Mechanics of Masonry in Compression

Masonry in Compression
Mechanics of Masonry
in Compression
Durgesh C. Rai
Professor
Department of Civil Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Kanpur - 208 016
Mechanics of compression
Compressive Behaviour
Masonry Prism
Typical failure modes
Triaxial
Triaxialstate
stateof
ofstress
stress
atatthe
theinterface
interfaceofofbrick
brickand
and
mortar
mortarin
inmasonry
masonryprism,
prism,brick
brick
subjected
subjectedtotonet
nettension
tension
Brick
BrickUnit
Unit
Mortar
MortarCube
Cube
Uniaxial
Uniaxialstate
stateof
ofstress
stress
Masonry
MasonryPrism
Prism
Triaxial
Triaxialstate
stateof
ofstress
stress
Masonry
MasonryPrism
Prism
CE625A:Masonry Structures/Prof. Durgesh Rai/2014-15
Brick
BrickUnit
Unit
Mortar
MortarCube
Cube
State of stress
Bi-axial Strength of Units
Triaxial
Triaxialstate
stateof
ofstress
stress
y=P/A
zb
atatthe
theinterface
interfaceofofbrick
brickand
and
mortar
mortarin
inmasonry
masonryprism,
prism,brick
brick
subjected
subjectedtotonet
nettension
tension
zb
Brick
BrickUnit
Unit
'
xb f bdt
1
Stresses shown for
j b
y
xj
xj
xb
Mortar
MortarCube
Cube
Compression
Compression
f j
xj
y f j'

4 .1
Direct-tensile
Direct-tensilestrength
strength
of
ofunit
unitfrom
fromtest
test
fbdt
fbdt Tension
Tension
fbdt
Equilibrium relation
xb (tb l) xj (t j l ) xb
f j
tj
tb
xj
If mortar crushes
y f j'
4.1
xj
f j
4.1
xb
Multi-axial
Multi-axialcompressive
compressive
strength
strengthfrom
fromtest
test
Compression
Compression
fb
Masonry Compressive Strength

Uni-axial
Uni-axialcompressive
compressive
strength
strengthfrom
fromtest
test
fb
Bi-axial Strength of Mortar

Mortar splits when:
Flat-wise
Flat-wisecompressive
compressive
strength
strengthof
ofunit
unitfrom
fromtest
test
f b'
zj
zj
y
Masonry
MasonryPrism
Prism
fb
Compression
Compression
tb
tj
Brick splits when:
xb
xb
xj
xj
tb
tj
If brick splits
'
xb f bdt
1
xj
y
y f j'
t j tb
t j tb
( y f j' );
4.1
4.1
f b'
Compressive Strength
Masonry Compressive Strength
Non-linear Behaviour of Mortar
If mortar crushes and brick splits

simultaneously
'
xb f bdt
1
'
( y f j )
f b'
'
f bdt
f j'
y f '
f bdt f b'
'
b
Hilsdorf
HilsdorfEquation
Equation
Prism Strength
f
'
m
Tri-axial
Tri-axialtest
test
7 MPa zj xj
0.2 MPa zj xj
tb
tj
y
y
xj
zj
xj
zj
y
7 MPa zj xj
y
Uu
x
z
Uu is coefficient of non-uniformity (typical

range 1.1 to 2.5)
9
0.2 MPa zj xj
10
Unit Splitting vs. Mortar Crushing
Unit Splitting vs. Mortar Crushing
Linear Mortar
Non-Linear Mortar
Unit stress path
fb
Mortar stress path
Unit
Failure
Envelope
Mortar
Failure
Envelope
Unit
Failure
Envelope
Tension
Tension
Failure
Mortar crushes
Compression
Compression
11
Mortar
Failure
Envelope
Unit stress path
Failure
Failure
fbdt
fb
Brick splits
f j
xb
xb
xj
fbdt
Tension
Tension
f j
Mortar
stress path
Compression
Compression
xj
12
Compressive Strength of Masonry

Masonry

Masonry
Effect of Mortar on Compression
Effect of Mortar on Compression
Weaker Mortar
Stronger Mortar
Weaker mortar result in low fm
May not adhere to units well

A larger scatter of experimental data
Create a stiffer masonry prism which is more
sensitive to alignment problems during testing and
more brittle
More variable compressive strength
Ratio j b is larger
Weaker mortar is more nonlinear
fm
M
S
fm
N
O
Strain
13
Compressive Strength of MASONRY
Strain
14
M
S
N
O

Masonry
Influencing factors
Influencing factors
Units
Mortar
In general,
increases with compressive strength of unit
Tensile strength & geometry play an important role
Low strength mortars result in low prism strength

Nonlinear behaviour of mortar and its low stiffness (low Poisson's
ratio)
Subjects units to tensile stresses
Reduces compressive strength of masonry from compressive
strength of unit
Large scatter of data with stronger mortars
Stiffer mortar do not adhere & sensitive to alignment
Thickness of mortar with respect to thickness of unit
Prism compressive strength increases with increase in
brick height/mortar thickness (tb/tj)
15
16

Masonry
Table 10 (Draft IS:1905) provides Basic

Compressive Strength for masonry based on
Crushing strengths of Brick and Mortar
Code values much lower than observed prism strength
Because they correspond to lowest results for units & mortar allowed
(lower-bound values )
Compressive strength
of Masonry
S.No.
18
Masonry Prism strength
5.0
7.5
10.0
12.5
15.0
17.5
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
H1
0.35
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.16
1.31
1.45
1.59
1.91
2.21
2.50
3.05
H2
0.35
0.50
0.74
0.96
1.09
1.19
1.30
1.41
1.62
1.85
2.10
2.50
M1
0.35
0.50
0.74
0.96
1.06
1.13
1.20
1.27
1.47
1.69
1.90
2.20
M2
0.35
0.44
0.59
0.81
0.94
1.03
1.10
1.17
1.34
1.51
1.65
1.90
M3
0.25
0.41
0.56
0.75
0.87
0.95
1.02
1.10
1.25
1.41
1.55
1.78
L1
0.25
0.36
0.53
0.67
0.76
0.83
0.90
0.97
1.11
1.26
1.40
1.06
L2
0.25
0.31
0.42
0.53
0.58
0.61
0.65
0.69
0.73
0.78
0.85
0.95
Appendix B of IS:1905-1987
Appendix B of IS:1905
Same material, joint thickness and workmanship as

in field
h > 400 mm
Tested at 28 days
fm=P/Anet
Correction for different aspect ratios
of prism for h/t in the range of 2 and 5
3.5
1
Prism Testing
5-brick/block prism test
19
Basic Compressive Strength (MPa) of Masonry

corresponding to masonry units whose height-to-width ratio does not exceed 0.75 and
crushing strength (in MPa) is not less than the values given below

strength
Basic Compressive Strength, fm
T able 15: C orrection Factors for D ifferent

h/t R atios
(C lause B-1.1)
R atio of height
to thickness
2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0
(h/t)
C orrection
factors for
0.73 0.8 0.86 0.91 0.95 1.0
brickworks*
C orrection
factors for
1.0
- 1.20 - 1.30 1.37
blockworks*
*Interpolation is valid for in term ediate values.
Mortar
4 mm plywood as and platens larger than prism

Spherical seated in the machine
Rate of loading 350-750 kN/min
20

strength
Effect of Mortar & Unit

on Masonry Strength
Effect of Mortar on Masonry Strength

As proportion of lime in mortar increases
Prominent increase
when weaker mortar is
used
Higher strength mortar
is not advisable
A case for use of
LIME in mortar
1:0:3 mortar
1:0.5:4.5 mortar
1:0:6 mortar
4
2
B
0
0
O
25
30
O
S
M
4
1:0.5:4.5
2
1:0:6 mortar
0
Madras Detailed Standard Specification 1956
10
15
20
Brick Strength, MPa
(Reprint 1964)
21
10
Prism Strength, M Pa
Mortar loses strength

But, masonry does not loose much strength
10
Prism Strength, M Pa

strength
1:0:3
10
15
Mortar Strength, MPa
20
25
22

strength
Effect of WA and IRA on Masonry Strength

fm strongly dependent on IRA, rather than on WA
30
Comp. strength, MPa
WA, %
IRA, kg/sq.m/min
Brick Properties
25
20
15
10
5
0
Comp. stress, MPa
23
Brick T ype
40
30
20
10
C r = - 0.24
C r = - 0.77
0
0
1
2
IRA, kg/m2/min
10
12
14
WA, %
Elastic Modulus
16
Elastic Modulus
Elastic Modulus
Elastic Modulus in Compression

j Deformatio n of mortar j t j
Deformatio n of masonry
j b
y
Ej
tj
y
Eb
Eb
tj
tb
(t b t j )
m mod ular ratio
....(1)
t j tb (1 t )tb
P = y Anet
....( 3)
tb
tj
tb
25
Em
(tb t j ) (1 t )tb
y
Ej
tj
y
t tb
mEb
From(4), (8) & (9)

(1 t )
Em
Eb
(1 t / m )
....( 6 )
Eb
P = y Anet
....(8)
tb
From (5) & (6)
tj
....( 5)
Ej
....(7)
From (3) & (7)
....( 2 )
....( 4 )
tb
t thickness ratio
Define
Em
Ej
b Deformatio n of brick b t b
Elastic Modulus in Compression
....(9)
tj
....(10)
26
Elastic Modulus
Elastic Modulus
Prism Testing
Prism Testing
Masonry Modulus Em < Brick Modulus Eb
Em
Eb
But, if brick is softer than mortar, Em > Eb

1.2
Clay brick
Block
1
0.8
Brick masonry
tj=8mm, tb=57 mm, t=0.14
Brick
0.2
Block
0.6
0.4
0
0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
IISc Bangalore data

fb = 5.36 MPa, Eb = 730 MPa
Ej = 6000 MPa (1 : 6)
fj = 4.38 MPa
Em = ~1100-1600 MPa
Block masonry
tj=10mm, tb=200 mm, t=0.05
1.2 1.4 1.6
27
28
Elastic Modulus
Elastic Modulus
Elastic Modulus Em
Clay Brick Units

(4 manufacturers)
Mortar (3 types1:0:3, 1:0.5:4.5)
Prism
Chord modulus for stress levels 0.05fm-0.33fm

fm
Em =
Stress
Strain
0.33fm
Compressive Stress, MPa
Stress
Stress
Strain
0.05fm
Strain
29
30
Brick elastic modulus, MPa
12000
Mortar elastic modulus, MPa
Eb 500 f b
M bricks
10000
(a)
S
20
15
10
5
0
0.000
21
18
15
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
300 f b
312 f b
260 f b
317 f b
300 f b
0.010
0.012
1:0:3 mortar
(b)
1:0.5:4.5 mortar
12
1 : 0 : 6 E j 175 f j
1 : 0 : 3 E j 180 f j
1:0:6 mortar
3
0
0.000
10
Average
M Eb
M
B
B Eb
O Eb
S Eb
Eb
0.005
1 : 0.5 : 4.5 E j 215 f j

E j 200 f j
0.010
0.015
0.020
1 : 0.5 : 4.5 E m 570 f m'

E m 550 f m'
0
0.000
0.030
1 : 0 : 3 E m 555 f m'
(c)
0.025
1 : 0 : 6 E m 550 f m'
1:0:6mortar
1:0:3 mortar
0.002
0.004
0.006
1:0.5:4.5 mortar
0.008
0.010
C r =0.39
O bricks
6000
S bricks
4000
Compressive Stress-Strain Curves for Masonry Prisms
Eb 300 f b
B bricks
8000
5 bricks high prisms

(400-410 mm high)
Eb 150 f b
2000
40 brick specimens
0
0
5000
10
20
30
Brick compressive strength, MPa
1:0:6 mortar
1:0.5:4.5 mortar
1:0:3 mortar
4000
40
E j 200 f j
E j 400 f j
10 mm thick mortar joints
C r =0.90
3000
2000
E j 100 f j
1000
27 mortar cube specimens
0
0
Masonry elastic modulus, MPa
31
25
Behaviour Masonry Prisms
Elastic Modulus
Clay Brick Units

Eu = ~ 300 fu
Mortar
Ej = ~ 200 fj
Prism
Em = ~ 550 fm
30
Prism Testing
Prism Testing
8000
10
15
20
Mortar compressive strength, MPa
1:0:6 mortar
1:0.5:4.5 mortar
1:0:3 mortar
6000
25
Em 1100 f m'
Em 550 f m'
C r =0.63
4000
2000
E m 250 f m'
84 masonry prism specimens
0
0
Masonry prism strength, MPa
10
12
Typical vertical splitting failure
10
Best performance shown by prisms constructed with
Intermediate mortar (mortar containing lime)
1 : 0 : 6 E m 550 f m'
1 : 0 : 3 E m 555 f m'
1 : 0.5 : 4.5 E m 570 f m'
E m 550 f m'
Masonry
with Strong
mortar
1:0:6mortar
1:0:3 mortar
0
0.000
0.002
0.004
'
f m (MPa)
Strain
0.006
Failure strain
1:0.5:4.5 mortar
0.008
0.010
Prism Strength
~ 13% less
0.0059 [0.43]
2300 [0.24]
0.0053 [0.41]
Importance of using lime in mortar

Significant improvement in Flexibility without
considerable compromise with the Prism Strength
4200 [0.38]
Prisms with Intermediate mortar 1:0.5:4.5 (47 specimens)

6.6 [0.20]
0.0080 [0.34]
3800 [0.35]
'
Em 1100 f
Prism Strength, MPa
1:0:6 mortar
1:0.5:4.5 mortar
1:0:3 mortar
6000
10
Em 250 - 1100 times f m

'
m
Em 550 f m'
C r =0.63
4000
1:0:3 mortar
1:0.5:4.5 mortar
2
B
2000
Em 250 f
84 masonry prism specimens
0
0
10
10
15
20
Brick Strength, MPa
25
30
'
m
O
S
f m'
Prominent increase when

weaker mortar is used
Higher strength mortar is
not advisable
10
12
Masonry prism strength, MPa
FEMA306 (1999) 550

IBC (2003), MSJC (2002) 700
Paulay and Priestley (1992) 750
Canadian Masonry Code (2004) 850
Eurocode6 (1996) 1000
fb
fj
1:0:6 mortar
'
m
Prism Strength, MPa
Drysdale et al.
(1994)
Em 210 - 1670
'
times f m
Masonry elastic modulus, MPa
Good Cr for '

Em 550 f m
8000
'
Variation of f m with Em
mortar
Failure Strain
Prisms with Strong mortar 1:0:3 (47 specimens)

7.5 [0.18]
Intermediate
~ 50% more
Em (MPa)
Prisms with Weak mortar 1:0:6 (47 specimens)

4.1 [0.24]
Masonry with
A case for use of
4
2
1:0:6
mortar
0
0
1:0.5:4.5
mortar
10
15
Mortar Strength, MPa
LIME in mortar
1:0:3
mortar
20
25
Behaviour
Brick units
20
Non-linear Stress-Strain
curves of bricks, mortar &
masonry are determined
15
10
5
Masonry prism
1:0:6 Mortar cubes
0
25
Brick units
20
1:0:3 Mortar cubes
These curves cannot be

used generally!
15
10
0
25
20
1.2
1.0
0.8
f m'
0.9 f
0.75 f m'
Stress in Strain in prism for different

terms of
mortar grades
Prism
Strength 1:0:6
1:0:3 1:0.5:4.5
1:0:6
'
m
0.6 f m'
0.5 f m'
0.6
0.4
0.33 f m'
0.2
0.002
1:0.5:4.5
1:0:3
0.004
0.2 f m'
0.006
Strain
0.008
0.00
0.33
0.75
0.90
1.00
0.60
0.010 0.50
0.20
0.0000
0.0009
0.0021
0.0029
0.0036
0.0059
-
0.0000
0.0005
0.0014
0.0021
0.0025
0.0045
0.0053
6 Control Points corresponding to 6 significant events

observed experimentally (4 in Rising branch, 2 in falling branch)
1:0.5:4.5 Mortar cubes
10
5
Masonry prism
0.005
0.010
0.015
Strain
Stress-Strain curves can be plotted for given Prism Strength

0.020
0.025
0.030
Behaviour Control Points
Points
Behaviour Analytical Model
6 Control Points:
Analytical Model for Stress-Strain Curves of Masonry
1. 0.33 fm' : Stress-strain curves remain linear
What is the need?
2.
0.75 fm' :
Vertical splitting cracks appear in bricks; masonry still

resists loads without much deterioration
'
3. 0.9 fm : Vertical splitting cracks propagate excessively

4.
0.0000
0.0005
0.0015
0.0021
0.0030
0.0062
0.0080
Brick units
15
0
0.000
Control Points Defining Stress-Strain Curves of Masonry
0.0
0.000
Masonry prism
Behaviour
Normalized Stress

25
fm' : Ultimate stress level in masonry after which the load

drops and strains increase excessively
5. 0.5 f m' : Proposed as maximum dependable compressive

strength of masonry
- Significant variation in material properties geographically

- Controlled compression testing of masonry prisms not
always feasible
A simple analytical model is required
fb, fj : readily available in design codes or

can be obtained easily by conducting tests
- Can be conveniently used in the analytical model
'
6. 0.2 f m : Residual compressive stress in masonry
10
Analytical Models in Literature

- A very few studies
- Most of the models are complicated
Analytical Estimation of Masonry Prism Strength

'
Bennett et al. (1997) f m = 0.3fb
Ewing and Kowalsky (2004); Priestley and Elder (1983)

2

f m 1.067 f m' m m
0.002 0.002
f m f m' 1 Z m m 0.0015
Zm
0 m 0.0015
till
0.2 f m'
f m' = A400 B f b 145

MSJC (2002)
145
Parabolic Rising Curve
A = 0.1 for inspected masonry

B = 0.2-0.25 based on bricks and mortar type
Linear Descending Curve
0.5
3 0.29 f j
0.002
145 f j 1000
f m' = 0.275 f b 0.5f j 0.5
Dayaratnam (1987)
No method suggested to estimate Masonry Prism Strength
= = 0.5!!!
Grimm (1975)
Eurocode6 (1996)
f m' = K f b f j
Eurocode6 (EN 1996-1-1)
K = 0.4-0.6
= 0.65, = 0.25
Several other conditions
Values of constants are function of

Mortar type
general-purpose (fj < 20 MPa and < 2fb)
lightweight (fj < 10 MPa)
thin-layered mortar (thickness of 0.5-3mm)
Mortar strength
Unit type and strength
Joinery (presence of collar joint)
Typical values
K = 0.35 0.8
= 0.7, = 0.3 for general-purpose lightweight mortars
= 0.85 for general-purpose thin-layered mortars for all units except clay bricks of Group 2 and 3
= 0.0.7 for general-purpose thin-layered mortars for clay bricks of Group 2 and 3
Kaushiks Study:
Unconstrained Linear Regression Analysis of
f m' = K f b f j
using experimentally obtained compressive strengths
Proposed Equation:
f m' = 0.63 f b f j 0.32

0.49
R2 = 0.93 (Coefficient of Determination)

= 0.48 MPa (Standard Error of Estimate)
Excellent Prediction
11
Fitness of the Proposed Equation:
f m' = 0.63 f b f j 0.32

0.49
% Error between Experimental and Predicted Values of f m'

Present EC6
Dayaratnam
Bennett et al.
MSJC
fj
f m'
fb
Study (1996)
(1987)
(1997)
(2002)
Research
Sarangpani 1
8.2
3.1
2.3
10.3
17.6
65.9
7.0
91.2
Tomaevi
10.0
0.5
2.0
28.2
12.7
225.2
50.0
137.9
Sarangpani 2 10.7
4.1
2.9
9.0
18.9
59.2
10.7
68.9
Sarangpani 2 10.7 10.6
3.2
33.6
36.2
9.6
0.0
52.9
Narain
13.1
6.1
5.4
36.2
49.2
119.7
37.4
0.4
Tomaevi
15.0
2.5
2.5
27.4
75.5
48.5
80.0
130.3
9.9
7.3
38.8
25.7
104.6
43.1
18.5
Rai
17.0
Present
20.8
3.1
4.1
2.4
20.8
85.7
52.2
68.7
Present
20.8 15.2
6.6
0.9
11.6
35.0
5.8
4.8
Present
20.8 20.6
7.5
2.2
31.8
20.2
8.4
Hendry
25.5 15.2
9.3
26.4
32.7
71.8
21.6
18.3
Binda
26.9 12.7
14.5
103.3
117.9
185.3
79.7
78.2
Ewing
34.0 15.7
15.6
82.3
66.4
145.5
52.9
63.2
McNary
101.7
3.4
29.9
233.2
110.3
484.7
2.0
29.4
McNary
101.7 13.7
32.5
131.8
61.4
216.6
6.5
40.7
McNary
101.7 26.4
40.9
136.5
187.0
34.1
77.1
McNary
101.7 52.6
48.2
123.6
139.6
58.0
108.7
Sarangapani et al. (2002), Tomaevi (1999), Sarangapani et al. (2005), Naraine & Sinha (1989), Rai &
Goel (1996), Hendry (1998), Binda et al. (1988), Ewing & Kowalsky (2004), McNary & Abrams (1985)
Expt. values (MPa)
Analytical Expression for Peak Strain in Masonry

corresponding to f m'
De Courcy (2001), Knutsson (1993)
'
Peak Strain Em and f m
Regression Analysis:
m' C j f m' Em
Peak strain in masonry prism
Present Study: Peak Strain fj

0.004
1:0:6 mortar
1:0.5:4.5 mortar
0.003
1:0:3 mortar
0.002
0
10
15
Mortar strength, MPa
20
25
Proposed Equation
'
2
f
0.83
m' C j 0m.7 R == 0.0001
Em
0.27
C j 0.25
fj
Analytical Model for Stress-Strain Curves of Masonry
Proposed Analytical Model for Stress-Strain Curves of Masonry
Rising part follows Parabolic Variation
Paulay and Priestlay (1992), Sawko and Rouf (1984),

Priestley and Elder (1983)
Limited Literature on the falling branch

Observations varied from parabolic variation to linearly
falling curve
Present Study: Parabolic variation along - rising curve

and then till 90% of Prism Strength along falling branch,
followed by a rapidly falling linear variation
Confidence Level???
12
Fitness of the Proposed Analytical Model for Masonry
Fitness of the Model: Comparison with Present Experimental Curves
fm
2 m' m'
'
m m
fm
f m' 0.63 f b0.49 f j0.32
m' C j
f m'
E m0.7
Cj
0.27
0.25
fj
E m 550 f m'
1. Present experimental curves

2. Experimental curves obtained in past 7 studies
3. Two past analytical models:
4
2
0
0.000
Experiment
Present study (1:0:6 mortar)
0.002
0.004
Strain
0.006
0.008
9
6
3
Experiment
Present study (1:0:3 mortar)
0
0.000
0.002
Strain
0.004
0.006
Fitness of the Model is examined by comparing it with:
Proposed Model is:
Experimental curve
4
Proposed with predicted prism strength
Experiment
Present study (1:0.5:4.5 mortar)
0
0.000
Priestley and Elder (1983) Parabolic rising curve, linear falling branch
0.003
Strain
Proposed with experimental prism strength

Priestley and Elder with experimental prism strength
3
2
1
0
0.006
EC6 with predicted prism strength
0.009
St r ain
EC6 with experimental prism strength
Eurocode6 (1996) Parabolic rising curve till 0.002 strain, then

horizontal plateau till 0.0035 strain
Fitness of the Model: Comparison with Past Experimental Curves
Fitness of the Model: Comparison with Past Experimental Curves
0
0.000
Experiment
Sarangapani et al. (2002)
0.007
Strain
0.014
0.021
4
2
0
0.000
0.003
0.006
Strain
0.009
0.012
Experiment
Rai and Goel (1996)
Experimental curve
2
0
0.000
Experiment
Naraine and Sinha (1998)
3
2
1
0
0.007
0.014
Strain
0.021
0.028

Priestley and Elder with experimental prism strength
EC6 with predicted prism strength
St r ain
EC6 with experimental prism strength
8
6
4
2
Experiment
Hendry (1998)
0
0.000
0.004
0.008
0.012
Strain
18
Experiment
Ewing and Kowalsky (2004)
12
6
0
0.000
0.002
0.004
0.006
Strain
0.008
0.010
Experimental curve
10
3
2
1
0
20
Experiment
Binda et al. (1988)
15
10
5
0
0.000
0.005
0.010
Strain
0.015
0.020
12
f b was not given; prism
strength was not predicted
8
4
Experiment
Sawko and Rouf (1984)
0
0.000
0.005
Strain
0.010
0.015

Priestley and Elder with experimental prism strengt
Stra ni
13
Comparison shows
Tri-Linear Stress-Strain Model
- Suggested model is consistently better

- Fairly good Prediction of Stress-Strain curves
- Accuracy improves if experimental Prism Strength is
used instead of predicted Prism Strength
- Suggested model is very simple; only compressive
strengths of bricks and mortar are required
Simpler model required for computer analysis programs
Behaviour
Material Characterization Masonry
Summary : Compressive Behaviour of Masonry

Non-linear - curves determined experimentally
Relations suggested for estimation of Eb, Ej, and Em
Masonry Simulation
Masonry formulated in lab. using Lakhauri bricks & lime-surkhi mortar of

proportion 1:1:2 (lime: surkhi: sand)
Masonry Assemblages
IRA more directly related (than WA) to fb

Use of lime in mortar beneficial :: increases ductility
Analytical models developed for - curves of masonry ::
Fairly Accurate and Simpler
:: Tri-linear model for use in computer analysis programs
Stack-bond prism
Multi-wythe prism
Masonry wallets
Compressive strength
Stack bond prism
Multi wythe prism
Methodology
Formulated
Masonry
Mechanical
Properties
Modulus of
Elasticity
Diagonal
tensile strength
14
Material Characterization Contd
Mechanical Properties of Masonry
Stack Bond Prism [ ASTM 1314-07]
Historical Vs Contemporary
5-brick prism using slaked lime & Lab. slaked lime

Classical vertical splitting was observed
Avg. Compressive strength
Slaked lime masonry 3.5 MPa
Lab. Slaked lime masonry 2.34 MPa
Modern masonry 4.1 MPa (Weak mortar)
Modern masonry 2300 MPa (Weak mortar)
Plastic strain 5-7 times more than

contemporary masonry
E/fm
Modern masonry 500 for

weak mortar
Historical masonry 91.9 for

slaked lime masonry
Historical masonry 207 for

lab. slaked lime masonry
Experimental setup
8.0
Formulated Masonry
7.0
Contemporary Masonry-Weak mortar

6.0
Contemporary Masonry-Intermediate mortar

Contemporary Masonry-strong mortar
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
0
Avg. Elastic Modulus
Historical masonry High plastic

strain
Stress (MPa)
Failure pattern
0.005
0.01
0.015
More interaction between mortar & units
Simulate the exact field condition
Specimen size : 290mm x 290 mm x 400 mm
Classical vertical splitting failure [ Mcnary et al .1985]
Experimental setup
Avg. Elastic Modulus
0.035
0.04
0.045
Lab.
Slaked
Lime
Slaked
lime
Lab
Slaked
lime
3.50
2.34
2.09
1.72
E (MPa)
314.97
522.24
126.88
141.69
E/fm
91.87
168.50
62.90
86.37
Fm
(MPa)

reduced by 40% & 26.5% for
slaked lime & lab. Slaked lime
respectively.
Elastic modulus of slaked lime
Multi-wythe prism = th of
stack bond prism
Larger interaction between units
and mortar leads to lower
compressive strength
Multi-wythe prism
Slaked
lime
Property
Prism
Stack bond prism
Stack bond Vs Multi-wythe
3
SP2-Ext1
2.5
Compressive stress(MPa)
0.03
Low modulus of Elasticity provides

less risk of deformation under
moisture & temperature
Multi-Wythe Prism
0.025
Strain
0.02
SP4-Ext1
SP4-Ext2
SP5-Ext1
SP5-Ext2
SP6-Ext1
SP6-Ext2
1.5
0.5
Failure pattern
Multi-wythe Highly Non-linear
0
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
Strain
15
Diagonal Tensile Test [ASTM E519-07]
Shear Strength
Specimen size : 520 mm x 520 mm [RILEM LUM B6]
Slaked lime : 0.11 MPa
Lab. slaked lime : 0.12 MPa
Draft Code Approach for

Elastic Modulus &
Compressive Strength
Modulus of Rigidity
Slaked lime : 97.9 MPa
Lab. slaked lime : 149.5 MPa
Tensile strength 3% of compressive strength
G = 32% of E 0.4
Plastic mortar Deformability characteristics

Failure Pattern

strength
IS:1905 Design Compressive Strengths
Prism
PrismTested
Tested
ffmmand
andEEmmfrom
fromprism
prismtests
tests
Basic
Basiccompressive
compressivestrength,
strength,ffbb==0.25
0.25ffmm
Compressive
Compressive
Strength
Strength&
&
Modulus
Modulus
UNIT
UNITStrength
StrengthMethod:
Method:
Specified
Specifiedcompressive
compressivestrength
strengthffmm==4f
4fbb and
andEEmm==550
550ffmm
Sl.
no
No
NoPrism
PrismTested
Tested
UNIT
UNITStrength
StrengthMethod:
Method:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Basic
Basiccompressive
strength,ffbbfrom
fromunit
unit
compressive
andmortar
mortargrade
grade
compressivestrength
strengthffuuand
(Table
(Table10,
10,Draft
DraftIS:
IS:1905)
1905)
63
Mortar
Type
Specified
Specifiedcompressive
strength,ffmm==4f
4fbb
EEmm==550
550ffmm
H1
H2
M1
M2
M3
L1
L2
Table 10: Basic compressive strength in MPa corresponding to masonry

units of which height to width ratio does not exceed 0.75 and crushing
strength in MPa is not less than
3.5
5.0
7.5
10
12.5
15
17.5
20
25
30
35
40
0.35 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.16 1.31 1.45 1.59 1.91 2.21 2.50 3.05
0.35 0.50 0.74 0.96 1.09 1.19 1.30 1.41 1.62 1.85 2.10 2.50
0.35 0.50 0.74 0.96 1.06 1.13 1.20 1.27 1.47 1.69 1.90 2.20
0.35 0.44 0.59 0.81 0.94 1.03 1.10 1.17 1.34 1.51 1.65 1.90
0.25 0.41 0.56 0.75 0.87 0.95 1.02 1.10 1.25 1.41 1.55 1.78
0.25 0.36 0.53 0.67 0.76 0.83 0.90 0.97 1.11 1.26 1.40 1.06
0.25 0.31 0.42 0.53 0.58 0.61 0.65 0.69 0.73 0.78 0.85 0.95
64
16

Mechanics of Masonry in Compression

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Masonry in Compression

Department of Civil Engineering

Typical failure modes

CE625A:Masonry Structures/Prof. Durgesh Rai/2014-15

Bi-axial Strength of Units

Stresses shown for

Masonry Compressive Strength

Bi-axial Strength of Mortar

Brick splits when:

CE625A:Masonry Structures/Prof. Durgesh Rai/2014-15

Masonry Compressive Strength

Non-linear Behaviour of Mortar

If mortar crushes and brick splits

Uu is coefficient of non-uniformity (typical

Unit Splitting vs. Mortar Crushing

Unit Splitting vs. Mortar Crushing

Unit stress path

Mortar stress path

CE625A:Masonry Structures/Prof. Durgesh Rai/2014-15

Unit stress path

Compressive Strength of Masonry

Compressive Strength of Masonry

Effect of Mortar on Compression

Effect of Mortar on Compression

Weaker mortar result in low fm

May not adhere to units well

Weaker mortar is more nonlinear

Compressive Strength of MASONRY

Compressive Strength of Masonry

Low strength mortars result in low prism strength

CE625A:Masonry Structures/Prof. Durgesh Rai/2014-15

Compressive Strength of Masonry

Table 10 (Draft IS:1905) provides Basic

Masonry Prism strength

Same material, joint thickness and workmanship as

CE625A:Masonry Structures/Prof. Durgesh Rai/2014-15

5-brick/block prism test

Basic Compressive Strength (MPa) of Masonry

Masonry Prism strength

Basic Compressive Strength, fm

T able 15: C orrection Factors for D ifferent

4 mm plywood as and platens larger than prism

Masonry Prism strength

Effect of Mortar & Unit

Effect of Mortar on Masonry Strength

Madras Detailed Standard Specification 1956

Mortar loses strength

Masonry Prism strength

Masonry Prism strength

Effect of WA and IRA on Masonry Strength

Comp. stress, MPa

CE625A:Masonry Structures/Prof. Durgesh Rai/2014-15

Elastic Modulus in Compression

m mod ular ratio

From(4), (8) & (9)

From (5) & (6)

From (3) & (7)

Elastic Modulus in Compression

But, if brick is softer than mortar, Em > Eb

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

IISc Bangalore data

1.2 1.4 1.6

CE625A:Masonry Structures/Prof. Durgesh Rai/2014-15