Lecture 9

Lecture 9
Microwave
Network Analysis
A. Nassiri - ANL
June 19, 2003
Microwave Physics and Techniques
1
UCSB June 2003
S-Parameter Measurement Technique

VVM: The vector voltmeter measures the magnitude of a
reference and test voltage and the difference in phase between the
voltages. Because it can measure phase, it allows us to directly
measure the S-parameters of a circuit
Unfortunately, the use of the directional couplers and test cables

connecting the measuring system to the vector voltmeter
introduces unknown attenuation and phase shift into the
measurements. These can be compensated for by making
additional calibration measurements.

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Reflection measurements: S11 or S22
Signal Gen
N-BNC
(HP 8657B)
(HP 8508A)
VVM
B
A
N-BNC
N-BNC
BNC cable
N-BNC
N-BNC
N-BNC
20 dB
20 dB
DUT
BNC cable
(HP 778D Dual Directional Coupler)
3
Matched load
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From the setup, it is seen that the voltage at channel A of the VVM (AD) is
proportional to the amplitude of the voltage wave entering the device
under test (DUT) (aD1). Similarly, the voltage at channel B (BD) is
proportional to the amplitude of the voltage wave reflected from DUT
(bD1). Thus we can write
A D = K A a1D
B D = K B b1D
Where KA and KB are constants that depend on the connecting cables.
Since aD2 is zero because of the matched load at port 2, S11 is given by
b1D B D K B
S 11 = D = D
a1
A KA
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To find KA and KB it is necessary to make a second measurement with a
known DUT. This is called a calibration measurement. If the DUT is
removed and replaced by a short circuit, the voltage at channel A (As)
and channel B(Bs) are given by
A S = K A a1S
B S = K B b1S
Where as1 is the amplitude of the voltage wave entering the short and bs1
is the amplitude of the voltage wave reflected from the short. However,
for a short circuit the ratio of these amplitudes is 1 (reflection
coefficient of a short). Thus
S
S
b1 B K B
= S
= 1
S
a1 A K A
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KB
BS
= S
KA
A
BD
AD
S 11 = S
B
AS
Note: since VVM displays quantities in terms of magnitude and

phase we can rewrite S11 as
D
S 11 = S D S
BD
AD
= D D
BS
AS
= S S

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Transmission measurements: S12 or S21

Generator
Channel A
Channel B
Matched load
N-BNC
DUT
BNC cable
Matched load
f
Matched load
The DUT is connected directly between two directional couplers.

Voltage at A of the VVM is proportional to the voltage wave incident on
the DUT while the voltage at B of the VVM is proportional to voltage
wave transmitted through the DUT.
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A D = K A a1D
B
= K B b2
b 2D B D K B
S 21 = D = D
a1
A KA
To find out the constants a calibration measurement must be made.

Remove the DUT and connect both directional couplers directly
together. The Known DUT in this case is just a zero-length guide with a
transmission coefficient of unity. The measured voltages are:
A E = K A a1E
B
= K B b2
b2 B K B
= E
=1
E
a1
A KA
where
E
KB B
= E
KA A
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BD
AD
S 21 = E
B
AE
TD
S 21 = E D E
T
where
BD
AD
= T D D
BE
AE
= T E E

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UCSB June 2003
Scattering Parameters
Scattering Parameters (S-Parameters) plays a major
role is network analysis
This importance is derived from the fact that practical
system
characterizations
can
no
longer
be
accomplished through simple open- or short-circuit
measurements, as is customarily in low-frequency
applications.
In the case of a short circuit with a wire; the wire
itself possesses an inductance that can be of substantial
magnitude at high frequency.
Also open circuit leads to capacitive loading at the
terminal.
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In either case, the open/short-circuit conditions
needed to determine Z-, Y-, h-, and ABCD-parameters
can no longer be guaranteed.
Moreover, when dealing with wave propagation
phenomena, it is not desirable to introduce a reflection
coefficient whose magnitude is unity.
For instance, the terminal discontinuity will cause
undesirable voltage and/or current wave reflections,
leading to oscillation that can result in the destruction
of the device.
With
S-parameters,
one
has
proper
tool
characterize the two-port network description
practically all RF devices without harm to DUT.
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to
of
Definition of Scattering Parameters

S-parameters are power wave descriptors that permit
us to define the input-output relations of a network in
terms of incident and reflected power waves.
a1
a2
}
}
[S]
}
}
b1
b2
an normalized incident power waves
bn normalized reflected power waves
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an =
bn =
1
2 Zo
1
2 Zo
(V n + Z oI n )
(1)
(V n Z oI n )
(2 )
Index n refers either to port number 1 or 2. The

impedance Z0 is the characteristic impedance of the
connecting lines on the input and output side of the
network.
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Inverting (1) leads to the following voltage and
current expressions:
V n = Z o (a n + b n ) (3)
In =
Zo
(a n b n ) (4 )

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Recall the equations for power:
} (
1
1
2
2
*
Pn = ReV n I n = an bn
2
2
Isolating forward and backward
components in (3) and (4), we see
Vn
+
an =
= Z oI n
Zo
) (5)
traveling
wave
(6)
V n
bn =
= Z o I n (7 )
Zo
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We can now define S-parameters:
b1 S 11 S 12 a1

=
b 2 S 21 S 22 a 2

16
(8)
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b1
S 11 =
a1 a
2 =0
b2
S 21 =
a1 a
S 22
2 =0
Refkected powe wave at port 1

=
Incident power wave at port 2
(9)
Transmitted powe wave at port 2

=
Incident power wave at port 1
(10)
b2
Refkected powe wave at port 2
=
=
a 2 a =0 Incident power wave at port 2
(11)
S 12
b1
Transmitted powe wave at port 1
(12)
=
=
a 2 a =0 Incident power wave at port 2
1

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Observations:
a2=0, and a1=0 no power waves are returned to the
network at either port 2 or port 1.
However, these conditions can only be ensured when
the connecting transmission line are terminated into
their characteristic impedances.
Since the S-parameters are closely related to power
relations, we can express the normalized input and
output waves in terms of time averaged power.
The average power at port 1 is given by
P1 =
+ 2
1 V1
2 Zo
+ 2
1 V1
(1 ) = 2
2
in
Zo
(1 S )

18
11
(13)
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The reflection coefficient
expressed in terms of S11
according:
V1
in = +
V1
at the input side is

under matched output
b1
=
a1 a
= S 11
(14)
2 =0
This also allow us to redefine the VSWR at port 1 in

terms of S11 as
1 + S 11
VSWR =
1 S 11
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(15)
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We can identify the incident power in (13) and
express it in terms of a1:
+ 2
1 V1
2 Zo
= Pinc =
a1
2
(16)
Maximal available power

from the generator
The total power at port 1 (under matched output

condition) expressed as a combination of incident and
reflected powers:
P1 = Pinc + Prefl
a1
1 2
2
= a1 b1 =
1 in
2
2
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(17 )
If the reflected coefficient, or S11, is zero, all available
power from the source is delivered to port 1 of the
network. An identical analysis at port 2 gives
a2
1
2
2
P2 = a 2 b 2 =
1 out
2
2

21
(18)
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Meaning of S-Parameters
S-parameters
can
only
be
determined
under
conditions of perfect matching on the input or the
output side.
a1
VG1
[S]
Zo
}
Zo
}
a2=0
}
Zo
b1
ZL
b2
Measurement of S11 and S21 by matching the line impedance Zo
at port 2 through a corresponding load impedance ZL=Zo
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This configuration allows us to compute S11 by finding
the input reflection coefficient:
Z in Z o
S 11 = in =
Z in + Z o
(19)
Taking the logarithm of the magnitude of S11 gives us

the return loss in dB
RL = 20 log S 11
(20)

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With port 2 properly terminated, we find
b2
S 21 =
a1 a
=
2 =0
V2
Zo
(V1 + Z oI 1 ) (2 Z o ) I + =V + =0
2
(21)
Since a2=0, we can set to zero the positive traveling

voltage and current waves at port 2.
Replacing V1 by the generator voltage VG1 minus the
voltage drop over the source impedance Zo, VG1-ZoI1
gives
S 21 =
2V 2
VG 1
2V 2
VG 1
(22)

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The forward power gain is
G o = S 21 =
V2
VG 1 2
(23)
If we reverse the measurement procedure and attach

a generator voltage VG2to port 2 and properly terminate
port 1, we can determine the remaining two Sparameters, S22 and S12.
a1=0
}
[S]
Zo
}
b1
Zo
Zo
b2

25
VG2
}
}
Zo
a2
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To compute S22 we need to find the output reflection
coefficient out in a similar way for S11:
S 22 = out
S 12
Z out Z o
=
Z out + Z o
(24)
V1
Zo
b1
=
=
a 2 a =0 (V 2 + Z oI 2 ) (2 Z o )
1
S 12 =
2V1
VG 2
2V1
VG 2
(26)
(25)
I 1+ =V1+ =0
Gor = S 12 =
V1
VG 2 2
(27 )
Reverse power gain

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Determination of a T-network elements

Find the S-parameters and resistive elements for the 3-dB
attenuator network. Assume that the network is placed into a
transmission line section with a characteristic line
impedance of Zo=50
R1
}
R2
Port 1
}
R3
Port 2
}
27
}
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An attenuator should be matched to the line impedance and
must meet the requirement S11= S22= 0.
R1
}
R2
Z in
50
R3
}
R 3 (R 2 + 50 )
= R1 +
= 50
(R 3 + R 2 + 50 )
Because of symmetry, it is clear

that R1=R2.
Port 1
Port 2
Circuit for S11 and S21
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We now investigate the voltage V2 = V-2 at port 2 in
terms of V1=V+1.
R1
R2
Port 1
R3
50
R 3 (R1 + 50 )
(
)
R 3 + R1 + 50 50
V2 =
V1
50 + R1
R 3 (R1 + 50 )
(R + R + 50 ) + R1
3
1
Port 2

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For a 3 dB attenuation, we require
S 21 =
2V 2
VG 1
V2 1
=
=
= 0.707 = S 12
V1
2
Setting the ratio of V2/V1 to 0.707 and using the

input impedance expression, we can determine R1
and R3
2 1
R1 = R 2 =
Z o = 8.58
2 +1
R 3 = 2 2Z o = 141.4
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Note: the choice of the resistor network ensures that at the
input and output ports an impedance of 50 is maintained.

This implies that this network can be inserted into a 50
transmission line section without causing undesired
reflections, resulting in an insertion loss.

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Chain Scattering Matrix

To extend the concept of the S-parameter
presentation to cascaded network, it is more efficient
to rewrite the power wave expressions arranged in
terms of input and output ports. This results in the
chain scattering matrix notation. That is,
a1 T11 T12 b 2
=

b1 T 21 T 22 a 2
(28)
It is immediately seen that cascading of two dualport networks becomes a simple multiplication.

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b1
a2
b1
[T ]A
b2
a2
[T ]B
a1
Port 2
~
~
Port 1
~
a 1A
b 2B
Cascading of two networks A and B

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If network A is described by
a1A T11A T12A b 2A

A= A
A A
b1 T 21 T 22 a 2
(29)
And network B by
a1B T11B T12B b 2B

B= B
B B
b1 T 21 T 22 a 2
(30)

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b 2A a1B
A= B
a 2 b1
(31)
Thus, for the combined system, we conclude
A B
B B
a1
T11 T12 T11 T12 b2
A= A
A B
B B
b1 T21 T22 T21 T22 a2
A

35
(31)
UCSB June 2003

The conversion from S-matrix to the
notation is similar as described before.
a1
T11 =
b2 a
2 =0
a1
1
=
=
S 21a1 S 21
chain
matrix
(32)
S 22
(33)
T12 =
S 21
S 11
(34)
T 21 =
S 21
(S 11S 22 S 12S 21 ) - S
=
T 22 =
S 21
S 21
36
(35)
UCSB June 2003

Conversely, when the chain scattering parameters are
given and we need to convert to S-parameters, we find
the following relations:
b1
S 11 =
a2 a
2 =0
T 21b 2 T 21
=
=
T11b 2 T11
(T11T 22 T12T 21 ) T
S 12 =
=
T11
S 21 =
S 22
T11
T12
=
T11
T11
(36)
(37 )
(38)
(39)
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Conversion between Z- and S-Parameters

To find the conversion between the S-parameters and the
Z-parameters, let us begin with defining S-parameters
relation in matrix notation
{b } = [S ]{a} (40)
Multiplying by
Zo
{ }=
Z o {b } = V
gives
{ }
Z o [S ]{a} = [S ]V
(41)
{V + }= Z o {a} to both sides results in

+
+
+
{V } = [S ]{V }+ {V }= ([S ] + [E ]){V } (42)
Adding

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To compare this form with the impedance expression
{V } = [Z ]{I }
We have to express {V+} in term of {I}. Subtract

[S}{V+} from both sides of
{V }= Z o {a}
+
+
{V } [S ]{V }=
+
Z o ({a} {b }) = Z o {I }
{V }= Z o ([E ] [S ])
+
(43)
{I } (44)

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Substituting (44) into (42) yields
{V } = ([S ] + [E ]){V + }= Z o ([S ] + [E ])([E ] [S ])1{I } (45)

or
[Z ] = Z o ([S ] + [E ])([E ] [S ]) 1
(46 )
Explicitly
S 12 1 S 11 S 12
1 + S 11
Z 11 Z 12
= Zo
Z
S
S
S
1
1
Z
+
21
21
22
22
21
22
S 12
1 + S 11
Zo
1 S
S 12
S
S
1
+
22
21
22
=
(1 S 11 )(1 S 22 ) S 21S 12 S 21 1 S 11
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(47 )
Practical Network Analysis

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Criteria for Distortionless Transmission

Linear Networks
Linear phase over
bandwidth of interest
Phase
Magnitude
Constant amplitude over

bandwidth of interest
Frequency

42
Frequency
UCSB June 2003
Linear Versus Nonlinear Behavior

A * Sin 360 * f ( t - t )
Time
to
Sin 360 * f * t
A
Time
f
1
DUT
Input
phase shift =
to * 360 * f
Linear behavior:
input and output frequencies are the
same (no additional frequencies created)
output frequency only undergoes
magnitude and phase change
Frequency
Output
Time
Frequency
Nonlinear behavior:
output frequency may undergo frequency
shift (e.g. with mixers)
additional frequencies created
(harmonics, inter-modulation)
Frequency

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Magnitude Variation with Frequency

1
1
f ( t ) = sin t + sin 3t + sin 5t
3
5
Time
Time
Magnitude
Linear
Network
Frequency
Frequency
44
Frequency
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Phase Variation with Frequency

1
1
f ( t ) = sin t + sin 3t + sin 5t
3
5
Linear Network
Time
Magnitude
Time
Frequency
0
Frequency
-180
Frequency
-360
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Criteria for Distortionless Transmission

Nonlinear Networks
Saturation, crossover, inter-modulation, and other
nonlinear effects can cause signal distortion
Time
Time
Frequency
Frequency
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The Need for Both Magnitude and Phase

S 21
1. Complete characterization
of linear networks
S 11
S
S 22
4. Time Domain
Characterization
12
2. Complex impedance needed to

design matching circuits
Mag
Time
High Frequency
Transistor Model
5. Vector Accuracy Enhancement

Base
Error
Collector
3. Complex values needed for

device modeling
Measured
Emitter

47
Actual
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High-Frequency Device Characterization

Lightwave Analogy
Incident
Transmitted
Reflected

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Transmission Line Review

Low frequencies
Wavelength >> wire length

Current (I) travels down wires easily for efficient power
transmission
Voltage and current not dependent on position
High frequencies
Wavelength or << wire (transmission line) length
Need transmission-line structures for efficient power transmission
Matching to characteristic impedance (Z0)
is very important for low reflection
Voltage dependent on position along line
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Transmission Line Terminated with Zo

Zs = Zo
Zo = characteristic impedance
of transmission line
Zo
Vinc
Vrefl = 0! (all the incident power
is absorbed in the load)
For reflection, a transmission line terminated in Zo

behaves like an infinitely long transmission line
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Transmission Line Terminated with Short, Open
Zs = Zo
Vinc
Vrefl
In phase (0o ) for open

o
Out of phase (180 ) for short
For reflection, a transmission line terminated in a short

or open reflects all power back to source
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Transmission Line Terminated with 25
Zs = Zo
ZL = 25
Vinc
Vrefl
Standing wave pattern does not go to zero as

with short or open
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High-Frequency Device Characterization

Incident
Transmitted
Reflected
A
TRANSMISSION
REFLECTION
Reflected
Incident
SWR
S-Parameters
S11,S22
Reflection
Coefficient
,
Transmitted
Incident
Return
Loss
Impedance,
Admittance
R+jX,
G+jB
B
R
Group
Delay
Gain / Loss
S-Parameters
Transmission
S21,S12
Coefficient
,

53
Insertion
Phase
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Reflection Parameters
Reflection
Coefficient
Vreflected
=
=
Vincident
Return loss = -20 log(),
Z L + ZO
Emax
Emin
No reflection
(ZL = Zo)
ZL ZO
Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
Emax
VSWR =
Emin
1+
1-
Full reflection
(ZL = open, short)
dB
RL
0 dB
VSWR

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Transmission Parameters
V Incident
V Transmitted
DUT
Transmission Coefficient = =
Insertion Loss (dB) = - 20 Log
VTransmitted
VIncident
V
V
Gain (dB) = 20 Log
Trans
Inc
Trans
= - 20 log
Inc
= 20 log

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Deviation from Linear Phase

Use electrical delay to remove
linear portion of phase response
+
Frequency
Deviation from
linear phase
(Electrical delay function)
Phase 45 /Div
RF filter response
Phase 1 /Div
Linear electrical
length added
yields
Frequency
Low resolution

56
Frequency
High resolution
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Low-Frequency Network Characterization

H-parameters
V1 = h11I1 + h12V2
V2 = h21I1 + h22V2
Y-parameters
I1 = y11V1 + y12V2
I2 = y21V1 + y22V2
h11 = V1
I1
V2=0
h12 = V1
V2
I1=0
Z-parameters
V1 = z11I1 + z12I2
V2 = z21I1 + z22I2
(requires short circuit)

(requires open circuit)
All of these parameters require measuring voltage

and current (as a function of frequency)
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Limitations of H, Y, Z Parameters
(Why use S-parameters?)
H,Y, Z parameters
Hard to measure total voltage and current at

device ports at high frequencies
Active devices may oscillate or self-destruct
with shorts opens
S-parameters
Relate to familiar measurements
(gain, loss, reflection coefficient ...)
Relatively easy to measure
S 21
Transmitted
Can cascade S-parameters of multiple a1 Incident
b2
devices to predict system performance S11
DUT
Reflected
S 22
Analytically convenient
Port 2 Reflected
Port 1
CAD programs
b1
a2
Incident
S 12
Transmitted
Flow-graph analysis
b 1 = S11 a 1 + S 12 a 2
Can compute H, Y,or Z parameters from Sb 2 = S21 a 1 + S22 a 2
parameters if desired
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Measuring S-Parameters
a1
Forward
S 21 =
Transmitted
Incident
b1
= a
1
b
= a
1
Load
DUT
Reflected
Reflected
Incident
a2 = 0
a2 = 0
a2 = 0
Z0
S 12 =
Transmitted
Transmitted
Incident
Incident

59
= a
2
a1 = 0
a1 = 0
Reverse
Reflected
S 12
b2
= a
2
b2
S 22
DUT
Load
Reflected
Incident
S 22 =
a1 = 0
b1
b2
Transmitted
21
Z0
S 11
b1
S 11 =
Incident
a2
UCSB June 2003
What is the difference between
network and spectrum analyzers?

Hard: getting (accurate) trace
Easy: interpreting results
Easy: getting trace

Hard: interpreting results
Power
Amplitude Ratio
8563A
Measures
known signal
Frequency
z
z
9 kHz - 26.5
Measures
unknown
signals
Frequency
Spectrum analyzers:
Network analyzers:
z
SPECTRUM ANALYZER
GHz
measure components, devices, circuits,

sub-assemblies
contain source and receiver
display ratioed amplitude and phase
(frequency or power sweeps)
z
z
measure signal amplitude characteristics

(carrier level, sidebands, harmonics...)
are receivers only (single channel)
can be used for scalar component test (no
phase) with tracking gen. or ext. source(s)

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Signal Separation
Measuring incident signals for ratioing
50
50
6 dB
6 dB
Main
signal
Coupled
signal
Splitter
usually resistive
non-directional
broadband
Coupler
directional
low loss
good isolation, directivity
hard to get low freq performance

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Forward Coupling Factor

Coupling, forward
-20 dBm
.01 mW
Source
Z0
0 dBm
1 mW
-.046 dBm
.99 mW
Example of 20 dB Coupler
Coupling Factor (dB) = -10 log
P coupling forward
P incident

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Directional Coupler Isolation

(Reverse Coupling Factor)
Coupling, reverse
-50 dBm
.00001 mW
this is an error signal during

measurements
Source
Z0
0 dBm 1
mW
.046 dBm
.99 mW
Example of 20 dB Coupler "turned around"
Pcoupled reverse
Isolation Factor (dB) = -10 log
Pincident
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Directional Coupler Directivity
Directivity (dB) = 10 log
Directivity =
Pcoupled forward
Pcoupled reverse
Coupling Factor
Isolation
Directivity (dB) = Isolation (dB) - Coupling Factor (dB)

Example of 20 dB Coupler with 50 dB isolation:
Directivity = 50 dB - 20 dB = 30 dB
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Measuring Coupler Directivity the Easy Way

1.0 (0 dB) (reference)
Coupler
Directivity
35 dB
Good approximation for

coupling factors 10 dB
short
Source
.018 (35 dB) (normalized)
Directivity = 35 dB - 0 dB = 35
dB
Source
load
65
Assume perfect load

UCSB June 2003
Narrowband Detection - Tuned Receiver

ADC / DSP
Best sensitivity / dynamic range

Provides harmonic / spurious signal rejection
Improve dynamic range by increasing power,
decreasing IF bandwidth, or averaging
Trade off noise floor and measurement speed
10 MHz
26.5 GHz
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Comparison of Receiver Techniques

Broadband (diode)
detection
Narrowband (tunedreceiver) detection
0 dB
0 dB
-50 dB
-50 dB
-100 dB
-100 dB
-60 dBm Sensitivity
higher noise floor

false responses
< -100 dBm Sensitivity
high dynamic range

harmonic immunity
Dynamic range = maximum receiver power - receiver noise floor

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UCSB June 2003
Dynamic Range and Accuracy

Dynamic range is very important
for measurement accuracy !
Error Due to Interfering Signal
Error (dB, deg)

100
+ magn (dB)
- magn (dB)
10
phase ( deg)
phase error
1
magn error
0.1
0.01
0.001
-5
-10 -15
-20
-25 -30 -35 -40 -45

Interfering signal (dB)
-50 -55

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-60
-65
-70
UCSB June 2003
Measurement Error Modeling

Systematic errors
due to imperfections in the analyzer and test setup
are assumed to be time invariant (predictable)
can be characterized (during calibration process) and
mathematically removed during measurements
Random errors
vary with time in random fashion (unpredictable)

cannot be removed by calibration
main contributors:
instrument noise (source
Measured
phase noise, IF noise floor, etc.)
Data
switch repeatability
connector repeatability
Drift errors
Errors:
SYSTEMATIC
RANDOM
DRIFT
are due to instrument or test-system performance

changing after a calibration has been done
are primarily caused by temperature variation
can be removed by further calibration(s)
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UCSB June 2003
Unknown
Device
Systematic Measurement Errors

R
Directivity
Crosstalk
DUT
Frequency response
z reflection tracking (A/R)
z transmission tracking (B/R)
Source
Mismatch
Load
Mismatch
Six forward and six reverse error terms yields 12

error terms for two-port devices
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UCSB June 2003
Types of Error Correction

Two main types of error correction:
response (normalization)
simple to perform
only corrects for tracking errors
stores reference trace in memory,
thru
then does data divided by memory
vector
requires more standards
requires an analyzer that can measure phase
accounts for all major sources of systematic error
SHORT
thru
OPEN
S11A
LOAD
S11M

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UCSB June 2003
Signal Flow Computations

Complicated networks can be efficiently analyzed in a manner identical
to signals and systems and control.
Z0
ZL
d
~
b
in general
ai
~
ij
bj
~

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UCSB June 2003
Signal Flow Graphs

Basic Rules:
Well follow certain rules when we build up a network flow graph.
1. Each variable, a1, a2, b1, and b2 will be designated as a node.
2. Each of the S-parameters will be a branch.
3. Branches enter dependent variable nodes, and emanate from the independent
variable nodes.
4. In our S-parameter equations, the reflected waves b1 and b2 are the dependent
variables and the incident waves a1 and a2 are the independent variables.
5. Each node is equal to the sum of the branches entering it.

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UCSB June 2003
Signal Flow Graphs

Lets apply these rules to the two S-parameters equations
b1 = S 11a1 + S 12a 2
b 2 = S 21a1 + S 22a 2
First equation has three nodes: b1, a1, and a2. b1 is a dependent node and is
connected to a1 through the branch S11 and to node a2 through the branch S12.
The second equation is similar.
a1 }
S11d
} b2
b1 }
S21
a1 }
Sd
22
a2

74
S22
} a2
UCSB June 2003
Signal Flow Graphs

Complete Flow Graph for 2-Port
S11 d
b1
b2
}
S21
a1
d
S12
S11
a2
The relationship between the traveling waves is now easily seen. We have a1 incident on the
network. Part of it transmits through the network to become part of b2. Part of it is reflected to
become part of b1. Meanwhile, the a2 wave entering port two is transmitted through the network to
become part of b1 as well as being reflected from port two as part of b2. By merely following the
arrows, we can tell whats going on in the network. This technique will be all the more useful as we
cascade networks or add feedback paths.

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UCSB June 2003
Arrangement for Signal Flow Analysis

a
IG
Z0
bs
Zo
VG
bs =
ZG + Z o
bs
ZL
VG
ZG

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UCSB June 2003
Analysis of Most Common Circuit

~
a1
VS
a2
Z0
[S]
S11
S22
a1 S21 b2
~
ZL
~
b2
Z0
b1
bs ~
bs
b1 S12 a2
a1
bs
bs
ZS
a1
~
S 12S 21
1 S 11 +
L S
1 S 22 L

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UCSB June 2003
S11
b1
bs ~
S 12S 21
b1
in = = S 11 +
L
a1
1 S 22 L
Note: Only
a1
e
S 12S 21
L
1 S 22 L
a1
bs ~
S 11 +
S 12S 21
L
1 S 22 L
b1
= 0 ensures that S11 can be measured.

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UCSB June 2003
Scattering Matrix
The scattered-wave amplitudes are linearly related to the incident wave
amplitudes. Consider the N port junction
V+4
V+5
V-4
If the only incident wave is V+1 then
V1
V-5
Port 4 Port 5
= S 11V1+
V+3
S 11 is the reflection coefficient
V-N
Port N
Port 3
Port 1
Port 2
V-3
The total voltage is port 1 is V1 = V1+ +V1

Waves will also be scattered out of other
ports. We will have
V+N
V-1
V+2
V-2
V+1
V n = S n1V n+ n = 2 ,3,4 ,...N

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UCSB June 2003
Scattering Matrix
If all ports have incident wave then
V1 S 11 S 12

V 2 = S 21 S 22
... ...
...

V N S N 1 S N 2
or
S 13
S 23
...
SN 3
... S 1N V1+

... S 2N V 2+
...
... ...

... S NN V N+
[V ] = [S ][V ]
[S ] is called the scattering matrix
v i
S ij = + for V k+ = 0 (k j )
vj

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UCSB June 2003
Scattering Matrix
If we choose the equivalent Z0 equal to 1 then the incident power is
given by
1 +2
Vn
2
and the scattering will be symmetrical. With this choice
V = V + +V ,I = I + + I
and
V
V
1
= (V + I )
2
1
= (V I )
2
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UCSB June 2003
Scattering Matrix
V+ and V- are the variables in the scattering matrix formulation; but they
are linear combination of V and I.
Other normalization are
V
=
Zo
I
i=
Zo
Just as in the impedance matrix there are several properties of the

scattering matrix we want to consider.
1.
A shift of the reference planes
2.
S matrix for reciprocal devices
3.
S matrix for the lossless devices

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UCSB June 2003
Scattering Matrix
Example: two-port network
Equivalent Circuit
Z1
z
l2
l1
t1
Assume TE10 modes at t1 and t2
t2
V1+
Port 1
Z2
z
I1
Z3
z
I2
V 2+
z
Port 2
Apply KVL:
V1 = Z 1I 1 + Z 3I 1 + Z 3I 2
V 2 = Z 2 I 2 + Z 3I 2 + Z 3I 1
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UCSB June 2003
Scattering Matrix
If
Z 3 = Z 12
V1
=
I2 I
1 =0
Z 1 = Z 11 Z 12
Z 2 = Z 22 Z 12
Then we have
V1 = Z 11I 1 + Z 12 I 2
V 2 = Z 22I 2 + Z 12I 2
Z 11 Z 12
Z 22 Z 12
Z 12
and
[V ] = [Z ][I ]
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UCSB June 2003
Scattering Matrix
This can be transformed into an admittance matrix
Y12
I 1 Y11 Y12 V1
V
I = Y
Y
2 12
22 2

85
Y11 Y12
Y 22 Y12
UCSB June 2003
Scattering Matrix
Traveling Wave:
= Ae
,V
= Ae
V (x ) = V + (x ) + V (x )
Similarly for current:
+
(
)
(
V
x
V
x)
+
I (x ) = I (x ) I (x ) =
Zo
Zo
Reflection Coefficient:
V (x )
(x ) = +
V (x )
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UCSB June 2003
Scattering Matrix
Introduce normalized variables:
(x ) = V ( x )
Z o , i (x ) = Z o I (x )
So that
(x ) = a (x ) + b (x ) i (x ) = a (x ) b (x )
and
b (x ) = (x )a (x )
This defines a single port network. What about 2-port?
2-port
b1 = S 11a1 + S 12a 2
b 2 = S 21a1 + S 22a 2
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UCSB June 2003
Scattering Matrix
Each reflected wave (b1,b2) has two contributions: one from the incident wave at
the same port and another from the incident wave at the other port.
How to calculate S-parameters?
S 11 =
b1
a1 a
Input reflected coefficient with output matched.

2 =0
S 12 =
b1
a 2 a1=0
Reverse transmission coefficient with input matched.
S 21 =
b2
a1 a
Transmission coefficient with output matched.
S 22
b2
=
a2 a
2 =0
Output reflected coefficient with input matched.
1 =0
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UCSB June 2003

Lecture 9

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Lecture 9

UCSB June 2003

S-Parameter Measurement Technique

Unfortunately, the use of the directional couplers and test cables

Microwave Physics and Techniques

UCSB June 2003

Reflection measurements: S11 or S22

UCSB June 2003

Reflection measurements: S11 or S22

UCSB June 2003

Reflection measurements: S11 or S22

UCSB June 2003

Reflection measurements: S11 or S22

Note: since VVM displays quantities in terms of magnitude and

Microwave Physics and Techniques

UCSB June 2003

Transmission measurements: S12 or S21

The DUT is connected directly between two directional couplers.

UCSB June 2003

Transmission measurements: S12 or S21

To find out the constants a calibration measurement must be made.

UCSB June 2003

Transmission measurements: S12 or S21

Microwave Physics and Techniques

UCSB June 2003

UCSB June 2003

UCSB June 2003

Definition of Scattering Parameters

UCSB June 2003

Definition of Scattering Parameters

Index n refers either to port number 1 or 2. The

UCSB June 2003

Definition of Scattering Parameters

Microwave Physics and Techniques

UCSB June 2003

Definition of Scattering Parameters

UCSB June 2003

Definition of Scattering Parameters

Microwave Physics and Techniques

UCSB June 2003

Definition of Scattering Parameters

Refkected powe wave at port 1

Transmitted powe wave at port 2

Microwave Physics and Techniques

UCSB June 2003

Microwave Physics and Techniques

UCSB June 2003

at the input side is

This also allow us to redefine the VSWR at port 1 in

Maximal available power

The total power at port 1 (under matched output

UCSB June 2003

Microwave Physics and Techniques

UCSB June 2003

UCSB June 2003

Taking the logarithm of the magnitude of S11 gives us

Microwave Physics and Techniques

UCSB June 2003

Since a2=0, we can set to zero the positive traveling

Microwave Physics and Techniques

UCSB June 2003

If we reverse the measurement procedure and attach

Microwave Physics and Techniques