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DEFINITION
q
A stream/river/ravine/valley
Railroad track/roadway/waterway
FUNCTION
q
Bridges help pedestrians and vehicle bypass obstacle and often cut travel
time dramatically by providing a more direct route.
To transfer the loads from the service to the foundations at ground level
Natural Bridge
!Tree trunk
!Stone
!Low Bridge
!Shallow Arch
!Strength of
Materials
Roman Arch Bridge
!The Arch
!Natural Cement
!Mathematical
Theories
!Development of
Metal
1900 A.D.
Truss Bridges
!Mechanics of
Design
1850 A.D.
2000 A.D.
!Prestressed
Concrete
!Steel
Suspension Bridges
!Use of Steel for
the suspending
cables
1920 A.D.
Pedestrian Bridge
Railway Bridge
Viaduct Bridge
Flyover Bridge
PLANNING
Preliminary Study
q Trac
Data
q Hydrology
q Geotechnical
Data
q Environmental
Considera9ons
q Alterna9ves
for
Bridge
Type
q Economic
Feasibility
q Bridge
Selec9on
and
Detailed
Design
PLANNING
The following information must clarified first and plan in advance before
proceed with design work to assure its implementation;
q Construction material; is a decisive factor to select bridge type
q Cross-section of bridge, must be based on traffic study and geometric
design parameter
q Bridge span length; which is the distance between columns
q Vertical clearance between the road surface or railway track to the beam
soffit
PLANNING
q
q
q
Span>6m !
Span<6m !
Bridge
Culvert
PLANNING
PLANNING
PLANNING
PLANNING
PLANNING
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
q
Concrete
q Concrete is a composite construction material, composed of cement
(commonly Portland cement) and other cementitious materials such as fly
ash and slag cement, aggregate (generally a coarse aggregate made of
gravels or crushed rocks such as limestone, or granite, plus a fine aggregate
such as sand), water, and chemical admixtures.
q Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension; however steel
reinforced concrete or prestressing cable are used to ensure that it within
tensile and compressive capacity of design loading.
q Two methods of Prestressing concrete :
q Precast Pre-tensioned: Tendons are stressed by jacking against an
anchor frame before the concrete is placed.
q Precast post- tensioned: Tendons are placed inside a duct cast into
concrete, then tendons are stressed after the concrete beam reached
the desired strength.
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
q
Steel
q Steel structure is strong in compression and tension compare to concrete.
Steel bridges are susceptible to rust and corrosion, and tend to require a lot
of maintenance. Need anti rust paint to improve durability.
q Steel used in composite deck construction with rolled beam, or fabricated
plate girders. Other popular form of steel bridge are arch bridge and truss
bridge.
Masonry (Brick and mortar)
q Constructed using brick or stone and bind with cement mortar. Strong in
compression but weak in tension, requires massive support. Used only in
arch bridges, also often used to build bridge piers and abutments, which
allow the upper portions of the bridge to be built from more affordable and
lighter materials.
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
q
Timber
q not as reliable as other bridge construction materials, and should only be
used on relatively simple structures. It is one of the more affordable bridgebuilding materials, and is easy to work with using basic tools and equipment
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
TYPES OF BRIDGES
q
The type of bridge used depends on various features of the obstacle. The
main feature that controls the bridge type is the size of the obstacle. How
far is it from one side to the other? This is a major factor in determining
what type of bridge to use.
Basic Types:
q Beam/Girder Bridge
q Arch Bridge
q Cantilever Bridge
q Cable Stayed Bridge
q Suspension Bridge
The biggest difference of the bridge types are the distances they can each
cross in a single span.
TYPES OF BRIDGES
Beam Bridge
TYPES OF BRIDGES
Beam Bridge
Most of the beam bridges are concrete (RC or PC)
Can be simply supported or continuous
Usually beams are simply supported with continuous deck slab
TYPES OF BRIDGES
Arch Bridge
TYPES OF BRIDGES
Cantilever Bridge
I n a c a n t i l e v e r b r i d g e , t h e
superstructure is constructed out
from the pier in two directions at the
same time so that the weight on
both sides counterbalance each
other
TYPES OF BRIDGES
Cable Stayed Bridge
TYPES OF BRIDGES
Suspension Bridge
TYPES OF BRIDGES
q
TYPES OF BRIDGES
q
Arch bridges
q Arches which work principally in compression, are among the most beautiful
of structures. Can be built with any types of materials such as masonry,
reinforced concrete or steel. However, arches can be labour intensive to
build, and costly.
Suspension bridges
q Suspension bridges are suspended by cables between the pylon and the end
cables anchored in the counter weight foundation.
Cable stayed bridges
q Stay cables are used to support the deck; arranged from one, two or more
pylons; with fan layout cable arrangement.
TYPES OF BRIDGES
TYPES OF BRIDGES
TYPES OF BRIDGES
TYPES OF BRIDGES
Balanced cantilever
construction of arch
TYPES OF BRIDGES
Balanced Cantilever Box Girder Bridge
TYPES OF BRIDGES
TYPES OF BRIDGES
Suspension Bridge
TYPES OF BRIDGES
BRIDGE COMPONENTS
Substructure
q
q
Superstructure
q
q
Others
q
MAIN COMPONENTS
EXPANSION JOINT
BRIDGE 3D VIEW
MAIN COMPONENTS-BEARING
Bearings is a point of connection between a superstructure and its
support, the purposes is to transmit vertical and horizontal loads, also
allowed for rotations.
MAIN COMPONENTS-BEARING
MECHANICAL POT BEARING
The bearings are made up of metal such as steel. Movement and rotation are
accommodated by rolling, rocking or sliding action of the metal parts.
BOX CULVERT
PIPE CULVERT
BEBO ARCH
BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION
SPAN
BEAM
WEIGHT (TON)
40 ~ 45
40 ~ 45
40 ~ 45
60 ~ 65
BEAM
LENGTH (mm)
Same length
(26956)
Same length
(26629)
QUANTITY
(nos)
20
20
Various length
Various length
(26422 ~ 26956) (36430 ~ 37330)
20
19
BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION
Beam launching
To launch Post Tensioned I-beam (on
site I-beam) and Pre-stressing I-beam
(factory I-beam) using mobile crane
(200 ton and 130 ton) and assisted by
prime mover.
BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION
Machine
Mobile crane (200 ton & 130 ton) placing at launching site
Mobile crane (100 ton & 80 ton) placing at casting yard
Prime mover loaded I-beam
BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION
On site I-beam
Factory I-beam
BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION
Platform Preparation
Cut and filled surcharge area at CH 2825 ~ 3100
as ramp up and ramp down for access purpose.
Soft soil treatment near piers for parked mobile
crane and access for prime mover between 2
bridge (near center line).
Access road from casting yard to the abutment A
will be leveling and compact well to avoid any
problem to the prime mover.
Steel plate used to make sure prime mover moving
easily and mobile crane parked in safely condition.
BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION
Platform treatment
BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION
Launching Sequence
Two units of mobile crane are use at the casting yard (100 ton & 80
ton) and another two units of 200 ton and 130 ton mobile cranes are
used to hoist the beams, which were parked at back face of pier and
abutment.
The 1st beam will be then being lifting up and directly launch to
required position.
BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION
BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION
BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION
Beam Launching by Gantry
BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION
RC VOIDED DECK
BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION
RC VOIDED DECK
BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION
RC VOIDED DECK
BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION
Precast Segmental Box Girder construction by launching gantry
Construction of an
elevated
highway bridge
Construction
of an
precast
girder
elevatedusing
highway
bridge
erected
by the use of a
using precast
girder
launching
machine
erected by
the use of
a
launching machine
BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION
BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION
Constructing the linking bridge between Tung Chung and Chek lap Kok