Beckett Park

Food Wonders

Mazin Al Athali
MA Landscape Architecture & Design
Leeds Beckett University

Cities Alive Design Studio02

Urban Agriculture

1.0 Urban Agriculture

1.1 Introduction
1.2 Histroy of Urban Agriculture
1.3 Food Security
1.4 Imapcts of Urban Agriculture
1.5 Challenges of Urban Agriculture
1.6 Innovative Projects in Urban Agriculture
1.7 Urban Agriculture (Honey Bees)
1.8 Cities Alive Design Studio 2014
1.9 Design Brief

1.1 Introduction
3.0 Design Development
3.1 Concept
3.2 Design Development

2.0 Site Analysis

2.1 Location
2.2 History
2.3 Land Use
2.4 Geology
2.5 Soil Profile
2.6 Weather
2.7 Food Map
2.8 View of the Site
2.9 Study Cases

5.0 Details
5.1 Landscape Details

4.0 Master Plan

6.0 list of References

4.1 Master Plan

4.2 Master Plan strategy
4.3 Visualization

6.1 list of References

Urban agriculture is the practice of cultivating, processing, and distributing food in or around a town or city. This practice is strictly For home
consumption or educational purposes within the cores of metropolitan
areas and at their edges. Urban agriculture can involves animal husbandry, aquaculture, agroforestry, Urban beekeeping, and horticulture.Also it
takes different forms such as community farms , schools , backyards and
rooftops.Urban agriculture has many benefits and impacts on social life ,
economic and energy efficiency.

1.2 History of urban Agriculture

Urban agriculture has different styles throughout history and culture of civilizations. Gardens of the Jewish ghettos of Europe in the 1930s and 40 was part
of survival measures, while it was simply pleasure as in the lush gardens of the
Roman and Arabic cultures. The ancient Incan city (Machu Picchu) supported
it self on terraced and irrigated fields surrounding the mountain city. Kitchen
gardens and orchards were within the walls of medieval fortresses.

Gardeners fend off starvation in Berlin, 1946.

World War II: Victory gardens the second time around

At the beginning of World War II, victory gardens began to emerge again. Some
of the gardens had started as depression relief gardens. The War Food Administration created a National Victory Garden Program set goals such as less demand on commercial vegetable supplies and more available the Armed Forces
and lend-lease programs , reduce demand on materials used in food processing
and canning and preserve fruit and vegetables for future use.
May 1943, New York, New York. Children of the New York City Childrens Aid Society work on
their victory gardens at the West Side Center.

1.4 Impact of Urban Agriculture

Chinampas of Tenochtitlan
Tlatelolco , the market district , in Mexico city is estimated to be twice the size
of Seville with over 60,000 shoppers and traders. The produce and goods for
this market came from efficiently irrigated gardens created by the Aztecs in
the shallow lakes surrounding the city. These gardens, called (chinampas ),
were artificial island plots of 30 x 2.5-3 meters. These floating gardens produced 3 crops a year and grew at least a half to two-thirds of the food consumed by the 200,000 residents of Tenochtitlan. Those floating gardens were
fertilized with nutrient from the bottom of the canals and also by human
waste from the city. In this way, Tenochtitlan was able to better fertilize its
crops while treating its wastewater.Crops were transported to market along
many canals surrounding Chinampas. Nowadays, some chinampas survive
and cared for in the traditional way and Mexico City is currently trying to create a wastewater treatment system integrating the use of chinampas similar
to the ones used by the Aztecs.

Urban Agriculture has social, economic and health impact on urban. Also, it has impact on several environmental impacts, such as recycling
waste, man- aging storm water, remediating toxic land, and reducing heat island effects.
Social Impact

Farmers collecting mud from the bottom of a canal for

fertilizer

Community gardens and urban farms recreate and improve the physical space of the neighborhood. They enhance the beauty of the neighborhood and provide employment opportunities and benefits to the residents. Which, in return, they create local pride and attachment to the
space. This resulted in safe spaces were less crime and trustful people.
Urban agriculture creates access to the land to cultivate and feel sense of ownership, which is often limited in urban cities. It clear that urban agriculture goes beyond the scope of growing food into development potential of gathering and socializing of the community. Anther social impact of urban agriculture provides a medium for learning experience, educational programs and youth development result of cross generation
with seniors.
Health Impacts
Urban agriculture is an affordable way to access fresh produce for people whom willing to participate in community gardens and urban farms.
Also, sharing fresh produce beyond consumption with other neighborhoods and donates to food bank. Community involves in community gardens eats more fruits and vegetables as result of their participation. That result in increase awareness of nutrition and healthy cooking and eating practice. Community gardens provide a place for residents to engage in physical activity, which has benefit on participants health and plants
presence can help in reduce stress and improve human wellbeing.

1.3 Food Security

The Community Food Security Coalition (CFSC) defines food security as: All
persons in a community having access to culturally acceptable, nutritionally adequate food through local, non-emergency sources at all times. That
means safe and nutritious food is consistently available and accessible. Urban
agriculture improves that by providing healthy alternative food as purchased
food, especially for poor households. Cities with food security issues have
limited choices and mostly relay on fast food or convenience store foods that
are high in calories and low in nutrients, which may lead to health problems

Economic Impacts
Urban agriculture projects provide skills, training and paid jobs especially for youth and many of these urban agriculture projects located where
unemployment is high. Farmers market created reliable market for small farms supported by high quality produce and support of community,
thus create an opportunity for local farmers to expand operations. Urban agriculture saves money of participants on their food expenditures.
Also, urban agriculture saves money of municipalities by turning the plot into positive impact and preventing plot of vandalism and dumping.

Chinampa at Xochimilo

1.4 Benefits of Urban Agriculture

Urban agriculture projects provide skills, training and paid jobs especially for youth and many of these urban agriculture projects located where
unemployment is high. Farmers market created reliable market for small farms supported by high quality produce and support of community, thus
create an opportunity for local farmers to expand operations. Urban agriculture saves money of participants on their food expenditures. Also, urban
agriculture saves money of municipalities by turning the plot into positive impact and preventing plot of vandalism and dumping.

1.5 Challenges of Urban Agriculture

Most of urban agriculture projects are run by non-profit organization and located mostly in low-income areas, because of those projects find it difficult to access grants and fund raising. In addition, the culture around healthy food has often been associated with those have higher education and
incomes. Other challenges associated with urban agriculture is accessing land is one of the major barrier, besides that many vacant lots needs superfund cause the site have toxic soil requiring costly infrastructure and remediation.
negative effects of urban agriculture
1-Misuse of commercially available chemicals as fertilisers, insecticides, herbicides
2-Increased groundwater pollution and loss of soil nutrients
3-Increased energy inputs (heated greenhouses) to grow vegetables unsuitable for the local climate
4-Poor management of community gardens
5-Increased rent of allotments due to high demand
6-Use of carbon impact products like compost and plastic
pots can increase carbon emissions

1.6 Innovative Projects in Urban Agriculture

GrowUp Box (London , UK)
Is 20 foot shipping container with fish in tanks, while on top,
crops are cultivated in vertical columns. The water in the tanks
is circulated through columns, where the fish waste provides
nourishment to plants.Such innovative idea can make providing flexiable way of produce food even in compacted urban
area.

Beacon Food Forest, Seattle, Washington, US

Farmery, North Carolina and TBA, US

A piece of public land turned into edible forest garden, a 7 acre plot featuring fruit, nut trees, a pumpkin and berry bushes. The main purpose is
to mimic a natural ecosystem that requires less maintenance and bring
up high yields.This project inspires other commmnuites to more toward
urban food production which can improve our local food security, provide
educational opportunities, and celebrate growing food for the benefit of
all species.

Framery plans to eliminate entirely the journey from farms to store by

make it more efficient.it is 8000 square foot market with food shopping
on the lower level and mushrooms, greens and fruits growing on the
upper level.This idea can reduce dependent on food transportation,
cost saving and most important reduce emission of CO2

Beacon Food Forest, Seattle, Washington, US

Farmery, North Carolina and TBA, US

Deu Horta Na Telha, So Paulo, Brazil

Marcos Victorino designed a way to turn roofs, balconies and paved
area into miniature farms. He turns large roof tiles upside down creating a long, V-shaped trough that can be filled with soil. These tile beds
are elevated, making them easily accessible to children and the handicapped. Because the tiles are watertight, they hold in moisture, allowing
growers to make the most of an increasingly limited water supply.The
urban places have less area for cultivation thats not stopped people as
this Brazilian technician from finding way to plant crops in the city

Pasona Group, Tokyo, Japan

Tomatoes dangle from the ceiling and herbs grow in a meeting rooms ,
the plants are intended to relax employees , encourage innovative thinking about agriculture and create sense of community as foods grown are
prepared and served in the company cafeteria.I think workplaces should
adopt the idea of urban agriculture inside their workplaces can benefit
employees be active with nature, gathering and learning skills

Pasona Group, Tokyo, Japan

Deu Horta Na Telha, So Paulo, Brazil

1.7 Urban Agriculture (Honey Bees)

Introduction

Importance of Pollination services in the UK

The honeybees are contributors to biodiversity in our ecosystems and are necessary to plant reproduction, by pollinating our crops and
produce honey in which we eat. In my proposed design, I introduced honeybee pavilion as part of the concept design. It helps understand the role in of honeybees in our ecosystem and produce the honey. People can enjoy seeing honeybees without fear of stings.

7o crops in UK are dependent or benefit from bees. In addition, bee pollinates the flowers of
many plants, which become part of feed or farm animals. The estimation of economic of bees
pollinating crops in UK has been at over 200 million per year. Finding of 2007, bee pollination
services in UK accounted for 20% of cropland and 19% of total Farmgate crop value .The current
number of honeybees population in UK indicates that are only capable of supplying 34% of pollination services demands, falling from 70% in 1984.

General Information
A colony of honey bees have to work together for the colony to survive, no one bee can survive by it itself. The colony has one queen
and around 3000 drones (males) and 50-60 female worker bees. Honeybees collect pollen, nectar and water to feed themselves and
their larvae. By doing so they pollinate fruit, flowers, vegetables and crops.
Life in the Hive
The queen is only function in colony to lay eggs and continually emitting pheromones that only bees in the hive can smell. There are 3
types of wax cell used for eggs, the smallest cells (5mm diameter) and larger cells (7 mm diameter). Also, a special cell that hangs vertically downwards is used to produce new queens. The young nurse feed the queen larva with royal jelly and extend its cell downward
until it is about 25mm in length. The first queen cell is sealed with a layer of wax capping. Bees used dancing to communicate with each
other to pass on the location of food sources. The bee will bisect the circle at an angle, if it ran from 6 to 12 clock would mean fly directly
towards the sun and 7 to 1 would mean fly just right of the sun and 12 to 6 would mean fly directly from the sun.
Pollination
Honeybees are excellent pollinators because most of their life spent on collecting pollen. Bees body attracts pollen grains enable them
to carry on pockets on their legs or body. Bees tend to focus on one kind of flower at time, which likely the pollen will transfer from one
flower to anther in same plant known as cross-pollination in order to produce viable seeds. Bee communities have been declining over
the last half-century as result of pesticide use in agriculture land and urban area and changes in land use. Thats effect pollination of
crops and ability to produce more food.

Architecture of honeycombs
Mathematicians concluded A hexagon is the most appropriate geometric form for the maximum
use of a given area. . A hexagon is the most appropriate geometric from for maximum amount
use of a given area. In addition, it requires the minimum amount of wax construction while it
stores the maximum amount of honey.

1.8 Cities Alive Design Studio 2014

1.9 Design Brief

Cities Alive Design Studio

We taken this module as rethinking of green infrastructure in the cities and means to use to introduce nature in the
cities considered one of main thinking structure in developing urban setting. This can be approached by planning and
designing quality green space, provide commune people with nature at doorstep with all benefits of health and life
quality. Also, addressing climate change in the cities and the issues associated.
Cities Alive Design Studio 02 (Urban Agriculture )
This module looks at the city environment and food growing in Leeds.I have interested in urban agriculture and local
food production as part of cities alive module. Involve the communities in local food production in city and the concern of food security. Also, there is loss of biodiversity in the city and the effects of that on our life quality and environment. My concept design is responding to issues of loss of biodiversity, food production and security. The aim of the
concept to create productive landscape can accommodates diverse activates such as gathering, food production, education, sports, playground and work.
Feeding Leeds
Historically, Leeds one of the greenest urban area in United Kingdom with high percentage of parks and green space
and has one of oldest and best urban farm in Meanwood. Leeds city council helped to establish feed Leeds initiative
to support and promote local food growing and consumption for its economic, environmental and health benefits.
The first movement started with edible bed competition outside the civic hall.

Leeds becomes leading pioneer in United Kingdom in field of research, design and education of urban agriculture. Beckett Park become exemplary in urban agriculture.
Engagement of community and university student in different park activities and contribute to Beckett Park
(One Park) One productive urban landscape park where people can grow their food, enjoy and relax in the
garden, research and education center and wildlife habitat.
Exhibite of urban food in different design forms such as forest garden, ornamental plants,
beekeeping, edible wet land and permaculture.

2.1 Location

Leeds Beckett University

Beckett Park

2.2 History

1850s

1890s

1900s

1950s

1960s

1980s

1930s

1990s

2.3 Land Use

New Housing
Area
Forest and
Woodland
Yards ,
Cemetries

Residential ,
Business

Grass Land

Sport Fields

Meadowland
University
Buildings
Arabale Land

1930s Landuse

2.4 Geology

2.5 Soil Profile

The soil profile gives important insight into soil fertility and it changes with soil weathers and organic matter decomposes. That change
can give insight of soil capability of hold nutrients and how soil will perform under certain nutrient management conditions

pennine Lower
coal measures
formation
Stanningley
Rock (STNR)

Geological Map Data NERC 2014. Crown copyright/database right. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service.

Nov 10, 2014 14:33

Scale 1:10000
0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000 m

Mazin AL Athali
Leeds Beckett University

2.6 Weather
Weather plays important rules in success of field crops in which it depends on weather to provide water and energy. Temperature defines growing of a crop
to absolute maximum or minimum. The range of temperature where the crops performs at best is between 10 C to 33 C. Also, precipitation plays important
rules in crop productivity by the type, timing and amount received during the year. Plants use the solar energy from the sun to fix carbon dioxide from the
atmosphere, in combination with water from the soil, into carbohydrates that cause plants to grow, reproduce, and provide the grain and vegetation

Temperature

Wind

Rainfall

Sunshine Hours

2.7 Food Map

Council Allotments

Proposed Site

Landowner-Friendly sites

Orchards + Forest Gardens

2.9 View of the site

2.8 Access

Park Entr entrance ance

Walking path

Fence

Paving Road

2.10 Study Cases

The Buzzbench is a public sculpture

made of cane and bamboo arranged like
a giant flower. It is designed to attract
both human and bees and helps people
to face their fear of bees. Also , help people understand the important of bees in
our life and the contribute to food while
bees facing extinction.

Atelierds hotel for bees

Atelierds hotel for bees is a 20 square meter pavilion for both
bees and human. Built from wood, the pavilion features one
wall of hexagonal compartments filled with various bits and
pieces like bricks, twigs, reeds, bark, hay and more. The panels
are also used to create benches, seating and cubbies to put
things in. From the backside in the pavilion visitors can also
observe the bees up close and watch them go about their
lives. The pavilions design allows curious visitors to glimpse
bee activity from the other side of the pavilion, where benches and storage is provided for people who want to sit and
observe. Bees are having a tough time at the moment, and its
largely down to their relationship with us humans. The design
hopes to amends the delicate balance between the two species.

Bee Tree
Bee Tree at Natural History Museum in Wildlife Garden is
hive thats been cut into an 8-foot high ash tree trunk. There
are now about 15,000 bees in the hive, which also houses
eggs, young bees and honey. This inspiration can be part
of honeybee pavilion design as people can watch the hive
and honey bee without having fear of stings and let the
bees lives wild. It is also a method where we can protect
honeybees by given them desired environment to thrive
and play roles in environment ecosystem.

Urban Beehive
The Urban Beehive, part of Philipss Microbial Home eco-system project, respects the natural behavior of the bees, while allowing urban dwellers to
harvest honey through the window of even a tiny city apartment.
The beehive design consists of two parts: an entry passage and flower pot
outside to attract the bees, and glass vessel containing an array of honeycomb frames, inside. The glass shell filters light, letting through the orange
wavelength which bees use to see, and also allowing beekeepers to observe
the bees. The frames contain a honeycomb texture on which the bees build
their wax cells. And in keeping with established practice, before the hive is
opened, smoke can be released into it to calm the bees. To make their hives,
bees produce wax and propolis, a resinous mixture that varies with the bees
environment and diet. Propolis has a structural function but is also believed
to inhibit harmful pathogens in the hive and is sold as an alternative medicine. Once the health benefits of honey and propolis are better understood,
the urban beehive could also have a role in the home apothecary.

Wuhan Park
Is an exciting new green lifestyle in China designed by
5+Design.The project comprise of walkable districts, urban
farms and pedestrian-friendly neighborhoods. One of the
projects most interesting features is an organic farm, which
are expected to provide education on sustainability and organic gardening.

Eden project

3.1 Concept

The Eden project is an artificial bio domes with plants collected from different parts of the world. Domes contains
a thousands plant species and each enclosure emulates a
natural biome. The Core is the latest addition to the site and
provides the Eden Project with an education facility, incorporating classrooms and exhibition spaces designed to help
communicate Edens central message about the relationship
between people and plants. Biomes are climatically and geographically defined as contiguous areas with similar climatic
conditions on the Earth, such as communities of plants, animals, and soil organisms and are often referred to as ecosystems.
The inspiration comes from nature design, looking at geometry of hexagonal
combs in beehives, which is the foundation of architecture building and built
environment of the Beckett Park concept. The Setting of places and people
circulation is inspired by honeybees well-organized social structure.

3.2 Design Development

permanent grass

Wildflower
Meadow
Honey bee Pavilion
Glass Domes
Forest Garden
Ornamental Plants
Permaculture

People Movement

Edible Wetland Plants

Playscape
follow the trail

leads to food adventure

4.1 Master Plan

4.2 Master Plan Strategy

Access And Networking

Landscape

Buildform

Urban Agriculture

Woodland

Play Scape

Build form

Access And Networking

wo
o

University

dl

an

The built form consists of a play scape areas, market and Honeybee Pavilion. The
play scape areas are designed for different age and mimic the nature. The market
is a place where can sell the produced crops from the park and surrounding community gardens. The Honeybee Pavilion is designed to give awareness of importance and benefits of honeybees to the environment and humans.

co
m

mu

wo
o

dl

nit

an

The Beckett park master plan is implementing a network of routes inside the park and
given access to different designated areas like University, school, woodland area and surrounding community .Inside the park people will be more able to explore the park and
acitivites around.

ity

w
oo
dl

un

an

m
co

school

Honeybee Pavilion
Market

Urban Agriculture
There are 12 designated areas for urban agriculture in Beckett Perk with around
2000 square meters each. Those places will host different species of planted
crops in United Kingdom and from food to non-food crops.

Brassicas
(cabbage family)
Cabbage, calabrese, broccoli, brussels sprouts, kohl rabi, kale, cauliflower, radish, rocket, swede, turnip
Legumes
(pea and bean family)
Peas, runner beans, French beans, broad beans, borlotti beans
Sloanaceae
(potato and tomato family)
Potato, tomato, aubergine, peppers, chilies
Alliums
(onion family)
Onion, garlic, leeks, chives, shallot.
Umbeliferae
(carrot and root family)
Carrot, celery, celeriac, parsnip, coriander, parsley, dill, fennel
Cucurbits
(squash and marrow family)
Courgette, marrows, pumpkins, squashes, cucumbers, gerkins, melons.
Chenopodiacae
(beetroot family)
Beetroot, swiss chard, spinach
Miscellaneous
Herbs, other salad leaves, lettuce, fruit, sweetcorn, asparagus, Jerusalem artichoke, scorzonera, chicory, salsify.

Section 1
Crop rotation
The principle of crop rotation is to grow specific
groups of vegetables on a different part of the
vegetable plot each year. This helps to reduce a
build-up of crop-specific pest and disease problems and it organises groups of crops according
to their cultivation needs.

Landscape
Section 4

It was important not to lose existing landscape character in the Beckett Park in which green covering the park, but to make it more exited
and create views with new-implemented facilities. The placing of trees
in the master plan is to add structure to the park and continues line
of landscape. Also, the line of trees meant to replace the exiting fence
between university buildings and the park, it purposes as line of cover
and more movement freedom between two places.

Section 2

Section 3

Benefits of crop rotation

Soil fertility
Weed control

Pest and disease

control

Year 1

Year 2

Legumes
Brassicas
Potatoes
Onions
and roots

Year 3

Year 4

4.3 Visualization

Woodland
The woodland is exited around Beckett Park and scattered in small 3 areas
inside the park. The purpose is to expand existed woodland to increase
ecology of the park and preserve the exited and character of the park.
Also, introduced walking path inside the three woodland areas, will allow
people to experience different scene.

View of Headingely Campus

View of Beckeet Park

view of Hiney bee pavilion

view of Hiney bee pavilion section

view of Woodland walk

5.1 Landscape Details

1:200 at A0 sheet

6.1 list of References

1-Aquaponics (2012) Plants and Hydroponics [Online].Available from: < http://www.aquaponics.org.uk/learn/plants/ >[Accessed 27 January 2015].
2- Barnsley Beekeepers Association (2011) Facts & Tips - Honey Bee Species [Online]. Barnsley Beekeepers Association University. Available from: <
http://barnsleybeekeepers.org.uk/species.html >
[Accessed 27 January 2015].
3-B,Michelle (n.d.) Urban Agriculture Increases Food Security for Poor People in Africa [Online]. Population Reference Bureau. Available from: <
http://www.prb.org/Publications/Articles/2013/urban-agriculture-poor-africa.aspx >[Accessed 27 January 2015].
4-Cranfield University (2015) Soilscapes.Cranfield: Cranfield University.
5-C,TORNAGHI (2014) how to setup your own urban agriculture project [Online]. University of Leeds. Available from: < http://www.urbanfoodjustice.
org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Tornaghi_How-to-set-up-your-own-urban-agricultural-project-_2014.pdf >[Accessed 27 January 2015].
6-Enclopedia of life (n.d.) European Honey Bee [Online]. Available from: < http://eol.org/pages/1045608/details#habitat>[Accessed 27 January 2015].
7-Gizmag (n.d.) K-abeilles Hotel is a shelter for bees and humans [Online]. Available from: < http://www.gizmag.com/hotel-pavilion-bees-humans/26140/pictures#3>[Accessed 27 January 2015].
8-H.robin (2014) Urban Beehive for Design Loving Beekeepers [Online]. Urban gardens. Available from: < http://www.urbangardensweb.
com/2011/12/01/urban-beehive-for-design-loving-beekeepers/>[Accessed 27 January 2015].
9-kathrynhannahhayes (2014) 3DD ARTIST RESEARCH DESIGNS FOR CRISIS PARK BENCH [Online]. KATHRYNHANNAHHAYES.Available from: <
https://kathrynhannahhayes.wordpress.com/2014/10/14/3dd-artist-research-designs-for-crisis-park-bench/>[Accessed 27 January 2015].
10-Leeds: annual weather average (2014) [Online image].Available from:<http://www.holiday-weather.com/leeds/averages/> [Accessed 27 January
2015].
11-Lidija Grozdanic (n.d.) Wuhan Park Place Lifestyle Project Merges Urban Farming and High-Density Living in China[Online]. inhabitat .Available
from: < http://inhabitat.com/wuhan-park-place-lifestyle-project-merges-urban-farming-and-high-density-living-in-china/>[Accessed 27 January
2015].
12-Native Plants (n.d.) Pollination [Online]. Native Plants. Available from: < http://nativeplants.msu.edu/about/pollination >[Accessed 27 January
2015].
13-Natural history museum (2014) Busy, buzzy beekeepers [Online]. Caroline. Available from: < http://www.nhm.ac.uk/natureplus/blogs/wildlife-garden/tags/bee_tree?fromGateway=true>
[Accessed 27 January 2015].
14-olypollinators (n.d.) Housing Mason Bees [Online]. Glen Buschmann. Available from: < http://olypollinators.blogspot.co.uk/p/housing-mason-bees.html>[Accessed 27 January 2015].
15-S, Golden (2013) Urban Agriculture Impacts: Social, Economic, and Health: A Literature Review [Online]. University of California. Available from: <
http://www.sarep.ucdavis.edu/sfs/UA%20Lit%20Review-%20Golden%20Reduced%2011-15.pdf >[Accessed 27 January 2015].

16-sidewalksprouts (n.d.) International History of Urban Agriculture [Online]. sidewalksprouts. Available from: < https://sidewalksprouts.wordpress.
com/history/international-history-of-urban-ag/ >[Accessed 27 January 2015].
17-S,Sarah (2014) Next-gen urban farms: 10 innovative projects from around the world [Online]. The guardian. Available from: < http://www.
theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2014/jul/02/next-gen-urban-farms-10-innovative-projects-from-around-the-world>[Accessed 27 January
2015].
18-The Allotment Gardener (n.d.) Crop Rotation [Online]. The Allotment Gardener. Available from: < http://www.allotment.uk.com/index.php/gardening-guides/getting-started/crop-rotation >[Accessed 27 January 2015].
19-The British Beekeepers Association (n.d.) world of the honey bee [Online]. The British Beekeepers Association. Available from: < http://www.bbka.
org.uk/learn/general_information >[Accessed 27 January 2015].
20-turnstone (2014) Feed Leeds. Leeds: turnstone.
21-Uk Agriculture (n.d.) Vegetable producing regions in the UK [Online]. ukagriculture. Available from: < http://www.ukagriculture.com/crops/crops_
regions_vegetable.cfm >[Accessed 27 January 2015].
22-University of Hawaii (n.d.) Soil Profile [Online]. University of Hawaii. Available from: < http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/mauisoil/a_profile.aspx >[Accessed 27 January 2015].
23-Weather online (2013) [Online image].Available from:<http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/weather/maps/city?LANG=en&WMO=03347&ART=MAX&CONT=ukuk&R=0&LEVEL=150&REGION=0003&LAND=UK&NOREGION=0&MOD=&TMX=&TMN=&SON=&PRE=&MONAT=&OFFS=&SORT=&MM=11&YY=2013&WEEK=52 > [Accessed
27 January 2015].
24-Widescreen arkive (n.d.) Honey bee (Apis mellifera) [Online]. Available from: < http://www.arkive.org/honey-bee/apis-mellifera/ >[Accessed 27 January 2015].
25-Wind & weather statistics Yeadon Tarn/Leeds Bradford Airport (2014) [Online image].
Available from:< http://www.windfinder.com/windstatistics/yeadon_tarn_leeds_bradford_airport > [Accessed 27 January 2015].