 2mm being mere kel. Oversize holes have the aévantage that they provce the same Clearance In all dvecions, we slotted holes can be Used to make allowance for adjustment In SS elacted direction Bolt holes may be machine fame cul oF delled fl size for al grades of stal and all ypes of bolts, er atlematvely, sub-punched 3 mm undersize in dameter and reamed fo ful size (Clause 14.3011 FAS 4100), Punching of holes has become a common method of hong stuctural members. AS 4100 ‘containg dtalled provisions and Table 1@ summanses Ks requirements in regard to tul-siza punched holes. Addilonaly, a punched hole le any permitted In materi whose Wold 3 ‘does ot exceed 360 MPa, } design gui 1 wo” TABLE 18 [AS 4100 FULL SIZE HOLE PUNCHING LIMITATIONS me, was ana 6a SAF ond are i eencory Staielosding | State oaging | Fatigue loading Tinton rckroes wat can bo 5800 “5800 ‘2mm pancsee towuse wisn | case tases | (cmeet9) Nibx Wickrossexs G=260NP= | 224mm 224 mm ‘am 21S mm smn am a7 mm iarnm mm isn i75r0m mm “The it on the tickrose whieh may be punched is ifonded to restrit the amount of local eformation and work-hardening which may occur. The hts in AS 4100 aro ompincal, baced fn sallstaciory resus over 20 years, ‘Tao Commentary to AS 4100 (Ret. 7) offers two reasons for fullsize punching Is permitec Fiat, under competent fabrication practices, to avoid an excessively dished ares in the tmedite vielnty of the hole which may impair the siength of tna Join. Second. and ortculay inthe case of dynamically loaded structure, to avoid metallurgical detects auch os Severe work-harsering which may impair tho stongth af the oi, [A slotted hole is cithor machine flame cut or pusched with a dio that matches the slot “mensions oF formed By diling wo adjacent oles with machine flame culling between the holes used to complete the sot, Hand tame cuting isnot pormited by Cause 14.3.5.1 of AS 4100 except asa st rectification measure for oles in a colurn base plate, where iti recognised that some inevitable site Correction may be necessary. Hand. amo culting generally produces rough ‘edges of Unsatisfactory appeorance, although evidence does exst that hand fame cut holes Go not adversely affect tne performance of he connection (aoe review ofthis in Reference 7) trting tho thickness for which ¢ song stv actos at eon co *6 DETAILING 62. Limitations Minimum edge distance Minimum edge distances tom tha contre ofa batt hole te the edge ofa plate or he Range of 2 foiled section ate specified Ia AS 4100, Cause 9.6.2, “These minimum edge astencos ore: 4.75 fr sheared or hand fame cu edges 1.504, fer machine Namo ct, saan or planed edges 1.254, for rolled sacons mere eth nominal diameter f the fastener ‘These minimum odge distances are based on past euccasstul practice, are related to he “cxpected edge roughness, and ara comparable to those in quvalont specications, “Table 19 ts th bol aiometers [AS 4100 also requires that the edge distance inthe direction of a component of free, shouldbe not less than Vf; /4yf_ (868 Figure 10). Is ths requirement which may contol the ‘minimum edge distance in many eas (eer to Handbook 1). minimum edge estances for commonly TABLE 19 [AS 4100 MINIMUM EDGE DISTANCES "Role pate ‘sheared orhand | machine fame ‘ame eat stge planed eae 2 2 e 15 | 6 a By 2 2 2 38 » | x o 4 i" Wi eeetote ror: fe FIGURE 10 EDGE DISTANCE AND APPLIED FORCE Maximum edge distance [AS 4100 species the maximum edge cstance from the cene ofa Bol to the nearest edge. I ‘This Is defined as 12), oF 150 mm, whichever i lesser, where fs the thickness ofthe bvner | ‘outer ply (Clause 86.4 of AS 4100). : ¢ toting inst ante, tection om? “The values specified for maximum eage distance are purely empirical, based on past successful Facies, They are intended lo exclude moisture batwoon tho conacted pls, thus proventing Pefrsion betwoon the pls, the products of which may force the plies apart Lesser values ‘Should corinly be considered in cortosive appizavons. The provisions are also believed to provent cuting up of pate edges Minimum pitch of bolts Niu pitch of bolts ls specified in Clause 9.6 of AS 4100 a5 not less than 2.5 times the oma dlameter ofthe bol, However, iif niondos to tension Bots with a special tensioning Tool, the minimum dstance between the cenires of bot holes shal be appropriate othe ype of tool used (see Section 7-7), ‘The minimum pitch is actualy more rlated to the tots required to install the fastener anc most racial piches are nore ike 2.5 Ses the bolt dlamete, ‘The minimum pteh may be governed bythe AS 4100 bearing stress requirement since the end stance (ad) le doomed to Include the edge of an adjacent fastener hole In AS 4100 (as Figure 11) ro O5VG"s 085 hp ed Cea ee (fla ang ot pyar Ls J Pah FIGURE 11 PITCH AND BEARING FORCE DESIGN PROVISIONS ‘Maximum piteh of bots Maximum pitch of bolts © stipulated in Clause 9.65 of AS 4100 as the lesser of 15% and 200-mm whore nay be taken as tha thickness of tha thinner outside ply. However, the {allowing cases the maximum distances shall be: (8) For fasteners which are nat requires to carry design actions in regione not Hable 19 Corrosion ine lesser of 32% and 300 mm, (8) For an outside line of fasteners in the direction of the design acton—the lasser of (4+ 100) mm and 200 a, ‘axinum pitch of bos mst be observe as safeguard aginst connected plates geting out ‘of flat, and against the entry of moisture into the joint. a “Too values specified in AS 4100 for maximum pitch are empirically based on past successul Practice, but cleser pitches may be prefered i! corosion belwaen the connected pies Is EDneldered tobe a problem, Sd seg smc ta ten wo”7. INSTALLATION OF BOLTS. TA Introduction In bole structural connections, the installation of bots invlves the inital ning up ofthe bot hole, the nserton of the bolUnut assembly and the subsequent tightening operation, It has ‘eon established that bot Installation can beat leas a8 costly as the ial eost ofthe bolnut tsseibly, and eo Iie nacesaary to constr the Instaiation operation n detrining the overall Sconomice of bolted structural connections. In peacice, iis the lvel of bok Uhening hich is ihe governing cost factor in bot instalation There (}) ‘snug tigntening —boting categories 4.6/8 and 6.0/9; ans (i) fullensioning tothe requirments of AS 4100—boling categories 8.8/TF and 8.87. ‘wo love af bol tension roquired in stuctura jeints—see Section 4 e sotg ni tao on o* 7 INSTALLATION OF BOLTS: 12 Snuguightening “This level of bot tohtening is used Io deserve two situations: (@) tial love of bolt tightening in general Boling (such as bolting categories 46/8 and Sais): (©) _ an iniormediate level of ntening pir 10 fl tensioning in igh strength structural boing {holting categories 6.87 anc 8 8/18). “The term ‘snug ightoning’ wae introduced ilo the Industry withthe advent of lonsioned hh ‘Mengin sructral boting inthe 1950s since Is necessary to fist smug tighten each bol ina jpint fully comeact or bing topether the vidual pies of tho joint before he fal tensioning Feundertaken, Shug ttening i dined in AS 4100 a5 the lightness obtained by te tal efor. 1G aman using a standard podger spanner” tis n really the Ughness that eles whon al pos SiS font are in full contac. Obviously thie ie not a vory seentfe dofinton, but In fact i eserves tasty accurately the level of Ughening that has always bocn attained in general folly, The important polis that te actual bet tansion achived in bolted Joints using /S ‘Galegen isnot of signiicance—the behaviour of the bolt under applied loads is well known ‘Gh sczopted, Nori the actual bo tension achieved of significance when snug ughtening Jos Mich are tobe subsequently fly tensioned for reasons explained below. ‘Snug lighlening wil induce small clamping forces which in practice wil be of highly variable Tevet, hse tusraos in igure 12 “Whit AS 4100 defines snug tightening in terms of hand tol, it can algo be caried out using Power fools, and tis often a more efficent method. A estnct change fo ote in the wrench the ar wrench starts Lo impact indiates the achievement of snug ight condion, ff || an. spt ei 1 Range ofan nthe nu conston 15° Range ota erconin be encore canton ee [NUT ROTATION (TURNS) NOTE: This Isa cnpiieg graph providing an indicative cv fr ‘ne. bol geometyleofiguraion and shal nat bo. Used for any ‘osgh purpoes. Ror AS 4100 peowsonsassinesn Section 8, FIGURE 12 BOLT TENSION AND TURN OF NUT a3 voting in rc te atx wo *7) INSTALLATION OF BOLTS 1.2. Fulltensioning methods For joints designed in accordance wih AS 4100 ether as fiction or bearing-type bls must be fully lensioned fo the minimum shank tensions stipulates In Table 20, Note tral only Property ‘Glass 8 8 bolts fo ASINZS 1252 canbe fensioned, TABLE 20 [AS 4100 MINIMUM BOLT TENSIONS Designation ‘on we 96 20 us ‘These values are_approtimately equivalent 12 the minimum proof loads specified in ASINZS 1252 (s0e Table 0), ‘Tests have indicated that neither he tonsil strength nor the shear strength ofa boli affected by the level of Incuced tension nthe belt Methods offal tensioning {AS 4100 permits two methods of fl tensoning (2) parttum of nut (Section 7.4): (0) diet tension indication (Section 78). ‘Both methods result in local yielding in the threaded partin, which mostly occurs inthe region Detweon tne undersige of the fend the teed run-out (Ref. 8). As the bolt continues 10 tlongate due tothe nel continuing 19 be Ughtened, the tension in the Bot versus elongation turve Nations out (igure 12) ‘Quality assurance in cotivng high stength structural bolts is essential to ensure that the ‘Time mechanical properies raqtted for ful tensioning to AS 4100 are actualy present ffetor Secon 8). Mignmentot bas must ao be avoided e das ite wo toting sacra ce! comatose eon 7 INSTALLATION oF BOLTS TA. Part tun of nut method “Cortling tension by the part ten of nut method i peimariy a strain contol procedure and the | Geared tension in the Bot canbe oblained with accuracy. Since tne bolt ansion-bokt elongation Fees er tegae y aration te trl ot oay Sporn vara oo “tilde ree oceon Tensonng of otnut ase by the part trn of mut mathod sould be case atin ‘Tessane usin folowing procedure from AB 00: (8) Snug tightening (On assombly. all bots in the joint must be tightened to the soug condition aleady Aescrbed m Section 72 | Ae must be noted that soug tightening, a the frst step in ul tensioning for 8.87TF and | Ba/TB categories, i inlonded to ensure tha the soe pls of a jot are Tally compacted belo final tensioning 's undertaken. For the reason in large jonts—sey of 10 bots and Motels nevessay to snug lighten from the sifest pat of he jon towarde te outro free edges. I this not done, tniform compaction may not be achieved, which can load to valaions i fal bot tension and uncarlati inthe performance of the ait I tis | not poss atthe snug igntened stage to fly compact ples due to outolatness atthe interlace, ss necessary lo shim larg dstoction gas (Ih excess of 2 mn) to prevent the ‘nergy offal tensioning being used to force the distorted ples together, athe than °0 Fndues clamping of ho ples by bolt shank toneon, Weh jlns with large numbers of bots {wo runs over the ont is suggested to check for fll sug ph. as the racual arawing in ‘ofthe pies may cause those bots snug tightened frst o gradually loosen {() Mate marking ‘Alter snug tightening, locaton marks are established on botn the nut face and bot shank {(Figro 13) which mark the relative postions of bolt and nut, 36 @ contol onthe extent of Final nat otto, (e)Seupttposton (Final enone pton str hata FIGURE 12 MARKING FOR PART TURN OF NUT METHOD (6) Final tensioning [Nuts are finaly rotated by the amount spectied in Table 2%. In some instances du to problems with accessbity to the mut. the Bolt head may be rolaled. During final fensioning, the component not tured by the wrench shall nol be allowed Io otto. The {ensioning operation should be ‘carted out using @ pneumatic impact wrones wih scint torque to apply the fal amount af rolaton within about 10" seconds. Special Impact-ype sockets should be used, and these should be lven come form of peripheral ‘marking so thal the amount of rotation can be observed (usually by paling length ‘around te circumference ofthe socket which matches the nu ation required). Fal tensioning by hand tots dificult and costly bu, theres no alternative, they can be used. A heavy duty rachel wrench wil be roquired with a lever length of about 1 for M20 bots, and 1.2 m for za bots. e vai arc ante to *TABLE 21 [AS 4100 NUT ROTATION FROM THE SNUG TIGHT CONDITION ‘Disposiion a cuter ace of baked ot engn (ooonstes 33am) (unaerie o ea ote) | Bot feces normal etn aes slopes Vor ed nce 1009 vu 20100 are ate 200 sun rend sana ‘ver 8 sametes but nt ‘henodng 2 samolre 200m sis. en "costo NOTES 4 Tolerance on ration: fo um ore, one-way fa ten (30°) ovr and undo oeance or 23 tun ormor, one ts ur 4") ever an under lance. 2 The but tension acsoved wth he amount of i anton spocfe in ths Tale wil be a fas ual {bth minimum bt onsion specie In Talo 20 {3 Nutroation i olan relat othe ol, regardless of he component tuned 44 Nutotatons speed are any appiabo fe connections in wich a matrl wihin the orp ofthe Doi soe '5 No research hasbeen perermad to etabigh te tutu! proceduro for bol eng exceeang 12 ‘Samtere Taree he requrod rotation must be detrmined by actual lest in aul tension ‘neamurng device which snultonconion ebay fied Sto 18 Arovav oth ruber on which Ie ala in ths Tab a0 baced my bo fund n Reroncos 8 Part tun tensioning may occasionally induce to high a bolt tension in vary shor bots, despite {he rocuction inthe roqued amount of rotation indicated Io Table 21 for short bolls. The ‘ccurence ofthis condition maniests Rel nan absorma numberof bolt breakages curing tensioning such condton arises, t may be necessary to establish a reduces degree of mut ‘ovation by carrying out nut rotaton-bol Tension tests using a caibration load ce. The reduced {aon vales for short bots given in Table 21 reflec his protien, “The reliably ofthe par-tum method depends greatly ypen coract snug tightening and upon Accurately measuring the degree of nul rolevon. is pimanly a method of contol which aes ‘on contating bol elongation. Some prabloms may be experienced wilh galvanized bots (eee later dlscuesion undor ‘Condon of balls and nus). e set nee ces rt etn 7 INSTALLATION oF BOLTS 1.5. Direct tension indication a method "ofthe two maids permite ty AS 4100, he eect tension indian mathod provides the “Sines procure fr achevng ‘he spectied momo cot testn ct Table 20 whe parang eavety enysebseqen! specion oe state bats aie traon caion coves have taan developed to prove @ means of chectng Ste! te specified nina bot teaon of Tate 20as been aoevea Tn Reso He "present time, the two most commonly used of these devices are: | (@) Lad inicator washers (used wih conventional high strength stuctual tots: anc |) Swage tock fasteners (proprietary special fasteners) ‘Specialised dectension measuring devices (which are gneraly propsietary and more cost) [ale alao avaiable. Thoy are ulsed in stuations when a high degree af bok tension accuracy 1 Fequred for bot pertormance. Load indicator washers (see Figure 14) “The load indicator washer i¢ a hardened stool washer canying 4 to 7 protrusions the actual ‘umber depending on the bol diameter The washer ls normally assembled wih these poltslone bearing agains he undorsce of the bolt head leaving an ial gap (Figure 15). "The als are then snug tghtenes, after which al tensining is complotec, unt tne gep between ‘the washer faco and tho bolt hoad Is roduced to approximately 0.25 mm by fatening ofthe ‘washer protrusions (Figure 16) this gap, the bolt tension achioved wil bo atleast the Irtimum specified in AS 4100 and Table 20. The gap is checked using ordinary fooler gauges, but ater alte experience Is ready Judged by eye, The actual gap required can be cali ‘Using a load cal to relate gap cimention ool lenin. FIGURE 14 LOAD INDICATOR WASHER sche any" coho SRS b ZN UA FIGURE 18 LOAD INDICATOR WASHER ASSEMBLY BEFORE NUT IS ROTATED FIGURE 16 LOAD INDICATOR WASHER FOLLOWING NUT ROTATION e sotegin et atte, at eton wo * : crepe eemtanermeercenmomnarcnenerrernnnieWinere its necessary, because of ont slapostion, to tonsion bole by rotating the bot head, the load Indlator wather most be assembled on tho nut sie of te Joint wth an aditonal nu face washer again\ the rolaing nut (Fgure 17). Under no ccumstances should the load Ineator washer be adjacent to he rotating par Its important to note that sing this method of tensioning, is sil necessary to observe the two-stage lightening procedure, namely ital snug tightening fo bring joint ples int effective ‘contact, flowed by ful ensioning. ‘comparing this procedure Io the part turn of rut method is portant to note thal a shity highor nut rotation will be rogues to produce the minimum spectied tot tension when using Toad indestor washers than tha! requed wiht them, Ths ls Because in Joint without load indicator washers, al gape are fuly compacted sleeHo-stool at the snug tighioned point, tahereas with the washer extra energy or sul olaion is required to squash the washer Drotusions. Thus i fe quis eomman lo id cases where the nut rotation required to obtain the {Correct gap can be thres quarters of 2 tur upto one ul tur of he FIGURE 17 LOCATION OF LOAD INDICATOR WASHER WHEN BOLT IS ROTATED tnauced tnsion and the tam of Figure 10 indicates a ypcal relationship between washer 90 the net, In reaching 8 nut rotation af one turn, no danger exss of bresking blis—in tests, breakage of the bok only occurs between 2 and 2% tums typical. ‘The most important thing to remember when using the Toad indicator washer method of ontroling tonsioning, ial its nat necessary to measure al eoation. When the washer gap |S rodced to0.25 mm, then the specifed minimum Bol tension has boen achived. When a siructure is exposed to aggressive corosive condone recommended that he gap bo just closed fo prevent ingreas f coroeve moisture. Agan Figure 18 indicates that & 2070 ‘apis achieved ata Safe level of bok teen Sometimes problems have been reported inthe use ofthe load indialor washers. Those are tsvally found fo be associated ‘ath overall boing procedures and ony rarely with the load indicator washers themeslvse. Sequonce tensioning of large bet groups can alleviate any polenta fr uniading of bl tension in previously tensioned bolts. Avoiding bolt misalignment Ii ensure uniform pressure and compaction of ha lead inccaor washer. More recent development with oad indicator washers now include siicone oes that squirt onto the stesl elements thus indicaing corte! instalation, since gap size 1 stll related to bot tension. Sometimes Known as dfecttension indicaon devices, neve washers when callratod provide both vival and permanent indicaton of corect bolt tension for quality sesurence purposes, Surface protection should be performed by the manufacturer wih test certiestes provided to {ont tot the hardness or lad resting characorstes ofthe washers have no been altored e evan ue mo” toting in scr stot comestans, el ton “hey sroud says mechanically tumble gavonze washer to ovld ins potent ase. met AVERAGE GAP. (nm) speed enson ; (025 Recorance go \ 206 TENSION, 0) NOTE: Tie & a simpli’ graph proving an native con oe bol geometylcoauraton and’ shat not be used to {sign proses FIGURE 18 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BOLT TENSION, LOAD INDICATOR WASHER GAP AND TURN OF NUT ‘Some instances of cracked of broken washers were ound during the induction of galvanized load inialor washers. Ths was due to ambrllemant of the washer matarl dating gataning fd was quietly solved by the galvanizing Indust, whieh developed procedures to elimina te problem ‘ner cases of token washers ave beon vaced lo the fac hat the lad indicator washer has feduced clearance on the neck of the bolt and, during tightening, the resulting inerterence {endod to buat tho washer. Its most important te confirm thatthe washer as at Teast ho usual ‘2am clearance on the Bott shank diameter at the junction of shank and bolt head. This i Usually very easly checked by examining a random Sampo of Bolts an washers ina batch, Ghd Isa necessary fst stop n eatablshng correct procedures which wi {88 ofthe method In spite ofthe acitional cost ofthe lod indicator washer isl, on many projets this metho ‘economical Experience hat shown thatthe esra cost of such washors ls offset by savings in the cost of instalation and inapecton of joints whore bots are required to be tly tensioned, ‘Curry the cost of load insietor washer represents about 0% of the ttl cast ef a high ‘Srongth bolt nut and fat acher assem. “There is no Australian Standard covering load indicator washers but there isan ASTM Standars {F959 according io Reference 9) Reference 9 notes the following in connection with hs typeof bolt (Factors that conto the pretension ave bolt materia stenath tead conditions, damet condition of any hibican, surface condion at nuUwasher interface (Tension achiaved is a strong reetion of fcion condions on bot thead, on nut face and on washers e toting ns ean, et ton wo *(i) Cafraton is enportanto encure thatthe requled pretension is achieved Generally, the use of load indicator washers should be restieted to M20 and M24 bol sizes of Shortar Tongths, since Relerence @ reports some eiftcutis with lager dameters and longer bats “The swage lock the present time are of the type shown In Figure "0. Tis type of boli algo known as atenson-contro bol (Ret. 9). ‘The bol in Figure 19 Is a two-piece high alrngth fastener consisting of a grooved pin and locking colar. The pin hae a forged head, shank, annular (not helical) 1ocking grooves, = breakneck and pin fa The coll has a pain boro inthe preassembled state, The ball, nut ans ‘washer are supplies as ase “The fastener is installes by means ofa spec instalation fol, the collar being swaged onto the Iecking groove on the oin wile the pin i subjoct to a tense force. Aer the locking colar is ‘swaged, ine pn tal section breaks of at he breakneck when correct tension in the shan ofthe bolts roached. Thus dest tnsn Indication e proved bythe fastener assembly self Losses in ball tension after pin tall break off can be significant due to load tansfer att locking groove collar inerfae and should be considered if a fully tensioned assembly is requis “This ype of high stangth siete fastening is of particular value whore the prevailing working nviconmont subjects the belled connections to severe shock. bration or dynamic lading. “The systom is acceptable win the terms of AS 4100. There Is no Australian Standard for ‘hose bots bu there an AST Standard E1852 according to Reference 8 FIGURE 19 SWAGE LOCK FASTENER Specialised directtension measuring devices ‘This is the most accurate system for measurement of boll tension. The most advanced Droprelay systems avaiable monitor the elongation ofthe bot using a highly sensiive onc Geeurate elactrnic strain measuring device that connacts to the boll head. The specialised bolts nave sensors intlld and a hand-held sonscr unit can be simply placed onthe bolt head to measure the tension at any tie. “These systems can deliver an accuracy within the 1-3% range. Accuracy isa function of cost Inith bolt tension’ measurement, These specialised devices ate generally employed in Connections where iacxig the conthucus changes i Lension due to dynamic operating toads [S important, This roable fastening system than becomes a cost elective solution compared to the costo failure, e Sesion ate a” toting in strc set comaston, frat eon INSTALLATION oF BOLTS 7.6 Issues with tensioning bolts TLS Et he uimost importance to ensure thal onl proper tools are used for tensoning. W only Hens are aalabl, he somec sie of poor spanner must be Used to sug then, whe Mina tanteing mrt bo undoraken by the uso ofa heavy duly etcnet wrench wth lever = angina abou! th for 20 bots or about 1.2m fr M24 bot | fete ecoroical bling wil general result rom te use of ai impact wrenches, These can be [SS bomte srug than and subsequent to fly tension the bot. Obviously the ai wrench er peltrasutsbie coast for tna Bok ster under conscoraton andi assert o specs) || fhe boll sze when orderng the ar wrench. Simo, the wronch wil ony Be effective fa Boston compressod ir supply a the ht pressura is avalsho “In general, ful tensioning of M20 bolts from the snug Ught state should be completed in a ‘lava of 10 seconds with an ae wronch, This ensures thatthe nt le progrecsvey runing ‘rine bl thread over the shorost practical time, and therbforo inducing shank lonsin rat ‘han Becoming seizes on the bolt thread due fo neating over along impacing time, Experience “hows thal for M20 bolts, an ar pressure of atleast T00 KPa at the wrench Is requied 1a Tension bos i the rocommended tm. Condition of bolts and nuts Inthe instattion of aly tensioned high strength bolts, the majority of problems are more often than nol taced tothe condition ofthe bok and ut teas at te ie of installation “Mts estental that good house-tesping bo observed on sito. Bolts should be slored in _coniaines na dy covered aroa unl fney are requited is isnot done, some corrosion may | fake place and whe thi not of concern inthe overall inal behaviour of ie bot. t's real a the leneioning procedure. Small amounts of carosion inthe thread ragion of either bolt or nut tan eteale a relatively high cooficient of facton belween these threads and this, during the Tensioning wil induce high torsional sireas in the assembly. The energy ofthe teeioning wil therefore be gong into overcoming thvsad fecton rather than serving the real purpose of “Inducing shank tenion. ‘Winn using lad inaioator washers in the connection assembly. this situation wil be revesed by the ul effort of te wrench seemingly having fulydightened the bel ut with the washer gap not ‘lose to the recommended value. This stuaton fr Frequently encountered when using plain Unecated boli tread corosion has been allowes to oes For galvanized bots, ASINZS 1252 requis that the galvanized nuts be supplied with a luecant coating, There isso doub! that Ts geeally assist in overcoming thread friction an in fact some bot manufacturers apply @ lubricant to te entre bol alter galvanzing. This hbreant of course has a lmted Ife and once leat due to exposure to weather, galvanzed fastoners tchibit sistr thea tction problems even though no corrosion has ton place. The preblom {an be overcome by the application of a molybdenum cisuphide lubricant at site. Ths stould Be apple sparngly te othe weed Tong ofthe ba and wil lvarisbly pone Tee nmin of ut on at The real answer to thread conion variation fies in protecting the bolts and nuts during storage ‘bv ste. Teo many times bolts canbe Taund In heaps on the sile where not oniy motu Bul ‘so sand or coment can be seen onthe tweads. Keeping the bolts in bags of drum ou ofthe weather for as long as possibe wil pay gral dividends aurag the tencloning procoduro. Bolts driven into holes In the assembly of structural joins, the members should be aligned correctly so thatthe bots an be installed without undue Torce. Th parteulrly important when using tly tensioned foals. A bolt which has been diver into misaigoed holes wi be difleut to tension correctly Because the shank, neuding to Sweads, could be severely damaged during the diving. CGbviousy the damaged thread wil cause interference tothe nul curing tensioning and may ‘Ue sezing ofthe nul on th bolt before the roquire bolt tension has been achieved. e sign ite o°“The use of it pins is recommended to overcome this prob, The cif pn ts made from a Bot Sank of the size boing used and wil align oles in sieelwork far more accurately than oral podger spanners (Figure 20), A 5 FIGURE 20 ADRIFT PIN MADE FROM A BOLT Rolazation “Toots have inlcsted that immed dsernase in bot tonsion te 8 Fecovery. Creep and yielding of tho Bolt due to the high felaxaton as wel (Ret 8) ‘The ato length ané number of plas are belleved to affect the degree of relaxation, and the “lent of relaxation increases over ime Bul most occurs in the fist 24 nours. Reference & pets thatthe felexation wih galvanized bots twice tha for plain bolls, with te amount of Feloxaton dependent upon the thickness of ho galvanized coating ‘The tensioning procedures of AS 4100 are designed fo allow fr tis relaxation elect Ro-use of fly tensioned bolts Since fl ensioning induces a ol tension usually ln excess ofthe elastic Hint of the threaded portion ofthe belt. rouse and fetansoning of these belts wit result ina reéuced deformation Eapacity during frsonin, 39 thatthe desled minimum bok tension may not Be achieved when the tensloning procedure s repeated: Refronce 8 advises that pain uncoated bolts may bere Used once or lice provided proper contlis established. I doos nol recommend sing coated bats again, [AS 4100 Clause 15.2.4.4 requires thet r6-onsioning of plan uncoated bolts which have Been {uly tonsoned shal be avoltod wherever posse versioning must be cari out ifs only paved where the bol Yemains in te same hole in which it was orginal lensioned and with {he same gh. Bolts which have been fly tensioned may 90 be re-used in another hole. This {Guide recommends nolo re-use a previously fly tensioned gaia uncoated bot [AS 4100 does not permit re-ensioning of galvanized bolts due tothe relatively sot ayer of zinc ‘n the treads, AS'£100 accepts tha principle tha here wil be occasions where bolls may have {2 be slackened end then re-lensioned, bul prears tal tis not occur sce the bos will fgeneraly be tensioned beyond thir prot load with some plastic deformation ike to occur B'iccepled that a belt may bo rotensoned once in the same hole wihout the danger of bolt breakage on vetenaionlng, but thal continued relighlening Is regarded as undesable, Tests reported in Reference @ indicate tat each successive fetonsoning achieves less induced {nsion than the previous tensioning, so thatthe prebabily of achieving te cortect induced Tension is reduced. AS 4100 nat that Touching up bots In a joint which may have been Tnosened during tensioning of ether bolls does net conttlecetensoning 1y folowing completion of fl tensioning, here is 82-11% fe decrease being 5%, This ls beloved to result om elastic res fovel might result fn minor ¢ etna sus Comartons, it ation 7 INSTALLATION OF BOLTS 17 Clearances In the detain of bolted stot structures, atlenton must be paid to tha clearances necessary to Insta and tighten te bots ‘When sng Dots rogue ony 10 be sng tahioned (0, 68 and 8.8/8 claps) am Treo ony rung the use standare poogormonshes agit, spac be und {ss dosnt #slnrnone mn ccorcanc sh Tate Za rd sare gages of members ae {its Sore scresy potions may bo encomtard‘veen Seon ated one pre Sci tveote tom the soar na i sore oie ecaess he Teletrely ley Slane vad tngh on t90 matted the excuson of reader ster danes wears ifeveletono ater ong bate hs was dneosad under Bat lengh aechon Secon TABLE 22 DIMENSIONS OF WRENCHES FOR DETERMINING ERECTION CLEARANCES. DIMENSIONS OF OPEN ENDED WRENCHES 180 3318 (Ref. 20) nN CATEOORT ENCE EEO | Bes ry von a vest | ar | OR {enm) (mm) * (mm) om) a 8 n a a = a} 2] 8 e/a | 2 a | 8 | & : i 38 55 123 < = wean "NOTE! Rotor o Tatts 22 ‘lomo Woe - a ts Qe DIMENSIONS OF SOCKETS HAND WRENCHES 150.27258 (Ret 21) CLEARANCES L.A AND 8.178 CATEGORIES Nom | emex. [emia [oman] © on ~ - eel. emmy | ten) | tm | md an os w fo fo fo | a aoe az | os | os | ws] 30 zw | mo | os [| ae “Bol clamolors above Mz4 oneal be tnsonea wh mee ens bar“Tne installation and Vghtonng of high strangh structural bols fr fiction or Bearing type Jats rae aie aig 0 AS 4100 (ve, BA/TF and &.8ITB categories), requires more etonton to 1 ten cryainenia AL the present time the most efile! ané economic mathod of ears Rowe bots by tho use of pneumatic mpact wrenches and designers and dealers Hae eget the phyeteal Gmensioné of such fools in relation to clearances cequed in Tints oie 23 shows he dimensions of typcal paeumat Impact wrenches and sockets Some connection goometies are mora sons to clearance requirements than ters In Serteuss ine bolo moment end pate conection can have clearance problms if not deialed Baral gab coon rom Tela 23 thatthe mirmum dimension requree fom the top of We Pelt iho ball corveine fs determined by the dimension “A —from the back of the ‘wrench casing tothe bol centretine ax “The use ofa universal joint does oer soma possblty of reducing this dimension, oné white roe we ot aon neon acvantage roma design pont of iw. shouldbe noted tal an impact this may be ey versal Joint and socket fe gonevaly dict to handle for an operator some Meee fn ground lovl and feates In a boom Wit or sesso Ui In adn, he use of & aldo eC reauces the efficiency of the Impact wrench and this can make Ht fio 1 cae er secifod: minimum bol tensan, especially the boted joint is located some “Tatonce tom the soures of fhe compressed or Supply. TABLE 23 DIMENSIONS OF WRENCHES FOR DETERMINING ERECTION CLEARANCES [DIMENSIONS OF IMPACT WRENCHES 180 2725-2 (Rel. 22) (CLEARANCES—8.8/TF AND 8:17 CATEGORIES Tmpoctwmneh | 8] A Sockets Conrance ‘ope | comm | tm 2mm ave ce]. | « wera war] oe Nom, ronchoe ae peat cia. | omy | ime | (mm Heawy wenotes | 2° [es «| «fae | 2 wo | | so | os a_| i || 6 octane Clasrance asm devo =|. nese nae ot: Avian Yong cous an wlscangs tenn mee, UNC od ipa cas nae Wee eo numa abate och Seon erate eof ning tect oa mens ah Seen et nteecbieDionnlon fr open ended wrench danancee and al sockets Rave bee IPE eninated Irate Standards (150), Al ther auipment dimension ao ep Ce or ppt apecictane Scie meting M20 AINZS 1252:109 (Fe. ) may Be 3g ie on an tava roe al anges Toran ote in Table 2, Handbook 1 e deg le o* 7 INSTALLATION OF BOLTS: 18 Inspection of bolted 4.68 and 8.8/5 bolting categories In structural oiots using 4 61S of 8818 category, the st inspector need only be concerned that ese type, ameter and numer of bots have been installed in te joint. Sinoo the reer Or tghtoning request snug and this would Rave been achvoved inthe normal course of ee ater ahweking = roquied. A voval check of joints fo ensure tha the corect erton of pots have been fstaled would reveal ny Obvious iegulariies i the connection coe a inapocton to dotemine the lve! of tnsion in the Bot required by AS 4100, for those bating eategoris. .8°7F and 8.8778 bolting categories In joins using @/T eatogory (Le. 8.A/TF oF 8.8ITB) which have to be fully tensioned to res acschen mat be undertaken in accordance with that Codes requirements. The imepection procedte shoul be considered in two pars: (1) Visual inspection This should enaure that the correct bok, nu and washer type have been installed in the Joint Te es igmencs satsfocionly. Bolle and nuts which show evidence of physical damage eae eee raries and replaced. Ths is extremly Important when the Bol Read shows signs should ei navang barn Gren into the Nols by force. Tho resulting damage 10 the bolt head aon car ine tensioning procedure sffeut, and make i practically impossible 1 guarantee Fe Teor bon tonson ‘obtamed. Tho use of FM pine fo align roles in members Fecommended (Figure 2). (2) Bolt tension check: {o) Part tum method: The inspector should ensure thatthe core degree of turn from the at, gh posfon Nes bows achiaves by checking the mach mason the Bolt shenk and mut face (see Figure 12) ‘Were an impact wrench has been used, lther the bot head or rut wil hove the ‘ppearance of being shy peenes. (©) Direct tension indcaton method: The inspactor should be satsied that, the pesfacurers spectied procedure has beer fllowed and that the development ofthe ‘ected minimum bat fension is corecl incest bythe lewd indicator device, ‘The great advanlage in using load indicator washers in tensioning bolts tes in the Tinley of oir use and in the easy means of inspection. The washer having bean Tged to the corost gp provides. a permanent witness thal tensioning hos bes CPretoted, and requis na addtional work by the bolting crew 19 creat faci by match marking, “The loatre of the system as far as the Inspector concarned is that he need only check Te eee ap on afew bots by the use ofa feler gauge. Ale hs, a visual comparison ‘a satisy him tat all the bats are correly tensioned. Inspection of swage lock bolt installation is aso by routine inspection that the thas cecctead, I important to observe thatthe pi not sheared of during the snug Wahl Stage. (e) Use of torque wrench When required by the supervising engineer inspection for gross tASeronssnng can be caried out by the use of an inspection wrench of either the hand tesa operated ype. The mapecton prozedure is outlined in AS 4100, Append KI (F Fisortart to note thatthe uso of a Torque wronch as an inspection device i tic, {Solus and. nol porieuary accurate, and should be used only where there is no vematvefor example where ine designer has specie the part turn of nu method but fs not required match marking, or where there is some cispute as to whether the bots have beon correctly tensioned, e pn gue o« reeseiSince it Ie obviously not practicable to check every bol in a jb, a suitable sample would onaist of 10% ofthe Dali na connection, but not ess than two bos solacted al random in'any one connection. However, the method i really ony suitable forthe detection trore underensioning, ab otad in Appendix Kof AS 4100. Extensive site calibation ofthe inspection wrench to a procedure specified in Appendix K Dt AS 4700 is required In ordr to use the wronch, [Checilist of inspection for any bolted connection + Balls, nus, washore moot Ausiralian Standard requirments (Alco rear to Section 9.) + Condition ofntartaces mest specification raqurments and are free of loose mil sc Gi, foreign material, + Holo types meet specication requirements + Nobutrs to holes. + Allmateria athe grips ste + No.gaps between parts when bolts installed. + Plate washers over slotted or oversize hols. e esp os 7 INSTALLATION OF BOLTS 79 Blind bolts Bling bots are used in making connections to steel hollow sections or where ste access is Tiited to one sige only during erection. Substantial cost and time savings ean be made by fliminaing tedous ‘abicaton operations such as lapping holes, welding fetained nuts or finuree by te use of lind batts. ‘ery fw bled bots oer afl nigh strengih tot assembly performing both In shear and tansion ‘and ere generally propislcy product. The few high sang bind bots that are avalaDle Iypially use an oversized flo tonstal a splt stopped washer using a special ool. Sleeves are Installed to achlove full shear strength by filling the enlarged hole and a stopped shoulder washer tothe nut side to centro the bol ‘The minimum bearing area under the bolt head is often the controling factor o achieve the full ucural srengih cf the connection. The oversizod clearance hole diameter must toretore comply with the propritary blind bol specticatons to deliver the required under head/nut bearing area thus no becoming a containg actor. Sd vot saci Se Seton, et ato ao“ ee8 CORROSION PROTECTION 8.41 Corrosion protection of bolts ‘Avariely of coatings canbe appliod to bolts, inluting + none (lack + zie pla + hot ip galvanized + cadmium plated: + chromium plates + pain 11 usuat to ony uso olter black bats or gatvanized bots in structural In consiering the choice of bot finish, iis essential to look at the tla final protective treatment ofthe structure. Obviously if hgh degree of protection s employed for the stool Imembers because ofa severe corosion environment, the bolts used in connections wil Rave to bbe equally protacteg, andthe choice of plain Gish wl require that the bots be painted aller tresion of the stture Ths may often be @ lial and cosy exercise ané the selection ef falvanzed bolls i such an appiation wouls be more economic. However, In mid corresion vironmenis, ere minimum protection ie appied tothe stilue, ang where tome staining from rusting ot pain bate can be lolrates, these ols wil ford the bost economic solution. In Senet, eretore lis we 10 match levels of Bolt protection tothe applied posection of the 18 wil be seen from Table 24 that i conditions require that ols in @ jlnt be painted ater traction, the aematve ute of a galvanized fish more economic. 11 connections. TABLE 24 INDICATIVE COST.N-PLACE RATIOS FOR ‘AN M20 BOLT IN A GROUP Unpainted | Paintedaer | nested 10 20 ry 14 28 “7 2s 46 at Hot clp galvanizing results In thicker coatings being deposited at interior comers and in the thread roots Because cogging of thread oats i feu to conto, tis usually impractical t Selvanice bolts smaller than MAD (Rel. 18). Galvanizing of bots should comply with AS 1214 {et 16), which limits ts seope to Bolt sizes ME to M30 only Bolts are required to conform to the dimensions specified in Australian Standerds betore tho ‘pplication of te corcsion protection (see Tables 2 and 6) Galvanized coatings on bolls are required to comply wih AS 1214 (Ref, 16). This standard eals with the process, fastoner aimeraions, coating mass, adherence, appearance. and ate. The coating mass is spacified to be: Minimum coverage 375 grams par sq mote average 300 grams per sq etre individual Moimum thickness 525 microns ‘average 42 microns individual e fone oe boting in sre sel connects at eon -mr In practice, It Is normal for balls to be galvanized after manufacture but galvanized nuts are Usually galvanized as blanks and then tapped up 10 0.4mm oversize and olla teas ony (ungatvarized threads). When assembled, tho nut twead is protected by contact wih the Zinc ating onthe bot thread. Consequently only these ‘oversize’ nuts should be used with @ galvanized bol. This 1 parteularly smportant won high strangth structural bolls are required 1a be Tul tensioned, Since the use of a nut which has not been tapped oversize wil almost celany, produce & Situation where tne boll and nut thea seize bore bol tenson ls aained. Also important for ‘alvanized high stength etuctural bolts the provision of a proper lubrcani--epocaved by te Ianufactureron the tveaded pars la prevent siz 1 ol! during tensioning Bots exposed to the weather may lose this lubricant and suitable replacement ory lubricants that can be used in the Feld are vanous proprietary compounds incorporaling Molybdenum isutpnie, [Assombly tests such as one dstaled in Append G of ASINZS 1252 (Ref. 6) are avaliable for testing the ant-sizing proportes of an assembly of bos and nuts which are prowiged wih corrosion preventative coats. | potential problem with galvanized bots is that of emtyitlemont This issue is discussed in ‘Appendix © of AS 1214 (Ret. 16). For steel boils to be embritied after hotdp galvanizing fe fare, sapecilly forthe grade of bot in use In steal siuclures in Austala, even Tough fastener manulacture involves eoldworking Appendix © of AS 1214 discusses both stran-age embrlilomant and hydrogen embrtlement Stran-age ombttomont ie avoided by veing steel which not suaoaplible train age fembritlement (such as sels. made by the now largely superseded Bessemer process) Galvanizing can aecelerate the process since N occurs ata fomperature of about 450 degrees ceenigrag, Hyarogon ombritlement can occur in stele witha tensile trongth above 1000 MPa, so grade 40 or grade 86 bats are generally not susceptible. In sny caso, the galvanizing process shuld ‘cause any residual hyarogen Inthe stoel to be expelled Research has shown that galvanizing has no effet on the siength of 9 Property Class 8.8 bolt (Ret 9}82 Corrosion protection of interaces 8 CORROSION PROTECTION Goneraly for boting calegoris 4.618, 6.8/5 ond 8.8TB, the presence of any corrosion protection on the interlace between Two elements has no impact on the behaviour or design Eapacty ofthe connection when the connecuon Is subject to sea, “The presence of any corosion protection fs however, important for connections using bolting Category 8ATF. The nominal sear capacty fora bolt in 8. A/TF category Is dependant onthe Sip factor al the inteviac, which i taken a¢ 0.36 for aeroled surfaces (pain stcl to stool at tha intrace) ‘The value ofthe fiction coaicent is highly dependant on the condition of an the ype of owosion protection onthe interface, Painting or galvanizing affect the average sip factor nthe ‘manner shown in Table 26, The value ofthe sp factor is determined using the test procedure Set oul in Appendic of AS 4100 (Re. 1). TABLE 25 SUMMARY OF SLIP FACTORS (after Ref. 8) Borace westment “Rrwrege sip Toston Fame deanes 048 Pain Red oxide nn tomate om Inorganic une sete 050 Hotip gatvanized ‘The values of sip coafficiont given in Table 25 should be considered as indicative only and actual values wi vary with each genede ‘ype of surface treatment according to each manufacturers formulation lor the corosion prlection systor. Major raiance hs Lobe places {in he testing ofeach formulation using the method specified in Appancix J of AS 4700 When a alip factor of 0.95 has boon assumes in design, painios members normally need to be masked at the joins (Figure 21), unless there i 1st evidence that the pat system lo be uses Schiovee a last this lp Tactoe. Masking adds tothe fabrication cost and is fo be avoided possible. One of the atracuons of inorganic zinc scale paint is its hgh slip factor, whieh means thal no masking of faying surfacing i ruled rs design io o* teling in stuctureatel enracons, fra eon «ns Sand al los 28 untiesthan gp ~ 26 eat nots thn me Lp Pater / ‘eos ce te dio ate etd rte i in FIGURE 21 AREA REQUIRING MASKING Reference 8 reports on avaiable lst data related to the sip factor surface finishes. Among the conclusions report sr: (a) Hotaip galvanizing generally resuits in a low slip factor (typically 0.08-0.38, average 0.18) te sot zi ayer thal ats a a ict The ip facor is infiuenced bythe ‘method of pretreatment prior to galvanizing, with abrasive basting giving the mighest sh factors and pcling the lowest. ing ving the nines sip sociated with taying (©) A significant improvement in the sip resistance of galvanized surlaces can be schiaved by pro-assombly treaiment of the faying surfaces (e.g. wire brushing, ight abrasive lasting, chemical treatment), Proper post-gavanizing Weatmant of Bat dp galvanized Surfaces can also achieve a slip factor comparable to that for cloan bare steal surfaces, Further testing is required provide a beter estimate of te lip coticient activa, However, i is important to note thal any post galvanzing treatment i labour infensive ‘and therefore costly. A more recent development is the inlroduction ot galvanizing fechniques, which produce harder nal layers of zinc. Extensive testing 's now being undertaken io establish Igher slip acters for steet processed in modam galanzing facies. Dasignarachould chock with the galvanize balove asguing a sip actor, (©) The sip factors achievable with zinc-ich pants with organic vehicles would appear 0 vary markedly fom one commercial mix to another. with some values comparabie ony 10 hotip galvanized surfaces. (8) Inorganie zine rich paints provide a beter sip resistance than zine paints with organic vohiies. In particular. ane slate costinge on bast cleaned surfaces are likly to ye 9 Sip cooticio! which i about the same as that provides by blast cleaned base ml (aoprox 0.30). General an Increase in coating thickness Increases the sip resistance Ain abv comment late tothe sorterm loading cae ol he hype teed in Appone J of {A 4100, Under sustained lnding” galvanized members havea london) to conimus 1 sip (ot creep) and this ol sinieany improved by reassembly testment dons Weatod wh ‘tga noch pant show essonaly the same Behaviour, whe Inetganc ance pais perform boter, generally exiting sintar sp fates fr Sustained as fo short tam oad ‘Also of interests the fact that tho fatigue strength of coated joints is equal to or grater than {ho fatigue eistence of neoted tsa simr mensions (8) esa oe ” e song msc Su eon ton o© Certification to ASINZS 1252:1996 Duty of care [Australian standards provide the necessary guidelines to identiy the qualty of fasteners in AASINZS 1252-1996 (Rel. '5) The ually assurance of high strengin boll assembles ang Sesoriated risk is cstibuted amongst the whole supply chain. Engineers must prove a tight Specifiestion and purchasers and inpactor like must be proactive In choching ad emanding ualty documentation from the auppllee to main tracesbilly and transparency in SSceordanco wit Austalan Trade Practices, The ullmate respansbity ané risk should be Daseed fo the supplierimanutacturer where applicable and tis only a cule of vertical Integration wih respect fo qUalty assurance chacking that wil shift hs risk back to the source Penates ara high for flrs Io prove an adequate cuy of care ‘What suppliers must provide with bolt supply “The majority of ASINZS 1252-1996 bolt assamblios are now imported. The quay systems of the manufacturer and supplier have tobe relied upan to supply high trang bolt assembles to fustalan Standards and delecton of any potential mechanical er manufacturing defects. Suppliers must very and provide documentary evidence of conformance to the relevant ‘Auslalan Standard and purchasorsinatalers and carters must Semana th documentation What should purchaserispecifer ask for?—A Test Report or Compliance/Test Certificate? Compliance/Test Certificate (Mandatory for QA and legal duty of care): ‘A complancaitst certificate not only tests the sample bots fo the relevant Australian Standars but aso investigates the process by whicn the bolls were manufactured. Ths ensures that ‘ualiytraceable and the sample results can be applied tothe whole batch of the bots. Sams {ating by local Metonal Associaton of Testing Authortos (NATA)-accrdied laboratory may bo sod to check a complaneetest catfeate issued by an inleratonaly accredited laboratory Ideally a local NATA laborstory may issue @ NATA accredited compliance ceriate fand tae. responsibly for following the necessary evaluation processes prescribed by the Sceretation ergansaton If hs ean be achvaved the supple’ could delagate the responsibly the said NATA laboratory. The NATA signatory then scceps ful billy and responsibilty for the quatty assured bot {nthe curent market wih the majorty of ASINZS 1252:1996 ball assembles impored here are {wo essential pisces of information fo conf product complanco. Thay ar: ‘A. Manufacturers test certificate ‘An aceredtea testing organisation in the country of manufacture must pr ‘monulacturers compliancatest cotieae and issue thie document tothe supplier wth the Tnished product ‘The supper accepts respoasbty that the production prozess is ually traceable and the bach shares the same statistical characterise ofthe samples tested ‘This manufacturer compllance/estcerfteate fe normally supplied al no additonal charge tnd must be sue with each batch of product, The tolowing information contains & {GUIDE to the hey Australian. Standerd specication requirements contained in ts cliente. 8. Compliance certticats—Independent testing and verification in Australi A local NATAcacoreited laboratory then ebiains, wth thie taceabily assurance ll Getale forthe batch of Bol fram the supoler andor the internationally accredited laboratory and independently tests and veces the samples o the relevant Avstalan ‘Standard. A statement of compliance iseved ther by the local NATA-accredited laboratory or bythe local supplier assures nat the product Is verVied and in full ‘compliance with ine relevant Australian Slandard. Ths testng must be completed before the product erlonced forsale. The NATA signatory oF tho supplier, spectively, accepts {i laity for any loss oF damage caused by Issuing a false compliance ceiicate therefore a lack of criain test resus onthe corticate should not cause a major concer, ‘The supply of te complate local NATA (Independent verification) test ceviicste may incur a cost whieh should be nogobated wih the supper atte of order i @ copy IS reaures. e sot msc ean, et eon ow *

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