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1.
JUN

11

PROJECT IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION

PHYSICAL EDUCATION PROJECT ON
KABADDI In partial fulfillment of project in
Physical Education By: - Azizur Rahman
Submitted to: - Mr. S. B. Sharma
Department of Physical Education D.A.V.
Public School, Walmi [Affiliated to CBSE,
New Delhi] Session: - 2011-2012 This is

to certify that the project work on

Kabaddi is done by Azizur Rahman of
class XIIth B Board Roll No: In partial fulfillment of the
project in Physical Education during the
year 2011-2012 Mr.S.B.Sharma Ms.
Kankana Ghosh Department of Physical
Education Principal Submitted for All India
Senior School Certificate Practical
(AISSCP) Certified that the candidate was
examined by us in the project work/viva
voce examination held at D.A.V Public
School, Walmi on . Internal
examiner external examiner Date: ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to
express my sincere gratitude to my
Physical Education teacher Mr. Shashi
Bhushan Sharma Sir for his vital support,
guidance and encouragement without
which this project would not have come

forth from my side. Special thanks of mine

goes to my colleagues Ujjwal Kr. & Md.
Arman who helped me a lot in completing
the project by giving interesting ideas,
thoughts & made this project easy and
accurate. I wish to thanks my parents for
their undivided support & interest who
inspired me & encouraged me to go my
own way, without which I would be unable
to complete my project. And at last but by
no means the least I would thank to God
who made all the things possible.
INTRODUCTION The word Kabaddi is
derived from the Tamil, Kannada, and
Malayalam word "kai"(hand), "pidi"(catch),
which could be translated into "Holding
Hands." Two teams occupy opposite
halves of a field and take turns sending a
"raider" into the other half, in order to win
points by tackling members of the

opposing team. The raider then tries to

return to his own half, holding his breath
and chanting the word "kabaddi" during
the whole raid. The game is played with
20 minute halves and a five minute
halftime break during which the teams
exchange sides. Teams take turns
sending a "raider" to the opposite team's
half, where the goal is to tag or wrestle
("confine") members of the opposite team
before returning to the home half. Tagged
members are "out" & temporarily sent of
the field. The goal of the defenders is to
stop the raider from returning to the home
side before taking a breath. The raider is
sent of the field if: the raider takes a
breath before returning to his court the
raider crosses boundary line A part of
the raider's body touches the ground
outside the boundary (except during a

struggle with an opposing team member).

Each time a player is out, the opposing
team earns a point. A team scores a
bonus of two points, called a lona, if the
entire opposing team is declared out. At
the end of the game, the team with the
most points wins. CONTENTS HISTORY
OF KABADDI FORMS OF KABADDI o
Amar o Sanjeevni o Gaminee KABADDI
GROUND RULES OF KABADDI o
Kabaddi ground o Rules of play o Rules of
matches SOME DEFINITIONS
FUNDAMENTAL SKILLS OF THE GAME
o Raiding Skills o Defensive Skills
KABADDI RELATED TERMINOLOGIES
IMPORTANT TOURNAMENTS
IMPORTANT PERSONALITIES
ARJUNA AWARD WINNER History The
origin of Kabaddi can be traced to prehistoric times when man learned how to

defend in groups against animals or attack

weaker animals individually or in groups
for survival and food. Though kabaddi is
primarily a South Asian game, it has
originated from Punjab (India). There is
however concrete evidences that the
game is over 4,000 years old. In India,
kabaddi was played in a very crude form.
Its followers in Satara tried to refine this
game in 1918. Rules of this game were
framed in the beginning of the 20th
century by the Deccan Gymkhana. In
1923, Hind Vijay Gymkhana, Baroda,
published the rules of this game and an
All India Competition was held in the
same year in Baroda in which these rules
were applied. In 1934, Akhil Maharashtra
Sharirik Parishad published the revised
rules of this game. The state of
Maharashtra took keen interest in this

game but Kabaddi obtained national

status only in 1952, when the National
Kabaddi Federation of India was formed. It
organized the first National Kabaddi
Championship in that year. In the
year1955, competitions for women were
also included in the national championship
held at Calcutta. Although kabaddi is a
simple game and can be played in a small
area without any equipment, it has not
become very popular India. Only
Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and
Myanmar play this game. Forms of
Kabaddi Amar In the 'Amar' form of
Kabaddi, whenever any player is touched
(out), he does not go out of the court, but
stays inside, and one point is awarded to
the team that touched him. This game is
also played on a time basis, i.e. the time is
fixed. This form of Kabaddi is played in

Punjab, Canada, England, New Zealand,

USA, Pakistan and Australia. In the Amar
form of Kabaddi, each team consists of 5
6 stoppers and 45 raiders. At one time,
only 4 stoppers are allowed to play on the
field. Every time a stopper stops the raider
from going back to his starting point, that
stoppers team gets 1 point. On the other
hand, every time the raider tags one of the
stoppers and returns to his starting point,
his team gets one point. At one time, only
one of the stoppers can try. The
dimensions are 10m x 12.50m. Sanjeevni
In Sanjeevni form of Kabaddi, one player
is revived against one player of the
opposite team who is out, one out, one in.
The duration, the number of players,
dimensions of the court, etc. have been
fixed by the Kabaddi Federation of India.
This form of Kabaddi is the closest to the

present game. In this form of Kabaddi,

players are put out and revived and the
game lasts 40 minutes with a 5-minute
break in between. There are nine players
on each side. The team that puts out all
the players on the opponent's side scores
four extra points for a 'Lona'. The winning
team is the one that scores most points
after 40 minutes. The field is bigger in this
form of Kabaddi and the 'chant' is diferent
in various regions. Modern Kabaddi
resembles this form of Kabaddi especially
with regard to 'out & in system' and 'Lona'.
The present form of Kabaddi is a
synthesis of all these forms with change in
the rules. Gaminee This is played with
nine players on either side, in a field of no
specific measurements. The characteristic
is that a player put out has to remain out
until all his team members are out. The

team that is successful in putting out all

the players of the opponent's side secures
a point. This is akin to the present system
of 'Lona'. After all the players are put out,
the team is revived and the game
continues. The game continues until five
or seven 'Lona' are secured. This form of
Kabaddi has no fixed game time. The
main disadvantage of Gaminee is that the
player is not in position to give his best
performance since he is likely to remain
out for the better part of the match until a
Lona is scored. Kabaddi Ground 1 Rules
of Kabaddi Kabaddi ground:- Kabaddi is
played on a soft ground, rectangular in
shape. The ground should measure 12.50
metres for men. In case of women and
men below 50 Kg weight, it should
measure 11 metres by 8 metres. Each
ground should be divided by a middle line

into two halves. Other markings should be

marked as under:- a) A strip called Lobby,
1 metre in width, should be marked on the
sides of the play ground. b) A Baulk Line
should be drawn through the entire width
in each half of the court, at a distance of
3.75 metres in case of men and 3 metres
in case of women and men under 50 Kg
weight. The Baulk Line should not be
extended into the Lobbies. All lines
marked in the playing field should not be
more than 5 cm in width. Rules of play:- 1)
The side winning a toss has the right to
decide about the choice of the court
(Side) or the Raid. In the second half, the
courts should be changed and the game
should be resumed by the side that had
not sent their raider first at the start of the
match. The game should be resumed with
the same number of players that were

playing at the end of the first half. 2) A

player gets out if any part of his body
touches the ground outside the
boundaries. However, during a struggle, a
player I not out if any part of his body
touches the ground or the player inside
the boundaries. 3) A player is declared out
if he goes out of the playing field during
play. 4) The playfield includes the Lobbies
when struggle begins. The players, who
enter a Lobby during a struggle, can enter
their courts, by using the Lobbies, after
struggle. 5) The word Kabaddi should be
used as Cant. 6) A raider should start the
cant before he touches the opponents
court. 7) When a raid is over or a raider is
out in the opponents court, the opponent
should send their raider within 5 seconds.
8) A raider, who escapes to his court after
an attempt to hold him, should not be

pursued. 9) A raider losing his cant in the

opponents court shall be out. If a raider is
held by his opponents, his cant should not
be stifled. 10) Only one raider should
enter the opponents court at a time. If
more than one raider enters the
opponents court, then the side loses their
turn of raiding and any opponent touched
in such a raid is declared not out. 11) A
raider or anti should not push an opponent
out of the boundary intentionally. 12) Antis
are allowed to start a raid only when a
raider has reached his own court. 13) A
raider or an anti should not be held by any
part of his body other than his limbs and
trunk. 14) Payers should be revived in the
same order in which they were put out.
15) When a team puts out all the
opponents, it scores a Lona and two
additional points are awarded to this team.

16) When one or two players of a team

are left on the court, the captain of that
team, in order to get the full team on
court, may declare them out. In such a
case the opponent score as many points
as the number of players left in addition to
the points won for a Lona. Rules of
matches:- 1) A Kabaddi team consists of
12 players, out of which 7 form the playing
team and the remaining 5 serves as
reserves. 2) The duration of a match
should be two halves of 20 minutes each
for men and 15 minutes each for of
women and men below 50 Kg weight. The
interval for rest between halves should be
5 minutes. The side that scores the
highest number of points at the end wins
the match. In case of a tied score at the
end of two halves, two extra periods of 5
minutes duration should be played

immediately with the same number of

players in the court at the end of second
half. If the tie is still not broken then the
team that scores the first leading point at
the end of these 2 extra halves, wins the
match. 3) The toss should decide about
the choice of raid or court by a team. 4)
One point is awarded to a team for every
opponent put out. A team that puts out the
whole team, scores 2 extra points for a
Lona. 5) A maximum number of 3
players can be substituted with the
permission of a referee. A substituted
player cannot be replaced. 6) A team may
start a match with one or two players less
in team but when all the players of the
side are out, the absentees shall also be
counted as out and Lona be scored
against that team. 7) A match should be
supervised by at least two umpires and

one scorer. Definitions 1) Boundaries:Lines on the four sides of the playing field
are called boundaries. These lines should
not be more than 5 cm wide and form part
of the playing field. 2) Lobbies:- Each strip
measuring 1 metre in width on the sides of
the playing field is called lobby. 3) Baulk
Line:- Each line parallel to the centre or
middle line drawn at a specified distance
from it is called a baulk line. 4) Cant:Repeated sounding of word Kabaddi in
one breathe is called cant. 5) Raider:- A
player who enters the opponent's court
with cant is called a raider. 6) Anti:- A
player in whose court raid is made is
called an anti. 7) Raid:- When a raider
enters the court of opponent with cant, a
raid is made. 8) Struggle:- When an anti
touches or holds a raider or raider touches
an anti, a struggle begins. 9) Successful

Raid:- A successful raid is one in which

the raider crosses the baulk line of the
defenders at least once during the raid
and reaches his own court safely with
cant. 10) Touch:- It means a contact made
by a raider or anti with clothing, shoes or
body of an opponent. 11) Holding a
Raider:- If the anti or antis hold a raider,
without breaking the rules and do not
allow him to reach his own court with the
cant, it is called holding a raider. 12)
Bonus Line:- A line at a distance of 1
metre from the baulk line towards the end
line is called a bonus line. One point is
awarded to the raider for crossing this line.
If the antis are 5 or less than 5, the bonus
line rule does not apply. Moreover, there is
no revival for a bonus point. i) One point is
awarded to the raider as soon as he
crosses the bonus line. If the raider is

caught after crossing this line, he shall be

out and opponents shall be awarded a
point. One point will also be awarded to
the raider for crossing the bonus line. ii) If
the antis are 5 or less than 5 then bonus
line rule does not apply. iii) There will be
no revival for a bonus point. Raid
Structure Fundamental Skills of Kabaddi
There are two fundamental skills of
Kabaddi. They are:- 1) Raiding Skills 2)
Defensive Skills Raiding Skills:- i) Starting
a raid ii) Body position in raid iii)
Movements during raid iv) Touching with
hand v) Touching with feet a) Sudden leg
thrust b) Squat leg thrust c) Front kick d)
Side kick e) Aero kick f) Swing kick g)
Mule kick h) Toe kick vi) Withdrawal vii)
Jumping viii) Falling Defensive Skills:- 1)
Holding a) Wrist catch b) Over the
shoulder catch c) Trunk catch d) Wrist and

ankle catch e) Singe knee catch f) Double

knee catch g) Ankle catch h) Dive and
catch 2) Ofensive tactics a) Starting raid
from one side b) Employing pivoting &
dodging 3) Defensive tactics a) Chain
formation b) Pursuing c) No cross play
Kabaddi Related Terminologies 1)
Stance:- A suitable alert body position of a
player during an attack or defense is
called stance. 2) Raiding:- When a player
goes into opponents court with a cant to
put out a defender or defenders. 3) Cant:Continuous or repeated chanting of the
word Kabaddi in a single breathe is
termed as cant. 4) Change of speed and
pace:- Changing of speed of attack or
changing the length of steps during attack.
5) Penetration:- Raiding deep into
opponents court is called penetration. 6)
Pivoting:- Turning around to change the

direction of raid using one leg as a

pivoting leg. 7) Feinting or Dodging:Feinting or dodging means pretending to
move in one direction, but attacking an
anti in opposite direction. 8) Withdrawing:Sometimes, a raider, for safety reasons
has to withdraw from attack and pull him
back. It is an important aspect of game
plan. Withdrawing is also resorted to in
trying to catch a raider. 9) Chain
formation:- In order to strengthen the
defense, the defenders very often hold
their hands to catch a raider. This holding
of hands is called chain formation. 10)
Guarding:- This term refers to the backing
provided by the team mates when a
defender is cornered or when an attacker
tries to penetrate into the defenders court.
This is usually done by forming a chain
and coming around for help from the back.

11) No cross play:- This is a game

strategy when the defenders try to stop
the raider on the baulk line itself and try to
prevent him from crossing the same. 12)
Escape:- An attempt by a raider to get out
of the hold of antis. Important Kabaddi
Tournaments 1) National Kabaddi
Championship:- The first National Kabaddi
Championship was held in 1951 in
Maharashtra. It is organized by diferent
states in turn. 2) Gold Cup Bombay:- This
tournament is held in Mumbai every year
and is organized by the Maharashtra
Kabaddi Association. 3) Inter-university
Kabaddi Tournament:- This tournament is
organized by the Indian Universities
Sports Board since 1961. 4) All India
Schools Kabaddi Tournament:- It is being
organized by the Schools Games
federation of India since 1962 for boys

and since 1976 for girls also. Arjuna

Awards Winners i. Ashan Kumar : 1998 ii.
Biswajit Patil : 1998 iii. B.C. Ramesh :
2001 iv. Ram Mehar Singh : 2002 v.
Sanjeev Kumar : 2003 vi. Sundar Singh :
2004
PROJECT IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION
PHYSICAL EDUCATION PROJECT ON KABADDI
In partial fulfillment of project in Physical Education
By: - Azizur Rahman
Submitted to: Mr. S. B. Sharma
Department of Physical Education
D.A.V. Public School, Walmi
[Affiliated to CBSE, New Delhi]
Session: - 2011-2012
This is to certify that the project work on Kabaddi is done by Azizur Rahman of class XIIth
B
Board Roll No: -
In partial fulfillment of the project in Physical Education during the year 2011-2012
Mr.S.B.Sharma
Ms. Kankana Ghosh
Department of Physical Education
Principal
Submitted for All India Senior School Certificate Practical (AISSCP)
Certified that the candidate was examined by us in the project work/viva voce examination
held at D.A.V Public School, Walmi on .
Internal examiner
Date: -

external examiner

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my Physical
Education teacherMr. Shashi Bhushan Sharma Sir for his
vital support, guidance and encouragement without which this
project would not have come forth from my side.
Special thanks of mine goes to my colleagues
Ujjwal Kr. & Md. Arman who helped me a lot in completing
the project by giving interesting ideas, thoughts & made this
project easy and accurate. I wish to thanks my parents for
their undivided support & interest who inspired me &
encouraged me to go my own way, without which I would be
unable to complete my project. And at last but by no means
the least I would thank to God who made all the things
possible.

INTRODUCTION
The word Kabaddi is derived from the Tamil, Kannada,
and Malayalam word "kai"(hand), "pidi"(catch), which
could be translated into "Holding Hands."
Two teams occupy opposite halves of a field and take
turns sending a "raider" into the other half, in order to
win points by tackling members of the opposing team.
The raider then tries to return to his own half, holding his

breath and chanting the word "kabaddi" during the whole

raid. The game is played with 20 minute halves and a
five minute halftime break during which the teams
exchange sides.
Teams take turns sending a "raider" to the opposite
team's half, where the goal is to tag or wrestle
("confine") members of the opposite team before
returning to the home half. Tagged members are "out" &
temporarily sent of the field. The goal of the defenders
is to stop the raider from returning to the home side
before taking a breath.
The raider is sent of the field if:
the raider takes a breath before returning to his court
the raider crosses boundary line
A part of the raider's body touches the ground outside the
boundary (except during a struggle with an opposing team
member).
Each time a player is out, the opposing team earns a point. A
team scores a bonus of two points, called a lona, if the entire
opposing team is declared out. At the end of the game, the
team with the most points wins.

CONTENTS
HISTORY OF KABADDI
FORMS OF KABADDI
o Amar
o Sanjeevni
o Gaminee
KABADDI GROUND
RULES OF KABADDI

o Kabaddi ground
o Rules of play
o Rules of matches
SOME DEFINITIONS
FUNDAMENTAL SKILLS OF THE GAME
o Raiding Skills
o Defensive Skills
KABADDI RELATED TERMINOLOGIES
IMPORTANT TOURNAMENTS
IMPORTANT PERSONALITIES
ARJUNA AWARD WINNER

History
The origin of Kabaddi can be traced to pre-historic times when man learned
how to defend in groups against animals or attack weaker animals individually
or in groups for survival and food. Though kabaddi is primarily a South Asian
game, it has originated from Punjab (India). There is however concrete
evidences that the game is over 4,000 years old. In India, kabaddi was played in
a very crude form. Its followers in Satara tried to refine this game in 1918.
Rules of this game were framed in the beginning of the 20th century by the
Deccan Gymkhana. In 1923, Hind Vijay Gymkhana, Baroda, published the rules
of this game and an All India Competition was held in the same year in Baroda
in which these rules were applied. In 1934, Akhil Maharashtra Sharirik Parishad
published the revised rules of this game.
The state of Maharashtra took keen interest in this game but Kabaddi obtained
national status only in 1952, when the National Kabaddi Federation of India
was formed. It organized the first National Kabaddi Championship in that year.
In the year1955, competitions for women were also included in the national
championship held at Calcutta.

Although kabaddi is a simple game and can be played in a small area without
any equipment, it has not become very popular India. Only Bangladesh,
Pakistan,
Sri Lanka and Myanmar play this game.

Forms of Kabaddi
Amar
In the 'Amar' form of Kabaddi, whenever any player is touched (out), he does not go out of the court, but
stays inside, and one point is awarded to the team that touched him. This game is also played on a time
basis, i.e. the time is fixed. This form of Kabaddi is played in Punjab, Canada, England, New Zealand, USA,
Pakistan and Australia. In the Amar form of Kabaddi, each team consists of 56 stoppers and 45 raiders.
At one time, only 4 stoppers are allowed to play on the field. Every time a stopper stops the raider from
going back to his starting point, that stoppers team gets 1 point. On the other hand, every time the raider
tags one of the stoppers and returns to his starting point, his team gets one point. At one time, only one of
the stoppers can try. The dimensions are 10m x 12.50m.

Sanjeevni
In Sanjeevni form of Kabaddi, one player is revived against one player of the opposite team who is out, one
out, one in. The duration, the number of players, dimensions of the court, etc. have been fixed by the
Kabaddi Federation of India. This form of Kabaddi is the closest to the present game. In this form of
Kabaddi, players are put out and revived and the game lasts 40 minutes with a 5-minute break in between.
There are nine players on each side. The team that puts out all the players on the opponent's side scores
four extra points for a 'Lona'. The winning team is the one that scores most points after 40 minutes. The
field is bigger in this form of Kabaddi and the 'chant' is diferent in various regions. Modern Kabaddi
resembles this form of Kabaddi especially with regard to 'out & in system' and 'Lona'. The present form of
Kabaddi is a synthesis of all these forms with change in the rules.

Gaminee
This is played with nine players on either side, in a field of no specific measurements. The characteristic is
that a player put out has to remain out until all his team members are out. The team that is successful in
putting out all the players of the opponent's side secures a point. This is akin to the present system of
'Lona'. After all the players are put out, the team is revived and the game continues. The game continues
until five or seven 'Lona' are secured. This form of Kabaddi has no fixed game time. The main disadvantage
of Gaminee is that the player is not in position to give his best performance since he is likely to remain out
for the better part of the match until a Lona is scored.

Kabaddi Ground 1

Rules of Kabaddi
Kabaddi ground:Kabaddi is played on a soft ground, rectangular in shape. The ground should measure 12.50
metres for men. In case of women and men below 50 Kg weight, it should measure 11 metres
by 8 metres. Each ground should be divided by a middle line into two halves. Other markings
should be marked as under:a) A strip called Lobby, 1 metre in width, should be marked on the sides of the play ground.
b) A Baulk Line should be drawn through the entire width in each half of the court, at a distance
of 3.75 metres in case of men and 3 metres in case of women and men under 50 Kg weight.
The Baulk Line should not be extended into the Lobbies.
All lines marked in the playing field should not be more than 5 cm in width.

Rules of play:1) The side winning a toss has the right to decide about the choice of the court (Side) or the
Raid.
In the second half, the courts should be changed and the game should be resumed by the
side that had not sent their raider first at the start of the match. The game should be resumed
with the same number of players that were playing at the end of the first half.
2) A player gets out if any part of his body touches the ground outside the boundaries.
However, during a struggle, a player I not out if any part of his body touches the
ground or the player inside the boundaries.
3) A player is declared out if he goes out of the playing field during play.
4) The playfield includes the Lobbies when struggle begins. The players, who enter a Lobby
during a struggle, can enter their courts, by using the Lobbies, after struggle.
5) The word Kabaddi should be used as Cant.
6) A raider should start the cant before he touches the opponents court.
7) When a raid is over or a raider is out in the opponents court, the opponent should send their
raider within 5 seconds.
8) A raider, who escapes to his court after an attempt to hold him, should not be pursued.
9) A raider losing his cant in the opponents court shall be out. If a raider is held by his
opponents, his cant should not be stifled.
10) Only one raider should enter the opponents court at a time. If more than one raider enters
the opponents court, then the side loses their turn of raiding and any opponent touched in
such a raid is declared not out.
11) A raider or anti should not push an opponent out of the boundary intentionally.
12) Antis are allowed to start a raid only when a raider has reached his own court.
13) A raider or an anti should not be held by any part of his body other than his limbs and trunk.
14) Payers should be revived in the same order in which they were put out.

15) When a team puts out all the opponents, it scores a Lona and two additional points are
awarded to this team.
16) When one or two players of a team are left on the court, the captain of that team, in order to
get the full team on court, may declare them out. In such a case the opponent score as many
points as the number of players left in addition to the points won for a Lona.

Rules of matches:1) A Kabaddi team consists of 12 players, out of which 7 form the playing team and the
remaining 5 serves as reserves.
2) The duration of a match should be two halves of 20 minutes each for men and 15 minutes
each for of women and men below 50 Kg weight. The interval for rest between halves should
be 5 minutes. The side that scores the highest number of points at the end wins the
match.

3)
4)
5)
6)
7)

In case of a tied score at the end of two halves, two extra periods of 5 minutes duration
should be played immediately with the same number of players in the court at the end of
second half. If the tie is still not broken then the team that scores the first leading point at the
end of these 2 extra halves, wins the match.
The toss should decide about the choice of raid or court by a team.
One point is awarded to a team for every opponent put out. A team that puts out the whole
team, scores 2 extra points for a Lona.
A maximum number of 3 players can be substituted with the permission of a referee. A
substituted player cannot be replaced.
A team may start a match with one or two players less in team but when all the players of the
side are out, the absentees shall also be counted as out and Lona be scored against that
team.
A match should be supervised by at least two umpires and one scorer.

Definitions
1) Boundaries:Lines on the four sides of the playing field are called boundaries. These lines should not be
more than 5 cm wide and form part of the playing field.
2) Lobbies:Each strip measuring 1 metre in width on the sides of the playing field is called lobby.
3) Baulk Line:Each line parallel to the centre or middle line drawn at a specified distance from it is called a
baulk line.
4) Cant:Repeated sounding of word Kabaddi in one breathe is called cant.
5) Raider:A player who enters the opponent's court with cant is called a raider.
6) Anti:A player in whose court raid is made is called an anti.

7) Raid:When a raider enters the court of opponent with cant, a raid is made.
8) Struggle:When an anti touches or holds a raider or raider touches an anti, a struggle begins.
9) Successful Raid:A successful raid is one in which the raider crosses the baulk line of the defenders at least
once during the raid and reaches his own court safely with cant.
10) Touch:It means a contact made by a raider or anti with clothing, shoes or body of an opponent.
11) Holding a Raider:If the anti or antis hold a raider, without breaking the rules and do not allow him to reach his
own court with the cant, it is called holding a raider.

12) Bonus Line:A line at a distance of 1 metre from the baulk line towards the end line is called a bonus line.
One point is awarded to the raider for crossing this line. If the antis are 5 or less than 5, the
bonus line rule does not apply. Moreover, there is no revival for a bonus point.
i)
One point is awarded to the raider as soon as he crosses the bonus line. If the raider is
caught after crossing this line, he shall be out and opponents shall be awarded a point. One
point will also be awarded to the raider for crossing the bonus line.
ii)
If the antis are 5 or less than 5 then bonus line rule does not apply.
iii)
There will be no revival for a bonus point.

Raid Structure

Fundamental Skills of Kabaddi

1)
2)
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
a)
b)
c)
d)

There are two fundamental skills of Kabaddi. They are:Raiding Skills

Defensive Skills
Raiding Skills:Starting a raid
Body position in raid
Movements during raid
Touching with hand
Touching with feet
Sudden leg thrust
Squat leg thrust
Front kick
Side kick

e)
f)
g)
h)
vi)
vii)
viii)
1)
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
2)
a)
b)
3)
a)
b)
c)

Aero kick
Swing kick
Mule kick
Toe kick
Withdrawal
Jumping
Falling
Defensive Skills:Holding
Wrist catch
Over the shoulder catch
Trunk catch
Wrist and ankle catch
Singe knee catch
Double knee catch
Ankle catch
Dive and catch
Offensive tactics
Starting raid from one side
Employing pivoting & dodging
Defensive tactics
Chain formation
Pursuing
No cross play

Kabaddi Related Terminologies

1) Stance:A suitable alert body position of a player during an attack or defense is called stance.
2) Raiding:When a player goes into opponents court with a cant to put out a defender or defenders.
3) Cant:Continuous or repeated chanting of the word Kabaddi in a single breathe is termed as cant.
4) Change of speed and pace:Changing of speed of attack or changing the length of steps during attack.
5) Penetration:Raiding deep into opponents court is called penetration.
6) Pivoting:Turning around to change the direction of raid using one leg as a pivoting leg.
7) Feinting or Dodging:Feinting or dodging means pretending to move in one direction, but attacking an anti in
opposite direction.
8) Withdrawing:-

Sometimes, a raider, for safety reasons has to withdraw from attack and pull him back. It is
an important aspect of game plan. Withdrawing is also resorted to in trying to catch a raider.
9) Chain formation:In order to strengthen the defense, the defenders very often hold their hands to catch a raider.
This holding of hands is called chain formation.
10) Guarding:This term refers to the backing provided by the team mates when a defender is cornered or
when an attacker tries to penetrate into the defenders court. This is usually done by forming a
chain and coming around for help from the back.
11) No cross play:This is a game strategy when the defenders try to stop the raider on the baulk line itself and
try to prevent him from crossing the same.
12) Escape:An attempt by a raider to get out of the hold of antis.

Important Kabaddi Tournaments

1) National Kabaddi Championship:The first National Kabaddi Championship was held in 1951 in Maharashtra. It is organized
by different states in turn.
2) Gold Cup Bombay:This tournament is held in Mumbai every year and is organized by the Maharashtra Kabaddi
Association.
3) Inter-university Kabaddi Tournament:This tournament is organized by the Indian Universities Sports Board since 1961.
4) All India Schools Kabaddi Tournament:It is being organized by the Schools Games federation of India since 1962 for boys and since
1976 for girls also.

Arjuna Awards Winners

i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.

Ashan Kumar
Biswajit Patil
B.C. Ramesh
Ram Mehar Singh
Sanjeev Kumar
Sundar Singh

:
:
:
:
:
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1998
2001
2002
2003
2004

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c.b.s.e class 12th project work on

chemistry free download

note-- put image wherever required. u have the images down below.

(put an image here)

+
put appropriate word art named
( chemistry project- 'to study adulterants on food')

Date of Submission:
(i)

NAME- AZIZUR RAHMAN

CLASS- `12th B
ROLL No- 54
Admn. No- 5822
SUBJECT- CHEMISTRY PROJECT
TEACHERS- Mr.RAM RATAN SIR & Dr.SUBHASH SIR
SCHOOL- D.A.V. PUBLIC SHOOL, WALMI
PROJECT SUBMITTED FOR- AISSC PRACTICAL
DATE OF SUBMISSION- _______________________
SESSION- 2011-2012
TEACHERS SIGNATUREREMARKS-

(ii)

..........................................................................
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my chemistry
mentorsMr.Ram Ratan Singh & Dr.Subhash Sir for their
vital support, guidance and encouragement without which this
project would not have come forth from my side.
I would also like to express my heartly
gratitude to the lab assistants Mr.Ritesh & Mr.Pramod for
their support during the making of this project.
Special thanks of mine goes to my colleagues
Ujjwal Kr. who helped me a lot in completing the project by
giving interesting ideas, thoughts & made this project easy
and accurate. I wish to thanks my parents for their undivided
support & interest who inspired me & encouraged me to go
my own way, without which I would be unable to complete
my project. And at last by no means the least I would thank to
God who made all the things possible.
..................................................................................................

Adulterants in Food
put word art named 'CERTIFICATE'
Name: Azizur Rahman
Class: XII-B
School: D.A.V. Public School, WALMI Complex
Year: 2011-2012
Certified to be the bonafide work done by
Mr. / Miss AZIZUR RAHMAN of class ______________XII B____________
in the________CHEMISTRY LAB_____________ during the year 2011-2012
Date____________________________________ P.G.T. in
CHEMISTRY
D.A.V. PUBLIC SCHOOL, Walmi Complex, Patna-801505

Submitted for ALL INDIA SENIOR SCHOOL CERTIFICATE PRACTICAL

Examination held in
CHEMISTRY LAB
at D.A.V. PUBLIC SCHOOL
Walmi Complex, Patna-801505
Examiner
Date__________________
Seal
......................................................................................................................................................
......

CONTENTS
S.No.
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
X.
XI.
XII.
XIII.
XIV.

Contents
Introduction to project
Students Info
Acknowledgement
Certificate
Content
Objective
Theory
Experiment 1
Experiment 2
Experiment 3
Observetion Table
Conclusion
Bibliography
Image

II Page No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11-12
13
14
15

(v)

.................................................................................................................................................

OBJECTIVE
The Objective of this project is to study some of the common food adulterants
present in different food stuffs.
Adulteration in food is normally present in its most crude form; prohibited
substances are either added or partly or wholly substituted. Normally the
contamination/adulteration in food is done either for financial gain or due to
carelessness and lack in proper hygienic condition of processing, storing,
transportation and marketing. This ultimately results that the consumer is either
cheated or often become victim of diseases. Such types of adulteration are quite
common in developing countries or backward countries. It is equally important
for the consumer to know the common adulterants and their effect on health.

...................................................................................................................................................

THEORY
The increasing number of food producers and the outstanding amount of import foodstuffs
enables the producers to mislead and cheat consumers. To differentiate those who take
advantage of legal rules from the ones who commit food adulteration is very difficult. The
consciousness of consumers would be crucial. Ignorance and unfair market behavior may
endanger consumer health and misleading can lead to poisoning. So we need simple
screening, tests for their detection.
In the past few decades, adulteration of food has become one of the serious problems.
Consumption of adulterated food causes serious diseases like cancer, diarrhea, asthma, ulcers,
etc. Majority of fats, oils and butter are paraffin wax, castor oil and hydrocarbons. Red chilli
powder is mixed with brick powder and pepper is mixed with dried papaya seeds. These
adulterants can be easily identified by simple chemical tests.
Several agencies .have been set up by the Government of India to remove adulterants from
food stuffs.
AGMARK acronym for agricultural marketing.this organization certifies food products
for their quality. Its objective is to promote the Grading and Standardization of agricultural
and allied commodities.
......................................................................................................................................................
.

EXPERIMENT 1
AIM:
To detect the presence of adulterants in fat, oil and butter.
REQUIREMENTS:
Test-tube, acetic anhydride, conc. H2SO4, acetic acid, conc. HNO3.
PROCEDURE:
Common adulterants present in ghee and oil are paraffin wax, hydrocarbons, dyes and
argemone oil. These are detected as follows:
(i ) Adulteration of paraffin wax and hydrocarbon in vegetable gheeHeat small amount of vegetable ghee with acetic anhydride. Droplets of oil floating on the
surface of unused acetic anhydride indicates the presence of wax or hydrocarbons.
(ii) Adulteration of dyes in fatHeat 1mL of fat with a mixture of 1mL of conc. sulphuric acid and 4mL of acetic acid.
Appearance of pink or red colour indicates presence of dye in fat.
(iii) Adulteration of argemone oil in edible oils-

To small amount of oil in a test-tube, add few drops of conc. HNO3 and shake. Appearance of
red colour in the acid layer indicates presence of argemone oil.
......................................................................................................................................................
........

EXPERIMENT 2
AIM:
To detect the presence of adulterants in sugar.
REQUIREMENTS:
Test-tubes, dil. HCl.
PROCEDURE:
Sugar is usually contaminated with washing soda and other insoluble substances which are
detected as follows :
(i) Adulteration of various insoluble substances in sugar
Take small amount of sugar in a test-tube and shake it with little water. Pure sugar dissolves
in water but insoluble impurities do not dissolve.
(ii) Adulteration of chalk powder, washing soda in sugar
To small amount of sugar in a test-tube, add few drops of dil. HCl. Brisk effervescence of
CO2 shows the presence of chalk powder or washing soda in the given sample of sugar.
To detect the presence of adulterants in samples of chilli powder, turmeric powder .
.............................................................................................................................................

EXPERIMENT 3
AIM:
To detect the presence of adulterants in chilli powder, turmeric powder and pepper.
REQUIREMENTS:
Test-tubes, conc. HCl, dil. HNO3, KI solution
PROCEDURE:
Common adulterants present in chilli powder, turmeric powder and pepper are red coloured
lead salts, yellow lead salts and dried papaya seeds respectively. They are detected as follows:
(i) Adulteration of red lead salts in chilli powder
To a sample of chilli powder, add dil. HNO3. Filter the solution and add 2 drops of potassium
iodide solution to the filtrate. Yellow ppt. indicates the presence of lead salts in chilli powder.
(ii) Adulteration of yellow lead salts to turmeric powder
To a sample of turmeric powder add conc. HCl. Appearance of magenta colour shows the
presence of yellow oxides of lead in turmeric powder.
(iii) Adulteration of brick powder in red chilli powder
Add small amount of given red chilli powder in beaker containing water. Brick powder settles
at the bottom while pure chilli powder floats over water.
(iv) Adulteration of dried papaya seeds in pepper
Add small amount of sample of pepper to a beaker containing water and stir with a glass rod.
Dried papaya seeds being lighter float over water while pure pepper settles at the bottom.
.....................................................................................................................................................

OBSERVATION TABLE
PROCEDURE
EXPERIMENT
Adulteration of
paraffin wax and
hydrocarbon in
vegetable ghee

Adulteration of dyes
in fat
Adulteration of
argemone oil in edible
oils
Adulteration of
various insoluble
substances in sugar

Heat small amount of

vegetable ghee with acetic
anhydride. Droplets of oil
floating on the surface of
unused acetic anhydride
indicate the presence of wax
or hydrocarbon.
Heat 1mL of fat with a
mixture of 1mL of conc.
H2SO4 and 4mL of acetic acid.
To small amount of oil in a
test tube, add few drops of
conc. HNO3 & shake.
Take small amount of sugar
in a test tube and shake it
with little water.

Adulteration of chalk
powder, washing soda
in sugar
Adulteration of
yellow lead salts to
turmeric powder

To small amount of sugar in a

test tube, add a few drops of
dil. HCl.
To sample of turmeric
powder, add conc. HCl.

Adulteration of red
lead salts in chilli
powder

To a sample of chilli powder,

add dil. HNO3. Filter the
solution and add 2 drops of
KI solution to the filtrate.
Add small amount of given
red chilli powder in a beaker
containing water.

Adulteration of brick
powder in chilli
powder
Adulteration of dried
papaya seeds in
Pepper

Add small amount of sample

of pepper to beaker
containing water and stir
with a glass rod.

OBSERVATION
Appearance of oil
floating on the
surface.

Appearance of pink
colour.
No red colour
Observed.
Pure sugar
dissolves in water
but insoluble
impurities do not
dissolve.
No brisk
effervescence
observed.
Appearance of
magenta colour.
No yellow ppt.

Brick powder settles

at the bottom while
pure chilli powder
floats over water.
Dried papaya seeds
being lighter float
over water while
pure pepper settles

..........................................................................................................................................

CONCLUSION
Selection of wholesome and non-adulterated food is essential for daily
life to make sure that such foods do not cause any health hazard. It is
not possible to ensure wholesome food only on visual examination
when the toxic contaminants are present in ppm level. However,
visual examination of the food before purchase makes sure to ensure
absence of insects, visual fungus, foreign matters, etc. Therefore, due
care taken by the consumer at the time of purchase of food after
thoroughly examining can be of great help. Secondly, label
declaration on packed food is very important for knowing the
ingredients and nutritional value. It also helps in checking the
freshness of the food and the period of best before use. The consumer
should avoid taking food from an unhygienic place and food being
prepared under unhygienic conditions. Such types of food may cause
various diseases. Consumption of cut fruits being sold in unhygienic
conditions should be avoided. It is always better to buy certified food
from reputed shop.

(xiii)

............................................................................................................
..........

BIBLIOGRAPHY
1) ENCARTA ENCYCLOPEDIA 2009/2010/2011
2) www.wikipedia.com

3) www.answers.com
4) www.icbse.com
5) www.google.com
6) GUTENBERG e-BOOK

(xiv)

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Posted 11th June 2012 by aziz

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c.b.s.e class 12th project work on biology

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NOTE-- kindly put appropriate images wherever required.
i have put the images too in this page. you can have your download. Enjoy!

INVESTIGATORY PROJECT IN BIOLOGY

BIOLOGY PROJECT ON ULTRAVIOLET RAYS
(put an image here)
In partial fulfillment of project in Biology
By: - Azizur Rahman
Submitted to: Mr. K.K.Pandey
Department of Biology
D.A.V. Public School, Walmi complex
[Affiliated to CBSE, New Delhi]
Session: - 2011-2012
put an appropriate 'word art" named 'laboratory certificate'
This is to certify that the project work titled is a bonafide record done by Azizur Rahman of
class XIIth B
Board Roll No: -
In partial fulfillment of the project in Biology during the year 2011-2012
Mr. K.K. Pandey
Ms. Kankana Ghosh
Department of Biology
Principal
Submitted for All India Senior School Certificate Practical (AISSCP)
Certified that the candidate was examined by us in the project work/viva voce examination
held at D.A.V Public School, Walmi on . In Biology Lab
Internal examiner

external examiner

Date: -

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my chemistry mentors Mr. K.K.Pandey
Sir, Deptt. of Biology for his vital support, guidance and encouragement without which this
project would not have come forth from my side.
I would also like to express my heartily
gratitude to the lab assistant Mr. Ritesh for his support during the making of this project.
Special thanks of mine goes to my
colleague Ujjwal Kr. and Md. Arman who helped me a lot in completing the project by giving
interesting ideas, thoughts & made this project easy and accurate. I wish to thanks my parents
for their undivided support & interest who inspired me & encouraged me to go my own way,
without which I would be unable to complete my project. And at last but by no means the
least I would thank to God who made all the things possible.

INTRODUCTION
In the present 21st century world, one does not need to say about ultra violet rays, it is the
most ignited topic in this era. From the common man to the Academicians, UV rays hold an
important place in their debate.
UV rays have been discussed for a long time all around the world especially after the discovery of the hole
in the ozone layer in 1990s.The hole meant the approaching slow death of our mother earth. A host of
studies on this topic has been undertaken by many people and organizations such as the United Nations,
Green Peace, etc.
At the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in
1992, it was declared under Agenda 21 that there should be activities on the efects of UV radiation. In
response to Agenda 21, WHO in collaboration with the United Nations Environment Programme, the World
Meteorological Organization, The International Agency on Cancer Research and the International
Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection set up Intersun, The Global UV Project.

Even when the whole world only speaks about this great calamity that has befallen on our
mother earth, it would surely be a great injustice on part of the young generation as this slow
killer is growing old with the young generation and they are the one who should live on this
earth with this growing menace. Thus taking into consideration of these points, this project
has been taken up not only to know about UV rays but also how it affects the bio diversity of
our planet and how its effect can be minimized.
Here, this project deals with the above mentioned points. Also the project aims to give a
comprehensive picture on the impending disaster that would take place if we be ignorant on
this issue.

CONTENTS
1) ULTRAVIOLET RAYS
1.1) Sources of UV rays
1.2) UV-A, UV-B & UV-C
2) EFFECTS OF UV RADIATION ON NATURE
2.1) Damage to marine life
2.2) Degradation of polymers, pigments and dyes
3) HARMFUL EFFECTS ON HUMANS
3.1) Effects on Eye
3.2) Effects on Skin
3.3) Genetic effects
3.4) Effects on immune system

4) OZONE DEPLETION AND UV RADIATIONS

5) VULNERABILITIES DUE TO UV RADIAT1ONS
ULTRAVIOLET RAYS
In 1801, the German Physicist Johann Wilhelm Ritter, found that there is existence of some
invisible rays beyond the violet end of the visible spectrum of the light. Those invisible rays
darken silver chloride even more efficiently than visible light. This spectra region between
visible light and X-rays was found to be more chemically active than visible light, and was
named as the ultraviolet region.
Ultraviolet (UV) light is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength shorter than that of
visible light, but longer than x-rays, in the range of 10 nm to 400 nm, and energies from 3 eV
to 124 eV.
The name Ultra Violet means beyond violet (from Latin ultra, = beyond). Violet, being
the colour of the shortest wavelengths of visible light, UV light has even shorter wavelength
than that of the violet light. The electromagnetic spectrum of ultraviolet light can be
subdivided in a number of ways. The draft ISO standard on determining solar radiances (ISODIS-21348) describes the following ranges:
Name

Abbreviation

Wavelength range in
nanometers

Energy per
photon

Ultraviolet A, long wave, or

UVA
400 nm320 nm
3.103.94 eV
black light
Near
NUV
400 nm300 nm
3.104.13 eV
Ultraviolet B or medium wave
UVB
320 nm280 nm
3.944.43 eV
Middle
MUV
300 nm200 nm
4.136.20 eV
Ultraviolet C, short wave, or
UVC
280 nm100 nm
4.4312.4 eV
germicidal
Far
FUV
200 nm122 nm
6.2010.2 eV
Vacuum
VUV
200 nm10 nm
6.20124 eV
Extreme
EUV
121 nm10 nm
10.2124 eV
SOURCES OF UV RAYS
The Sun emits ultraviolet radiation in UV-A, UV-B, and UV-C bands. The Earths ozone
layer blocks 98.7% of this UV radiation from penetrating through the Earths atmosphere.
98.7% of the ultraviolet radiation that reaches the Earths surface is UVA.
Other sources: There are also several artificial methods to produce UV rays such as from
black light (Woods light), Ultraviolet fluorescent lamps, Ultraviolet LEDs, Ultraviolet lasers,
synchrotron radiation sources, Argon and deuterium discharge lamps etc.

UV-A, UV-B & UV-C

Among the different types of UV rays, we consider the main subdivisions as UV-A, UV-B
& UV-C.
UV-A (320-400 nm):Ultraviolet light, type A. These are rays of light from the sun which are not visible but can
cause damage to the skin.

UV-B (280-320 nm):Ultraviolet

light, type B. These are rays of light from the sun which are not visible but can cause damage
to the skin.
The amount of UV-B light received by a location is strongly dependent on:Latitude and elevation of the location:
At high-latitude Polar Regions, the sun is always low
in the sky. So the sunlight passes through atmosphere and most of the UV-B rays are
absorbed. For this reason, average UV-B exposure at the poles is over a thousand times lower
than at the equator.
Cloud Cover:
The reduction
in UV-B exposure depends on the thickness of cloud cover.
Proximity to an industrial area:
Due to the protection offered by photochemical
smog, industrial processes produce ozone, one of the most irritating components of smog. So
it absorbs UV-B. This is thought to be one of the main reasons of ozone losses in the
southern hemisphere. The loss has not been mirrored in the northern hemisphere.
UV-C (100-280 nm): UV-C
rays are highest energetic and most dangerous type of ultraviolet light. Exposure to it can
even lead to death. Little attention has been given to UV-C rays in the past since they are
filtered out by the atmosphere. However, their use in equipment such as pond sterilization
units may pose an exposure risk, if the lamp is switched on outside of its enclosed pond
sterilization unit.

EFFECTS OF UV RADIATION ON NATURE

The effects of UV radiation on earths ecosystems are not completely understood. Even
isolating the effects of UV-A versus UV-B is somewhat arbitrary. Studies have shown that
increased UV radiation can cause significant damage, particularly to small animals and
plants. Phytoplankton, fish eggs, and young plants with developing leaves are particularly
susceptible to damage from over exposure to UV.
Solar UV radiation levels are
highest during the middle of the day. In total, almost half the daytime the total UV radiation is
received during the few hours around noontime. The sunlight reaching us consists of
approximately 0.5% of UV-B radiation in terms of radiant energy. Clouds, as well as ozone
have a tremendous affect on UV radiation levels. However, cloudy skies generally do not
offer significant protection from UV. Thin or scattered clouds can have minor impacts on UV
and even, for a short time increase in UV, it would be on a blue sky day by further scattering
the radiation and increasing the levels that reach the surface.
DAMAGE TO MARINE LIFE
The penetration of increased amounts of UV-B light has caused great concern over the health
of marine plankton that densely populates the top 2 meters of ocean water. The natural
protective response of most chlorophyll containing cells to increased light-radiation is to
produce more light-absorbing pigments but this protective response is not triggered by UV-B
light. Another possible response of plankton is to sink deeper into the water but this reduces
the amount of visible light that they need for photosynthesis, and thereby reduces their
growth and reproduction rate. In other words, the amount of food and oxygen produced by
plankton could be reduced by UV exposure without killing individual organisms.

 DEGRADATION OF PIGMENTS, POLYMERS AND DYES

Many polymers used in consumer products are degraded by UV light. The problem appears
as discoloration or fading, cracking and sometimes disintegration of total product, if cracking
has proceeded sufficiently. The rate of attack increases with exposure time and sunlight
intensity. It is known as UV degradation, and is one form of polymer degradation. Sensitive
polymers include thermoplastics, such as polypropylene and polyethylene as well as
special fibres like Aramids.
There are several other considerations:
Ultraviolet levels are over 1,000 times higher at the equator than at the Polar
Regions so it is presumed that marine life at the equator is much better adapted to the higher
environmental UV light radiation than organisms in the Polar Regions. The current concern
of marine biologists is mostly over the more sensitive Antarctic phytoplankton which
normally would receive very low doses of UV. Only one large-scale field survey of Antarctic
phytoplankton has been carried out so far [Smith et.al _Science_1992]; they found a 6-12%
drop in phytoplankton productivity in Antarctica. Since the hole only lasts from 10-12weeks,
this translates into a 2-4% loss overall, a measurable but not yet a catastrophic loss.

Both plants and phytoplankton vary widely in their sensitivity to UV-B. When
over 200 agricultural plants were tested, more than half of them showed sensitivity to UV-B
light. Other plants showed a small increase in vigor or even negligible effects. Even within a
species there were marked of differences. For example, one variety of soybeans showed a
16% decrease in growth while another variety of the same soybean showed no effect [R.
Parson]. An increase in UV-B could cause a shift in population rather than a large die-off of
plants.

An increase in UV-B will cause in production of Ozone at lower levels in the

atmosphere. While some have hailed the protection offered by this pollution-shield. Many
plants have shown themselves to be very sensitive to photochemical smog.

HARMFUL EFFECTS ON HUMANS

Being the one which commonly affects our health, we usually discuss the harmful effects of
UV-B. The consequences of increased exposure of the human body to UV-B radiation will in
the first instance be characterized by the physical properties of this type of radiation. UV-B
radiation does not penetrate far into the body as most of it is absorbed in the superficial tissue
layers of 0.1 mm depth. This limits the primary effects to the skin and the eyes. However,
there are also systemic effects. These start with a primary reaction in the superficial layers,
but have consequences throughout the body. It is the main cause of sunburn and tanning and
it has some influences on the immune system too. UV-B radiation is also the main cause of
snow blindness and an important factor in the induction of cataracts. UV-B radiation
contributes significantly to the ageing of the skin and eyes and it is the UV-B range that is
most effective in causing skin cancer.
GENETIC
Ultraviolet photons harm the DNA molecules of living organisms in different ways. DNA
absorbs UV-B light and the absorbed energy can break bonds in the DNA. Most of the DNA
breakages are repaired by proteins present in the cells nucleus. These may mend the damage
or part of the damage. The repair systems may, however, themselves be damaged by

increased UV-B exposure. But unrepaired genetic damage of the DNA can lead to skin
cancers. In one common damage event, adjacent thymine bases bond with each other, instead
of across the ladder. This makes a bulge, and the distorted DNA molecule does not function
properly.
EFFECTS ON SKIN
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation present in sunlight is an environmental human
carcinogen. The toxic effects of UV from natural sunlight and therapeutic
artificial lamps are a major concern for human health. The major acute effects of
UV irradiation on normal human skin comprise sunburn, inflammation,
erythema, tanning and local or systemic immune-suppression.
1. Sunburn:
One of the most common effects of UV exposure is erythema also known as sunburn.
Sunburn occurs when skin cells are damaged by the absorption of energy from UV rays. To
compensate for this injury, the skin sends extra blood to the damaged skin in an attempt to
repair it. Thus, accounting for the redness that is associated with sunburn, the amount of time
it takes for sunburn to occur is dependent mostly on the relative amounts of UV rays that are
hitting the skin and on a persons skin type. People with naturally dark skin already have
inherently high levels of melanin, and so are able to spend a longer amount of time in the sun
before burning. Fair-skinned people dont have it quite so easy as burning can occur within a
relatively short amount of time.
2. Sun tan:
As a
defense against UV radiation, the amount of the brown pigment melanin in the skin increases
when exposed to moderate (depending on skin type) levels of radiation. This is commonly
known as sun tan. The purpose of melanin is to absorb UV radiation and dissipate the energy
as harmless heat, blocking the UV from damaging skin tissue. UV-A gives a quick tan that
lasts for days by oxidizing melanin that was already present and triggers the release of the
melanin from melanocytes. UV-B yields a tan that takes roughly 2 days to develop because it
stimulates the body to produce more melanin. The photochemical properties of melanin make
it an excellent photoprotectant.
3.

Photodermatoses:
Photodermat
oses are skin diseases where the skin lesions are caused by light. Such lesions may be itching
papules, whaling of the skin, fierce reddening and peeling etc. The more sensitive patients
cannot even stand one minute of outdoor daylight. In these diseases the UV-B radiation in
sunlight is the predominant causative agent. Loss of adaptation of the skin to light appears to
be a predominant factor for these diseases.

3.

Premature Ageing of
Skin:
Another effect of
ultraviolet rays on the skin is premature ageing of the skin. Recent studies have shown that
many of the symptoms commonly associated with mere ageing (i.e. wrinkles, loosening of
the skin) may instead be related to UV exposure. Even careful tanning kills skin cells,
damages DNA and causes permanent changes in skin connective tissues which lead to
wrinkle formation in later life. UV-A, UV-B and UV-C, all these can damage collagen fibers
and thereby accelerate aging of the skin. Both UV-A and UV-B destroy vitamin A in skin
which may cause further damage.

3.

Skin
Cancer:
9
0% of the skin carcinomas are attributed to UV-B exposure [Wayne] and the chemical
mechanism by which it causes skin cancer has been identified [Tevini]. The above named
carcinomas are relatively easy to treat, if detected in time, and are rarely fatal.
There are various types of skin cancer. One main class is formed by the coetaneous
melanomas, the cancers of the pigment cells. This appears to be a correlation between brief
and high intensity exposures to UV and eventual appearance (as long as 10-20yrs) of
melanoma.
The other main types are basal cell carcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas, cancers of the
epithelial cells. These carcinomas of the skin are sometimes, collectively, called nonmelanoma skin cancers. For the present example we will deal with these non-melanoma skin
cancers. In white Caucasians, the incidence of these cancers ranks high among the various
types of cancer. In some populations it is in fact the highest of all. The incidence is lower in
more pigmented populations, typically by a factor of 10 or even 100. The mortality rate is
low in comparison with that for other types of cancer approximately 1% in areas with good
medical care.
The non-melanoma skin cancers are clearly correlated to sunlight. They occur mostly in lightskinned people and then predominantly on skin areas which are most exposed to sunlight,
such as the face. In people of comparable genetic background, the incidences are higher in
the sunnier geographical areas.
Early experiments showed that white rats exposed to sunlight developed skin cancers, but
similar rats exposed to sunlight filtered through window glass did not. As the window glass
absorbed mainly UV-B radiation, this result indicated that the carcinogenic effect to a large
extent due to the UV-B radiation in sunlight.
In technical terms, carcinogenic effectiveness was defined as the reciprocal value of the daily
dose of radiation at a certain wavelength required for the induction of tumors of 1 mm
diameter in 50% of a group of mice in 300 days. The tumors in these mice were
predominantly squamous cell carcinomas.

DNA DAMAGE
UV-B light can cause direct DNA damage. The radiation excites DNA molecules in skin cells,
causing aberrant covalent bonds to form between adjacent cytosine bases, producing a dimer.
When DNA polymerase comes along to replicate this strand of DNA, it reads the dimer as
AA and not the original CC. This causes the DNA replication mechanism to add a TT
on the growing strand. This is a mutation, which can result in cancerous growths and is
known as a classical C-T mutation. The mutations that are caused by the direct DNA
damage carry a UV signature mutation that is commonly seen in skin cancers.
EFFECTS ON EYES
High intensities of UV-B light are hazardous to the eyes and exposure can cause welders
flash (photokeratitis or arc eye) and may lead to cataracts, pterygium, and pinguecula
formation. Another possible eye damage that can result from high doses of UV light is
particularly to the cornea which is a good absorber of UV light. High doses of UV light can
cause a temporary clouding of the cornea called snow-blindness and chronic doses has been
tentatively linked to the formation of cataracts. High incidences of cataracts are found at high

elevations, Tibet and Bolivia and higher incidences are seen at lower latitudes (approaching
the equator). UV light is absorbed by molecules known as chromophores, which are present
in the eye cells and tissues. Chromophores absorb light energy from the various wavelengths
at different rates a pattern known as absorption spectrum. If too much UV light is absorbed,
eye structures such as the cornea, the lens and the retina can be damaged.
EFFECTS ON IMMUNE SYSTEM
Prolonged exposure can damage the human immune system. Cells or tissue components
which are altered by the radiation may be recognized as foreign material by the immune
system and are removed. Certain functions of the immune system are however, suppressed by
exposure to UV-B radiation. When skin is exposed to more UV-B radiation then it is
accustomed to its ability to adapt.
OZONE DEPLETION AND UV RADIATIONS
Ozone depletion results in an increase of UV-B radiation, but the shorter the wavelength, the
stronger the increase within the UV-B range. 1% decrease in the ozone layer will cause an
estimated 2% increase in UV-B irradiation; it is estimated that this will lead to a 4% increase
in basal carcinomas and 6% increase in squamous-cell carcinomas [Graedel & Crutzen].
Many scientists today believe that this life-protecting stratospheric ozone layer is being
reduced by the chlorofluorocarbon (CFCs) gases released into the atmosphere by different
sources on the earth. Many environment groups are vehemently protesting against the use of
these gases and their use in many places in the world has been banned. Pollution on the earth
has already caused a hole in the ozone layer above the Antarctic.
VULNERABILITIES DUE TO UV RADIATIONS
A diagram produced by WHO based on global burden of diseases from solar ultraviolet
radiation in the year 2006.

CONCLUSION
Thus we can conclude that UV rays have a disastrous impact on our planet. It will lead to
many dangers which would affect not only us but also the entire living community on this
earth. UV rays can lead to many unforeseen disasters which can signal the end of life on this
beautiful planet.
All the dangers attributed to UV rays reaching our earth reside only on man. Man by his
reckless actions has dug graves not only for himself but also for the earth too. Its his only
responsibility to restore the earth back to its healthy mode.
Thus, a concerted effort is needed on the side of mankind to quickly address this danger.
Steps have to be taken from individual to the international level to protect our earth. From
abandoning plastics to decrease the dependence on automobiles, man has to be careful to
ensure that he does not push earth to its death. We also need to ensure that we do not create
UV rays by machines and their usage must be strongly restricted only to the academic
field. Also we need to create awareness among ourselves on the need of the hour to protect
life. Its a pity that we try to blame domestic animals for increasing the levels of methane in
the atmosphere. What we need to understand is that their methane levels are nothing as
compared to our creation of a hole on the ozone layer. Their actions are too small to be
compared to our sins.
Being a part of future generation, the student community also needs to be aware about the
topic which is a prime reason for me selecting this project. We too should take care not to
harm our earth in any way. Always we should remember that we have not inherited the
earth from our fathers but have leased it from our future generations. This alone will
make us responsible and be steadfast in our Endeavour to combat the penetration of UV rays.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
R.Parson, FAQ 111, UV and biological effects of UV.
FDA Consumer Magazine and publications: FDA#87-8272, #81-8149 and

#92-1146.

M.Tevini, UV-B Radiation and Ozone Depletion: Effects on humans, animals,

plants, microorganisms and materials Lewis Pub. Boca Raton, 1993.
R.P.Wayne, Chemistry of the Atmospheres 2nd ed. Oxford 1991.
R.Smith, Ozone depletion: Ultraviolet radiation and phytoplankton biology
in Antarctic watersScience, 255, 952. (1992).
Brien Sparling, UV Radiation.
Sun Smart publications, UV Rays.
Jan C. van der Leun and Frank R. de Gruijl, Influences of Ozone Depletion on
Human and Animal Health.
IMAGES DOWN HERE

Posted 11th June 2012 by aziz

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