SEMINAR REPORT

NANOTECHNOLGY

Name - AFRIN SULTANA

Dept. - Electronics & Communication Engineering
Year

- 3RD

Semester - 6TH
Class Roll No. - 37
WBUT Roll No. - 14800312028

CONTENTS
What is NANO-TECHNOLOGY
How it started
Why Now
How small Nanotechnology is
Development in Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology and its application
Nanobots & How does it work
Various Parts Of Nanobots
Applications Of Nanobots
Other Applications of Nano-technology
Pitfalls of Nanotechnology
Conclusion

 What is NANO-TECHNOLOGY :Nanotechnology is the engineering of functional systems at

the molecular scale. A nanometer is one billionth of a meter. It is basically the
study and application of extremely small things and can be used under all other
science fields such as chemistry, biology, physics, materials science &
engineering.

How it started :The idea and concepts behind Nano science and
nanotechnology started with a talk entitled theres plenty of room at the
bottom by physicist Richard Feynman the year 1959. Here he asked :
Why cant we manipulate materials atom by atom?
Why cant we control the synthesis of individual molecules?
Why cant we write all of human knowledge on the head of a pin?
Why cant we build machines to accomplish these things?
Feynman actually described a process in which
scientists would be able to manipulate and control individual atoms and
molecules. It was Professor Norio Taniguchi who coined the term
NANOTECHNOLOGY.

Why Now : New tools for atomic-scale characterization.

New capabilities for single atom/molecule manipulation.
Computational access to large systems of atoms and long time scales.
Convergence of scientific-disciplines at the Nano scale.

Nanotechnology and Nano science involve the ability to see and to

control individual atoms and molecules. Everything on the earth is made up of
atoms the food we eat, the clothes we wear, the building and houses we live
and even our own bodies.

How small nanotechnology is:

One nanometer is a billion of a meter
or 10^-9. A sheet of a news paper is about 100000 nanometer thick. Now
anyone can think how small nanometer can be.
Carbon Nanotube :- Carbon nanotubes are allotropes of
carbon with a cylindrical
nanostructure. They have length-to-diameter ratio of upto 132,000,000:1.

Nanotubes are members of the fullerene structural family.

Their name is derived from their long, hollow structure with the
walls formed by one-atom-thick sheets of carbon, called graphene.

Development in nanotechnology :Figure below depicts four generation of nanotechnology development.

 Nanotechnology and its application:Nanotechnology spans many areas. Such as:

i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
vi)
vii)
viii)
ix)
x)

Mechanical engineering/robotics.
Biotechnology.
Transportation.
National security and defense.
Food and agriculture.
Medicine/health.
Aerospace.
Energy and Environment.
Advance materials and textiles.
Information technology.

Nanotechnology has contributed much in medical science.

Nanotechnology applied to medical field could allow doctors to search out and
destroy the very first cancer cells that would otherwise caused a tumor to
develop. Nanotech could remove a broken portion of a cell and replace it with a
miniature biological machine or deliver medicines exactly where and when they
needed. Nanobots are one of the contribution of Nanotechnology in medical
field.

Nanobots
Nano robots are extremely small nano electromechanical
systems designed to perform a specific task with precision at Nano scale
dimensions.
Its advantage over conventional medicine lies in its size. Nano
robots with sizes comparable to bacteria could provide many novel capabilities
through their ability to sense and act in microscopic environments. Nano robots
and Nano scale structured materials inside the body provide significant
improvements in diagnosis and treatment of disease.
The various components in the Nano robots design may
include onboard sensors, motors, manipulators, power suppies and
molecular computers.

 How does it work :With the help of chemotactic

sensors Nano robots detects the tumor cell. Because chemotactic sensors have
different affinity for each kind of molecule. After sensing the tumor Nano robots
inject the antidote of cancer into the tumor and it will destroy the tumor cell.
With the help of nanorobot control design simulator
scientists designed the Nano robot, which consists of sensors, rotors, fins and
propellers. Nano computers will be needed to guide these machines. These
computers will direct machines to examine, take apart, and rebuild damaged
molecular structures.
Nano robots will be able to repair whole cells by working
structure by structure. Then by working cell by cell and tissue by tissue, whole
organs can be repaired.
The exterior of the Nano robots will be subjected to the various
chemical liquids in our bodies but the interior of the Nano robot will be closed,
vacuum environment into which liquids from the outside cannot normally enter
unless immune system by having a passive, diamond exterior. The diamond
exterior will have to be smooth and flawless because this prevents leukocytes
activities since the exterior is chemically inert and have low bioactivity.
According to the current theories, Nano robot will possess at least
rudimentary two way communication. Robots will responds to acoustic signals
and will be able to receive power or re-programming instruction from an
external source via sound waves.
A network of special stationary Nano robots might be strategically
positioned throughout the body, logging each active Nano robot as it passes, and
then reporting those results, allowing an interface to keep track of all of the
devices in the body. A doctor could only monitor a patients progress but change
the instructions of Nano robots in vivo to progress to another stage of healing.

Nano robots are also candidates for industrial applications. In

great swarms they might clean the air of carbon dioxide, repair the hole in the
ozone, scrub the water of pollutants, and restore the ecosystems.

Various Parts Of Nanobots :SENSORS : As a sensor we can use here biosensors or chemical
sensors as chemical properties of cancer tumors are
different than normal cells. Generally silicon-based chemical and
motion-sensor arrays are used. But it has been observed that using
CMOS-based sensors using nanowires as material for circuit assembly
can achieve maximal efficiency. Using silicon sensor produces selfheating and thermal coupling which is less in case of CMOS. Factors like
low energy consumption and high-sensitivity are among some of the
advantages of Nano sensors. Carbon nanotubes serve as ideal materials
for the basis of a CMOS IC nan biosensor.

Motors or Actuators : Motors or actuators gives the proper motion to

Nano robot in blood fluid. Different kinds of
actuators, such as electromagnetic, piezoelectric, electrostatic, and electro
thermal. Which can be utilized, depending the aim and the workspaces
where it will be applied.

Nano bot Container : Nanorobot container consists of cancer antidode

element.
Nano chip : Nano chip takes input signal from sensor and according to
the input signal it performs its task.

Power Supply : The most effective way to keep the Nano robot
operating continuously is to establish the use of a
continuous available source of power. The energy may be available and
delivered to the Nano robot while it is performing predefined tasks.
Some possibilities to power the Nano robot can be
provided from ambient energy. Temperature displacements could likewise
generate useful voltage differentials. Cold and hot fields from conductors

connected in series may also produce energy using the well-established

Seebeck-effect.

Applications Of Nanobots :I)

II)
III)

Detection of toxic components in environment.

In drug delivery.
Biomedical instrumentation.

Other Application of Nano-technology : Nanotechnology in Mobile : Morph, a nanotechnology concept

device developed by Nokia Research
Center (NRC) and the University of Cambridge (UK).
The Morph will be super hydrophobic making it
extremely dirt repellent. It will be able to charge itself from available
light sources using photovoltaic nanowire grass covering it's surface.
Nano scale electronics also allow stretching.
Nokia envisage that a Nano scale mesh of fibers will allow our mobile
devices to be bent, stretched and folded into any number of conceivable
shapes.
Nanotechnology in Electronics : Electrodes made from nanowires
enable flat panel displays to be
flexible as well as thinner than current flat panel displays.
Nanolithography is used for fabrication of chips. The transistors are
made of nanowires, that are assembled on glass or
thin films of flexible plastic.
E-paper, displays on sunglasses and map on car windshields.

Pitfalls of nanotechnology : Nano-particles can get into the

body through the skin, lungs and digestive system, thus creating free radicals
that can cause cell damage.
Once Nano-particles are in the
bloodstream, they will be able to cross the blood-brain barrier.
The most dangerous Nanoapplication use for military purposes is the Nano-bomb that contain
engineered self multiplying deadly viruses that can continue to wipe out a
community, country or even a civilization.
Nano bots because of their
replicating behavior can be big threat for GRAY GOO.

Conclusion :- From these types of inventions, it will be useful for

man to cure many diseases & to lead a fantastic life.
The Nano robots are used in heart surgery,
due to this number of risks and side effects behind is reduced.