Coordinate geometry

Co-ordinate geometry
Coordinates are a set of values that show an exact position. Co
ordinate geometry is that branch of geometry in which two real
numbers are used to indicate the position of a point in a plane.
Directed lines
A directed line is a straight line with number units positive, zero and
negative.
There are 3 main expressions in determining coordinate
geometryThe coordinates of the origin are (0,0).
The coordinates of any point on X-axis is
(X,0)say (5,0) if the
point is +5 units on X-axis from the origin on right hand side
towards the direction of the arrow.
The coordinates of any point on y-axis is (0,y) say (0,-5) if the
point is -5 units on the y-axis from the origin downwards on the
vertical axis.
Quadrants-The two directed lines when they intersect at right angles
at the point of origin, divide their plane into four parts or regions.

Co-ordinates of midpointWe can find out the coordinates of a mid point from the coordinates of
the any two points using the following formula:
X 1+ X 2
Xm=
2

Y 1+Y 2
Ym=
2

Distance between two pointsThe distance between two points P (X1,Y1) and Q (X2,Y2) can be
defined by
Y 2Y 1 2
X 2 X 1 2 +
d=

Section Formula- In case of internal divisionX= ((mx2 + nx1)/

(m + n),
Y=(my

ny1)/(m + n)).
In case of external divisionX= ((mx2 - nx1)/(m - n),
Y=(my2 - ny1)/(m n)).

Coordinates of a centroid-

X=

x 1+ x 2+ x 3
3

Y=

y 1+ y 2+ y 3
3

Straight lineMathematically, it is defined as the shortest distance between two

distinct points.
QuadrantsAny of the 4 equal areas made by dividing a plane by an x and y axis.

 Cartesian coordinate system A coordinate system in which the coordinates of a point are its
distances from a set of perpendicular lines that intersect at an
origin, such as two lines in a plane or three in space.
Polar coordinate systemIn mathematics, the polar coordinate system is a two-dimensional
coordinate system in which each point on a plane is determined
by a distance from a fixed point and an angle from a fixed
direction.

Co ordinate geometry is a very powerful tool and analytical

process in decision making. The importance of coordinate
geometry are given below-

1. The coordinate geometry is an important branch of mathematics. It

mainly helps us to locate the points in a plane. Its uses are spread in all
fields like trigonometry, calculus, dimensional geometry etc.
2. The construction field mainly uses the coordinate geometry.
3. The sketch of the building is pure geometry.
4. For printing pdf files we use this geometry.
5. For finding the distance between the places we use coordinate
geometry.
6. For estimating profit and loss of a business geometrical equations
are largely used.
7. For the determination of linear relationship between unit and
production co-ordinate geometry is highly used in business.

Determinants
Determinant - The determinant of a matrix is a special number that
can be calculated from the matrix. It tells us things about the matrixes
that are useful in systems of linear equations, in calculus and more.
Properties of the determinant
The determinant has many properties. Some basic properties of
determinants are:
1.|At|= |A|
The determinant of matrix A and its transpose At are equal.
2. |A|= 0
3. A triangular determinant is the product of the diagonal elements.
4. If a determinant switches two parallel lines its determinant changes
sign.

5. If the elements of a line are added to the elements of another

parallel line previously multiplied by a real number, the value of the
determinant is unchanged.
6.If a determinant is multiplied by a real number, any line can be
multiplied by the above mentioned number, but only one.
7. If all the elements of a line or column are formed by two addends,
the above mentioned determinant decomposes in the sum of two
determinants.
8. |AB| =|A||B|
The determinant of a product equals the product of the determinants.

Cramer's ruleIn linear algebra, Cramer's rule is an explicit formula for the solution of
a system of linear equations with as many equations as unknowns,
valid whenever the system has a unique solution.

Cramer's Rule says:

x = Dx/D
y = Dy/D
z = Dz/D
Working these out, gives:
D = 354
Dx = 2652
Dy = 432
Dz = 480
x = 2652/354 = 7.4915257

y = 432/354 = 1.2203389
z = 480/354 = 1.3559322

Sarrus' rule or Sarrus' schemeSarrus' rule or Sarrus' scheme is a method and a memorization scheme
to compute the determinant of a 33 matrix. It is named after the
French mathematician Pierre Frdric Sarrus.

Matrix
01. Introduction of Matrix
A matrix is a rectangular array of number, symbols or expressions
arranged in rows and columns.
A matrix is usually denoted by a capital letter and its elements by
corresponding small letters followed by two suffixes, the first one
indicating the row and the one indicate column.
Types Of MatricesMatrices can be of many types such as:
Square Matrix
Diagonal Matrix
Null Matrix

 Scalar Matrix
Unit Matrix
Symmetric Matrix
Equal Matrix
Skew Matrix
Row Matrix
Colum Matrix
Sub Matrix

Definition Of Various Matrices

Equal Matrix :Two matrices are said to be equal if and only if
a.
b.

They are of the same order

Each element of one is equal to the corresponding
element of the other

Square Matrix: A matrix is said to be square matrix if its

number of rows is equal to the number of columns, that is if m=n
it is called square matrix.
Diagonal Matrix: A diagonal matrix is a matrix in which the
entries outside the main diagonal are all zero.
Null Matrix: A matrix in which every element is zero is called
null matrix .
Scalar Matrix: A diagonal matrix whose diagonal elements are
all equal is called a scalar matrix.

 Unit Matrix: A square matrix where diagonal elements are one

and remaining elements are zero is called a unit matrix. Such
matrix is denoted by In.
Symmetric Matrix : A matrix is said to be symmetric, if it is A
square matrix
A aij = aij {i , j } element is the same as the {j, i} th element.
Skew Matrix : A square matrix is said to be a skew matrix if
aij = -aij .
Row Matrix: Row matrix is a matrix with only one row .
Column Matrix: A matrix which has only one column is called
column matrix.
Sub Matrix: A sub matrix of a matrix is obtained by deleting any
collection of rows or columns.

Determinants:

It may be noticed that in each case a 2 by 2 determinant has

been taken by omitting row and column of a particular row
element in order a1,b1 and c1. Another thing to note is the
alternating signs for this row element.

Minors of a Matrix :

Co-factors of a Matrix:

Adjoint Matrix:
In linear algebra, the adjoint (occasionally referred to as adjunct) of
a square matrix is the transpose of the cofactor matrix.

Inverse of a matrix :

Importance of Matrix in Business1. Various situations in business and economics can be represented
using matrices. This can be done using the following examples.
Annual productions of two branches selling three types of items may b
e represented.
2. Number of staff in the office can be represented.
3. The unit cost of transportation of an item from each of the three
factories to each of the four warehouses can be represented.

Mapping
In modern mathematics, the equivalent expression for a function is
mapping.

DEFINITION: If f is the rule which associates every element of set X

with one and only one element of set Y, then the rule f is said to be
the function or mapping from the set X to the set Y. This we write
symbolically as f :X
Y
If y is the element of Y, corresponding to an element x of X, given by
the rule f, we write this as yfx or y=f(x) and read as
y is the
value of f at x
Limit of a function

The limit of a function is that fixed value to which a function

approaches as the variable approaches a given value. The function
approaches this fixed constant in such a way that the absolute value
of the difference between the function and the constant may be made
smaller and smaller than any positive number, however small. This
difference continues to remain less than this assigned number say
When the variable approaches still nearer to the particular
value chosen for it.