SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Munish K. Chandel
Centre for Environmental Science
and Engineering
IIT Bombay

What is Solid Waste?

Solid waste is the waste arising from human
activities and is normally solid as opposed to liquid
or gaseous and are discarded as useless or
unwanted.
Focused on urban waste (Municipal Solid Waste) as
opposed to agricultural, mining and industrial
wastes.

Municipal Solid Waste

Source: http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/colossal-waste-forindia/article5290815.ece

Source: http://www.thehindu.com

http://clearimpression.wordpress.com/2012/06/16/does-sanctity-safeguard-indias-cows-frombiomedical-and-municipal-solid-waste/

Source: www.sustainuance.com

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT-WHY ?

In medieval times, wastes discarded in the streets led to the breeding of

rats and the associated fleas which carried the bubonic plague.
The lack of management of solid wastes thus led to the Black Plague which
killed half of 14th century Europe.
Rising urbanization and change in lifestyle and food habits: Amount of
municipal solid waste has been increasing rapidly and its composition
changing.
Solid wastes also have a great potential to pollute the air and water.

Problem of Solid Waste

There are different categories of waste generated, each take their own time to
degenerate

SOLID WASTE GENERATION

Small towns
Medium towns
Large towns

- 100 g/p/day
- 300-400 g/p/day
- 500 g/p/day

In general varies between 0.3-0.6 kg/person/day

QUANTITY OF WASTE GENERATION

TOTAL QUANTITY OF SOLID WASTE
GENERATED IN URBAN AREAS
OF THE COUNTRY

1.15 LAKH TONNE

PER DAY (TPD)
% OF TOTAL
GARBAGE
18.4%

WASTE GENERATED IN 6 MEGA CITIES

21,100 TPD

WASTE GENERATED IN METRO CITIES

(1 MILLION PLUS TOWNS)

19,643 TPD

17.1%

WASTE GENERATED IN OTHER

CLASS-I TOWNS
(0.1 MILLION PLUS TOWNS)

42,635.28 TPD

37.1%

____________
83,378.28 TPD

_________
72.5%

IF WASTE PRODUCED IN ALL CLASS-I CITIES IS TACKLED, PERCENTAGE

OF WASTE SCIENTIFICALLY MANAGED WOULD BE 72.5% OF TOTAL
WASTE.

DAILY PER CAPITA WASTE GENERATION (gram)

800
600
400
200
0
1947 1997 2005 2010 2015 2020

TOTAL WASTE GENERATED

(miilion tonne)
150
100
50
0
1947 1997 2005 2010 2015 2020

AREA UNDER LANDFILL

(thousand of hecatre)
80
60
40
20
0

1947 1997 2005 2010 2015 2020

CHARACTERSTICS OF MUNICIPAL SOLID

WASTE GENERATED BY MERTO CITIES
Characteristics ( Percent by wt. )
Sl
.
N
o.

Metro city

Paper Textile

Leather

Plastic

Mumbai

10.0

Delhi

Metal Glass

Ash,
Fine
earth
&
others

Comp
ostabl
e
matter

3.6

0.2

2.0

0.2

44.0

40.0

6.6

4.0

0.6

1.5

2.5

1.2

51.5

31.78

Hyderabad

7.0

1.7

1.3

50.0

40.0

Jaipur

6.0

2.0

1.0

2.0

47.0

42.0

Kanpur

5.0

1.0

5.0

1.5

52.5

40.0

Chennai

10.0

5.0

5.0

3.0

33.0

44.0

Visakhapatna
m

3.0

2.0

5.0

5.0

50.0

35.0

Sharholy et al. / Waste Management 28 (2008) 459467

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Solid waste management may be defined as the
discipline associated with the control of generation,
storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing,
and disposal of wastes in a manner that is in accordance
with the best principles of public health, economics,
engineering and conservation.
Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) is the term
applied to all the activities associated with the
management of society's wastes.

FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SOLID

WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Waste generation

Waste handling, separation and

Storage at the source
Collection

Processing &
Recovery

Transfer and transport

Disposal

- Urban Local Bodies spend around Rs. 500-1500/- per

tonne on solid waste management of which,
*

60-70% of the amount is on collection alone

20% - 30% on transportation

Hardly any fund is spent on treatment and

disposal of waste

- Crude dumping of waste in most of the cities

Bin for Source Segregation and Storage

Litter Bins

Street Sweepings

Door to Door Collection

Primary Collection through

community Bins in slums

Community Bins: Commercial

Complexes, Multistoried Apartments

Community Bins: Commercial

Complexes, Multistoried Apartments

TYPES OF COLLECTION SYSTEM

Haul container system (HCS)
Stationary container system (SCS)

Packers/Compacters Trucks
Municipal solid waste at the curbside has a density of
~100-200 kg/m3 in developed countries and 300-400
kg/m3 in India.
At those low densities, collection vehicles fill too fast,
which means multiple, time- wasting trips to the disposal
site would be needed.
Modern trucks, called packers, have hydraulic,
compactors that can compress that waste to as much as
750 kg/m3 density.
Compaction Ratio: 2-3

Compactors

Compactors

Transportation System
Selection of proper number and size of trucks.
Choosing the most efficient collection routes and schedules.
Locating transfer stations if they were to be used.
COMPLEX SOLID WASTE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
With the growing importance of recycling and composting, those
basic operations have become more complicated.
Now, a municipality may have separate trucks, routes, schedules,
and destinations for recyclables and compostable materialsall of
which need to be coordinated with already existing refuse collection
system .

Routing
A heuristic
route
emphasizing
right turns
and a
minimum
amount of
deadheading

Transportation System
Large vs Small Trucks
Larger trucks cost more, but they don't- have to make as
many trips back and forth to the disposal site, which can
more than offset the higher capital costs.
Larger trucks, however, are also less manoeuvrable in
crowded urban areas, and their weight may exceed
allowable limits for residential streets.

Transfer Station
As the distance from the collection system to the processing
facility or disposal site (collectively called destination point)
increases, the cost of hauling or transportation also increases.
There will eventually be a certain transport distance, where
management must decide whether or not a transfer station is
to be built.
A transfer station is a facility where the wastes collected may
be stored temporarily or transferred from the smaller
collection vehicles to bigger transport vehicles for
transportations to the destination point.

TRANSFORMATION OF SOLID
WASTE

TRANSFORMATION OF SOLID
WASTE
Why transform solid waste?

Efficient storage, handling and transport

Reduce disposal cost
Stabilize waste
Destroy toxic element (chemical or biological entities)
Generate useful energy
Re-use

TRANSFORMATION OF SOLID
WASTE
Physical method
Chemical method
Biological method

Physical Transformation
Transformation
Process

Transformation
Transformation or
Principal
Means/Method
Conversion
Products

1.Component
Separation

Manual
and/or Individual components
Mechanical
found in municipal
Separation
waste

2. Volume Reduction

Application of energy The original waste

in the form of force
component altered
in
form
and
or pressure
reduced in size

3. Size Reduction

Application of energy The original waste

in the form of
components altered
shredding, grinding,
in the form of and
or milling
reduced in size.

Chemical Transformation
Transformation
Process

Transformation
Means/Metho
d

Transformation or
Principal Conversion
Products

1.Combustion

Thermal Oxidation

Carbon dioxide (CO2), Sulfur

dioxide(SO2), other
oxidation products, and Ash

2.Pyrolysis

Destructive distillation A gas stream containing a

variety of gases, tar and/or
pyrolytic oil, and char

3.Gassification

Starved air
combustion

A low-Btu synthetic gas, a

charcoal containing carbon
and the inerts originally in
the fuel, and oil.

Biological Transformation
Transformation
Process

Transformation
Means/Method

Transformation or
Principal
Conversion
Products

1. Composting

Aerobic biological
conversion

Compost (Humus like

material used as a soil
conditioner or organic
fertilizer

2. Anaerobic digestion
(Low or high-solids)

Anaerobic biological
conversion

Methane (CH4), Carbon

dioxide (CO2), trace
gases, digested humus
or sludge

Shear Shredders

Trommel Screen

Air Classifiers

Magnetic Separation

AEROBIC STABILIZATION:
COMPOSTING

COMPOSTING: ADVANTAGES
Transformation of biodegradable waste into biologically
stable matter using micro organisms.
Reduces the volume of waste.
Destroy pathogens/insects.
End product is a humus like material called compost
that is rich in nutrients. Compost can be used to support
plant growth and as a soil amendment.

COMPOSTING
Conventional
Vermicomposting
High Rate: Rotary Drum Composting

Windrow Composting

Source http://www.grand-island.com/index.aspx?page=173

Rotary Drum Composting

Source: https://www.americanbiogascouncil.org/images/genericDigestionProcess.gif

VERMICOMPOSTING
Worms

Eudrilus eugeniae

Eisenia fetida

Anaerobic Digestion of Solid Waste

Anaerobic Digestion of Solid Waste

Source: http://sternerconsulting.com/blog/new-efficient-anaerobic-digestion-facilitiesrecycle-organic-wastes-into-renewable-energy-and-rich-compost/

Status India
The pilot plant shows that 150 t/day of MSW could produce 14,000
m3 of biogas with a methane content of 5565%, which can
generate 1.2 MW of power.

Grate incinerator for domestic

waste burning

Source: http://www.igniss.pl/en/msw_municipal_waste_incinerators.php

Waste-to-energy

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins

EMISSIONS FROM INCINERATORS

Emissions:
Organic Compounds: Dioxins, Furans, Polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCBs), Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), Polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), Chlorinated Benzenes etc.

Heavy Metals: As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, etc.
Particulate Matter: PM 2.5, PM 10
Inorganic Gases: HCl, HF, HBr, SOx, NOx etc.
Organic Gases: CO, CO2 etc.

EMISSIONS FROM INCINERATORS

Solid Outputs:
Fly ash: contains soot, PAHs, PCBs, Dioxins, Furans and Heavy
Metals like Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn etc.

Incinerator Effluent:
Wastewater from wet exhaust gas cleaning contains heavy metals
(Pb, Cd, Sb, Cu, Hg, Zn etc.), neutral salts and unburned organic
material.

Dioxins and Furans:

The most publicized concerns from environmentalists about the
incineration of municipal solid wastes (MSW) involve the fear that
it produces significant amounts of dioxin and furan emissions
Class of compounds that are highly toxic
Formed as a by-product of combustion involving chlorine related
compounds and hydrocarbons.
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs).

Dioxins and Furans:

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs)
Technically PCDDs are derivatives of dibenzo-p-dioxin.
75 PCDDs, and seven of them are specifically toxic

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins

Polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs

Polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs)

Technically PCDFs are derivatives of dibenzofuran.
135 congeners (derivatives differing only in the number and location of chlorine
atoms).
Strictly speaking are not dioxins, ten of them have "dioxin-like" properties.

TCDD (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin) - most toxic compound known to

science.

Gasification

DISPOSAL
Open dumping

Barging in to sea

Land filling: Disposal of residual solid wastes in the

surface soils of the earth.

Why Landfill
Unmanaged and uncontrolled, solid wastes openly
dumped on the land:
Generate liquid and gaseous emissions (leachate and
landfill gas) that can pollute the environment
Represent a breeding ground for disease-bearing
animals and microorganisms
Other risks to the public health and safety and to the
environment

Sanitary Landfill
Controlled disposal of waste on the land.
Controls the exposure of the environment and humans
to the detrimental effects of solid wastes placed on the
land.
Disposal is accomplished in a way such that contact
between wastes and the environment is significantly
reduced, and wastes are concentrated in a well defined
area.
Good control of landfill gas and leachate, and limited
access of vectors (e.g., rodents, flies, etc.) to the wastes

Sanitary Landfills

Source: http://www.nodumpconecuhcounty.com/what_is_a_landfill.html

Temporary
Holding area

Equipment
workshop
Inspection/
Screening
facility

Stock piled
cover
material

Weighing
scale

Access
road

Future
fill area

Environmental
monitoring facilities

Completed
fill

Leachate
treatment
facility

Gas
flaring
facility
Active
filling
area

Office

Typical Layout of a Landfill

Surface
water
collection
facility

Landfill-Bottom

Cell liner

Leachate Collection System

Dump truck

Landfill operation

Landfill Cell

Vertical Piping System

POSTCLOSURE CARE
Activities associated with the long-term
monitoring and maintenance of the landfill
(typically 30-50 years).

Facility on Restored landfill

Example: Estimating Landfill

Requirements
Estimate the landfill area needed to handle one years
MSW (7000 tonnes/day) for Mumbai. Assume no
combustion, a landfill density of 600 kg/m, and a single
3m lift. Assume that 20 percent of the cell volume is soil
used for cover.

Legal framework
Municipal Solid Waste (Management & Handling ) Rule was
notified by the Ministry of Environment and Forest, Govt. of
India [vide No.S.O.908 (B) dated the 25th September 2000].
The objective of these Rules are:
To make every municipal authority responsible for the
implementation of the various provisions of the Rules within its
territorial area and also to develop an effective infrastructure
for collection, storage, segregation, transportation, processing
and disposal of Municipal Solid Wastes

Source: www.powermag.com

3Rs of better MSW management

Reduce & Reuse
The most effective way to reduce waste is to not create it in the first place.
By reducing and reusing, consumers and industry can save natural resources
and reduce waste management costs.

Recycling
Recycling turns materials that would otherwise become waste into valuable
resources.

Benefits of Recycling
Recycling reduces the need for landfilling and incineration.
Recycling prevents pollution caused by the manufacturing of products from
virgin materials.
Recycling saves energy.
Recycling decreases emissions of greenhouse gases that contribute to
climate change
Recycling conserves natural resources such as timber, water, and minerals.
Recycling helps sustain the environment for future generations.

Municipal waste management in 32 European

countries, 20012010

Source: Managing municipal solid waste a review of achievements in 32

European countries (EEA Report No 2/2013)

CURRENT DISPOSAL METHODS INDIA

OTHERS
COMPOST

1%

5%
OPEN
YARD
DUMPING

94%

http://www.ubbessex.co.uk/technology/

Source: http://knowledge.allianz.com/environment/pollution/?728/indiasmassive-waste-problem-gallery

A child walks through plastic waste on a sea front in India's

financial capital Mumbai. Non-organic waste dumped in rivers and
sewers invariably ends up in India's seas.
Source: http://knowledge.allianz.com/environment/pollution/?728/indiasmassive-waste-problem-gallery

Birds fly over a burning garbage dump in search of food on the outskirts of New
Delhi
Composting organic materials, however, could reduce the amount of material
dumped by 50 percent (Source: Reuters)

Source: http://knowledge.allianz.com/environment/pollution/?728/indiasmassive-waste-problem-gallery

National Geographic Best Environmental Photos of

2011: Waste Picker Children in Kathmandu

Source: http://www.wasteventures.org/connect/blog/page/2/

Source: http://www.globalgiving.org/photo/PRA36261/lalbabu-and-naveen-pose-under-an-easybin-banner-photo-f/

Biomedical Waste Management

"Bio-medical

waste" means any waste, which is

generated during the diagnosis, treatment or
immunisation of human beings or animals or in research
activities pertaining to the production or testing of
biological.

"Biologicals" means any preparation made from organisms or

product of metabolism and biochemical reactions intended for use in
the diagnosis, immunisation or the treatment of human beings or
animals or in research activities pertaining thereto;

Biomedical Waste
Biomedical waste, (BMW), consists of solids, liquids,
sharps, and laboratory waste that are potentially
infectious or dangerous
Common
producers
of
biomedical
waste
include hospitals, health clinics, nursing homes, medical
research laboratories

TYPES OF HOSPITAL WASTES

Infectious Hospital Wastes:
Human anatomical or surgical waste,
Animal waste
Pathological waste including tissues, organs, blood and body fluids,
microbiological cultures, Cotton, Swabs etc.
Used Syringes, tubes, Blood bags and other items contaminated with
blood and body fluids.
Items such as plaster and bandages, when contaminated by blood.
Waste from isolation wards.

The amount of infectious waste is ~15-20% of the total wastes

generated from the health care establishment.

TYPES OF HOSPITAL WASTES

Non Infectious Hospital Waste:
Kitchen waste and office wastes---similar to household waste
Non infectious wastes constitute ~80-85% of the total wastes
generated from a health care unit
In absence of proper segregation, the non infectious waste
becomes infectious and poses environmental threat to the
society.

Status India
52,000 (~53 %), health care establishments are in operation without
obtaining authorization from SPCBs/PCCs which means that waste
generated from such facilities goes unaccounted and is dumped without any
adequate treatment illegally.

~288 tons per day (57%) out of 506 tons per day wastes
generated is being treated either through Common Bio
Medical Waste Treatment Facilities (159 in number) or captive
treatment facilities.
602 bio-medical waste incinerators
~ 70 % incinerators are provided with air pollution control devices

2,218 autoclaves
192 microwaves
8,038 shredders
Source: Mohankumar et al. 2011; International Journal of Pharmaceutical & Biological
Archives 2011; 2(6):1621-1626

Biomedical waste generation

Average: 1.60 kg/bed/day

Patil and Shekdar, Journal of Environmental Management (2001) 63, 211220

Proportion of Biomedical Waste

Waste mixed with general waste renders the whole waste

Bio-hazardous
Patil and Shekdar, Journal of Environmental Management (2001) 63, 211220

Bio Medical Waste :

(Management and Handling) Rules 2011
Every occupier generating BMW, irrespective of the
quantum of wastes comes under the BMW Rules and
requires to obtain authorisation

Every hospital generating Biomedical waste need to

set up requisite Biomedical Waste Treatment facilities
to ensure requisite treatment of waste.

Elements of the Biomedical Waste

Management (As per rules)
Biomedical Waste

Biomedical waste minimization/Separation

Biomedical waste identification

(Category, use of color coding/labeling)

(Schedule for collection within the health care premises) and

(Selection of storage area till on-site treatment or transport to off-site treatment)

Biomedical waste treatment

(On-site/off-site)

Biomedical waste disposal

Record/Report

CATEGORIES OF BIO-MEDICAL
WASTE: As per Rules
Option

Waste Category

Treatment & Disposal

Category
No. 1

Human Anatomical Waste

(human tissues, organs, body parts)

Incineration

Category
No. 2

Animal Waste (animal tissues, organs, body parts, Incineration

carcasses, bleeding parts, fluid, blood and
experimental animals used in research, waste
generated by veterinary hospitals, colleges,
discharge from hospitals, animal
houses)

Category
No. 3

Microbiology & Biotechnology Waste

(Wastes from laboratory cultures, human and
animal cell culture, infectious agents from
research and industrial laboratories, wastes from
production of biologicals, etc

Disinfection
at
source
by
chemical
treatment
or
by
autoclaving/
microwaving
followed by mutilation/shredding
and after treatment final disposal
in secured landfill or disposal of
recyclable
wastes
through
registered
or
authorized
recyclers.

Option
Category No 4

Category No 5

Category No 6

Waste Category
Waste Sharps (needles,
scalpels, blade, glass, etc.)

Treatment & Disposal

syringes, Disinfection by chemical treatment or
destruction by needle and tip cutters,
autoclaving or microwaving followed
by mutilation/Shredding

Then Final Disposal into secured

landfill or in designated concrete
waste sharp pit
Discarded Medicines and Cytotoxic Disposal in secured landfills
or
drugs (Waste comprising of outdated, Incineration
contaminated
and
discarded
medicines)

Soiled Waste
Incineration
(items contaminated with blood, and
body
fluids
including
cotton,
dressings,
soiled
plaster
casts,
bedding, other material contaminated
with blood)

Option
Category

Waste Category
No.

Category No. 8

7 Waste generated from disposal items

other than the sharps such as tubings,
catheters, intravenous sets
etc.

Treatment

&

Disposal

Disinfection
by
chemical
treatment,
autoclaving/
microwaving and mutilation/
shredding

After treatment final disposal

through
registered
or
authorized recyclers.
Chemical Waste (Chemicals used in Chemical
treatment
and
production of biological,
discharge into drains for
chemicals used in disinfection, as liquids and secured landfill
insecticides, etc.)
for solids.

COLOUR CODING AND TYPE OF CONTAINER FOR DISPOSAL

OF BIO-MEDICAL WASTES
Colour
Coding

Type of Container -Waste Category

Treatment options as per

Yellow

Non-chlorinated Plastic bag Cat. 1, 2, 5,

6

Incineration

Red

Non-chlorinated Plastic bag /Puncture

proof container Cat. 3, 4,7

As per Schedule I

Blue

Non-chlorinated Plastic bag

As per Schedule I

Schedule I

Cat 8
Black

Non-chlorinated Plastic bag ; Municipal

waste

Municipal dump site

Treatment

Needle Cutter and Syringe Destroyer

Needle Cutter
Syringe & Needle Destroyer

Incinerator

Incinerator with Venturi Scrubbing System

Source: www.thermaxindia.com/Fileuploader/Files/IncineratorBrochure_new.pdf

Incinerators
It is a controlled combustion process where waste is completely
oxidized and harmful microorganisms present in it are
destroyed/denatured under high temperature.
A. Operating Standards
1. Combustion efficiency (CE) shall be at least 99.00%.
2. The Combustion efficiency is computed as follows:
%CO2
C.E. = ------------ X 100
%CO2 + % CO
3. The temperature of the primary chamber shall be 800 50 C.
4. The secondary chamber gas residence time shall be at least 1
(one) second at 1050 50 C , with minimum 3% Oxygen in
the stack gas.

B. Emission Standards
Parameters

Concentration mg/Nm3 at (12% CO2 Correction)

(1) Particulate matter

150
(2) Nitrogen Oxides
450
(3) HCI
50
(4) Minimum stack height shall be 30 metres above ground
(5) Volatile organic compounds in ash shall not be more than 0.01%

Microwaving
In microwaving, microbial inactivation occurs as a result of thermal
effect of electromagnetic radiation spectrum lying between the
frequencies 300 and 300,000MHz.

The waste material is first shredded and then mixed with water.
Medical waste is placed into the microwave where it is heated
effectively neutralizing all biological waste.

Autoclaving
Vertical & horizontal autoclave

Stovetop autoclaves - the simplest of

autoclaves

Irradiation
Another method used to sterilize medical equipment or waste is
irradiation, generally through exposure of the waste to a cobalt
source
The gamma radiation generated by the cobalt source inactivates
all microbes that may be present in the waste.
Dedicated sites are required for this form of treatment
The cost of developing a dedicated facility for this method is
quite high
The risk , although low, of radiation exposure to workers
operating the facility

Plasma Pyrolysis
Pyrolysis: Thermal disintegration process of carbonaceous
material in oxygen starved environment.
Plasma is a means to convert electrical energy into heat energy
efficiently.
Plasma torch generate 20000 C at the core
No air/gas flow required

Prototype Plasma Pyrolysis System

installed at Goa Medical College

(System Capacity-15 Kg/hr)

Common Bio-Medical Waste Treatment

Facility (CBWTF)

Biomedical waste, generated from a number of

healthcare units, is treated to reduce its adverse
effects.

Need of CBWTF
Installation of individual treatment facilities by small healthcare
units requires comparatively high capital investment.
Separate manpower and infrastructure development required for
proper operation and maintenance of treatment systems.
Risk of proliferation of treatment equipment in a city.
Monitoring pressure on regulatory agencies.
By running the treatment equipment at CBWTF to its full capacity,
the cost of treatment of per kilogram gets significantly reduced.

DEEP BURIAL
1.
2.

3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

8.
9.

For population less than 5 Lacs

A pit or trench should be dug about 2 meters deep. It should be half filled with
waste, then covered with lime within 50 cm of the surface, before filling the rest
of the pit with soil.
Must be ensured that animals do not have any access to burial sites. Covers of
galvanised iron/wire meshes may be used.
On each occasion, when wastes are added to the pit, a layer of 10 cm of soil
shall be added to cover the wastes.
Burial must be performed under dedicated supervision.
The deep burial site should be relatively impermeable and no shallow well
should be close to the site.
The pits should be distant from habitation, and sited so as to ensure that no
contamination occurs of any surface water or ground water. The area should
not be prone to flooding or erosion.
The location of the deep burial site will be authorised by the prescribed
authority.
The institution shall maintain a record of all pits for deep burial.

Source: http://www.healingtalks.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/medicalwastes.jpg